path: root/doc/admin.texinfo

\input texinfo-suppl.tex        % contains @doubleleftarrow{} definition
                                % this line must come *before* \input texinfo
\input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*-
@c %**start of header
@c guide
@setfilename krb5-admin.info
@settitle Kerberos V5 System Administrator's Guide
@setchapternewpage odd                  @c chapter begins on next odd page
@c @setchapternewpage on                   @c chapter begins on next page
@c @smallbook                              @c Format for 7" X 9.25" paper
@c %**end of header
@paragraphindent 0
@iftex
@parskip 6pt plus 6pt
@end iftex

@include definitions.texinfo
@set EDITION 1.0
@set UPDATED November 27, 1996

@finalout                               @c don't print black warning boxes

@titlepage
@title @value{PRODUCT} System Administrator's Guide
@subtitle Release:  @value{RELEASE}
@subtitle Document Edition:  @value{EDITION}
@subtitle Last updated:  @value{UPDATED}
@author @value{COMPANY}

@page
@vskip 0pt plus 1filll

@include copyright.texinfo
@end titlepage

@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@node Top, Copyright, (dir), (dir)

@ifinfo
This document describes how to administrate a @value{PRODUCT}
installation.

@c The master menu is updated using emacs19's M-x texinfo-all-menus-update
@c function.  Don't forget to run M-x texinfo-every-node-update after
@c you add a new section or subsection, or after you've rearranged the
@c order of sections or subsections.  Also, don't forget to add an @node
@c comand before each @section or @subsection!  All you need to enter
@c is:
@c
@c @node New Section Name
@c @section New Section Name
@c
@c M-x texinfo-every-node-update will take care of calculating the
@c node's forward and back pointers.
@c
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------

@menu
* Copyright::                   
* Introduction::                
* How Kerberos Works::          
* Configuration Files::         
* Administrating Kerberos Database Entries::  
* Application Servers::         
* Backups of Secure Hosts::     
* Bug Reporting::               
* Appendix::                    
@end menu

@node Copyright, Introduction, Top, Top
@unnumbered Copyright
@include copyright.texinfo
@end ifinfo


@node Introduction, How Kerberos Works, Copyright, Top
@chapter Introduction

@menu
* Why Should I use Kerberos?::  
* Documentation for Kerberos V5::  
* Overview of This Guide::      
@end menu

@node Why Should I use Kerberos?, Documentation for Kerberos V5, Introduction, Introduction
@section Why Should I use Kerberos?

Since Kerberos negotiates authenticated, and optionally encrypted,
communications between two points anywhere on the internet, it provides
a layer of security that is not dependent on which side of a firewall
either client is on.  Since studies have shown that half of the computer
security breaches in industry happen from @i{inside} firewalls,
@value{PRODUCT} from @value{COMPANY} will play a vital role in the
security of your network.

@node Documentation for Kerberos V5, Overview of This Guide, Why Should I use Kerberos?, Introduction
@section Documentation for @value{PRODUCT}

@include document-list.texinfo

@node Overview of This Guide,  , Documentation for Kerberos V5, Introduction
@section Overview of This Guide

The next chapter describes how Kerberos works.

Chapter three describes administration of the principals in the Kerberos
database.

Chapter four describes administrative programs for manipulating the
Kerberos database as a whole.

Chapter five describes issues to consider when adding an application
server to the database.

Chapter six describes our problem reporting system.

The appendices include sample configuration files, the list of Kerberos
error messages, and a complete list of the time zones understood by
@code{kadmin}.

@node How Kerberos Works, Configuration Files, Introduction, Top
@chapter How Kerberos Works

This section provides a simplified description of a general user's
interaction with the Kerberos system.  This interaction happens
transparently---users don't need to know and probably don't care about
what's going on---but Kerberos administrators might find a schematic
description of the process useful.  This description glosses over a lot
of details; for more information, see @i{Kerberos: An Authentication
Service for Open Network Systems}, a paper presented at Winter USENIX
1988, in Dallas, Texas.  This paper can be retreived by FTP from
@code{athena-dist.mit.edu}, in the location:
@code{/pub/ATHENA/kerberos/doc/USENIX.ps}.

