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#
# = net/http.rb
#
# Copyright (c) 1999-2007 Yukihiro Matsumoto
# Copyright (c) 1999-2007 Minero Aoki
# Copyright (c) 2001 GOTOU Yuuzou
# 
# Written and maintained by Minero Aoki <aamine@loveruby.net>.
# HTTPS support added by GOTOU Yuuzou <gotoyuzo@notwork.org>.
#
# This file is derived from "http-access.rb".
#
# Documented by Minero Aoki; converted to RDoc by William Webber.
# 
# This program is free software. You can re-distribute and/or
# modify this program under the same terms of ruby itself ---
# Ruby Distribution License or GNU General Public License.
#
# See Net::HTTP for an overview and examples. 
# 
# NOTE: You can find Japanese version of this document here:
# http://www.ruby-lang.org/ja/man/?cmd=view;name=net%2Fhttp.rb
# 
#--
# $Id$
#++ 

require 'net/protocol'
require 'uri'

module Net   #:nodoc:

  # :stopdoc:
  class HTTPBadResponse < StandardError; end
  class HTTPHeaderSyntaxError < StandardError; end
  # :startdoc:

  # == What Is This Library?
  # 
  # This library provides your program functions to access WWW
  # documents via HTTP, Hyper Text Transfer Protocol version 1.1.
  # For details of HTTP, refer [RFC2616]
  # (http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2616.txt).
  # 
  # == Examples
  # 
  # === Getting Document From WWW Server
  # 
  # Example #1: Simple GET+print
  # 
  #     require 'net/http'
  #     Net::HTTP.get_print 'www.example.com', '/index.html'
  # 
  # Example #2: Simple GET+print by URL
  # 
  #     require 'net/http'
  #     require 'uri'
  #     Net::HTTP.get_print URI.parse('http://www.example.com/index.html')
  # 
  # Example #3: More generic GET+print
  # 
  #     require 'net/http'
  #     require 'uri'
  #
  #     url = URI.parse('http://www.example.com/index.html')
  #     res = Net::HTTP.start(url.host, url.port) {|http|
  #       http.get('/index.html')
  #     }
  #     puts res.body
  #
  # Example #4: More generic GET+print
  # 
  #     require 'net/http'
  #
  #     url = URI.parse('http://www.example.com/index.html')
  #     req = Net::HTTP::Get.new(url.path)
  #     res = Net::HTTP.start(url.host, url.port) {|http|
  #       http.request(req)
  #     }
  #     puts res.body
  # 
  # === Posting Form Data
  # 
  #     require 'net/http'
  #     require 'uri'
  #
  #     #1: Simple POST
  #     res = Net::HTTP.post_form(URI.parse('http://www.example.com/search.cgi'),
  #                               {'q' => 'ruby', 'max' => '50'})
  #     puts res.body
  #
  #     #2: POST with basic authentication
  #     res = Net::HTTP.post_form(URI.parse('http://jack:pass@www.example.com/todo.cgi'),
  #                                         {'from' => '2005-01-01',
  #                                          'to' => '2005-03-31'})
  #     puts res.body
  #
  #     #3: Detailed control
  #     url = URI.parse('http://www.example.com/todo.cgi')
  #     req = Net::HTTP::Post.new(url.path)
  #     req.basic_auth 'jack', 'pass'
  #     req.set_form_data({'from' => '2005-01-01', 'to' => '2005-03-31'}, ';')
  #     res = Net::HTTP.new(url.host, url.port).start {|http| http.request(req) }
  #     case res
  #     when Net::HTTPSuccess, Net::HTTPRedirection
  #       # OK
  #     else
  #       res.error!
  #     end
  #
  #     #4: Multiple values
  #     res = Net::HTTP.post_form(URI.parse('http://www.example.com/search.cgi'),
  #                               {'q' => ['ruby', 'perl'], 'max' => '50'})
  #     puts res.body
  # 
  # === Accessing via Proxy
  # 
  # Net::HTTP.Proxy creates http proxy class. It has same
  # methods of Net::HTTP but its instances always connect to
  # proxy, instead of given host.
  # 
  #     require 'net/http'
  # 
  #     proxy_addr = 'your.proxy.host'
  #     proxy_port = 8080
  #             :
  #     Net::HTTP::Proxy(proxy_addr, proxy_port).start('www.example.com') {|http|
  #       # always connect to your.proxy.addr:8080
  #             :
  #     }
  # 
  # Since Net::HTTP.Proxy returns Net::HTTP itself when proxy_addr is nil,
  # there's no need to change code if there's proxy or not.
  # 
  # There are two additional parameters in Net::HTTP.Proxy which allow to
  # specify proxy user name and password:
  # 
  #     Net::HTTP::Proxy(proxy_addr, proxy_port, proxy_user = nil, proxy_pass = nil)
  # 
  # You may use them to work with authorization-enabled proxies:
  # 
  #     require 'net/http'
  #     require 'uri'
  #     
  #     proxy_host = 'your.proxy.host'
  #     proxy_port = 8080
  #     uri = URI.parse(ENV['http_proxy'])
  #     proxy_user, proxy_pass = uri.userinfo.split(/:/) if uri.userinfo
  #     Net::HTTP::Proxy(proxy_host, proxy_port,
  #                      proxy_user, proxy_pass).start('www.example.com') {|http|
  #       # always connect to your.proxy.addr:8080 using specified username and password
  #             :
  #     }
  #
  # Note that net/http never rely on HTTP_PROXY environment variable.
  # If you want to use proxy, set it explicitly.
  # 
  # === Following Redirection
  # 
  #     require 'net/http'
  #     require 'uri'
  # 
  #     def fetch(uri_str, limit = 10)
  #       # You should choose better exception. 
  #       raise ArgumentError, 'HTTP redirect too deep' if limit == 0
  # 
  #       response = Net::HTTP.get_response(URI.parse(uri_str))
  #       case response
  #       when Net::HTTPSuccess     then response
  #       when Net::HTTPRedirection then fetch(response['location'], limit - 1)
  #       else
  #         response.error!
  #       end
  #     end
  # 
  #     print fetch('http://www.ruby-lang.org')
  # 
  # Net::HTTPSuccess and Net::HTTPRedirection is a HTTPResponse class.
  # All HTTPResponse objects belong to its own response class which
  # indicate HTTP result status. For details of response classes,
  # see section "HTTP Response Classes".
  # 
  # === Basic Authentication
  # 
  #     require 'net/http'
  # 
  #     Net::HTTP.start('www.example.com') {|http|
  #       req = Net::HTTP::Get.new('/secret-page.html')
  #       req.basic_auth 'account', 'password'
  #       response = http.request(req)
  #       print response.body
  #     }
  # 
  # === HTTP Request Classes
  #
  # Here is HTTP request class hierarchy.
  #
  #   Net::HTTPRequest
  #       Net::HTTP::Get
  #       Net::HTTP::Head
  #       Net::HTTP::Post
  #       Net::HTTP::Put
  #       Net::HTTP::Proppatch
  #       Net::HTTP::Lock
  #       Net::HTTP::Unlock
  #       Net::HTTP::Options
  #       Net::HTTP::Propfind
  #       Net::HTTP::Delete
  #       Net::HTTP::Move
  #       Net::HTTP::Copy
  #       Net::HTTP::Mkcol
  #       Net::HTTP::Trace
  #
  # === HTTP Response Classes
  #
  # Here is HTTP response class hierarchy.
  # All classes are defined in Net module.
  #
  #   HTTPResponse
  #       HTTPUnknownResponse
  #       HTTPInformation                    # 1xx
  #           HTTPContinue                       # 100
  #           HTTPSwitchProtocl                  # 101
  #       HTTPSuccess                        # 2xx
  #           HTTPOK                             # 200
  #           HTTPCreated                        # 201
  #           HTTPAccepted                       # 202
  #           HTTPNonAuthoritativeInformation    # 203
  #           HTTPNoContent                      # 204
  #           HTTPResetContent                   # 205
  #           HTTPPartialContent                 # 206
  #       HTTPRedirection                    # 3xx
  #           HTTPMultipleChoice                 # 300
  #           HTTPMovedPermanently               # 301
  #           HTTPFound                          # 302
  #           HTTPSeeOther                       # 303
  #           HTTPNotModified                    # 304
  #           HTTPUseProxy                       # 305
  #           HTTPTemporaryRedirect              # 307
  #       HTTPClientError                    # 4xx
  #           HTTPBadRequest                     # 400
  #           HTTPUnauthorized                   # 401
  #           HTTPPaymentRequired                # 402
  #           HTTPForbidden                      # 403
  #           HTTPNotFound                       # 404
  #           HTTPMethodNotAllowed               # 405
  #           HTTPNotAcceptable                  # 406
  #           HTTPProxyAuthenticationRequired    # 407
  #           HTTPRequestTimeOut                 # 408
  #           HTTPConflict                       # 409
  #           HTTPGone                           # 410
  #           HTTPLengthRequired                 # 411
  #           HTTPPreconditionFailed             # 412
  #           HTTPRequestEntityTooLarge          # 413
  #           HTTPRequestURITooLong              # 414
  #           HTTPUnsupportedMediaType           # 415
  #           HTTPRequestedRangeNotSatisfiable   # 416
  #           HTTPExpectationFailed              # 417
  #       HTTPServerError                    # 5xx
  #           HTTPInternalServerError            # 500
  #           HTTPNotImplemented                 # 501
  #           HTTPBadGateway                     # 502
  #           HTTPServiceUnavailable             # 503
  #           HTTPGatewayTimeOut                 # 504
  #           HTTPVersionNotSupported            # 505
  # 
  # == Switching Net::HTTP versions
  # 
  # You can use net/http.rb 1.1 features (bundled with Ruby 1.6)
  # by calling HTTP.version_1_1. Calling Net::HTTP.version_1_2
  # allows you to use 1.2 features again.
  # 
  #     # example
  #     Net::HTTP.start {|http1| ...(http1 has 1.2 features)... }
  # 
  #     Net::HTTP.version_1_1
  #     Net::HTTP.start {|http2| ...(http2 has 1.1 features)... }
  # 
  #     Net::HTTP.version_1_2
  #     Net::HTTP.start {|http3| ...(http3 has 1.2 features)... }
  # 
  # This function is NOT thread-safe.
  #
  class HTTP < Protocol

