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|
<HTML
><HEAD
><TITLE
>SAMBA Project Documentation</TITLE
><META
NAME="GENERATOR"
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.57"></HEAD
><BODY
CLASS="BOOK"
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
TEXT="#000000"
LINK="#0000FF"
VLINK="#840084"
ALINK="#0000FF"
><DIV
CLASS="BOOK"
><A
NAME="SAMBA-PROJECT-DOCUMENTATION"
></A
><DIV
CLASS="TITLEPAGE"
><H1
CLASS="TITLE"
><A
NAME="SAMBA-PROJECT-DOCUMENTATION"
>SAMBA Project Documentation</A
></H1
><H3
CLASS="AUTHOR"
><A
NAME="AEN4"
>SAMBA Team</A
></H3
><HR></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="TOC"
><DL
><DT
><B
>Table of Contents</B
></DT
><DT
>1. <A
HREF="#AEN10"
>How to Install and Test SAMBA</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
><A
HREF="#AEN12"
>Step 0: Read the man pages</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="#AEN20"
>Building the Binaries</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="#AEN48"
>Step 2: The all important step</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="#AEN52"
>Step 3: Create the smb configuration file.</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="#AEN66"
>Step 4: Test your config file with
<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>testparm</B
></A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="#AEN72"
>Step 5: Starting the smbd and nmbd</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
><A
HREF="#AEN82"
>Step 5a: Starting from inetd.conf</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="#AEN111"
>Step 5b. Alternative: starting it as a daemon</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
><A
HREF="#AEN127"
>Step 6: Try listing the shares available on your
server</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="#AEN136"
>Step 7: Try connecting with the unix client</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="#AEN152"
>Step 8: Try connecting from a DOS, WfWg, Win9x, WinNT,
Win2k, OS/2, etc... client</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="#AEN166"
>What If Things Don't Work?</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
><A
HREF="#AEN171"
>DIAGNOSING PROBLEMS</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="#AEN175"
>SCOPE IDs</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="#AEN178"
>CHOOSING THE PROTOCOL LEVEL</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="#AEN187"
>PRINTING FROM UNIX TO A CLIENT PC</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="#AEN191"
>LOCKING</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="#AEN201"
>MAPPING USERNAMES</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="#AEN204"
>OTHER CHARACTER SETS</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
></DL
></DD
><DT
>2. <A
HREF="#AEN207"
>Hosting a Microsoft Distributed File System tree on Samba</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
><A
HREF="#AEN209"
>HOWTO</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="#AEN243"
>NOTES</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>3. <A
HREF="#AEN252"
>Printing Support in Samba 2.2.x</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
><A
HREF="#AEN254"
>Introduction</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="#AEN271"
>Configuration</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="#AEN325"
>The Imprints Toolset</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
><A
HREF="#AEN329"
>What is Imprints?</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="#AEN339"
>Creating Printer Driver Packages</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="#AEN342"
>The Imprints server</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="#AEN346"
>The Installation Client</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
><A
HREF="#AEN368"
><A
NAME="MIGRATION"
></A
>Migration to from Samba 2.0.x to
2.2.x</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>4. <A
HREF="#AEN396"
>security = domain in Samba 2.x</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
><A
HREF="#AEN398"
>Joining an NT Domain with Samba 2.2</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="#AEN461"
>Why is this better than security = server?</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>5. <A
HREF="#AEN475"
>UNIX Permission Bits and WIndows NT Access Control Lists</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
><A
HREF="#AEN477"
>Viewing and changing UNIX permissions using the NT
security dialogs</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="#AEN486"
>How to view file security on a Samba share</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="#AEN497"
>Viewing file ownership</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="#AEN517"
>Viewing file or directory permissions</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
><A
HREF="#AEN532"
>File Permissions</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="#AEN546"
>Directory Permissions</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
><A
HREF="#AEN553"
>Modifying file or directory permissions</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="#AEN575"
>Interaction with the standard Samba create mask
parameters</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="#AEN639"
>Interaction with the standard Samba file attribute
mapping</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
></DL
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="CHAPTER"
><HR><H1
><A
NAME="AEN10"
>Chapter 1. How to Install and Test SAMBA</A
></H1
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN12"
>Step 0: Read the man pages</A
></H1
><P
>The man pages distributed with SAMBA contain
lots of useful info that will help to get you started.
If you don't know how to read man pages then try
something like:</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>$ </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>nroff -man smbd.8 | more
</B
></TT
></P
><P
>Other sources of information are pointed to
by the Samba web site,<A
HREF="http://www.samba.org/"
TARGET="_top"
> http://www.samba.org</A
></P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN20"
>Building the Binaries</A
></H1
><P
>To do this, first run the program <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>./configure
</B
> in the source directory. This should automatically
configure Samba for your operating system. If you have unusual
needs then you may wish to run</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>./configure --help
</B
></TT
></P
><P
>first to see what special options you can enable.
Then exectuting</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>make</B
></TT
></P
><P
>will create the binaries. Once it's successfully
compiled you can use </P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>make install</B
></TT
></P
><P
>to install the binaries and manual pages. You can
separately install the binaries and/or man pages using</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>make installbin
</B
></TT
></P
><P
>and</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>make installman
</B
></TT
></P
><P
>Note that if you are upgrading for a previous version
of Samba you might like to know that the old versions of
the binaries will be renamed with a ".old" extension. You
can go back to the previous version with</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>make revert
</B
></TT
></P
><P
>if you find this version a disaster!</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN48"
>Step 2: The all important step</A
></H1
><P
>At this stage you must fetch yourself a
coffee or other drink you find stimulating. Getting the rest
of the install right can sometimes be tricky, so you will
probably need it.</P
><P
>If you have installed samba before then you can skip
this step.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN52"
>Step 3: Create the smb configuration file.</A
></H1
><P
>There are sample configuration files in the examples
subdirectory in the distribution. I suggest you read them
carefully so you can see how the options go together in
practice. See the man page for all the options.</P
><P
>The simplest useful configuration file would be
something like this:</P
><P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
> [global]
workgroup = MYGROUP
[homes]
guest ok = no
read only = no
</PRE
></P
><P
>which would allow connections by anyone with an
account on the server, using either their login name or
"homes" as the service name. (Note that I also set the
workgroup that Samba is part of. See BROWSING.txt for defails)</P
><P
>Note that <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>make install</B
> will not install
a <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf</TT
> file. You need to create it
yourself. </P
><P
>Make sure you put the smb.conf file in the same place
you specified in the<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>Makefile</TT
> (the default is to
look for it in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/usr/local/samba/lib/</TT
>).</P
><P
>For more information about security settings for the
[homes] share please refer to the document UNIX_SECURITY.txt.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN66"
>Step 4: Test your config file with
<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>testparm</B
></A
></H1
><P
>It's important that you test the validity of your
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf</TT
> file using the testparm program.