@menu
* Network Services and Their Client Programs::  
* Kerberos Tickets::            
* The Kerberos Database::       
* Kerberos Realms::             
* The Ticket-Granting Ticket::  
* Network Services and the Master Database::  
* The User/Kerberos Interaction::  
* Definitions::                 
@end menu

@node Network Services and Their Client Programs, Kerberos Tickets, How Kerberos Works, How Kerberos Works
@section Network Services and Their Client Programs

In an environment that provides network services, you use @dfn{client}
programs to request @dfn{services} from @dfn{server} programs that are
somewhere on the network.  Suppose you have logged in to a workstation
and you want to @samp{rlogin} to a typical UNIX host.  You use the local
@samp{rlogin} client program to contact the remote machine's
@samp{rlogind} daemon.

@node Kerberos Tickets, The Kerberos Database, Network Services and Their Client Programs, How Kerberos Works
@section Kerberos Tickets

Under Kerberos, the @samp{klogind} daemon allows you to login to a
remote machine if you can provide @samp{klogind} a Kerberos ticket
which proves your identity.  In addition to the ticket, you must also
have possession of the corresponding ticket session key. The
combination of a ticket and the ticket's session key is known as a credential.

Typically, a client program automatically obtains credentials
identifying the person using the client program.  The credentials are
obtained from a Kerberos server that resides somewhere on the network.
A Kerberos server maintains a database of user, server, and password
information.

@node The Kerberos Database, Kerberos Realms, Kerberos Tickets, How Kerberos Works
@section The Kerberos Database

Kerberos will give you credentials only if you have an entry in the
Kerberos server's @dfn{Kerberos database}.  Your database entry includes
your Kerberos @dfn{principal} (an identifying string, which is often
just your username), and your Kerberos password.  Every Kerberos user
must have an entry in this database.

@node Kerberos Realms, The Ticket-Granting Ticket, The Kerberos Database, How Kerberos Works
@section Kerberos Realms

Each administrative domain will have its own Kerberos database, which
contains information about the users and services for that particular
site or administrative domain.  This administrative domain is the
@dfn{Kerberos realm}.

Each Kerberos realm will have at least one Kerberos server, where the
master Kerberos database for that site or administrative domain is
stored.  A Kerberos realm may also have one or more @dfn{slave servers},
which have read-only copies of the Kerberos database that are
periodically propagated from the master server.  For more details on how
this is done, see the ``Set Up the Slave KDCs for Database Propagation''
and ``Propagate the Database to Each Slave KDC'' sections of the
@value{PRODUCT} Installation Guide.

@node The Ticket-Granting Ticket, Network Services and the Master Database, Kerberos Realms, How Kerberos Works
@section The Ticket-Granting Ticket

The @samp{kinit} command prompts for your password.  If you enter it
successfully, you will obtain a @dfn{ticket-granting ticket} and a
@dfn{ticket session key} which gives you the right to use the ticket.
This combination of the ticket and its associated key is known as your
@dfn{credentials}.  As illustrated below, client programs use your
ticket-granting ticket credentials in order to obtain client-specific
credentials as needed.

Your credentials are stored in a @dfn{credentials cache}, which is often
just a file in @code{/tmp}.  The credentials cache is also called the
@dfn{ticket file}, especially in Kerberos V4 documentation.  Note,
however, that a credentials cache does not have to be stored in a file.

@node Network Services and the Master Database, The User/Kerberos Interaction, The Ticket-Granting Ticket, How Kerberos Works
@section Network Services and the Master Database

The master database also contains entries for all network services that
require Kerberos authentication.  Suppose that your site has a machine,
@samp{laughter.@value{PRIMARYDOMAIN}}, that requires Kerberos
authentication from anyone who wants to @samp{rlogin} to it.  The host's
Kerberos realm is @samp{@value{PRIMARYREALM}}.