    # :stopdoc:
    Revision = %q$Revision$.split[1]
    HTTPVersion = '1.1'
    @newimpl = true
    # :startdoc:

    # Turns on net/http 1.2 (ruby 1.8) features.
    # Defaults to ON in ruby 1.8.
    #
    # I strongly recommend to call this method always.
    #
    #   require 'net/http'
    #   Net::HTTP.version_1_2
    #
    def HTTP.version_1_2
      @newimpl = true
    end

    # Turns on net/http 1.1 (ruby 1.6) features.
    # Defaults to OFF in ruby 1.8.
    def HTTP.version_1_1
      @newimpl = false
    end

    # true if net/http is in version 1.2 mode.
    # Defaults to true.
    def HTTP.version_1_2?
      @newimpl
    end

    # true if net/http is in version 1.1 compatible mode.
    # Defaults to true.
    def HTTP.version_1_1?
      not @newimpl
    end

    class << HTTP
      alias is_version_1_1? version_1_1?   #:nodoc:
      alias is_version_1_2? version_1_2?   #:nodoc:
    end

    #
    # short cut methods
    #

    #
    # Get body from target and output it to +$stdout+.  The
    # target can either be specified as (+uri+), or as
    # (+host+, +path+, +port+ = 80); so: 
    #
    #    Net::HTTP.get_print URI.parse('http://www.example.com/index.html')
    #
    # or:
    #
    #    Net::HTTP.get_print 'www.example.com', '/index.html'
    #
    def HTTP.get_print(uri_or_host, path = nil, port = nil)
      get_response(uri_or_host, path, port) {|res|
        res.read_body do |chunk|
          $stdout.print chunk
        end
      }
      nil
    end

    # Send a GET request to the target and return the response
    # as a string.  The target can either be specified as
    # (+uri+), or as (+host+, +path+, +port+ = 80); so:
    # 
    #    print Net::HTTP.get(URI.parse('http://www.example.com/index.html'))
    #
    # or:
    #
    #    print Net::HTTP.get('www.example.com', '/index.html')
    #
    def HTTP.get(uri_or_host, path = nil, port = nil)
      get_response(uri_or_host, path, port).body
    end

    # Send a GET request to the target and return the response
    # as a Net::HTTPResponse object.  The target can either be specified as
    # (+uri+), or as (+host+, +path+, +port+ = 80); so:
    # 
    #    res = Net::HTTP.get_response(URI.parse('http://www.example.com/index.html'))
    #    print res.body
    #
    # or:
    #
    #    res = Net::HTTP.get_response('www.example.com', '/index.html')
    #    print res.body
    #
    def HTTP.get_response(uri_or_host, path = nil, port = nil, &block)
      if path
        host = uri_or_host
        new(host, port || HTTP.default_port).start {|http|
          return http.request_get(path, &block)
        }
      else
        uri = uri_or_host
        new(uri.host, uri.port).start {|http|
          return http.request_get(uri.request_uri, &block)
        }
      end
    end

    # Posts HTML form data to the +URL+.
    # Form data must be represented as a Hash of String to String, e.g:
    #
    #   { "cmd" => "search", "q" => "ruby", "max" => "50" }
    #
    # This method also does Basic Authentication iff +URL+.user exists.
    #
    # Example:
    #
    #   require 'net/http'
    #   require 'uri'
    #
    #   HTTP.post_form URI.parse('http://www.example.com/search.cgi'),
    #                  { "q" => "ruby", "max" => "50" }
    #
    def HTTP.post_form(url, params)
      req = Post.new(url.path)
      req.form_data = params
      req.basic_auth url.user, url.password if url.user
      new(url.host, url.port).start {|http|
        http.request(req)
      }
    end

    #
    # HTTP session management
    #

    # The default port to use for HTTP requests; defaults to 80.
    def HTTP.default_port
      http_default_port()
    end

    # The default port to use for HTTP requests; defaults to 80.
    def HTTP.http_default_port
      80
    end

    # The default port to use for HTTPS requests; defaults to 443.
    def HTTP.https_default_port
      443
    end

    def HTTP.socket_type   #:nodoc: obsolete
      BufferedIO
    end

    # creates a new Net::HTTP object and opens its TCP connection and 
    # HTTP session.  If the optional block is given, the newly 
    # created Net::HTTP object is passed to it and closed when the 
    # block finishes.  In this case, the return value of this method
    # is the return value of the block.  If no block is given, the
    # return value of this method is the newly created Net::HTTP object
    # itself, and the caller is responsible for closing it upon completion.
    def HTTP.start(address, port = nil, p_addr = nil, p_port = nil, p_user = nil, p_pass = nil, &block) # :yield: +http+
      new(address, port, p_addr, p_port, p_user, p_pass).start(&block)
    end

    class << HTTP
      alias newobj new
    end

    # Creates a new Net::HTTP object.
    # If +proxy_addr+ is given, creates an Net::HTTP object with proxy support.
    # This method does not open the TCP connection.
    def HTTP.new(address, port = nil, p_addr = nil, p_port = nil, p_user = nil, p_pass = nil)
      h = Proxy(p_addr, p_port, p_user, p_pass).newobj(address, port)
      h.instance_eval {
        @newimpl = ::Net::HTTP.version_1_2?
      }
      h
    end