If testparm runs OK then it will list the loaded services. If
not it will give an error message.</P
><P
>Make sure it runs OK and that the services look
resonable before proceeding. </P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN72"
>Step 5: Starting the smbd and nmbd</A
></H1
><P
>You must choose to start smbd and nmbd either
as daemons or from <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>inetd</B
>. Don't try
to do both! Either you can put them in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
> inetd.conf</TT
> and have them started on demand
by <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>inetd</B
>, or you can start them as
daemons either from the command line or in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
> /etc/rc.local</TT
>. See the man pages for details
on the command line options. Take particular care to read
the bit about what user you need to be in order to start
Samba. In many cases you must be root.</P
><P
>The main advantage of starting <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>smbd</B
>
and <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>nmbd</B
> as a daemon is that they will
respond slightly more quickly to an initial connection
request. This is, however, unlikely to be a problem.</P
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN82"
>Step 5a: Starting from inetd.conf</A
></H2
><P
>NOTE; The following will be different if
you use NIS or NIS+ to distributed services maps.</P
><P
>Look at your <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/services</TT
>.
What is defined at port 139/tcp. If nothing is defined
then add a line like this:</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>netbios-ssn 139/tcp</B
></TT
></P
><P
>similarly for 137/udp you should have an entry like:</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>netbios-ns 137/udp</B
></TT
></P
><P
>Next edit your <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/inetd.conf</TT
>
and add two lines something like this:</P
><P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
> netbios-ssn stream tcp nowait root /usr/local/samba/bin/smbd smbd
netbios-ns dgram udp wait root /usr/local/samba/bin/nmbd nmbd
</PRE
></P
><P
>The exact syntax of <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/inetd.conf</TT
>
varies between unixes. Look at the other entries in inetd.conf
for a guide.</P
><P
>NOTE: Some unixes already have entries like netbios_ns
(note the underscore) in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/services</TT
>.
You must either edit <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/services</TT
> or
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/inetd.conf</TT
> to make them consistant.</P
><P
>NOTE: On many systems you may need to use the
"interfaces" option in smb.conf to specify the IP address
and netmask of your interfaces. Run <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>ifconfig</B
>
as root if you don't know what the broadcast is for your
net. <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>nmbd</B
> tries to determine it at run
time, but fails on somunixes. See the section on "testing nmbd"
for a method of finding if you need to do this.</P
><P
>!!!WARNING!!! Many unixes only accept around 5
parameters on the command line in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>inetd.conf</TT
>.
This means you shouldn't use spaces between the options and
arguments, or you should use a script, and start the script
from <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>inetd</B
>.</P
><P
>Restart <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>inetd</B
>, perhaps just send
it a HUP. If you have installed an earlier version of <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
> nmbd</B
> then you may need to kill nmbd as well.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN111"
>Step 5b. Alternative: starting it as a daemon</A
></H2
><P
>To start the server as a daemon you should create
a script something like this one, perhaps calling
it <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>startsmb</TT
>.</P
><P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
> #!/bin/sh
/usr/local/samba/bin/smbd -D
/usr/local/samba/bin/nmbd -D
</PRE
></P
><P
>then make it executable with <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>chmod
+x startsmb</B
></P
><P
>You can then run <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>startsmb</B
> by
hand or execute it from <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/rc.local</TT
>
</P
><P
>To kill it send a kill signal to the processes
<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>nmbd</B
> and <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>smbd</B
>.</P
><P
>NOTE: If you use the SVR4 style init system then
you may like to look at the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>examples/svr4-startup</TT
>
script to make Samba fit into that system.</P
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN127"
>Step 6: Try listing the shares available on your
server</A
></H1
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>$ </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>smbclient -L
<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>yourhostname</I
></TT
></B
></TT
></P
><P
>Your should get back a list of shares available on
your server. If you don't then something is incorrectly setup.
Note that this method can also be used to see what shares
are available on other LanManager clients (such as WfWg).</P
><P
>If you choose user level security then you may find
that Samba requests a password before it will list the shares.
See the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>smbclient</B
> man page for details. (you
can force it to list the shares without a password by
adding the option -U% to the command line. This will not work
with non-Samba servers)</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN136"
>Step 7: Try connecting with the unix client</A
></H1
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>$ </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>smbclient <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
> //yourhostname/aservice</I
></TT
></B
></TT
></P
><P
>Typically the <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>yourhostname</I
></TT
>
would be the name of the host where you installed <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
> smbd</B
>. The <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>aservice</I
></TT
> is
any service you have defined in the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf</TT
>
file. Try your user name if you just have a [homes] section
in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf</TT
>.</P
><P
>For example if your unix host is bambi and your login
name is fred you would type:</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>$ </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>smbclient //bambi/fred
</B
></TT
></P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN152"
>Step 8: Try connecting from a DOS, WfWg, Win9x, WinNT,
Win2k, OS/2, etc... client</A
></H1
><P
>Try mounting disks. eg:</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>C:\WINDOWS\> </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>net use d: \\servername\service
</B
></TT
></P
><P
>Try printing. eg:</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>C:\WINDOWS\> </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>net use lpt1:
\\servername\spoolservice</B
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>C:\WINDOWS\> </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>print filename
</B
></TT
></P
><P
>Celebrate, or send me a bug report!</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN166"
>What If Things Don't Work?</A
></H1
><P
>If nothing works and you start to think "who wrote
this pile of trash" then I suggest you do step 2 again (and
again) till you calm down.</P
><P
>Then you might read the file DIAGNOSIS.txt and the
FAQ. If you are still stuck then try the mailing list or
newsgroup (look in the README for details). Samba has been
successfully installed at thousands of sites worldwide, so maybe
someone else has hit your problem and has overcome it. You could
also use the WWW site to scan back issues of the samba-digest.</P
><P
>When you fix the problem PLEASE send me some updates to the
documentation (or source code) so that the next person will find it
easier. </P
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN171"
>DIAGNOSING PROBLEMS</A
></H2
><P
>If you have instalation problems then go to
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>DIAGNOSIS.txt</TT
> to try to find the
problem.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN175"
>SCOPE IDs</A
></H2
><P
>By default Samba uses a blank scope ID. This means
all your windows boxes must also have a blank scope ID.
