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path: root/test/ruby/test_beginendblock.rb

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\input texinfo-suppl.tex        % contains @doubleleftarrow{} definition
                                % this line must come *before* \input texinfo
\input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*-
@c %**start of header
@c guide
@setfilename krb5-admin.info
@settitle Kerberos V5 System Administrator's Guide
@setchapternewpage odd                  @c chapter begins on next odd page
@c @setchapternewpage on                   @c chapter begins on next page
@c @smallbook                              @c Format for 7" X 9.25" paper
@c %**end of header
@paragraphindent 0
@iftex
@parskip 6pt plus 6pt
@end iftex

@dircategory Kerberos
@direntry
* krb5-admin: (krb5-admin).             Kerberos V5 Administrator's Guide
@end direntry

@include definitions.texinfo
@set EDITION 1.0
@set UPDATED June 14, 2007

@finalout                               @c don't print black warning boxes

@titlepage
@title @value{PRODUCT} System Administrator's Guide
@subtitle Release:  @value{RELEASE}
@subtitle Document Edition:  @value{EDITION}
@subtitle Last updated:  @value{UPDATED}
@author @value{COMPANY}

@page
@vskip 0pt plus 1filll

@end titlepage

@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@node Top, Copyright, (dir), (dir)

@ifinfo
This document describes how to administrate a @value{PRODUCT}
installation.
@end ifinfo

@c The master menu is updated using emacs19's M-x texinfo-all-menus-update
@c function.  Don't forget to run M-x texinfo-every-node-update after
@c you add a new section or subsection, or after you've rearranged the
@c order of sections or subsections.  Also, don't forget to add an @node
@c comand before each @section or @subsection!  All you need to enter
@c is:
@c
@c @node New Section Name
@c @section New Section Name
@c
@c M-x texinfo-every-node-update will take care of calculating the
@c node's forward and back pointers.
@c
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------

@menu
* Copyright::                   
* Introduction::                
* How Kerberos Works::          
* Configuration Files::         
* Using DNS::                   
* Administrating the Kerberos Database::  
* Configuring Kerberos with OpenLDAP back-end::  
* Application Servers::         
* Backups of Secure Hosts::     
* Bug Reporting::               
* Appendix::                    
@end menu

@node Copyright, Introduction, Top, Top
@unnumbered Copyright
@include copyright.texinfo


@node Introduction, How Kerberos Works, Copyright, Top
@chapter Introduction

@menu
* Why Should I use Kerberos?::  
* Documentation for Kerberos V5::  
* Overview of This Guide::      
@end menu

@node Why Should I use Kerberos?, Documentation for Kerberos V5, Introduction, Introduction
@section Why Should I use Kerberos?

Since Kerberos negotiates authenticated, and optionally encrypted,
communications between two points anywhere on the internet, it provides
a layer of security that is not dependent on which side of a firewall
either client is on.  Since studies have shown that half of the computer
security breaches in industry happen from @i{inside} firewalls,
@value{PRODUCT} from @value{COMPANY} will play a vital role in the
security of your network.

@node Documentation for Kerberos V5, Overview of This Guide, Why Should I use Kerberos?, Introduction
@section Documentation for @value{PRODUCT}

@include document-list.texinfo

@node Overview of This Guide,  , Documentation for Kerberos V5, Introduction
@section Overview of This Guide

The next chapter describes how Kerberos works.

Chapter three describes administration of the principals in the Kerberos
database.

Chapter four describes how you can use DNS in configuring your Kerberos realm.

Chapter five describes administrative programs for manipulating the
Kerberos database as a whole.

Chapter six describes OpenLDAP Configuration steps.

Chapter seven describes issues to consider when adding an application
server to the database.

Chapter eight describes our problem reporting system.

The appendices include the list of Kerberos error messages, and a
complete list of the time zones understood by @code{kadmin}.

@node How Kerberos Works, Configuration Files, Introduction, Top
@chapter How Kerberos Works

This section provides a simplified description of a general user's
interaction with the Kerberos system.  This interaction happens
transparently---users don't need to know and probably don't care about
what's going on---but Kerberos administrators might find a schematic
description of the process useful.  This description glosses over a lot
of details; for more information, see @i{Kerberos: An Authentication
Service for Open Network Systems}, a paper presented at Winter USENIX
1988, in Dallas, Texas.  This paper can be retreived by FTP from
@code{athena-dist.mit.edu}, in the location:
@code{/pub/ATHENA/kerberos/doc/usenix.PS}.

@menu
* Network Services and Their Client Programs::  
* Kerberos Tickets::            
* The Kerberos Database::       
* Kerberos Realms::             
* The Ticket-Granting Ticket::  
* Network Services and the Master Database::  
* The User/Kerberos Interaction::  
* Definitions::                 
@end menu

@node Network Services and Their Client Programs, Kerberos Tickets, How Kerberos Works, How Kerberos Works
@section Network Services and Their Client Programs

In an environment that provides network services, you use @dfn{client}
programs to request @dfn{services} from @dfn{server} programs that are
somewhere on the network.  Suppose you have logged in to a workstation
and you want to @samp{rlogin} to a typical UNIX host.  You use the local
@samp{rlogin} client program to contact the remote machine's
@samp{rlogind} daemon.

@node Kerberos Tickets, The Kerberos Database, Network Services and Their Client Programs, How Kerberos Works
@section Kerberos Tickets

Under Kerberos, the @samp{klogind} daemon allows you to login to a
remote machine if you can provide @samp{klogind} a Kerberos ticket
which proves your identity.  In addition to the ticket, you must also
have possession of the corresponding ticket session key. The
combination of a ticket and the ticket's session key is known as a credential.

Typically, a client program automatically obtains credentials
identifying the person using the client program.  The credentials are
obtained from a Kerberos server that resides somewhere on the network.
A Kerberos server maintains a database of user, server, and password
information.