    # Creates a new Net::HTTP object for the specified +address+.
    # This method does not open the TCP connection.
    def initialize(address, port = nil)
      @address = address
      @port    = (port || HTTP.default_port)
      @curr_http_version = HTTPVersion
      @no_keepalive_server = false
      @close_on_empty_response = false
      @socket  = nil
      @started = false
      @open_timeout = nil
      @read_timeout = 60
      @debug_output = nil
      @use_ssl = false
      @ssl_context = nil
      @enable_post_connection_check = true
    end

    def inspect
      "#<#{self.class} #{@address}:#{@port} open=#{started?}>"
    end

    # *WARNING* This method causes serious security hole.
    # Never use this method in production code.
    #
    # Set an output stream for debugging.
    #
    #   http = Net::HTTP.new
    #   http.set_debug_output $stderr
    #   http.start { .... }
    #
    def set_debug_output(output)
      warn 'Net::HTTP#set_debug_output called after HTTP started' if started?
      @debug_output = output
    end

    # The host name to connect to.
    attr_reader :address

    # The port number to connect to.
    attr_reader :port

    # Seconds to wait until connection is opened.
    # If the HTTP object cannot open a connection in this many seconds,
    # it raises a TimeoutError exception.
    attr_accessor :open_timeout

    # Seconds to wait until reading one block (by one read(2) call).
    # If the HTTP object cannot open a connection in this many seconds,
    # it raises a TimeoutError exception.
    attr_reader :read_timeout

    # Setter for the read_timeout attribute.
    def read_timeout=(sec)
      @socket.read_timeout = sec if @socket
      @read_timeout = sec
    end

    # returns true if the HTTP session is started.
    def started?
      @started
    end

    alias active? started?   #:nodoc: obsolete

    attr_accessor :close_on_empty_response

    # returns true if use SSL/TLS with HTTP.
    def use_ssl?
      false   # redefined in net/https
    end

    # Opens TCP connection and HTTP session.
    # 
    # When this method is called with block, gives a HTTP object
    # to the block and closes the TCP connection / HTTP session
    # after the block executed.
    #
    # When called with a block, returns the return value of the
    # block; otherwise, returns self.
    #
    def start  # :yield: http
      raise IOError, 'HTTP session already opened' if @started
      if block_given?
        begin
          do_start
          return yield(self)
        ensure
          do_finish
        end
      end
      do_start
      self
    end

    def do_start
      connect
      @started = true
    end
    private :do_start

    def connect
      D "opening connection to #{conn_address()}..."
      s = timeout(@open_timeout) { TCPSocket.open(conn_address(), conn_port()) }
      D "opened"
      if use_ssl?
        unless @ssl_context.verify_mode
          warn "warning: peer certificate won't be verified in this SSL session"
          @ssl_context.verify_mode = OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE
        end
        s = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket.new(s, @ssl_context)
        s.sync_close = true
      end
      @socket = BufferedIO.new(s)
      @socket.read_timeout = @read_timeout
      @socket.debug_output = @debug_output
      if use_ssl?
        if proxy?
          @socket.writeline sprintf('CONNECT %s:%s HTTP/%s',
                                    @address, @port, HTTPVersion)
          @socket.writeline "Host: #{@address}:#{@port}"
          if proxy_user
            credential = ["#{proxy_user}:#{proxy_pass}"].pack('m')
            credential.delete!("\r\n")
            @socket.writeline "Proxy-Authorization: Basic #{credential}"
          end
          @socket.writeline ''
          HTTPResponse.read_new(@socket).value
        end
        s.connect
        if @ssl_context.verify_mode != OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE
          s.post_connection_check(@address)
        end
      end
      on_connect
    end
    private :connect

    def on_connect
    end
    private :on_connect

    # Finishes HTTP session and closes TCP connection.
    # Raises IOError if not started.
    def finish
      raise IOError, 'HTTP session not yet started' unless started?
      do_finish
    end

    def do_finish
      @started = false
      @socket.close if @socket and not @socket.closed?
      @socket = nil
    end
    private :do_finish

    #
    # proxy
    #

    public

    # no proxy
    @is_proxy_class = false
    @proxy_addr = nil
    @proxy_port = nil
    @proxy_user = nil
    @proxy_pass = nil