If you really want to use a non-blank scope ID then you will
need to use the -i <scope> option to nmbd, smbd, and
smbclient. All your PCs will need to have the same setting for
this to work. I do not recommend scope IDs.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN178"
>CHOOSING THE PROTOCOL LEVEL</A
></H2
><P
>The SMB protocol has many dialects. Currently
Samba supports 5, called CORE, COREPLUS, LANMAN1,
LANMAN2 and NT1.</P
><P
>You can choose what maximum protocol to support
in the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf</TT
> file. The default is
NT1 and that is the best for the vast majority of sites.</P
><P
>In older versions of Samba you may have found it
necessary to use COREPLUS. The limitations that led to
this have mostly been fixed. It is now less likely that you
will want to use less than LANMAN1. The only remaining advantage
of COREPLUS is that for some obscure reason WfWg preserves
the case of passwords in this protocol, whereas under LANMAN1,
LANMAN2 or NT1 it uppercases all passwords before sending them,
forcing you to use the "password level=" option in some cases.</P
><P
>The main advantage of LANMAN2 and NT1 is support for
long filenames with some clients (eg: smbclient, Windows NT
or Win95). </P
><P
>See the smb.conf(5) manual page for more details.</P
><P
>Note: To support print queue reporting you may find
that you have to use TCP/IP as the default protocol under
WfWg. For some reason if you leave Netbeui as the default
it may break the print queue reporting on some systems.
It is presumably a WfWg bug.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN187"
>PRINTING FROM UNIX TO A CLIENT PC</A
></H2
><P
>To use a printer that is available via a smb-based
server from a unix host you will need to compile the
smbclient program. You then need to install the script
"smbprint". Read the instruction in smbprint for more details.
</P
><P
>There is also a SYSV style script that does much
the same thing called smbprint.sysv. It contains instructions.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN191"
>LOCKING</A
></H2
><P
>One area which sometimes causes trouble is locking.</P
><P
>There are two types of locking which need to be
performed by a SMB server. The first is "record locking"
which allows a client to lock a range of bytes in a open file.
The second is the "deny modes" that are specified when a file
is open.</P
><P
>Samba supports "record locking" using the fcntl() unix system
call. This is often implemented using rpc calls to a rpc.lockd process
running on the system that owns the filesystem. Unfortunately many
rpc.lockd implementations are very buggy, particularly when made to
talk to versions from other vendors. It is not uncommon for the
rpc.lockd to crash.</P
><P
>There is also a problem translating the 32 bit lock
requests generated by PC clients to 31 bit requests supported
by most unixes. Unfortunately many PC applications (typically
OLE2 applications) use byte ranges with the top bit set
as semaphore sets. Samba attempts translation to support
these types of applications, and the translation has proved
to be quite successful.</P
><P
>Strictly a SMB server should check for locks before
every read and write call on a file. Unfortunately with the
way fcntl() works this can be slow and may overstress the
rpc.lockd. It is also almost always unnecessary as clients
are supposed to independently make locking calls before reads
and writes anyway if locking is important to them. By default
Samba only makes locking calls when explicitly asked
to by a client, but if you set "strict locking = yes" then it will
make lock checking calls on every read and write. </P
><P
>You can also disable by range locking completely
using "locking = no". This is useful for those shares that
don't support locking or don't need it (such as cdroms). In
this case Samba fakes the return codes of locking calls to
tell clients that everything is OK.</P
><P
>The second class of locking is the "deny modes". These
are set by an application when it opens a file to determine
what types of access should be allowed simultaneously with
its open. A client may ask for DENY_NONE, DENY_READ, DENY_WRITE
or DENY_ALL. There are also special compatability modes called
DENY_FCB and DENY_DOS.</P
><P
>You can disable share modes using "share modes = no".
This may be useful on a heavily loaded server as the share
modes code is very slow. See also the FAST_SHARE_MODES
option in the Makefile for a way to do full share modes
very fast using shared memory (if your OS supports it).</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN201"
>MAPPING USERNAMES</A
></H2
><P
>If you have different usernames on the PCs and
the unix server then take a look at the "username map" option.
See the smb.conf man page for details.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN204"
>OTHER CHARACTER SETS</A
></H2
><P
>If you have problems using filenames with accented
characters in them (like the German, French or Scandinavian
character sets) then I recommmend you look at the "valid chars"
option in smb.conf and also take a look at the validchars
package in the examples directory.</P
></DIV
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="CHAPTER"
><HR><H1
><A
NAME="AEN207"
>Chapter 2. Hosting a Microsoft Distributed File System tree on Samba</A
></H1
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN209"
>HOWTO</A
></H1
><P
>The Distributed File System (or Dfs) provides a means of
separating the logical view of files and directories that users
see from the actual physical locations of these resources on the
network. It allows for higher availability, smoother storage expansion,
load balancing etc. For more information about Dfs, refer to <A
HREF="http://www.microsoft.com/NTServer/nts/downloads/winfeatures/NTSDistrFile/AdminGuide.asp"
TARGET="_top"
> Microsoft documentation</A
>. </P
><P
>This document explains how to host a Dfs tree on a Unix
machine (for Dfs-aware clients to browse) using Samba.</P
><P
>A Samba server can be made a Dfs server by setting the global
boolean <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#HOSTMSDFS"
TARGET="_top"
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
> host msdfs</I
></TT
></A
> parameter in the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf
</TT
> file. You designate a share as a Dfs root using the share
level boolean <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#MSDFSROOT"
TARGET="_top"
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
> msdfs root</I
></TT
></A
> parameter. A Dfs root directory on
Samba hosts Dfs links in the form of symbolic links that point
to other servers. For example, a symbolic link
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>junction->msdfs:storage1\share1</TT
> in
the share directory acts as the Dfs junction. When Dfs-aware
clients attempt to access the junction link, they are redirected
to the storage location (in this case, \\storage1\share1).</P
><P
>Dfs trees on Samba work with all Dfs-aware clients ranging
from Windows 95 to 2000.</P
><P
>Here's an example of setting up a Dfs tree on a Samba
server.</P
><P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
># The smb.conf file:
[global]
netbios name = SAMBA
host msdfs = yes
[dfs]
path = /export/dfsroot
msdfs root = yes
</PRE
></P
><P
>In the /export/dfsroot directory we set up our dfs links to
other servers on the network.</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>cd /export/dfsroot</B
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>chown root /export/dfsroot</B
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>chmod 755 /export/dfsroot</B
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>ln -s msdfs:storageA\\shareA linka</B
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>ln -s msdfs:serverB\\share,serverC\\share linkb</B
></TT
></P
><P
>You should set up the permissions and ownership of
the directory acting as the Dfs root such that only designated
users can create, delete or modify the msdfs links. Also note
that symlink names should be all lowercase. This limitation exists
to have Samba avoid trying all the case combinations to get at
the link name. Finally set up the symbolic links to point to the
network shares you want, and start Samba.</P
><P
>Users on Dfs-aware clients can now browse the Dfs tree
on the Samba server at \\samba\dfs. Accessing
links linka or linkb (which appear as directories to the client)
takes users directly to the appropriate shares on the network.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN243"
>NOTES</A
></H1
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>Windows clients need to be rebooted
if a previously mounted non-dfs share is made a dfs
root or vice versa. A better way is to introduce a
new share and make it the dfs root.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Currently there's a restriction that msdfs
symlink names should all be lowercase.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>For security purposes, the directory
acting as the root of the Dfs tree should have ownership
and permissions set so that only designated users can
modify the symbolic links in the directory.</P
></LI
></UL
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="CHAPTER"
><HR><H1
><A
NAME="AEN252"
>Chapter 3. Printing Support in Samba 2.2.x</A
></H1
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN254"
>Introduction</A
></H1
><P
>Beginning with the 2.2.0 release, Samba now supports
the native Windows NT printing mechanisms implemented via
MS-RPC (i.e. the SPOOLSS named pipe). Previous versions of
Samba only supported the LanMan printing calls.</P
><P
>The additional functionality provided by the new
SPOOLSS support includes:</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>Support for downloading printer driver
files to Windows 95/98/NT/2000 clients upon demand.