@node The Kerberos Database, Kerberos Realms, Kerberos Tickets, How Kerberos Works
@section The Kerberos Database

Kerberos will give you credentials only if you have an entry in the
Kerberos server's @dfn{Kerberos database}.  Your database entry includes
your Kerberos @dfn{principal} (an identifying string, which is often
just your username), and your Kerberos password.  Every Kerberos user
must have an entry in this database.

@node Kerberos Realms, The Ticket-Granting Ticket, The Kerberos Database, How Kerberos Works
@section Kerberos Realms

Each administrative domain will have its own Kerberos database, which
contains information about the users and services for that particular
site or administrative domain.  This administrative domain is the
@dfn{Kerberos realm}.

Each Kerberos realm will have at least one Kerberos server, where the
master Kerberos database for that site or administrative domain is
stored.  A Kerberos realm may also have one or more @dfn{slave servers},
which have read-only copies of the Kerberos database that are
periodically propagated from the master server.  For more details on how
this is done, see the ``Set Up the Slave KDCs for Database Propagation''
and ``Propagate the Database to Each Slave KDC'' sections of the
@value{PRODUCT} Installation Guide.

@node The Ticket-Granting Ticket, Network Services and the Master Database, Kerberos Realms, How Kerberos Works
@section The Ticket-Granting Ticket

The @samp{kinit} command prompts for your password.  If you enter it
successfully, you will obtain a @dfn{ticket-granting ticket} and a
@dfn{ticket session key} which gives you the right to use the ticket.
This combination of the ticket and its associated key is known as your
@dfn{credentials}.  As illustrated below, client programs use your
ticket-granting ticket credentials in order to obtain client-specific
credentials as needed.

Your credentials are stored in a @dfn{credentials cache}, which is often
just a file in @code{/tmp}.  The credentials cache is also called the
@dfn{ticket file}, especially in Kerberos V4 documentation.  Note,
however, that a credentials cache does not have to be stored in a file.

@node Network Services and the Master Database, The User/Kerberos Interaction, The Ticket-Granting Ticket, How Kerberos Works
@section Network Services and the Master Database

The master database also contains entries for all network services that
require Kerberos authentication.  Suppose that your site has a machine,
@samp{laughter.@value{PRIMARYDOMAIN}}, that requires Kerberos
authentication from anyone who wants to @samp{rlogin} to it.  The host's
Kerberos realm is @samp{@value{PRIMARYREALM}}.

This service must be registered in the Kerberos database, using the
proper service name, which in this case is the @dfn{principal}:

@smallexample
host/laughter.@value{PRIMARYDOMAIN}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}
@end smallexample

@noindent
The @samp{/} character separates the Kerberos @dfn{primary} (in this
case, @samp{host}) from the @dfn{instance} (in this case,
@samp{laughter.@value{PRIMARYDOMAIN}}); the @samp{@@} character separates
the realm name (in this case, @samp{@value{PRIMARYREALM}}) from the rest
of the principal.  The primary, @samp{host}, denotes the name or type of
the service that is being offered:  generic host-level access to the
machine.  The instance, @samp{laughter.@value{PRIMARYDOMAIN}}, names the
specific machine that is offering this service.  There will generally be
many different machines, each offering one particular type of service,
and the instance serves to give each one of these servers a different
Kerberos principal.

@menu
* The Keytab File::             
@end menu

@node The Keytab File,  , Network Services and the Master Database, Network Services and the Master Database
@subsection The Keytab File

For each service, there must also be a @dfn{service key} known only by
Kerberos and the service.  On the Kerberos server, the service key is
stored in the Kerberos database.

On the server host, these service keys are stored in @dfn{key tables},
which are files known as @dfn{keytabs}.@footnote{Keytabs were called
@dfn{srvtabs} in Kerberos V4.}  For example, the service keys used by
services that run as root are usually stored in the keytab file
@code{/etc/krb5.keytab}.  @b{N.B.:} This service key is the equivalent
of the service's password, and must be kept secure.  Data which is meant
to be read only by the service is encrypted using this key.

@node The User/Kerberos Interaction, Definitions, Network Services and the Master Database, How Kerberos Works
@section The User/Kerberos Interaction

Suppose that you walk up to a host intending to login to it, and then
@samp{rlogin} to the machine @samp{laughter}.  Here's what happens:

@enumerate
@item
You login to the workstation and use the @samp{kinit} command to get a
ticket-granting ticket.  This command prompts you for your Kerberos
password.  (On systems running the @value{PRODUCT} @samp{login} program,
this may be done as part of the login process, not requiring the user to
run a separate program.)

@enumerate A
@item
The @samp{kinit} command sends your request to the Kerberos master
server machine.  The server software looks for your principal name's
entry in the Kerberos database.

@item
If this entry exists, the Kerberos server creates and returns a
ticket-granting ticket and the key which allows you to use it, encrypted
by your password.  If @samp{kinit} can decrypt the Kerberos reply using
the password you provide, it stores this ticket in a credentials cache
on your local machine for later use.  The name of the credentials cache
can be specified in the @samp{KRB5CCNAME} environment variable.  If this
variable is not set, the name of the file will be
@file{/tmp/krb5cc_<uid>}, where <uid> is your UNIX user-id, represented
in decimal format.
@end enumerate

@need 1500
@item
Now you use the @samp{rlogin} client to access the machine
@samp{laughter}.

@example
host% @b{rlogin laughter}
@end example

@enumerate A
@item
The @samp{rlogin} client checks your ticket file to see if you have a
ticket for the @samp{host} service for @samp{laughter}.  You don't, so
@samp{rlogin} uses the credential cache's ticket-granting ticket to make
a request to the master server's ticket-granting service.