This service must be registered in the Kerberos database, using the
proper service name, which in this case is the @dfn{principal}:

@smallexample
host/laughter.@value{PRIMARYDOMAIN}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}
@end smallexample

@noindent
The @samp{/} character separates the Kerberos @dfn{primary} (in this
case, @samp{host}) from the @dfn{instance} (in this case,
@samp{laughter.@value{PRIMARYDOMAIN}}); the @samp{@@} character separates
the realm name (in this case, @samp{@value{PRIMARYREALM}}) from the rest
of the principal.  The primary, @samp{host}, denotes the name or type of
the service that is being offered:  generic host-level access to the
machine.  The instance, @samp{laughter.@value{PRIMARYDOMAIN}}, names the
specific machine that is offering this service.  There will generally be
many different machines, each offering one particular type of service,
and the instance serves to give each one of these servers a different
Kerberos principal.

@menu
* The Keytab File::             
@end menu

@node The Keytab File,  , Network Services and the Master Database, Network Services and the Master Database
@subsection The Keytab File

For each service, there must also be a @dfn{service key} known only by
Kerberos and the service.  On the Kerberos server, the service key is
stored in the Kerberos database.

On the server host, these service keys are stored in @dfn{key tables},
which are files known as @dfn{keytabs}.@footnote{Keytabs were called
@dfn{srvtabs} in Kerberos V4.}  For example, the service keys used by
services that run as root are usually stored in the keytab file
@code{/etc/krb5.keytab}.  @b{N.B.:} This service key is the equivalent
of the service's password, and must be kept secure.  Data which is meant
to be read only by the service is encrypted using this key.

@node The User/Kerberos Interaction, Definitions, Network Services and the Master Database, How Kerberos Works
@section The User/Kerberos Interaction

Suppose that you walk up to a host intending to login to it, and then
@samp{rlogin} to the machine @samp{laughter}.  Here's what happens:

@enumerate
@item
You login to the workstation and use the @samp{kinit} command to get a
ticket-granting ticket.  This command prompts you for your Kerberos
password.  (On systems running the @value{PRODUCT} @samp{login} program,
this may be done as part of the login process, not requiring the user to
run a separate program.)

@enumerate A
@item
The @samp{kinit} command sends your request to the Kerberos master
server machine.  The server software looks for your principal name's
entry in the Kerberos database.

@item
If this entry exists, the Kerberos server creates and returns a
ticket-granting ticket and the key which allows you to use it, encrypted
by your password.  If @samp{kinit} can decrypt the Kerberos reply using
the password you provide, it stores this ticket in a credentials cache
on your local machine for later use.  The name of the credentials cache
can be specified in the @samp{KRB5CCNAME} environment variable.  If this
variable is not set, the name of the file will be
@file{/tmp/krb5cc_<uid>}, where <uid> is your UNIX user-id, represented
in decimal format.
@end enumerate

@need 1500
@item
Now you use the @samp{rlogin} client to access the machine
@samp{laughter}.

@example
host% @b{rlogin laughter}
@end example

@enumerate A
@item
The @samp{rlogin} client checks your ticket file to see if you have a
ticket for the @samp{host} service for @samp{laughter}.  You don't, so
@samp{rlogin} uses the credential cache's ticket-granting ticket to make
a request to the master server's ticket-granting service.

@item
This ticket-granting service receives the request for a ticket for
@samp{host/laughter.@value{PRIMARYDOMAIN}}, and looks in the master
database for an entry for @samp{host/laughter.@value{PRIMARYDOMAIN}}.
If the entry exists, the ticket-granting service issues you a ticket for
that service.  That ticket is also cached in your credentials cache.

@item
The @samp{rlogin} client now sends that ticket to the @samp{laughter}
@samp{klogind} service program.  The service program checks the ticket
by using its own service key.  If the ticket is valid, it now knows your
identity.  If you are allowed to login to @samp{laughter} (because your
username matches one in /etc/passwd, or your Kerberos principal is in
the appropriate @file{.k5login} file), @code{klogind} will let you
login.
@end enumerate
@end enumerate

@node Definitions,  , The User/Kerberos Interaction, How Kerberos Works
@section Definitions

Following are definitions of some of the Kerberos terminology.

@include glossary.texinfo

@node Configuration Files, Administrating Kerberos Database Entries, How Kerberos Works, Top
@chapter Configuration Files

@menu
* krb5.conf::                   
* kdc.conf::                    
@end menu

@node krb5.conf, kdc.conf, Configuration Files, Configuration Files
@section krb5.conf

The @code{krb5.conf} file contains Kerberos configuration information,
including the locations of KDCs and admin servers for the Kerberos
realms of interest, defaults for the current realm and for Kerberos
applications, and mappings of hostnames onto Kerberos realms.  Normally,
you should install your @code{krb5.conf} file in the directory
@code{/etc}.  You can override the default location by setting the
environment variable @samp{KRB5_CONFIG}.