    # Creates an HTTP proxy class.
    # Arguments are address/port of proxy host and username/password
    # if authorization on proxy server is required.
    # You can replace the HTTP class with created proxy class.
    # 
    # If ADDRESS is nil, this method returns self (Net::HTTP).
    # 
    #     # Example
    #     proxy_class = Net::HTTP::Proxy('proxy.example.com', 8080)
    #                     :
    #     proxy_class.start('www.ruby-lang.org') {|http|
    #       # connecting proxy.foo.org:8080
    #                     :
    #     }
    # 
    def HTTP.Proxy(p_addr, p_port = nil, p_user = nil, p_pass = nil)
      return self unless p_addr
      delta = ProxyDelta
      proxyclass = Class.new(self)
      proxyclass.module_eval {
        include delta
        # with proxy
        @is_proxy_class = true
        @proxy_address = p_addr
        @proxy_port    = p_port || default_port()
        @proxy_user    = p_user
        @proxy_pass    = p_pass
      }
      proxyclass
    end

    class << HTTP
      # returns true if self is a class which was created by HTTP::Proxy.
      def proxy_class?
        @is_proxy_class
      end

      attr_reader :proxy_address
      attr_reader :proxy_port
      attr_reader :proxy_user
      attr_reader :proxy_pass
    end

    # True if self is a HTTP proxy class.
    def proxy?
      self.class.proxy_class?
    end

    # Address of proxy host. If self does not use a proxy, nil.
    def proxy_address
      self.class.proxy_address
    end

    # Port number of proxy host. If self does not use a proxy, nil.
    def proxy_port
      self.class.proxy_port
    end

    # User name for accessing proxy. If self does not use a proxy, nil.
    def proxy_user
      self.class.proxy_user
    end

    # User password for accessing proxy. If self does not use a proxy, nil.
    def proxy_pass
      self.class.proxy_pass
    end

    alias proxyaddr proxy_address   #:nodoc: obsolete
    alias proxyport proxy_port      #:nodoc: obsolete

    private

    # without proxy

    def conn_address
      address()
    end

    def conn_port
      port()
    end

    def edit_path(path)
      path
    end

    module ProxyDelta   #:nodoc: internal use only
      private

      def conn_address
        proxy_address()
      end

      def conn_port
        proxy_port()
      end

      def edit_path(path)
        use_ssl? ? path : "http://#{addr_port()}#{path}"
      end
    end

    #
    # HTTP operations
    #

    public

    # Gets data from +path+ on the connected-to host.
    # +header+ must be a Hash like { 'Accept' => '*/*', ... }.
    #
    # In version 1.1 (ruby 1.6), this method returns a pair of objects,
    # a Net::HTTPResponse object and the entity body string.
    # In version 1.2 (ruby 1.8), this method returns a Net::HTTPResponse
    # object.
    #
    # If called with a block, yields each fragment of the
    # entity body in turn as a string as it is read from
    # the socket.  Note that in this case, the returned response
    # object will *not* contain a (meaningful) body.
    #
    # +dest+ argument is obsolete.
    # It still works but you must not use it.
    #
    # In version 1.1, this method might raise an exception for 
    # 3xx (redirect). In this case you can get a HTTPResponse object
    # by "anException.response".
    #
    # In version 1.2, this method never raises exception.
    #
    #     # version 1.1 (bundled with Ruby 1.6)
    #     response, body = http.get('/index.html')
    #
    #     # version 1.2 (bundled with Ruby 1.8 or later)
    #     response = http.get('/index.html')
    #     
    #     # using block
    #     File.open('result.txt', 'w') {|f|
    #       http.get('/~foo/') do |str|
    #         f.write str
    #       end
    #     }
    #
    def get(path, initheader = nil, dest = nil, &block) # :yield: +body_segment+
      res = nil
      request(Get.new(path, initheader)) {|r|
        r.read_body dest, &block
        res = r
      }
      unless @newimpl
        res.value
        return res, res.body
      end

      res
    end

    # Gets only the header from +path+ on the connected-to host.
    # +header+ is a Hash like { 'Accept' => '*/*', ... }.
    # 
    # This method returns a Net::HTTPResponse object.
    # 
    # In version 1.1, this method might raise an exception for 
    # 3xx (redirect). On the case you can get a HTTPResponse object
    # by "anException.response".
    # In version 1.2, this method never raises an exception.
    # 
    #     response = nil
    #     Net::HTTP.start('some.www.server', 80) {|http|
    #       response = http.head('/index.html')
    #     }
    #     p response['content-type']
    #
    def head(path, initheader = nil) 
      res = request(Head.new(path, initheader))
      res.value unless @newimpl
      res
    end