@item
This ticket-granting service receives the request for a ticket for
@samp{host/laughter.@value{PRIMARYDOMAIN}}, and looks in the master
database for an entry for @samp{host/laughter.@value{PRIMARYDOMAIN}}.
If the entry exists, the ticket-granting service issues you a ticket for
that service.  That ticket is also cached in your credentials cache.

@item
The @samp{rlogin} client now sends that ticket to the @samp{laughter}
@samp{klogind} service program.  The service program checks the ticket
by using its own service key.  If the ticket is valid, it now knows your
identity.  If you are allowed to login to @samp{laughter} (because your
username matches one in /etc/passwd, or your Kerberos principal is in
the appropriate @file{.k5login} file), @code{klogind} will let you
login.
@end enumerate
@end enumerate

@node Definitions,  , The User/Kerberos Interaction, How Kerberos Works
@section Definitions

Following are definitions of some of the Kerberos terminology.

@include glossary.texinfo

@node Configuration Files, Using DNS, How Kerberos Works, Top
@chapter Configuration Files

@menu
* Supported Encryption Types::  
* Salts::                       
* krb5.conf::                   
* kdc.conf::                    
@end menu

@node Supported Encryption Types, Salts, Configuration Files, Configuration Files
@section Supported Encryption Types

Any tag in the configuration files which requires a list of encryption
types can be set to some combination of the following strings.

@include support-enc.texinfo

While aes128-cts and aes256-cts are supported for all Kerberos
operations, they are not supported by older versions of our GSSAPI
implementation (krb5-1.3.1 and earlier).

By default, AES is enabled in this release.  Sites wishing to use AES
encryption types on their KDCs need to be careful not to give GSSAPI
services AES keys if the servers have not been updated.  If older
GSSAPI services are given AES keys, then services may fail when
clients supporting AES for GSSAPI are used.  Sites may wish to use AES
for user keys and for the ticket granting ticket key, although doing
so requires specifying what encryption types are used as each
principal is created.

If all GSSAPI-based services have been updated before or with the KDC,
this is not an issue.

@node Salts, krb5.conf, Supported Encryption Types, Configuration Files
@section Salts

Your Kerberos key is derived from your password.  To ensure that people
who happen to pick the same password do not have the same key, Kerberos
5 incorporates more information into the key using something called a
salt.  The supported values for salts are as follows.

@include salts.texinfo

@node krb5.conf, kdc.conf, Salts, Configuration Files
@section krb5.conf

@include krb5conf.texinfo

@menu
* libdefaults::                 
* appdefaults::                 
* login::                       
* realms (krb5.conf)::          
* domain_realm::                
* logging::                     
* capaths::                     
* dbdefaults::                  
* dbmodules::                   
* pkinit client options::
* Sample krb5.conf File::       
@end menu

@node libdefaults, appdefaults, krb5.conf, krb5.conf
@subsection [libdefaults]

The @code{libdefaults} section may contain any of the following
relations:

@table @b
@itemx default_keytab_name
This relation specifies the default keytab name to be used by
application servers such as telnetd and rlogind.  The default is
@value{DefaultDefaultKeytabName}.

@itemx default_realm
Identifies the default Kerberos realm for the client.  Set its value to
your Kerberos realm.  If this is not specified and the TXT record
lookup is enabled (see @ref{Using DNS}), then that information will be
used to determine the default realm.  If this tag is not set in this
configuration file and there is no DNS information found, then an error
will be returned.

@itemx default_tgs_enctypes
Identifies the supported list of session key encryption types that
should be returned by the KDC.  The list may be delimited with commas
or whitespace.  Kerberos supports many different encryption types, and
support for more is planned in the future. (see @ref{Supported Encryption
Types} for a list of the accepted values for this tag).  The default
value is @value{DefaultDefaultTgsEnctypes}.

@itemx default_tkt_enctypes
Identifies the supported list of session key encryption types that
should be requested by the client.  The format is the same as for
@emph{default_tgs_enctypes}.  The default value for this tag is
@value{DefaultDefaultTktEnctypes}.

@itemx permitted_enctypes 
Identifies all encryption types that are permitted for use in session
key encryption.  The default value for this tag is
@value{DefaultPermittedEnctypes}.

@itemx clockskew
Sets the maximum allowable amount of clockskew in seconds that the
library  will tolerate before assuming that a Kerberos message is
invalid.  The default value is @value{DefaultClockskew}.

@itemx kdc_timesync
If this is set to 1 (for true), then client machines will compute the
difference between their time and the time returned by the KDC in the
timestamps in the tickets and use this value to correct for an
inaccurate system clock.  This corrective factor is only used by the
Kerberos library.  The default is @value{DefaultKDCTimesync}.

@itemx kdc_req_checksum_type

@itemx ap_req_checksum_type

@itemx safe_checksum_type
An integer which specifies the type of checksum to use.  Used for
compatability with DCE security servers which do not support the
default @value{DefaultChecksumType} used by this version of Kerberos.
The possible values and their meanings are as follows.

@comment taken from krb5/src/include/krb5.h[in]
@table @b
@item 1
CRC32
@item 2
RSA MD4
@item 3
RSA MD4 DES
@item 4
DES CBC
@item 7
RSA MD5
@item 8
RSA MD5 DES
@item 9
NIST SHA
@item 12
HMAC SHA1 DES3
@item -138
Microsoft MD5 HMAC checksum type
@end table

@comment see lib/krb5/ccache/fcc.h
@itemx ccache_type
Use this parameter on systems which are DCE clients, to specify the
type of cache to be created by kinit, or when forwarded tickets are
received.  DCE and Kerberos can share the cache, but some versions of
DCE do not support the default cache as created by this version of
Kerberos.  Use a value of 1 on DCE 1.0.3a systems, and a value of 2 on
DCE 1.1 systems.  The default value is @value{DefaultCcacheType}.