The @code{krb5.conf} file is set up in the style of a Windows INI file.
Sections are headed by the section name, in square brackets.  Each
section may contain zero or more relations, of the form:

@smallexample
foo = bar
@end smallexample

@noindent
or

@smallexample
@group
fubar = @{
        foo = bar
        baz = quux
@}
@end group
@end smallexample

The @code{krb5.conf} file may contain any or all of the following seven
sections:

@table @b
@itemx libdefaults
Contains default values used by the Kerberos V5 library.

@itemx appdefaults
Contains default values used by Kerberos V5 applications.

@itemx realms
Contains subsections keyed by Kerberos realm names.  Each subsection
describes realm-specific information, including where to find the
Kerberos servers for that realm.

@itemx domain_realm
Contains relations which map domain names and subdomains onto Kerberos
realm names.  This is used by programs to determine what realm a host
should be in, given its fully qualified domain name.

@itemx logging
Contains relations which determine how Kerberos programs are to perform
logging.

@itemx capaths
Contains the authentication paths used with direct (nonhierarchical)
cross-realm authentication.  Entries in this section are used by the
client to determine the intermediate realms which may be used in
cross-realm authentication.  It is also used by the end-service when
checking the transited field for trusted intermediate realms.

@itemx kdc
For a KDC, may contain the location of the kdc.conf file.
@end table

@menu
* libdefaults::                 
* appdefaults::                 
* realms (krb5.conf)::          
* domain_realm::                
* logging::                     
* capaths::                     
* Sample krb5.conf File::       
@end menu

@node libdefaults, appdefaults, krb5.conf, krb5.conf
@subsection [libdefaults]

The @code{libdefaults} section may contain any of the following
relations:

@table @b
@itemx default_realm
Identifies the default Kerberos realm for the client.  Set its value to
your Kerberos realm.

@itemx default_tgs_enctypes
Identifies the supported list of session key encryption types that
should be returned by the KDC.  The list may be delimited with commas or
whitespace.  Currently, the supported encryption types are
"des3-hmac-sha1" and
"des-cbc-crc".  Support for other encryption types is planned in the
future.

@itemx default_tkt_enctypes
Identifies the supported list of session key encryption
types that should be requested by the client.  The format is the same as
for @emph{default_tkt_enctypes}.  Again, the only supported encryption
types are "des3-hmac-sha1" and "des-cbc-crc".

@itemx clockskew
Sets the maximum allowable amount of clockskew in seconds that the
library  will tolerate before assuming that a Kerberos message is
invalid.  The default value is 300 seconds, or five minutes.

@itemx checksum_type
Used for compatability with DCE security servers which do not support
the default CKSUMTYPE_RSA_MD5 used by this version of Kerberos.  A value
of 1 indicates the default checksum type.  Use a value of 2 to use the
CKSUMTYPE_RSA_MD4 instead.  This applies to DCE 1.1 and earlier.

@itemx ccache_type
Use this parameter on systems which are DCE clients, to specify the type
of cache to be created by kinit, or when forwarded tickets are received.
DCE and Kerberos can share the cache, but some versions of DCE do not
support the default cache as created by this version of Kerberos.  Use a
value of 1 on DCE 1.0.3a systems, and a value of 2 on DCE 1.1 systems.

@itemx dns_lookup_kdc
Indicate whether DNS SRV records should be used to locate the KDCs and
other servers for a realm, if they are not listed in the information for
the realm.  (Note that the @samp{admin_server} entry must be in the
file, because the DNS implementation for it is incomplete.)

Enabling this option does open up a type of denial-of-service attack, if
someone spoofs the DNS records and redirects you to another server.
However, it's no worse than a denial of service, because that fake KDC
will be unable to decode anything you send it (besides the initial
ticket request, which has no encrypted data), and anything the fake KDC
sends will not be trusted without verification using some secret that it
won't know.