    # Posts +data+ (must be a String) to +path+. +header+ must be a Hash
    # like { 'Accept' => '*/*', ... }.
    # 
    # In version 1.1 (ruby 1.6), this method returns a pair of objects, a
    # Net::HTTPResponse object and an entity body string.
    # In version 1.2 (ruby 1.8), this method returns a Net::HTTPResponse object.
    # 
    # If called with a block, yields each fragment of the
    # entity body in turn as a string as it are read from
    # the socket.  Note that in this case, the returned response
    # object will *not* contain a (meaningful) body.
    #
    # +dest+ argument is obsolete.
    # It still works but you must not use it.
    # 
    # In version 1.1, this method might raise an exception for 
    # 3xx (redirect). In this case you can get an HTTPResponse object
    # by "anException.response".
    # In version 1.2, this method never raises exception.
    # 
    #     # version 1.1
    #     response, body = http.post('/cgi-bin/search.rb', 'query=foo')
    # 
    #     # version 1.2
    #     response = http.post('/cgi-bin/search.rb', 'query=foo')
    # 
    #     # using block
    #     File.open('result.txt', 'w') {|f|
    #       http.post('/cgi-bin/search.rb', 'query=foo') do |str|
    #         f.write str
    #       end
    #     }
    #
    # You should set Content-Type: header field for POST.
    # If no Content-Type: field given, this method uses
    # "application/x-www-form-urlencoded" by default.
    #
    def post(path, data, initheader = nil, dest = nil, &block) # :yield: +body_segment+
      res = nil
      request(Post.new(path, initheader), data) {|r|
        r.read_body dest, &block
        res = r
      }
      unless @newimpl
        res.value
        return res, res.body
      end
      res
    end

    def put(path, data, initheader = nil)   #:nodoc:
      res = request(Put.new(path, initheader), data)
      res.value unless @newimpl
      res
    end

    # Sends a PROPPATCH request to the +path+ and gets a response,
    # as an HTTPResponse object.
    def proppatch(path, body, initheader = nil)
      request(Proppatch.new(path, initheader), body)
    end

    # Sends a LOCK request to the +path+ and gets a response,
    # as an HTTPResponse object.
    def lock(path, body, initheader = nil)
      request(Lock.new(path, initheader), body)
    end

    # Sends a UNLOCK request to the +path+ and gets a response,
    # as an HTTPResponse object.
    def unlock(path, body, initheader = nil)
      request(Unlock.new(path, initheader), body)
    end

    # Sends a OPTIONS request to the +path+ and gets a response,
    # as an HTTPResponse object.
    def options(path, initheader = nil)
      request(Options.new(path, initheader))
    end

    # Sends a PROPFIND request to the +path+ and gets a response,
    # as an HTTPResponse object.
    def propfind(path, body = nil, initheader = {'Depth' => '0'})
      request(Propfind.new(path, initheader), body)
    end

    # Sends a DELETE request to the +path+ and gets a response,
    # as an HTTPResponse object.
    def delete(path, initheader = {'Depth' => 'Infinity'})
      request(Delete.new(path, initheader))
    end

    # Sends a MOVE request to the +path+ and gets a response,
    # as an HTTPResponse object.
    def move(path, initheader = nil)
      request(Move.new(path, initheader))
    end

    # Sends a COPY request to the +path+ and gets a response,
    # as an HTTPResponse object.
    def copy(path, initheader = nil)
      request(Copy.new(path, initheader))
    end

    # Sends a MKCOL request to the +path+ and gets a response,
    # as an HTTPResponse object.
    def mkcol(path, body = nil, initheader = nil)
      request(Mkcol.new(path, initheader), body)
    end

    # Sends a TRACE request to the +path+ and gets a response,
    # as an HTTPResponse object.
    def trace(path, initheader = nil)
      request(Trace.new(path, initheader))
    end

    # Sends a GET request to the +path+ and gets a response,
    # as an HTTPResponse object.
    # 
    # When called with a block, yields an HTTPResponse object.
    # The body of this response will not have been read yet;
    # the caller can process it using HTTPResponse#read_body,
    # if desired.
    #
    # Returns the response.
    # 
    # This method never raises Net::* exceptions.
    # 
    #     response = http.request_get('/index.html')
    #     # The entity body is already read here.
    #     p response['content-type']
    #     puts response.body
    # 
    #     # using block
    #     http.request_get('/index.html') {|response|
    #       p response['content-type']
    #       response.read_body do |str|   # read body now
    #         print str
    #       end
    #     }
    #
    def request_get(path, initheader = nil, &block) # :yield: +response+
      request(Get.new(path, initheader), &block)
    end

    # Sends a HEAD request to the +path+ and gets a response,
    # as an HTTPResponse object.
    #
    # Returns the response.
    # 
    # This method never raises Net::* exceptions.
    # 
    #     response = http.request_head('/index.html')
    #     p response['content-type']
    #
    def request_head(path, initheader = nil, &block)
      request(Head.new(path, initheader), &block)
    end