@ignore
@itemx tkt_lifetime
The default lifetime of a ticket.  The default is
@value{DefaultTktLifetime}.  This is currently not supported by the
code.
@end ignore

@itemx dns_lookup_kdc
Indicate whether DNS SRV records should be used to locate the KDCs and
other servers for a realm, if they are not listed in the information for
the realm.  (Note that the @samp{admin_server} entry must be in the
file, because the DNS implementation for it is incomplete.)

Enabling this option does open up a type of denial-of-service attack, if
someone spoofs the DNS records and redirects you to another server.
However, it's no worse than a denial of service, because that fake KDC
will be unable to decode anything you send it (besides the initial
ticket request, which has no encrypted data), and anything the fake KDC
sends will not be trusted without verification using some secret that it
won't know.

If this option is not specified but @samp{dns_fallback} is, that value
will be used instead.  If neither option is specified, the behavior
depends on configure-time options; if none were given, the default is to
enable this option.  If the DNS support is not compiled in, this entry
has no effect.

@itemx dns_lookup_realm
Indicate whether DNS TXT records should be used to determine the
Kerberos realm of a host.

Enabling this option may permit a redirection attack, where spoofed DNS
replies persuade a client to authenticate to the wrong realm, when
talking to the wrong host (either by spoofing yet more DNS records or by
intercepting the net traffic).  Depending on how the client software
manages hostnames, however, it could already be vulnerable to such
attacks.  We are looking at possible ways to minimize or eliminate this
exposure.  For now, we encourage more adventurous sites to try using
Secure DNS.

If this option is not specified but @samp{dns_fallback} is, that value
will be used instead.  If neither option is specified, the behavior
depends on configure-time options; if none were given, the default is to
disable this option.  If the DNS support is not compiled in, this entry
has no effect.

@itemx dns_fallback
General flag controlling the use of DNS for Kerberos information.  If
both of the preceding options are specified, this option has no effect.

@itemx extra_addresses
This allows a computer to use multiple local addresses, in order to
allow Kerberos to work in a network that uses NATs.  The addresses
should be in a comma-separated list.

@itemx udp_preference_limit
When sending a message to the KDC, the library will try using TCP before
UDP if the size of the message is above @code{udp_preference_list}.
If the message is smaller than @code{udp_preference_list}, then UDP
will be tried before TCP.  Regardless of the size, both protocols will
be tried if the first attempt fails.

@itemx verify_ap_req_nofail
If this flag is set, then an attempt to get initial credentials will
fail if the client machine does not have a keytab.  The default for the
flag is @value{DefaultVerifyApReqNofail}.

@itemx renew_lifetime
The value of this tag is the default renewable lifetime for
initial tickets.  The default value for the tag is
@value{DefaultRenewLifetime}.

@itemx noaddresses
Setting this flag causes the initial Kerberos ticket to be addressless.
The default for the flag is @value{DefaultNoaddresses}.

@itemx forwardable
If this flag is set, initial tickets by default will be forwardable.
The default value for this flag is @value{DefaultForwardable}.

@itemx proxiable
If this flag is set, initial tickets by default will be proxiable.
The default value for this flag is @value{DefaultProxiable}.

@end table



@node appdefaults, login, libdefaults, krb5.conf
@subsection [appdefaults]

Each tag in the [appdefaults] section names a Kerberos V5 application
or an option that is used by some Kerberos V5 application[s].  The
value of the tag defines the default behaviors for that application.

For example:

@smallexample
@group
[appdefaults]
    telnet = @{
        @value{PRIMARYREALM} = @{
             option1 = false
        @}
    @}
    telnet = @{
        option1 = true
        option2 = true
    @}
    @value{PRIMARYREALM} = @{
        option2 = false
    @}
    option2 = true

@end group
@end smallexample

The above four ways of specifying the value of an option are shown
in order of decreasing precedence.   In this example, if telnet is
running in the realm @value{SECONDREALM}, it should, by default, have
option1 and option2 set to true.  However, a telnet program in the realm
@value{PRIMARYREALM} should have option1 set to false and option2 set
to true.  Any other programs in @value{PRIMARYREALM} should have option2
set to false by default.  Any programs running in other realms should
have option2 set to true.

The list of specifiable options for each application may be found in
that application's man pages.  The application defaults specified here
are overridden by those specified in the [realms] section.


@node login, realms (krb5.conf), appdefaults, krb5.conf
@subsection [login]

Each tag in the [login] section of the file is an option for
login.krb5.  This section may contain any of the following relations:

@table @b
@itemx krb5_get_tickets
Indicate whether or not to use a user's password to get V5 tickets.
The default value is @value{DefaultKrb5GetTickets}.

@itemx krb_run_aklog
Indicate whether or not to run aklog.  The default value is
@value{DefaultKrbRunAklog}.

@itemx aklog_path
Indicate where to find aklog.  The default value is
@value{DefaultAklogPath}.

@itemx accept_passwd
A true value will cause login not to accept plaintext passwords.  The
default value is @value{DefaultAcceptPasswd}.  This is not yet
implemented.
@end table

@node realms (krb5.conf), domain_realm, login, krb5.conf
@subsection [realms]

Each tag in the [realms] section of the file is the name of a Kerberos
realm.  The value of the tag is a subsection with relations that define
the properties of that particular realm.  For each realm, the following
tags may be specified in the realm's subsection:

@table @b
@itemx kdc
The name of a host running a KDC for that realm.  An optional port
number (separated from the hostname by a colon) may be included.  For
your computer to be able to communicate with the KDC for each realm,
this tag must be given a value in each realm subsection in the
configuration file, or there must be DNS SRV records specifying the
KDCs (see @ref{Using DNS}).