If this option is not specified but @samp{dns_fallback} is, that value
will be used instead.  If neither option is specified, the behavior
depends on configure-time options; if none were given, the default is to
enable this option.  If the DNS support is not compiled in, this entry
has no effect.

@itemx dns_lookup_realm
Indicate whether DNS TXT records should be used to determine the
Kerberos realm of a host.

Enabling this option may permit a redirection attack, where spoofed DNS
replies persuade a client to authenticate to the wrong realm, when
talking to the wrong host (either by spoofing yet more DNS records or by
intercepting the net traffic).  Depending on how the client software
manages hostnames, however, it could already be vulnerable to such
attacks.  We are looking at possible ways to minimize or eliminate this
exposure.  For now, we encourage more adventurous sites to try using
Secure DNS.

If this option is not specified but @samp{dns_fallback} is, that value
will be used instead.  If neither option is specified, the behavior
depends on configure-time options; if none were given, the default is to
disable this option.  If the DNS support is not compiled in, this entry
has no effect.

@itemx dns_fallback
General flag controlling the use of DNS for Kerberos information.  If
both of the preceding options are specified, this option has no effect.

@end table

@node appdefaults, realms (krb5.conf), libdefaults, krb5.conf
@subsection [appdefaults]

Each tag in the [appdefaults] section names a Kerberos V5 application.
The value of the tag is a subsection with relations that define the
default behaviors for that application.  

For example:

@smallexample
@group
[appdefaults]
    kinit = @{
        forwardable = true
    @}
    telnet = @{
        forward = true
        encrypt = true
        autologin = true
    @}
@end group
@end smallexample

The list of specifiable options for each application may be found in
that application's man pages.  The application defaults specified here
are overridden by those specified in the [realms] section.

@node realms (krb5.conf), domain_realm, appdefaults, krb5.conf
@subsection [realms]

Each tag in the [realms] section of the file is the name of a Kerberos
realm.  The value of the tag is a subsection with relations that define
the properties of that particular realm.  For each realm, the following
tags may be specified in the realm's subsection:

@table @b
@itemx kdc
The name of a host running a KDC for that realm.  An optional port
number (separated from the hostname by a colon) may be included.

@itemx admin_server
Identifies the host where the administration server is running.
Typically, this is the master Kerberos server.

@itemx application defaults
Application defaults that are specific to a particular realm may be
specified within that realm's tag.  Realm-specific application defaults
override the global defaults specified in the [appdefaults] section.
@end table

@node domain_realm, logging, realms (krb5.conf), krb5.conf
@subsection [domain_realm]

The [domain_realm] section provides a translation from a domain name or
hostname to a Kerberos realm name.  The tag name can be a host name, or
a domain name, where domain names are indicated by a prefix of a period
(@samp{.}).  The value of the relation is the Kerberos realm name for
that particular host or domain.  Host names and domain names should be
in lower case.

If no translation entry applies, the host's realm is considered to be
the hostname's domain portion converted to upper case.  For example, the
following [domain_realm] section:

@smallexample
@group
[domain_realm]
@ifset MIT
    .mit.edu = ATHENA.MIT.EDU
@end ifset
    @value{PRIMARYDOMAIN} = @value{PRIMARYREALM}
    crash.@value{PRIMARYDOMAIN} = TEST.@value{PRIMARYREALM}
    @value{SECONDDOMAIN} = @value{SECONDREALM}
@end group
@end smallexample

@noindent
maps crash.@value{PRIMARYDOMAIN} into the TEST.@value{PRIMARYREALM}
realm.  All other hosts in the @value{PRIMARYDOMAIN} domain will map by
default to the @value{PRIMARYREALM} realm, and all hosts in the
@value{SECONDDOMAIN} domain will map by default into the
@value{SECONDREALM} realm.  Note the entries for the hosts
@value{PRIMARYDOMAIN} and @value{SECONDDOMAIN}.  Without these entries,
@ifset CYGNUS
these hosts would be mapped into the Kerberos realms @samp{COM} and
@end ifset
@ifclear CYGNUS
these hosts would be mapped into the Kerberos realms @samp{EDU} and
@end ifclear
@samp{ORG}, respectively.