    # Sends a POST request to the +path+ and gets a response,
    # as an HTTPResponse object.
    # 
    # When called with a block, yields an HTTPResponse object.
    # The body of this response will not have been read yet;
    # the caller can process it using HTTPResponse#read_body,
    # if desired.
    #
    # Returns the response.
    # 
    # This method never raises Net::* exceptions.
    # 
    #     # example
    #     response = http.request_post('/cgi-bin/nice.rb', 'datadatadata...')
    #     p response.status
    #     puts response.body          # body is already read
    # 
    #     # using block
    #     http.request_post('/cgi-bin/nice.rb', 'datadatadata...') {|response|
    #       p response.status
    #       p response['content-type']
    #       response.read_body do |str|   # read body now
    #         print str
    #       end
    #     }
    #
    def request_post(path, data, initheader = nil, &block) # :yield: +response+
      request Post.new(path, initheader), data, &block
    end

    def request_put(path, data, initheader = nil, &block)   #:nodoc:
      request Put.new(path, initheader), data, &block
    end

    alias get2   request_get    #:nodoc: obsolete
    alias head2  request_head   #:nodoc: obsolete
    alias post2  request_post   #:nodoc: obsolete
    alias put2   request_put    #:nodoc: obsolete


    # Sends an HTTP request to the HTTP server.
    # This method also sends DATA string if DATA is given.
    #
    # Returns a HTTPResponse object.
    # 
    # This method never raises Net::* exceptions.
    #
    #    response = http.send_request('GET', '/index.html')
    #    puts response.body
    #
    def send_request(name, path, data = nil, header = nil)
      r = HTTPGenericRequest.new(name,(data ? true : false),true,path,header)
      request r, data
    end

    # Sends an HTTPRequest object REQUEST to the HTTP server.
    # This method also sends DATA string if REQUEST is a post/put request.
    # Giving DATA for get/head request causes ArgumentError.
    # 
    # When called with a block, yields an HTTPResponse object.
    # The body of this response will not have been read yet;
    # the caller can process it using HTTPResponse#read_body,
    # if desired.
    #
    # Returns a HTTPResponse object.
    # 
    # This method never raises Net::* exceptions.
    #
    def request(req, body = nil, &block)  # :yield: +response+
      unless started?
        start {
          req['connection'] ||= 'close'
          return request(req, body, &block)
        }
      end
      if proxy_user()
        req.proxy_basic_auth proxy_user(), proxy_pass() unless use_ssl?
      end
      req.set_body_internal body
      res = transport_request(req, &block)
      if sspi_auth?(res)
        sspi_auth(req)
        res = transport_request(req, &block)
      end
      res
    end

    private

    def transport_request(req)
      begin_transport req
      req.exec @socket, @curr_http_version, edit_path(req.path)
      begin
        res = HTTPResponse.read_new(@socket)
      end while res.kind_of?(HTTPContinue)
      res.reading_body(@socket, req.response_body_permitted?) {
        yield res if block_given?
      }
      end_transport req, res
      res
    end

    def begin_transport(req)
      connect if @socket.closed?
      if not req.response_body_permitted? and @close_on_empty_response
        req['connection'] ||= 'close'
      end
      req['host'] ||= addr_port()
    end

    def end_transport(req, res)
      @curr_http_version = res.http_version
      if @socket.closed?
        D 'Conn socket closed'
      elsif not res.body and @close_on_empty_response
        D 'Conn close'
        @socket.close
      elsif keep_alive?(req, res)
        D 'Conn keep-alive'
      else
        D 'Conn close'
        @socket.close
      end
    end

    def keep_alive?(req, res)
      return false if req.connection_close?
      if @curr_http_version <= '1.0'
        res.connection_keep_alive?
      else   # HTTP/1.1 or later
        not res.connection_close?
      end
    end

    def sspi_auth?(res)
      return false unless @sspi_enabled
      if res.kind_of?(HTTPProxyAuthenticationRequired) and
          proxy? and res["Proxy-Authenticate"].include?("Negotiate")
        begin
          require 'win32/sspi'
          true
        rescue LoadError
          false
        end
      else
        false
      end
    end

    def sspi_auth(req)
      n = Win32::SSPI::NegotiateAuth.new
      req["Proxy-Authorization"] = "Negotiate #{n.get_initial_token}"
      # Some versions of ISA will close the connection if this isn't present.
      req["Connection"] = "Keep-Alive"
      req["Proxy-Connection"] = "Keep-Alive"
      res = transport_request(req)
      authphrase = res["Proxy-Authenticate"]  or return res
      req["Proxy-Authorization"] = "Negotiate #{n.complete_authentication(authphrase)}"
    rescue => err
      raise HTTPAuthenticationError.new('HTTP authentication failed', err)
    end

    #
    # utils
    #

    private

    def addr_port
      if use_ssl?
        address() + (port == HTTP.https_default_port ? '' : ":#{port()}")
      else
        address() + (port == HTTP.http_default_port ? '' : ":#{port()}")
      end
    end

    def D(msg)
      return unless @debug_output
      @debug_output << msg
      @debug_output << "\n"
    end

  end

  HTTPSession = HTTP


  #
  # Header module.
  #
  # Provides access to @header in the mixed-into class as a hash-like
  # object, except with case-insensitive keys.  Also provides
  # methods for accessing commonly-used header values in a more
  # convenient format.
  #
  module HTTPHeader

    def initialize_http_header(initheader)
      @header = {}
      return unless initheader
      initheader.each do |key, value|
        warn "net/http: warning: duplicated HTTP header: #{key}" if key?(key) and $VERBOSE
        @header[key.downcase] = [value.strip]
      end
    end

    def size   #:nodoc: obsolete
      @header.size
    end

    alias length size   #:nodoc: obsolete

    # Returns the header field corresponding to the case-insensitive key.
    # For example, a key of "Content-Type" might return "text/html"
    def [](key)
      a = @header[key.downcase] or return nil
      a.join(', ')
    end