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Uploading of printer drivers via the
Windows NT Add Printer Wizard (APW) or the <A
HREF="http://imprints.sourceforge.net"
TARGET="_top"
>Imprints tool set
</A
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Support for the native MS-RPC printing
calls such as StartDocPrinter, EnumJobs(), etc... (See
the <A
HREF="http://msdn.microsoft.com/"
TARGET="_top"
>MSDN documentation
</A
> for more information on the Win32 printing API)
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Support for NT Access Control Lists (ACL)
on printer objects</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Improved support for printer queue manipulation
through the use of an internal database for spooled job
information</P
></LI
></UL
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN271"
>Configuration</A
></H1
><P
>In order to support the uploading of printer driver
files, you must first configure a file share named [print$].
The name of this share is hard coded in Samba's internals so
the name is very important (print$ is the service used by
Windows NT print servers to provide support for printer driver
download.</P
><DIV
CLASS="WARNING"
><P
></P
><TABLE
CLASS="WARNING"
BORDER="1"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="CENTER"
><B
>Warning</B
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
><P
>Previous versions of Samba recommended using
a share named [printer$]. This name was taken from the
printer$ service created by Windows 9x clients when a
printer was shared. Windows 9x printer servers always have
a printer$ service which provides read-only access via no
password in order to support printer driver downloads.</P
><P
>However, the initial implementation allowed for a
parameter named <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>printer driver location</I
></TT
>
to be used on a per share basis to specify the location of
the driver files associated with that printer. Another
parameter named <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>printer driver</I
></TT
> provided
a means of defining the printer driver name to be sent to
the client.</P
><P
>These parameters, including <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>printer driver
file</I
></TT
> parameter, are being depreciated and should not
be used in new installations. For more information on this change,
you should refer to the <A
HREF="#MIGRATION"
>Migration section
</A
>of this document.</P
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
><P
>You should modify the server's smb.conf file to create the
following file share (of course, some of the parameter values,
such as 'path' are arbitrary and should be replaced with
appropriate values for your site):</P
><P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>[print$]
path = /usr/local/samba/printers
guest ok = yes
browseable = yes
read only = yes
write list = ntadmin
</PRE
></P
><P
>The <A
HREF="smb./conf.5.html#WRITELIST"
TARGET="_top"
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
> write list</I
></TT
></A
> is used to allow administrative
level user accounts to have write access in order to update files
on the share. See the <A
HREF="smb./conf.5.html"
TARGET="_top"
> smb.conf(5) man page</A
> for more information on
configuring file shares.</P
><P
>The requirement for <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#GUESTOK"
TARGET="_top"
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
> guest ok = yes</B
></A
> depends upon how your
site is configured. If users will be guaranteed to have
an account on the Samba host, then this is a non-issue.</P
><P
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>author's note: </I
>The non-issue is that
if all your Windows NT users are guarenteed to be authenticated
by the Samba server (such as a domain member server and the NT
user has already been validated by the Domain Controller in
order to logon to the Windows NT console), then guest access
is not necessary. Of course, in a workgroup environment where
you just want to be able to print without worrying about
silly accounts and security, then configure the share for
guest access. You'll probably want to add <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#MAPTOGUEST"
TARGET="_top"
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>map to guest = Bad User
</B
></A
> in the [global] section as well. Make sure
you understand what this parameter does before using it
though. --jerry]</P
><P
>In order for a Windows NT print server to support
the downloading of driver files by multiple client architectures,
it must create subdirectories within the [print$] service
which correspond to each of the supported client architectures.
Samba follows this model as well.</P
><P
>Next create the directory tree below the [print$] share
for each architecture you wish to support.</P
><P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
> [print$]-----
|-W32X86 ; "Windows NT x86"
|-WIN40 ; "Windows 95/98"
|-W32ALPHA ; "Windows NT Alpha_AXP"
|-W32MIPS ; "Windows NT R4000"
|-W32PPC ; "Windows NT PowerPC"
</PRE
></P
><DIV
CLASS="WARNING"
><P
></P
><TABLE
CLASS="WARNING"
BORDER="1"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="CENTER"
><B
>Warning</B
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
><P
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>ATTENTION! REQUIRED PERMISSIONS</I
></P
><P
>In order to currently add a new driver to you Samba host,
one of two conditions must hold true:</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>The account used to connect to the Samba host
must have a uid of 0 (i.e. a root account)</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>The account used to connect to the Samba host
must be a member of the <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html"
TARGET="_top"
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
> printer admin</I
></TT
></A
> list.</P
></LI
></UL
><P
>Of course, the connected account must still possess access
to add files to the sibdirectories beneath [print$].</P
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
><P
>Once you have created the required [print$] service and
associated subdirectories, simply log onto the Samba server using
a root (or <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>printer admin</I
></TT
>) account
from a Windows NT 4.0 client. Navigate to the "Printers" folder
on the Samba server. You should see an initial listing of printers
that matches the printer shares defined on your Samba host.</P
><P
>It is possible on a Windows NT print server to have printers
listed in the Printers folder which are not shared. Samba does
not make this distinction. By definition, the only printers of
which Samba is aware are those which are specified as shares in
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf</TT
>.</P
><P
>Another interesting side note is that Windows NT clients do
not use the SMB printer share, but rather can print directly
to any printer on another Windows NT host using MS-RPC. This
of course assumes that the printing client has the necessary
privileges on the remote host serving the printer. The default
permissions assigned by Windows NT to a printer gives the "Print"
permissions to the "Everyone" well-known group.</P
><P
>The initial listing of printers in the Samba host's
Printers folder will have no printer driver assigned to them.