@itemx master_kdc
Identifies the master KDC(s).  Currently, this tag is used in only one
case: If an attempt to get credentials fails because of an invalid
password, the client software will attempt to contact the master KDC,
in case the user's password has just been changed, and the updated
database has not been propagated to the slave servers yet.  (We don't
currently check whether the KDC from which the initial response came
is on the master KDC list.  That may be fixed in the future.)

@itemx database_module

This relation indicates the name of the configuration section under [dbmodules] for database specific parameters used by the loadable database library.


@itemx admin_server
Identifies the host where the administration server is running.
Typically, this is the master Kerberos server.  This tag must be given
a value in order to communicate with the kadmin server for the realm.

@ignore
this doesn't seem to be used in the code
@itemx application defaults
Application defaults that are specific to a particular realm may be
specified within that realm's tag.  Realm-specific application defaults
override the global defaults specified in the [appdefaults] section.
@end ignore

@itemx default_domain
This tag is used for Kerberos 4 compatibility.  Kerberos 4 does not
require the entire hostname of a server to be in its principal like
Kerberos 5 does.  This tag provides the domain name needed to produce a
full hostname when translating V4 principal names into V5 principal
names.  All servers in this realm are assumed to be in the domain given
as the value of this tag

@itemx v4_instance_convert
This subsection allows the administrator to configure exceptions to the
default_domain mapping rule.  It contains V4 instances (the tag name)
which should be translated to some specific hostname (the tag value) as
the second component in a Kerberos V5 principal name.

@itemx v4_realm
This relation is used by the krb524 library routines when converting a
V5 principal name to a V4 principal name.  It is used when the V4 realm
name and the V5 realm name are not the same, but still share the same
principal names and passwords.  The tag value is the Kerberos V4 realm
name.

@itemx auth_to_local_names
This subsection allows you to set explicit mappings from principal
names to local user names.  The tag is the mapping name, and the value
is the corresponding local user name.

@itemx auth_to_local
This tag allows you to set a general rule for mapping principal names
to local user names.  It will be used if there is not an explicit
mapping for the principal name that is being translated.  The possible
values are:

@table @b

@item DB:@i{filename}
The principal will be looked up in the database @i{filename}.  Support
for this is not currently compiled in by default.

@item RULE:@i{exp}
The local name will be formulated from @i{exp}.

The format for @i{exp} is
@code{[@i{n}:$@i{d}..@i{string}](@i{regexp})s/@i{pattern}/@i{replacement}/g}.
The integer @i{n} indicates how many components the target principal
should have.  If this matches, then a string will be formed by putting
together the components of the principal in the order indicated by each
integer @i{d}, and the arbitrary string @i{string} (i.e. if the
principal was @value{RANDOMUSER}/admin then [2:$2$1foo] would result in
the string "admin@value{RANDOMUSER}foo".  If this string matches
@i{regexp}, then the @code{s//[g]} substitution command will be run over the
string.  The optional g will cause the substitution to be global over
the string, instead of replacing only the first match in the string.

@item DEFAULT
The principal name will be used as the local user name.  If the
principal has more than one component or is not in the default realm,
this rule is not applicable and the conversion will fail.

@end table

For example:

@smallexample
@group
[realms]
    @value{PRIMARYREALM} = @{
        auth_to_local = @{
            RULE:[2:$1](@value{RANDOMUSER})s/^.*$/guest/
            RULE:[2:$1;$2](^.*;admin$)s/;admin$//
            RULE:[2:$2](^.*;root)s/^.*$/root/
            DEFAULT
            @}
        @}
@end group
@end smallexample

would result in any principal without @code{root} or @code{admin} as
the second component to be translated with the default rule.  A
principal with a second component of @code{admin} will become its first
component.  @code{root} will be used as the local name for any
principal with a second component of @code{root}.  The exception to
these two rules are any principals @value{RANDOMUSER}/*, which will
always get the local name @code{guest}.

@end table

@node domain_realm, logging, realms (krb5.conf), krb5.conf
@subsection [domain_realm]

The [domain_realm] section provides a translation from a domain name or
hostname to a Kerberos realm name.  The tag name can be a host name, or
a domain name, where domain names are indicated by a prefix of a period
(@samp{.}).  The value of the relation is the Kerberos realm name for
that particular host or domain.  Host names and domain names should be
in lower case.

If no translation entry applies, the host's realm is considered to be
the hostname's domain portion converted to upper case.  For example, the
following [domain_realm] section:

@smallexample
@group
[domain_realm]
@ifset MIT
    .mit.edu = ATHENA.MIT.EDU
@end ifset
    @value{PRIMARYDOMAIN} = @value{PRIMARYREALM}
    crash.@value{PRIMARYDOMAIN} = TEST.@value{PRIMARYREALM}
    @value{SECONDDOMAIN} = @value{SECONDREALM}
@end group
@end smallexample

@noindent
maps crash.@value{PRIMARYDOMAIN} into the TEST.@value{PRIMARYREALM}
realm.  All other hosts in the @value{PRIMARYDOMAIN} domain will map by
default to the @value{PRIMARYREALM} realm, and all hosts in the
@value{SECONDDOMAIN} domain will map by default into the
@value{SECONDREALM} realm.  Note the entries for the hosts
@value{PRIMARYDOMAIN} and @value{SECONDDOMAIN}.  Without these entries,
@ifset CYGNUS
these hosts would be mapped into the Kerberos realms @samp{COM} and
@end ifset
@ifclear CYGNUS
these hosts would be mapped into the Kerberos realms @samp{EDU} and
@end ifclear
@samp{ORG}, respectively.

@node logging, capaths, domain_realm, krb5.conf
@subsection [logging]
The [logging] section indicates how a particular entity is to perform
its logging.  The relations in this section assign one or more values to
the entity name.  Currently, the following entities are used:

@table @b

@itemx kdc
These entries specify how the KDC is to perform its logging.