@node logging, capaths, domain_realm, krb5.conf
@subsection [logging]
The [logging] section indicates how a particular entity is to perform
its logging.  The relations in this section assign one or more values to
the entity name.  Currently, the following entities are used:

@table @b
@itemx admin_server
These entries specify how the administrative server
is to perform its logging.

@itemx default
These entries specify how to perform logging in the
absence of explicit specifications otherwise.
@end table

Values are of the following forms:

@table @b
@itemx FILE=<filename>

@itemx FILE:<filename> 
This value causes the entity's logging messages to go to the specified
file.  If the @samp{=} form is used, the file is overwritten.  If the
@samp{:} form is used, the file is appended to.

@itemx STDERR
This value causes the entity's logging messages to go to its standard
error stream.

@itemx CONSOLE
This value causes the entity's logging messages to go to the console, if
the system supports it.

@itemx DEVICE=<devicename>
This causes the entity's logging messages to go to the specified device.

@itemx SYSLOG[:<severity>[:<facility>]]
This causes the entity's logging messages to go to the system log.

The @dfn{severity} argument specifies the default severity of system log
messages.  This may be any of the following severities supported by the
@code{syslog(3)} call, minus the LOG_ prefix:  LOG_EMERG, LOG_ALERT,
LOG_CRIT, LOG_ERR, LOG_WARNING, LOG_NOTICE, LOG_INFO, and LOG_DEBUG.
For example, a value of @samp{CRIT} would specify LOG_CRIT severity.

The facility argument specifies the facility under which the messages
are logged.  This may be any of the following facilities supported by
the syslog(3) call minus the LOG_ prefix:  LOG_KERN, LOG_USER, LOG_MAIL,
LOG_DAEMON, LOG_AUTH, LOG_LPR, LOG_NEWS, LOG_UUCP, LOG_CRON, and
LOG_LOCAL0 through LOG_LOCAL7.

If no severity is specified, the default is ERR.  If no facility is
specified, the default is AUTH.
@end table

In the following example, the logging messages from the KDC will go to
the console and to the system log under the facility LOG_DAEMON with
default severity of LOG_INFO; and the logging messages from the
administrative server will be appended to the file /var/adm/kadmin.log
and sent to the device /dev/tty04.

@smallexample
@group
[logging]
    kdc = CONSOLE
    kdc = SYSLOG:INFO:DAEMON
    admin_server = FILE:/var/adm/kadmin.log
    admin_server = DEVICE=/dev/tty04
@end group
@end smallexample

@node capaths, Sample krb5.conf File, logging, krb5.conf
@subsection [capaths]

In order to perform direct (non-hierarchical) cross-realm
authentication, a database is needed to construct the authentication
paths between the realms.  This section defines that database.

A client will use this section to find the authentication path between
its realm and the realm of the server.  The server will use this section
to verify the authentication path used be the client, by checking the
transited field of the received ticket.

There is a tag for each participating realm, and each tag has subtags
for each of the realms.  The value of the subtags is an intermediate
realm which may participate in the cross-realm authentication.  The
subtags may be repeated if there is more then one intermediate realm.  A
value of "."  means that the two realms share keys directly, and no
intermediate realms should be allowd to participate.

There are n**2 possible entries in this table, but only those entries
which will be needed on the client or the server need to be present.
The client needs a tag for its local realm, with subtags for all the
realms of servers it will need to authenticate with.  A server needs a
tag for each realm of the clients it will serve.

For example, ANL.GOV, PNL.GOV, and NERSC.GOV all wish to use the ES.NET
realm as an intermediate realm.  ANL has a sub realm of TEST.ANL.GOV
which will authenticate with NERSC.GOV but not PNL.GOV.  The [capath]
section for ANL.GOV systems would look like this:

@smallexample
@group
[capaths]
    ANL.GOV = @{
        TEST.ANL.GOV = .
        PNL.GOV = ES.NET
        NERSC.GOV = ES.NET
        ES.NET = .
    @}
    TEST.ANL.GOV = @{
        ANL.GOV = .
    @}
    PNL.GOV = @{
        ANL.GOV = ES.NET
    @}
    NERSC.GOV = @{
        ANL.GOV = ES.NET
    @}
    ES.NET = @{
        ANL.GOV = .
    @}
@end group
@end smallexample