    # Sets the header field corresponding to the case-insensitive key.
    def []=(key, val)
      unless val
        @header.delete key.downcase
        return val
      end
      @header[key.downcase] = [val]
    end

    # [Ruby 1.8.3]
    # Adds header field instead of replace.
    # Second argument +val+ must be a String.
    # See also #[]=, #[] and #get_fields.
    #
    #   request.add_field 'X-My-Header', 'a'
    #   p request['X-My-Header']              #=> "a"
    #   p request.get_fields('X-My-Header')   #=> ["a"]
    #   request.add_field 'X-My-Header', 'b'
    #   p request['X-My-Header']              #=> "a, b"
    #   p request.get_fields('X-My-Header')   #=> ["a", "b"]
    #   request.add_field 'X-My-Header', 'c'
    #   p request['X-My-Header']              #=> "a, b, c"
    #   p request.get_fields('X-My-Header')   #=> ["a", "b", "c"]
    #
    def add_field(key, val)
      if @header.key?(key.downcase)
        @header[key.downcase].push val
      else
        @header[key.downcase] = [val]
      end
    end

    # [Ruby 1.8.3]
    # Returns an array of header field strings corresponding to the
    # case-insensitive +key+.  This method allows you to get duplicated
    # header fields without any processing.  See also #[].
    #
    #   p response.get_fields('Set-Cookie')
    #     #=> ["session=al98axx; expires=Fri, 31-Dec-1999 23:58:23",
    #          "query=rubyscript; expires=Fri, 31-Dec-1999 23:58:23"]
    #   p response['Set-Cookie']
    #     #=> "session=al98axx; expires=Fri, 31-Dec-1999 23:58:23, query=rubyscript; expires=Fri, 31-Dec-1999 23:58:23"
    #
    def get_fields(key)
      return nil unless @header[key.downcase]
      @header[key.downcase].dup
    end

    # Returns the header field corresponding to the case-insensitive key.
    # Returns the default value +args+, or the result of the block, or nil,
    # if there's no header field named key.  See Hash#fetch
    def fetch(key, *args, &block)   #:yield: +key+
      a = @header.fetch(key.downcase, *args, &block)
      a.join(', ')
    end

    # Iterates for each header names and values.
    def each_header   #:yield: +key+, +value+
      @header.each do |k,va|
        yield k, va.join(', ')
      end
    end

    alias each each_header

    # Iterates for each header names.
    def each_name(&block)   #:yield: +key+
      @header.each_key(&block)
    end

    alias each_key each_name

    # Iterates for each capitalized header names.
    def each_capitalized_name(&block)   #:yield: +key+
      @header.each_key do |k|
        yield capitalize(k)
      end
    end

    # Iterates for each header values.
    def each_value   #:yield: +value+
      @header.each_value do |va|
        yield va.join(', ')
      end
    end

    # Removes a header field.
    def delete(key)
      @header.delete(key.downcase)
    end

    # true if +key+ header exists.
    def key?(key)
      @header.key?(key.downcase)
    end

    # Returns a Hash consist of header names and values.
    def to_hash
      @header.dup
    end

    # As for #each_header, except the keys are provided in capitalized form.
    def each_capitalized
      @header.each do |k,v|
        yield capitalize(k), v.join(', ')
      end
    end

    alias canonical_each each_capitalized

    def capitalize(name)
      name.split(/-/).map {|s| s.capitalize }.join('-')
    end
    private :capitalize

    # Returns an Array of Range objects which represents Range: header field,
    # or +nil+ if there is no such header.
    def range
      return nil unless @header['range']
      self['Range'].split(/,/).map {|spec|
        m = /bytes\s*=\s*(\d+)?\s*-\s*(\d+)?/i.match(spec) or
                raise HTTPHeaderSyntaxError, "wrong Range: #{spec}"
        d1 = m[1].to_i
        d2 = m[2].to_i
        if    m[1] and m[2] then  d1..d2
        elsif m[1]          then  d1..-1
        elsif          m[2] then -d2..-1
        else
          raise HTTPHeaderSyntaxError, 'range is not specified'
        end
      }
    end

    # Set Range: header from Range (arg r) or beginning index and
    # length from it (arg idx&len).
    #
    #   req.range = (0..1023)
    #   req.set_range 0, 1023
    #
    def set_range(r, e = nil)
      unless r
        @header.delete 'range'
        return r
      end
      r = (r...r+e) if e
      case r
      when Numeric
        n = r.to_i
        rangestr = (n > 0 ? "0-#{n-1}" : "-#{-n}")
      when Range
        first = r.first
        last = r.last


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