@itemx admin_server
These entries specify how the administrative server
is to perform its logging.

@itemx default
These entries specify how to perform logging in the
absence of explicit specifications otherwise.
@end table

Values are of the following forms:

@table @b
@itemx FILE=<filename>

@itemx FILE:<filename> 
This value causes the entity's logging messages to go to the specified
file.  If the @samp{=} form is used, the file is overwritten.  If the
@samp{:} form is used, the file is appended to.

@itemx STDERR
This value causes the entity's logging messages to go to its standard
error stream.

@itemx CONSOLE
This value causes the entity's logging messages to go to the console, if
the system supports it.

@itemx DEVICE=<devicename>
This causes the entity's logging messages to go to the specified device.

@itemx SYSLOG[:<severity>[:<facility>]]
This causes the entity's logging messages to go to the system log.

The @dfn{severity} argument specifies the default severity of system log
messages.  This may be any of the following severities supported by the
@code{syslog(3)} call, minus the LOG_ prefix:  LOG_EMERG, LOG_ALERT,
LOG_CRIT, LOG_ERR, LOG_WARNING, LOG_NOTICE, LOG_INFO, and LOG_DEBUG.
For example, a value of @samp{CRIT} would specify LOG_CRIT severity.

The facility argument specifies the facility under which the messages
are logged.  This may be any of the following facilities supported by
the syslog(3) call minus the LOG_ prefix:  LOG_KERN, LOG_USER, LOG_MAIL,
LOG_DAEMON, LOG_AUTH, LOG_LPR, LOG_NEWS, LOG_UUCP, LOG_CRON, and
LOG_LOCAL0 through LOG_LOCAL7.

If no severity is specified, the default is ERR.  If no facility is
specified, the default is AUTH.
@end table

In the following example, the logging messages from the KDC will go to
the console and to the system log under the facility LOG_DAEMON with
default severity of LOG_INFO; and the logging messages from the
administrative server will be appended to the file /var/adm/kadmin.log
and sent to the device /dev/tty04.

@smallexample
@group
[logging]
    kdc = CONSOLE
    kdc = SYSLOG:INFO:DAEMON
    admin_server = FILE:/var/adm/kadmin.log
    admin_server = DEVICE=/dev/tty04
@end group
@end smallexample

@node capaths, dbdefaults, logging, krb5.conf
@subsection [capaths]

In order to perform direct (non-hierarchical) cross-realm
authentication, a database is needed to construct the authentication
paths between the realms.  This section defines that database.

A client will use this section to find the authentication path between
its realm and the realm of the server.  The server will use this section
to verify the authentication path used by the client, by checking the
transited field of the received ticket.

There is a tag for each participating realm, and each tag has subtags
for each of the realms.  The value of the subtags is an intermediate
realm which may participate in the cross-realm authentication.  The
subtags may be repeated if there is more then one intermediate realm.  A
value of "."  means that the two realms share keys directly, and no
intermediate realms should be allowed to participate.

There are n**2 possible entries in this table, but only those entries
which will be needed on the client or the server need to be present.
The client needs a tag for its local realm, with subtags for all the
realms of servers it will need to authenticate with.  A server needs a
tag for each realm of the clients it will serve.

For example, ANL.GOV, PNL.GOV, and NERSC.GOV all wish to use the ES.NET
realm as an intermediate realm.  ANL has a sub realm of TEST.ANL.GOV
which will authenticate with NERSC.GOV but not PNL.GOV.  The [capaths]
section for ANL.GOV systems would look like this:

@smallexample
@group
[capaths]
    ANL.GOV = @{
        TEST.ANL.GOV = .
        PNL.GOV = ES.NET
        NERSC.GOV = ES.NET
        ES.NET = .
    @}
    TEST.ANL.GOV = @{
        ANL.GOV = .
    @}
    PNL.GOV = @{
        ANL.GOV = ES.NET
    @}
    NERSC.GOV = @{
        ANL.GOV = ES.NET
    @}
    ES.NET = @{
        ANL.GOV = .
    @}
@end group
@end smallexample

The [capaths] section of the configuration file used on NERSC.GOV systems
would look like this:

@smallexample
@group
[capaths]
    NERSC.GOV = @{
        ANL.GOV = ES.NET
        TEST.ANL.GOV = ES.NET
        TEST.ANL.GOV = ANL.GOV
        PNL.GOV = ES.NET
        ES.NET = .
    @}
    ANL.GOV = @{
        NERSC.GOV = ES.NET
    @}
    PNL.GOV = @{
        NERSC.GOV = ES.NET
    @}
    ES.NET = @{
        NERSC.GOV = .
    @}
    TEST.ANL.GOV = @{
        NERSC.GOV = ANL.GOV
        NERSC.GOV = ES.NET
    @}
@end group
@end smallexample

In the above examples, the ordering is not important, except when the
same subtag name is used more then once.  The client will use this to
determine the path.  (It is not important to the server, since the
transited field is not sorted.)

This feature is not currently supported by DCE.  DCE security servers
can be used with Kerberized clients and servers, but versions prior to
DCE 1.1 did not fill in the transited field, and should be used with
caution.

@node dbdefaults, dbmodules, capaths, krb5.conf
@subsection [dbdefaults]

The [dbdefaults] section provides default values for the database specific parameters. It can also specify the configuration section under [dbmodules] section for database specific parameters used by the database library.(@pxref{dbmodules}). 

The following tags are used in this section:

@table @b
@itemx database_module
This relation indicates the name of the configuration section under the [dbmodules] for database specific parameters used by the loadable database library. 

@itemx ldap_kerberos_container_dn 
This LDAP specific tag indicates the DN of the container object where the realm objects will be located. This value is used if the container object is not mentioned in the configuration section under [dbmodules].