The way assign a driver to a printer is to view the Properties
of the printer and either</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>Use the "New Driver..." button to install
a new printer driver, or</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Select a driver from the popup list of
installed drivers. Initially this list will be empty.</P
></LI
></UL
><P
>If you wish to install printer drivers for client
operating systems other than "Windows NT x86", you will need
to use the "Sharing" tab of the printer properties dialog.</P
><P
>Assuming you have connected with a root account, you
will also be able modify other printer properties such as
ACLs and device settings using this dialog box.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN325"
>The Imprints Toolset</A
></H1
><P
>The Imprints tool set provides a UNIX equivalent of the
Windows NT Add Printer Wizard. For complete information, please
refer to the Imprints web site at <A
HREF="http://imprints.sourceforge.net/"
TARGET="_top"
> http://imprints.sourceforge.net/</A
> as well as the documentation
included with the imprints source distribution. This section will
only provide a brief introduction to the features of Imprints.</P
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN329"
>What is Imprints?</A
></H2
><P
>Imprints is a collection of tools for supporting the goals
of</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>Providing a central repository information
regarding Windows NT and 95/98 printer driver packages</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Providing the tools necessary for creating
the Imprints printer driver packages.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Providing an installation client which
will obtain and install printer drivers on remote Samba
and Windows NT 4 print servers.</P
></LI
></UL
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN339"
>Creating Printer Driver Packages</A
></H2
><P
>The process of creating printer driver packages is beyond
the scope of this document (refer to Imprints.txt also included
with the Samba distribution for more information). In short,
an Imprints driver package is a gzipped tarball containing the
driver files, related INF files, and a control file needed by the
installation client.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN342"
>The Imprints server</A
></H2
><P
>The Imprints server is really a database server that
may be queried via standard HTTP mechanisms. Each printer
entry in the database has an associated URL for the actual
downloading of the package. Each package is digitally signed
via GnuPG which can be used to verify that package downloaded
is actually the one referred in the Imprints database. It is
<I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>not</I
> recommended that this security check
be disabled.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN346"
>The Installation Client</A
></H2
><P
>More information regarding the Imprints installation client
is available in the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>Imprints-Client-HOWTO.ps</TT
>
file included with the imprints source package.</P
><P
>The Imprints installation client comes in two forms.</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>a set of command line Perl scripts</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>a GTK+ based graphical interface to
the command line perl scripts</P
></LI
></UL
><P
>The installation client (in both forms) provides a means
of querying the Imprints database server for a matching
list of known printer model names as well as a means to
download and install the drivers on remote Samba and Windows
NT print servers.</P
><P
>The basic installation process is in four steps and
perl code is wrapped around <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>smbclient</B
>
and <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>rpcclient</B
>.</P
><P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>
foreach (supported architecture for a given driver)
{
1. rpcclient: Get the appropriate upload directory
on the remote server
2. smbclient: Upload the driver files
3. rpcclient: Issues an AddPrinterDriver() MS-RPC
}
4. rpcclient: Issue an AddPrinterEx() MS-RPC to actually
create the printer
</PRE
></P
><P
>One of the problems encountered when implementing
the Imprints tool set was the name space issues between
various supported client architectures. For example, Windows
NT includes a driver named "Apple LaserWriter II NTX v51.8"
and Windows 95 callsits version of this driver "Apple
LaserWriter II NTX"</P
><P
>The problem is how to know what client drivers have
been uploaded for a printer. As astute reader will remember
that the Windows NT Printer Properties dialog only includes
space for one printer driver name. A quick look in the
Windows NT 4.0 system registry at</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>HKLM\System\CurrentControlSet\Control\Print\Environment
</TT
></P
><P
>will reveal that Windows NT always uses the NT driver
name. The is ok as Windows NT always requires that at least
the Windows NT version of the printer driver is present.
However, Samba does not have the requirement internally.
Therefore, how can you use the NT driver name if is has not
already been installed?</P
><P
>The way of sidestepping this limitation is to require
that all Imprints printer driver packages include both the Intel
Windows NT and 95/98 printer drivers and that NT driver is
installed first.</P
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN368"
><A
NAME="MIGRATION"
></A
>Migration to from Samba 2.0.x to
2.2.x</A
></H1
><P
>Given that printer driver management has changed
(we hope improved :) ) in 2.2.0 over prior releases,
migration from an existing setup to 2.2.0 can follow
several paths.</P
><DIV
CLASS="WARNING"
><P
></P
><TABLE
CLASS="WARNING"
BORDER="1"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="CENTER"
><B
>Warning</B
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
><P
>The following smb.conf parameters are considered to be
depreciated and will be removed soon. Do not use them
in new installations</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>printer driver file (G)</I
></TT
>
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>printer driver (S)</I
></TT
>
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>printer driver location (S)</I
></TT
>
</P
></LI
></UL
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
><P
>Here are the possible scenarios for supporting migration:</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>If you does not desire the new Windows NT
print driver support, nothing needs to be done.