The [capath] section of the configuration file used on NERSC.GOV systems
would look like this:

@smallexample
@group
[capaths]
    NERSC.GOV = @{
        ANL.GOV = ES.NET
        TEST.ANL.GOV = ES.NET
        TEST.ANL.GOV = ANL.GOV
        PNL.GOV = ES.NET
        ES.NET = .
    @}
    ANL.GOV = @{
        NERSC.GOV = ES.NET
    @}
    PNL.GOV = @{
        NERSC.GOV = ES.NET
    @}
    ES.NET = @{
        NERSC.GOV = .
    @}
    TEST.ANL.GOV = @{
        NERSC.GOV = ANL.GOV
        NERSC.GOV = ES.NET
    @}
@end group
@end smallexample

In the above examples, the ordering is not important, except when the
same subtag name is used more then once.  The client will use this to
determing the path.  (It is not important to the server, since the
transited field is not sorted.)

This feature is not currently supported by DCE.  DCE security servers
can be used with Kerberized clients and servers, but versions prior to
DCE 1.1 did not fill in the transited field, and should be used with
caution.

@node Sample krb5.conf File,  , capaths, krb5.conf
@subsection Sample krb5.conf File

Here is an example of a generic @code{krb5.conf} file:

@smallexample
@group
[libdefaults]
    ticket_lifetime = 600
    default_realm = @value{PRIMARYREALM}
    default_tkt_enctypes = des3-hmac-sha1 des-cbc-crc
    default_tgs_enctypes = des3-hmac-sha1 des-cbc-crc

[realms]
    @value{PRIMARYREALM} = @{
        kdc = @value{KDCSERVER}.@value{PRIMARYDOMAIN}
        kdc = @value{KDCSLAVE1}.@value{PRIMARYDOMAIN}
        kdc = @value{KDCSLAVE2}.@value{PRIMARYDOMAIN}
        admin_server = @value{KDCSERVER}.@value{PRIMARYDOMAIN}
        default_domain = @value{PRIMARYDOMAIN}
    @}
    @value{SECONDREALM} = @{
        kdc = @value{KDCSERVER}.@value{SECONDDOMAIN}
        kdc = @value{KDCSLAVE1}.@value{SECONDDOMAIN}
        admin_server = @value{KDCSERVER}.@value{SECONDDOMAIN}
    @}

[domain_realm]
@ifset MIT
    .mit.edu = ATHENA.MIT.EDU
@end ifset
    @value{PRIMARYDOMAIN} = @value{PRIMARYREALM}

@end group
@end smallexample

@iftex
@vfill
@end iftex

@node kdc.conf,  , krb5.conf, Configuration Files
@section kdc.conf

The @code{kdc.conf} file contains KDC configuration information,
including defaults used when issuing Kerberos tickets.  Normally, you
should install your @code{kdc.conf} file in the directory
@code{@value{ROOTDIR}/var/krb5kdc}.  You can override the default
location by setting the environment variable @samp{KRB5_KDC_PROFILE}.

The @code{kdc.conf} file is set up in the same format as the
@code{krb5.conf} file.  (@xref{krb5.conf}.)  The @code{kdc.conf} file
may contain any or all of the following three sections:

@table @b
@itemx kdcdefaults
Contains default values for overall behavior of the KDC.

@itemx realms
Contains subsections keyed by Kerberos realm names.  Each subsection
describes realm-specific information, including where to find the
Kerberos servers for that realm.

@itemx logging
Contains relations which determine how Kerberos programs are to perform
logging.
@end table

@menu
* kdcdefaults::                 
* realms (kdc.conf)::           
* Sample kdc.conf File::        
@end menu

@node kdcdefaults, realms (kdc.conf), kdc.conf, kdc.conf
@subsection [kdcdefaults]

The following relation is defined in the [kdcdefaults] section:

@table @b
@itemx kdc_ports
This relation lists the ports on which the Kerberos server should listen
by default.  This list is a comma separated list of integers.  If this
relation is not specified, the compiled-in default is usually port 88
(the assigned Kerberos port) and port 750 (the port used by Kerberos
V4).
@end table

@node realms (kdc.conf), Sample kdc.conf File, kdcdefaults, kdc.conf
@subsection [realms]

Each tag in the [realms] section of the file names a Kerberos realm.
The value of the tag is a subsection where the relations in that
subsection define KDC parameters for that particular realm.