@itemx ldap_kdc_dn
This LDAP specific tag indicates the default bind DN for the KDC server. The KDC server does a login to the directory as this object. This object should have the rights to read the Kerberos data in the LDAP database. This value is used if the bind DN for the KDC is not mentioned in the configuration section under [dbmodules].

@itemx ldap_kadmind_dn
This LDAP specific tag indicates the default bind DN for the Administration server. The administration server does a login to the directory as this object. This object should have the rights to read and write the Kerberos data in the LDAP database. This value is used if the bind DN for the Administration server is not mentioned in the configuration section under [dbmodules].

@itemx ldap_service_password_file

This LDAP specific tag indicates the file containing the stashed passwords for the objects used by the Kerberos servers to bind to the LDAP server. This file must be kept secure. This value is used if no service password file is mentioned in the configuration section under [dbmodules].

@itemx ldap_server

This LDAP specific tag indicates the list of LDAP servers that the Kerberos servers can connect to. The list of LDAP servers is whitespace-separated. The LDAP server is specified by a LDAP URI. This value is used if no LDAP servers are mentioned in the configuration section under [dbmodules]. It is recommended to use the ldapi:// or ldaps:// interface and not to use ldap:// interface.

@itemx ldap_conns_per_server
This LDAP specific tag indicates the number of connections to be maintained per LDAP server. This value is used if the number of connections per LDAP server are not mentioned in the configuration section under [dbmodules]. The default value is 5.
@end table

@node dbmodules, pkinit client options, dbdefaults, krb5.conf
@subsection [dbmodules]

Contains database specific parameters used by the database library. Each tag in the [dbmodules] section of the file names a configuration section for database specific parameters that can be referred to by a realm. The value of the tag is a subsection where the relations in that subsection define the database specific parameters.

For each section, the following tags may be specified in the subsection:

@table @b
@itemx db_library
This tag indicates the name of the loadable database library. The value should be @samp{db2} for DB2 database and @samp{kldap} for LDAP database.

@itemx ldap_kerberos_container_dn 
This LDAP specific tag indicates the DN of the container object where the realm objects will be located.

@itemx ldap_kdc_dn
This LDAP specific tag indicates the default bind DN for the KDC server. The KDC server does a login to the directory as this object. This object should have the rights to read the Kerberos data in the LDAP database.

@itemx ldap_kadmind_dn
This LDAP specific tag indicates the default bind DN for the Administration server. The administration server does a login to the directory as this object. This object should have the rights to read and write the Kerberos data in the LDAP database.

@itemx ldap_service_password_file
This LDAP specific tag indicates the file containing the stashed passwords for the objects used by the Kerberos servers to bind to the LDAP server. This file must be kept secure.

@itemx ldap_server
This LDAP specific tag indicates the list of LDAP servers that the Kerberos servers can connect to. The list of LDAP servers is whitespace-separated. The LDAP server is specified by a LDAP URI. It is recommended to use ldapi:// or ldaps:// interface to connect to the LDAP server.

@itemx ldap_conns_per_server
This LDAP specific tags indicates the number of connections to be maintained per LDAP server. 

@end table

@node pkinit client options, Sample krb5.conf File, dbmodules, krb5.conf
@subsection pkinit options

@menu
* pkinit identity syntax::
* pkinit krb5.conf options::
@end menu

The following are @b{pkinit-specific} options.
Note that these values may be specified in @code{[libdefaults]}
as global defaults,
or within a realm-specific subsection of @code{[libdefaults]},
or may be specified as realm-specific values in the
@code{[realms]} section.
Also note that a realm-specific value over-rides, does not add to,
a generic @code{[libdefaults]} specification.
The search order is:
@enumerate
@item realm-specific subsection of @code{[libdefaults]}
@smallexample
@group
[libdefaults]
    EXAMPLE.COM = @{
        pkinit_anchors = FILE:/usr/local/example.com.crt
    @}
@end group
@end smallexample

@item realm-specific value in the @code{[realms]} section,
@smallexample
@group
[realms]
    OTHERREALM.ORG = @{
        pkinit_anchors = FILE:/usr/local/otherrealm.org.crt
    @}
@end group
@end smallexample

@item generic value in the @code{[libdefaults]} section.
@smallexample
@group
[libdefaults]
    pkinit_anchors = DIR:/usr/local/generic_trusted_cas/

@end group
@end smallexample
@end enumerate

@node pkinit identity syntax, pkinit krb5.conf options, pkinit client options, pkinit client options
@subsubsection Specifying pkinit identity information

The syntax for specifying Public Key identity, trust, and revocation
information for pkinit is as follows: 
@table @b

@item FILE:@i{file-name}[,@i{key-file-name}]
This option has context-specific behavior.
@table @b
@item pkinit_identity
@itemx pkinit_identities
@i{file-name} specifies the name of a PEM-format file
containing the user's certificate.  If @i{key-file-name} is
not specified, the user's private key is expected to be
in @i{file-name} as well.  Otherwise, @i{key-file-name}
is the name of the file containing the private key.
@item pkinit_anchors
@itemx pkinit_pool
@i{file-name} is assumed to be the name of an OpenSSL-style
ca-bundle file.
@end table

@item DIR:@i{directory-name}
This option has context-specific behavior.
@table @b
@item pkinit_identity
@itemx pkinit_identities
@i{directory-name} specifies a directory with files named
@code{*.crt} and @code{*.key}, where the first part of the
file name is the same for matching pairs of certificate and
private key files.  When a file with a name ending with @code{.crt}
is found, a matching file ending with @code{.key} is assumed
to contain the private key.  If no such file is found, then
the certificate in the @code{.crt} is not used. 
@item pkinit_anchors
@itemx pkinit_pool
@i{directory-name} is assumed to be an OpenSSL-style hashed CA directory
where each CA cert is stored in a file named @i{hash-of-ca-cert}.@i{#}.
This infrastructure is encouraged, but all files in the directory
will be examined and if they contain certificates (in PEM format),
they will be used.
@item pkinit_revoke
@i{directory-name} is assumed to be an OpenSSL-style hashed CA directory
where each revocation list is stored in a file named @i{hash-of-ca-cert}.@b{r}@i{#}.
This infrastructure is encouraged, but all files in the directory
will be examined and if they contain a revocation list (in PEM format),
they will be used.
@end table

@item PKCS12:@i{pkcs12-file-name}
@i{pkcs12-file-name} is the name of a @code{PKCS #12} format file, containing
the user's certificate and private key.