All existing parameters work the same.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>If you want to take advantage of NT printer
driver support but does not want to migrate the
9x drivers to the new setup, the leave the existing
printers.def file. When smbd attempts to locate a
9x driver for the printer in the TDB and fails it
will drop down to using the printers.def (and all
associated parameters). The <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>make_printerdef</B
>
tool will also remain for backwards compatibility but will
be moved to the "this tool is the old way of doing it"
pile.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>If you install a Windows 9x driver for a printer
on your Samba host (in the printing TDB), this information will
take precedence and the three old printing parameters
will be ignored (including print driver location).</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>If you want to migrate an existing <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
> printers.def</TT
> file into the new setup, the current only
solution is to use the Windows NT APW to install the NT drivers
and the 9x drivers. (comment: this could possibly be scripted
using smbclient and rpcclient, but I haven't had time --jerry)
</P
></LI
></UL
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="CHAPTER"
><HR><H1
><A
NAME="AEN396"
>Chapter 4. security = domain in Samba 2.x</A
></H1
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN398"
>Joining an NT Domain with Samba 2.2</A
></H1
><P
>In order for a Samba-2 server to join an NT domain,
you must first add the NetBIOS name of the Samba server to the
NT domain on the PDC using Server Manager for Domains. This creates
the machine account in the domain (PDC) SAM. Note that you should
add the Samba server as a "Windows NT Workstation or Server",
<I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>NOT</I
> as a Primary or backup domain controller.</P
><P
>Assume you have a Samba-2 server with a NetBIOS name of
<TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>SERV1</TT
> and are joining an NT domain called
<TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>DOM</TT
>, which has a PDC with a NetBIOS name
of <TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>DOMPDC</TT
> and two backup domain controllers
with NetBIOS names <TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>DOMBDC1</TT
> and <TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>DOMBDC2
</TT
>.</P
><P
>In order to join the domain, first stop all Samba daemons
and run the command:</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>smbpasswd -j DOM -r DOMPDC
</B
></TT
></P
><P
>as we are joining the domain DOM and the PDC for that domain
(the only machine that has write access to the domain SAM database)
is DOMPDC. If this is successful you will see the message:</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>smbpasswd: Joined domain DOM.</TT
>
</P
><P
>in your terminal window. See the <A
HREF="smbpasswd.8.html"
TARGET="_top"
> smbpasswd(8)</A
> man page for more details.</P
><P
>This command goes through the machine account password
change protocol, then writes the new (random) machine account
password for this Samba server into a file in the same directory
in which an smbpasswd file would be stored - normally :</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/usr/local/samba/private</TT
></P
><P
>In Samba 2.0.x, the filename looks like this:</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
><TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
><NT DOMAIN NAME></I
></TT
>.
<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
><Samba Server Name></I
></TT
>.mac</TT
></P
><P
>The <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>.mac</TT
> suffix stands for machine account
password file. So in our example above, the file would be called:</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>DOM.SERV1.mac</TT
></P
><P
>In Samba 2.2, this file has been replaced with a TDB
(Trivial Database) file named <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>secrets.tdb</TT
>.
</P
><P
>This file is created and owned by root and is not
readable by any other user. It is the key to the domain-level
security for your system, and should be treated as carefully
as a shadow password file.</P
><P
>Now, before restarting the Samba daemons you must
edit your <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html"
TARGET="_top"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf(5)</TT
>
</A
> file to tell Samba it should now use domain security.</P
><P
>Change (or add) your <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#SECURITY"
TARGET="_top"
> <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>security =</I
></TT
></A
> line in the [global] section
of your smb.conf to read:</P
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>security = domain</B
></P
><P
>Next change the <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#WORKGROUP"
TARGET="_top"
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
> workgroup =</I
></TT
></A
> line in the [global] section to read: </P
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>workgroup = DOM</B
></P
><P
>as this is the name of the domain we are joining. </P
><P
>You must also have the parameter <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#ENCRYPTPASSWORDS"
TARGET="_top"
> <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>encrypt passwords</I
></TT
></A
> set to <TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>yes
</TT
> in order for your users to authenticate to the NT PDC.</P
><P
>Finally, add (or modify) a <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#PASSWORDSERVER"
TARGET="_top"
> <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>password server =</I
></TT
></A
> line in the [global]
section to read: </P
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>password server = DOMPDC DOMBDC1 DOMBDC2</B
></P
><P
>These are the primary and backup domain controllers Samba
will attempt to contact in order to authenticate users. Samba will
try to contact each of these servers in order, so you may want to
rearrange this list in order to spread out the authentication load
among domain controllers.</P
><P
>Alternatively, if you want smbd to automatically determine
the list of Domain controllers to use for authentication, you may
set this line to be :</P
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>password server = *</B
></P
><P
>This method, which was introduced in Samba 2.0.6,
allows Samba to use exactly the same mechanism that NT does. This
method either broadcasts or uses a WINS database in order to
find domain controllers to authenticate against.</P
><P
>Finally, restart your Samba daemons and get ready for
clients to begin using domain security!</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN461"
>Why is this better than security = server?</A
></H1
><P
>Currently, domain security in Samba doesn't free you from
having to create local Unix users to represent the users attaching
to your server. This means that if domain user <TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>DOM\fred
</TT
> attaches to your domain security Samba server, there needs
to be a local Unix user fred to represent that user in the Unix
filesystem. This is very similar to the older Samba security mode
<A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#SECURITYEQUALSERVER"
TARGET="_top"
>security = server</A
>,
where Samba would pass through the authentication request to a Windows
NT server in the same way as a Windows 95 or Windows 98 server would.
</P
><P
>The advantage to domain-level security is that the
authentication in domain-level security is passed down the authenticated
RPC channel in exactly the same way that an NT server would do it. This
means Samba servers now participate in domain trust relationships in
exactly the same way NT servers do (i.e., you can add Samba servers into
a resource domain and have the authentication passed on from a resource
domain PDC to an account domain PDC.</P
><P
>In addition, with <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>security = server</B
> every Samba
daemon on a server has to keep a connection open to the
authenticating server for as long as that daemon lasts. This can drain
the connection resources on a Microsoft NT server and cause it to run
out of available connections. With <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>security = domain</B
>,
however, the Samba daemons connect to the PDC/BDC only for as long
as is necessary to authenticate the user, and then drop the connection,
thus conserving PDC connection resources.</P
><P
>And finally, acting in the same manner as an NT server
authenticating to a PDC means that as part of the authentication
reply, the Samba server gets the user identification information such
as the user SID, the list of NT groups the user belongs to, etc. All
this information will allow Samba to be extended in the future into
a mode the developers currently call appliance mode. In this mode,
no local Unix users will be necessary, and Samba will generate Unix
uids and gids from the information passed back from the PDC when a
user is authenticated, making a Samba server truly plug and play
in an NT domain environment. Watch for this code soon.</P
><P
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>NOTE:</I
> Much of the text of this document
was first published in the Web magazine <A
HREF="http://www.linuxworld.com"
TARGET="_top"
>
LinuxWorld</A
> as the article <A
HREF="http://www.linuxworld.com/linuxworld/lw-1998-10/lw-10-samba.html"
TARGET="_top"
>Doing
the NIS/NT Samba</A
>.</P
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="CHAPTER"
><HR><H1
><A
NAME="AEN475"
>Chapter 5. UNIX Permission Bits and WIndows NT Access Control Lists</A
></H1
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN477"
>Viewing and changing UNIX permissions using the NT
security dialogs</A
></H1
><P
>New in the Samba 2.0.4 release is the ability for Windows
NT clients to use their native security settings dialog box to
view and modify the underlying UNIX permissions.</P
><P
>Note that this ability is careful not to compromise
the security of the UNIX host Samba is running on, and
still obeys all the file permission rules that a Samba
administrator can set.</P
><P
>In Samba 2.0.4 and above the default value of the
parameter <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#NTACLSUPPOR"
TARGET="_top"
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
> nt acl support</I
></TT
></A
> has been changed from
<TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>false</TT
> to <TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>true</TT
>, so
manipulation of permissions is turned on by default.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN486"
>How to view file security on a Samba share</A
></H1
><P
>From an NT 4.0 client, single-click with the right
mouse button on any file or directory in a Samba mounted
drive letter or UNC path. When the menu pops-up, click
on the <I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>Properties</I
> entry at the bottom of
the menu. This brings up the normal file properties dialog
box, but with Samba 2.0.4 this will have a new tab along the top
marked <I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>Security</I
>. Click on this tab and you
will see three buttons, <I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>Permissions</I
>,
<I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>Auditing</I
>, and <I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>Ownership</I
>.
The <I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>Auditing</I
> button will cause either
an error message <SPAN
CLASS="ERRORNAME"
>A requested privilege is not held
by the client</SPAN
> to appear if the user is not the
NT Administrator, or a dialog which is intended to allow an
Administrator to add auditing requirements to a file if the
user is logged on as the NT Administrator. This dialog is
non-functional with a Samba share at this time, as the only
useful button, the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>Add</B
> button will not currently
allow a list of users to be seen.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN497"
>Viewing file ownership</A
></H1
><P
>Clicking on the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"Ownership"</B
> button
brings up a dialog box telling you who owns the given file. The
owner name will be of the form :</P
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"SERVER\user (Long name)"</B
></P
><P
>Where <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>SERVER</I
></TT
> is the NetBIOS name of
the Samba server, <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>user</I
></TT
> is the user name of
the UNIX user who owns the file, and <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>(Long name)</I
></TT
>
is the discriptive string identifying the user (normally found in the
GECOS field of the UNIX password database). Click on the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>Close
</B
> button to remove this dialog.</P
><P
>If the parameter <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>nt acl support</I
></TT
>
is set to <TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>false</TT
> then the file owner will
be shown as the NT user <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"Everyone"</B
>.</P
><P
>The <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>Take Ownership</B
> button will not allow
you to change the ownership of this file to yourself (clicking on
it will display a dialog box complaining that the user you are
currently logged onto the NT client cannot be found). The reason
for this is that changing the ownership of a file is a privilaged
operation in UNIX, available only to the <I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>root</I
>
user. As clicking on this button causes NT to attempt to change
the ownership of a file to the current user logged into the NT
client this will not work with Samba at this time.</P
><P
>There is an NT chown command that will work with Samba
and allow a user with Administrator privillage connected
to a Samba 2.0.4 server as root to change the ownership of
files on both a local NTFS filesystem or remote mounted NTFS
or Samba drive. This is available as part of the <I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>Seclib
</I
> NT security library written by Jeremy Allison of
the Samba Team, available from the main Samba ftp site.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN517"
>Viewing file or directory permissions</A
></H1
><P
>The third button is the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"Permissions"</B
>
button. Clicking on this brings up a dialog box that shows both
the permissions and the UNIX owner of the file or directory.
The owner is displayed in the form :</P
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"SERVER\user (Long name)"</B
></P
><P
>Where <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>SERVER</I
></TT
> is the NetBIOS name of
the Samba server, <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>user</I
></TT
> is the user name of
the UNIX user who owns the file, and <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>(Long name)</I
></TT
>
is the discriptive string identifying the user (normally found in the
GECOS field of the UNIX password database).</P
><P
>If the parameter <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>nt acl support</I
></TT
>
is set to <TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>false</TT
> then the file owner will
be shown as the NT user <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"Everyone"</B
> and the
permissions will be shown as NT "Full Control".</P
><P
>The permissions field is displayed differently for files
and directories, so I'll describe the way file permissions
are displayed first.</P
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN532"
>File Permissions</A
></H2
><P
>The standard UNIX user/group/world triple and
the correspinding "read", "write", "execute" permissions
triples are mapped by Samba into a three element NT ACL
with the 'r', 'w', and 'x' bits mapped into the corresponding
NT permissions. The UNIX world permissions are mapped into
the global NT group <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>Everyone</B
>, followed
by the list of permissions allowed for UNIX world. The UNIX
owner and group permissions are displayed as an NT
<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>user</B
> icon and an NT <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>local
group</B
> icon respectively followed by the list
of permissions allowed for the UNIX user and group.</P
><P
>As many UNIX permission sets don't map into common
NT names such as <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"read"</B
>, <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
> "change"</B
> or <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"full control"</B
> then
usually the permissions will be prefixed by the words <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
> "Special Access"</B
> in the NT display list.</P
><P
>But what happens if the file has no permissions allowed
for a particular UNIX user group or world component ? In order
to allow "no permissions" to be seen and modified then Samba
overloads the NT <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"Take Ownership"</B
> ACL attribute
(which has no meaning in UNIX) and reports a component with
no permissions as having the NT <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"O"</B
> bit set.