@item PKCS11:[@b{module_name=}]@i{module-name}[@b{:slotid=}@i{slot-id}][@b{:token=}@i{token-label}][@b{:certid=}@i{cert-id}][@b{:certlabel=}@i{cert-label}]
All keyword/values are optional.
@i{module-name} specifies the location of a library implementing
@code{PKCS #11}.  If a value is encountered with not keyword, it
is assumed to be the @i{module-name}.  If no @i{module-name} is
specified, the default is @code{opensc-pkcs11.so}. 
@b{slotid=} and/or @b{token=} may be specified to force the use of a
particular smard card reader or token if there is more than one
available.
@b{certid=} and/or @b{certlabel=} may be specified to force the selection
of a particular certificate on the device.  See the @code{pkinit_cert_match}
configuration option for more ways to select a particular certificate to
use for pkinit.

@item ENV:@i{environment-variable-name}
@i{environment-variable-name} specifies the name of an environment
variable which has been set to a value conforming to one of the
previous values.  For example, @code{ENV:X509_PROXY}, where environment
variable @code{X509_PROXY} has been set to @code{FILE:/tmp/my_proxy.pem}.
@end table

@node pkinit krb5.conf options,  , pkinit identity syntax, pkinit client options
@subsubsection pkinit krb5.conf options
@table @b

@item pkinit_identities
Specifies the location(s) to be used to find the user's X.509 identity
information.  This option may be specified multiple times.
Each value is attempted in order until identity information is found
and authentication is attempted.  Note that these values are @b{not}
used if the user specifies @b{X509_user_identity} on the command line.

@item pkinit_anchors
Specifies the location of trusted anchor (root) certificates which
the client trusts to sign KDC certificates.  This option may be
specified multiple times.  These values from the config file are
@b{not} used if the user specifies @b{X509_anchors} on the command line.

@item pkinit_pool
Specifies the location of intermediate certificates which may be
used by the client to complete the trust chain between a KDC
certificate and a trusted anchor.  This option may be specified
multiple times.

@item pkinit_revoke
Specifies the location of Certificate Revocation List (CRL) information
to be used by the client when verifying the validity of the KDC
certificate presented.  This option may be specified multiple times.

@item pkinit_require_crl_checking
The default certificate verification process will always check
the available revocation information to see if a certificate has
been revoked.  If a match is found for the certificate in a CRL,
verification fails.  If the certificate being verified is not listed
in a CRL, or there is no CRL present for its issuing CA,
and @code{pkinit_require_crl_checking} is @code{false},
then verification succeeds.

However, if @code{pkinit_require_crl_checking} is @code{true} and
there is no CRL information available for the issuing CA,
then verification fails.

@code{pkinit_require_crl_checking} should be set to @code{true}
if the policy is such that up-to-date CRLs @b{must} be present for
every CA.

@item pkinit_dh_min_bits
Specifies the size of the Diffie-Hellman key the client will
attempt to use.  The acceptable values are currently 1024, 2048,
and 4096.  The default is 2048.

@item pkinit_win2k
This flag specifies whether the target realm is assumed
to support only the @i{old}, pre-RFC version of the protocol.
The default is false.

@item pkinit_win2k_require_binding
If this flag is set to true, it expects that the target
KDC is patched to return a reply with a checksum rather than a
nonce.  The default is false.

@item pkinit_eku_checking
This option specifies what Extended Key Usage value the KDC certificate
presented to the client must contain.
(@b{Note} that if the KDC certificate has the pkinit
SubjectAlternativeName encoded as the Kerberos TGS name, EKU checking
is not necessary since the issuing CA has certified this as a KDC
certificate.)
The values recognized in the @code{krb5.conf} file are:
@table @b
@item kpKDC
This is the default value and specifies that the KDC must have the
id-pkinit-KPKdc EKU as defined in RFC4556.
@item kpServerAuth
If @code{kpServerAuth} is specified, a KDC certificate with the
id-kp-serverAuth EKU as used by Microsoft will be accepted.
@item none
If @code{none} is specified, then the KDC certificate will not be
checked to verify it has an acceptable EKU.  The use of this option
is @b{not recommended}.
@end table

@item pkinit_kdc_hostname
The presense of this option indicates that the client is willing to
accept a KDC certificate with a dNSName SAN (Subject Alternative Name)
rather than requiring the id-pkinit-san as defined in RFC4556.  This
option may be specified multiple times.  Its value should contain
the acceptable hostname for the KDC (as contained in its certificate).

@item pkinit_cert_match
Specifies matching rules that the client certificate must match before
it is used to attempt pkinit authentication.  If a user has multiple
certificates available (on a smart card, or via other media), there
must be exactly one certificate chosen before attempting pkinit
authentication.  This option may be specified multiple times.  All the
available certificates are checked against each rule in order until
there is a match of exactly one certificate.

The Subject and Issuer comparison strings are the RFC2253 string
representations from the certificate Subject DN and Issuer DN values.

The syntax of the matching rules is:
@example


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