This was chosen of course to make it look like a zero, meaning
zero permissions. More details on the decision behind this will
be given below.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN546"
>Directory Permissions</A
></H2
><P
>Directories on an NT NTFS file system have two
different sets of permissions. The first set of permissions
is the ACL set on the directory itself, this is usually displayed
in the first set of parentheses in the normal <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"RW"</B
>
NT style. This first set of permissions is created by Samba in
exactly the same way as normal file permissions are, described
above, and is displayed in the same way.</P
><P
>The second set of directory permissions has no real meaning
in the UNIX permissions world and represents the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
> "inherited"</B
> permissions that any file created within
this directory would inherit.</P
><P
>Samba synthesises these inherited permissions for NT by
returning as an NT ACL the UNIX permission mode that a new file
created by Samba on this share would receive.</P
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN553"
>Modifying file or directory permissions</A
></H1
><P
>Modifying file and directory permissions is as simple
as changing the displayed permissions in the dialog box, and
clicking the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>OK</B
> button. However, there are
limitations that a user needs to be aware of, and also interactions
with the standard Samba permission masks and mapping of DOS
attributes that need to also be taken into account.</P
><P
>If the parameter <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>nt acl support</I
></TT
>
is set to <TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>false</TT
> then any attempt to set
security permissions will fail with an <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"Access Denied"
</B
> message.</P
><P
>The first thing to note is that the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"Add"</B
>
button will not return a list of users in Samba 2.0.4 (it will give
an error message of <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"The remote proceedure call failed
and did not execute"</B
>). This means that you can only
manipulate the current user/group/world permissions listed in
the dialog box. This actually works quite well as these are the
only permissions that UNIX actually has.</P
><P
>If a permission triple (either user, group, or world)
is removed from the list of permissions in the NT dialog box,
then when the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"OK"</B
> button is pressed it will
be applied as "no permissions" on the UNIX side. If you then
view the permissions again the "no permissions" entry will appear
as the NT <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"O"</B
> flag, as described above. This
allows you to add permissions back to a file or directory once
you have removed them from a triple component.</P
><P
>As UNIX supports only the "r", "w" and "x" bits of
an NT ACL then if other NT security attributes such as "Delete
access" are selected then they will be ignored when applied on
the Samba server.</P
><P
>When setting permissions on a directory the second
set of permissions (in the second set of parentheses) is
by default applied to all files within that directory. If this
is not what you want you must uncheck the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"Replace
permissions on existing files"</B
> checkbox in the NT
dialog before clicking <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"OK"</B
>.</P
><P
>If you wish to remove all permissions from a
user/group/world component then you may either highlight the
component and click the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"Remove"</B
> button,
or set the component to only have the special <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"Take
Ownership"</B
> permission (dsplayed as <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"O"
</B
>) highlighted.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN575"
>Interaction with the standard Samba create mask
parameters</A
></H1
><P
>Note that with Samba 2.0.5 there are four new parameters
to control this interaction. These are :</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>security mask</I
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>force security mode</I
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>directory security mask</I
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>force directory security mode</I
></TT
></P
><P
>Once a user clicks <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"OK"</B
> to apply the
permissions Samba maps the given permissions into a user/group/world
r/w/x triple set, and then will check the changed permissions for a
file against the bits set in the <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#SECURITYMASK"
TARGET="_top"
>
<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>security mask</I
></TT
></A
> parameter. Any bits that
were changed that are not set to '1' in this parameter are left alone
in the file permissions.</P
><P
>Essentially, zero bits in the <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>security mask</I
></TT
>
mask may be treated as a set of bits the user is <I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>not</I
>
allowed to change, and one bits are those the user is allowed to change.
</P
><P
>If not set explicitly this parameter is set to the same value as
the <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#CREATEMASK"
TARGET="_top"
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>create mask
</I
></TT
></A
> parameter to provide compatibility with Samba 2.0.4
where this permission change facility was introduced. To allow a user to
modify all the user/group/world permissions on a file, set this parameter
to 0777.</P
><P
>Next Samba checks the changed permissions for a file against
the bits set in the <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#FORCESECURITYMODE"
TARGET="_top"
> <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>force security mode</I
></TT
></A
> parameter. Any bits
that were changed that correspond to bits set to '1' in this parameter
are forced to be set.</P
><P
>Essentially, bits set in the <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>force security mode
</I
></TT
> parameter may be treated as a set of bits that, when
modifying security on a file, the user has always set to be 'on'.</P
><P
>If not set explicitly this parameter is set to the same value
as the <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#FORCECREATEMODE"
TARGET="_top"
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>force
create mode</I
></TT
></A
> parameter to provide compatibility
with Samba 2.0.4 where the permission change facility was introduced.
To allow a user to modify all the user/group/world permissions on a file,
with no restrictions set this parameter to 000.</P
><P
>The <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>security mask</I
></TT
> and <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>force
security mode</I
></TT
> parameters are applied to the change
request in that order.</P
><P
>For a directory Samba will perform the same operations as
described above for a file except using the parameter <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
> directory security mask</I
></TT
> instead of <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>security
mask</I
></TT
>, and <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>force directory security mode
</I
></TT
> parameter instead of <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>force security mode
</I
></TT
>.</P
><P
>The <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>directory security mask</I
></TT
> parameter
by default is set to the same value as the <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>directory mask
</I
></TT
> parameter and the <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>force directory security
mode</I
></TT
> parameter by default is set to the same value as
the <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>force directory mode</I
></TT
> parameter to provide
compatibility with Samba 2.0.4 where the permission change facility
was introduced.</P
><P
>In this way Samba enforces the permission restrictions that
an administrator can set on a Samba share, whilst still allowing users
to modify the permission bits within that restriction.</P
><P
>If you want to set up a share that allows users full control
in modifying the permission bits on their files and directories and
doesn't force any particular bits to be set 'on', then set the following
parameters in the <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html"
TARGET="_top"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf(5)
</TT
></A
> file in that share specific section :</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>security mask = 0777</I
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>force security mode = 0</I
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>directory security mask = 0777</I
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>force directory security mode = 0</I
></TT
></P
><P
>As described, in Samba 2.0.4 the parameters :</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>create mask</I
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>force create mode</I
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>directory mask</I
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>force directory mode</I
></TT
></P
><P
>were used instead of the parameters discussed here.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN639"
>Interaction with the standard Samba file attribute
mapping</A
></H1
><P
>Samba maps some of the DOS attribute bits (such as "read
only") into the UNIX permissions of a file. This means there can
be a conflict between the permission bits set via the security
dialog and the permission bits set by the file attribute mapping.
</P
><P
>One way this can show up is if a file has no UNIX read access
for the owner it will show up as "read only" in the standard
file attributes tabbed dialog. Unfortunately this dialog is
the same one that contains the security info in another tab.</P
><P
>What this can mean is that if the owner changes the permissions
to allow themselves read access using the security dialog, clicks
<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"OK"</B
> to get back to the standard attributes tab
dialog, and then clicks <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"OK"</B
> on that dialog, then
NT will set the file permissions back to read-only (as that is what
the attributes still say in the dialog). This means that after setting
permissions and clicking <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"OK"</B
> to get back to the
attributes dialog you should always hit <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"Cancel"</B
>
rather than <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"OK"</B
> to ensure that your changes
are not overridden.</P
></DIV
></DIV
></DIV
></BODY
></HTML
>
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