For each realm, the following tags may be specified in the [realms]
subsection:

@table @b
@itemx acl_file
(String.)  Location of the access control list (acl) file that kadmin
uses to determine which principals are allowed which permissions on the
database.  The default is @code{@value{ROOTDIR}/var/krb5kdc/kadm5.acl}.

@itemx admin_keytab
(String.)  Location of the keytab file that kadmin uses to authenticate
to the database.  The default is
@code{@value{ROOTDIR}/var/krb5kdc/kadm5.keytab}.

@itemx database_name
(String.)  Location of the Kerberos database for this realm.  The
default is @* @code{@value{ROOTDIR}/var/krb5kdc/principal}.

@itemx default_principal_expiration
(Absolute time string.)  Specifies the default expiration date of
principals created in this realm.

@itemx default_principal_flags
(Flag string.)  Specifies the default attributes of principals created
in this realm.

@itemx dict_file
(String.)  Location of the dictionary file containing strings that are
not allowed as passwords.  The default is
@code{@value{ROOTDIR}/var/krb5kdc/kadm5.dict}.

@itemx kadmind_port
(Port number.)  Specifies the port that the kadmind daemon is to listen
for this realm.  The assigned port for kadmind is 749.

@itemx key_stash_file
(String.)  Specifies the location where the master key has been stored
(via @code{kdb5_util stash}).  The default is
@code{@value{ROOTDIR}/var/krb5kdc/.k5.@i{REALM}}, where @i{REALM} is the
Kerberos realm.

@itemx kdc_ports
(String.)  Specifies the list of ports that the KDC is to listen to for
this realm.  By default, the value of kdc_ports as specified in the
[kdcdefaults] section is used.

@itemx master_key_name
(String.)  Specifies the name of the master key.

@itemx master_key_type
(Key type string.)  Specifies the master key's key type.  Either
"des3-hmac-sha1" or
"des-cbc-crc" may be used at this time.

@itemx max_life
(Delta time string.)  Specifes the maximum time period for which a
ticket may be valid in this realm.

@itemx max_renewable_life
(Delta time string.)  Specifies the maximum time period during which a
valid ticket may be renewed in this realm.

@itemx supported_enctypes
List of key:salt strings.  Specifies the default key/salt combinations
of principals for this realm.  Any principals created through
@code{kadmin} will have keys of these types.  If you do not yet wish to
enable triple-DES support, you should set this tag to
@samp{des-cbc-crc:normal des-cbc-crc:v4}; otherwise, put
@samp{des3-hmac-sha1:normal} at the beginning of the list.

@itemx kdc_supported_enctypes
List of key:salt strings.  Specifies the permitted key/salt combinations
of principals for this realm.  You should set this tag to
@samp{des3-hmac-sha1:normal des-cbc-crc:normal des-cbc-crc:v4}.

@end table

@node Sample kdc.conf File,  , realms (kdc.conf), kdc.conf
@subsection Sample kdc.conf File

Here's an example of a @code{kdc.conf} file:

@smallexample
@group
[kdcdefaults]
    kdc_ports = 88

[realms]
    @value{PRIMARYREALM} = @{
        kadmind_port = 749
        max_life = 10h 0m 0s
        max_renewable_life = 7d 0h 0m 0s
        master_key_type = des3-hmac-sha1
        supported_enctypes = des3-hmac-sha1:normal des-cbc-crc:normal des-cbc-crc:v4
        kdc_supported_enctypes = des3-hmac-sha1:normal des-cbc-crc:normal des-cbc-crc:v4
    @}

[logging]
    kdc = FILE:@value{ROOTDIR}/var/krb5kdc/kdc.log
    admin_server = FILE:@value{ROOTDIR}/var/krb5kdc/kadmin.log

@end group
@end smallexample

@node Administrating Kerberos Database Entries, Application Servers, Configuration Files, Top
@chapter Administrating the Kerberos Database

Your Kerberos database contains all of your realm's Kerberos principals,
their passwords, and other administrative information about each
principal.  For the most part, you will use the @code{kdb5_util} program
to manipulate the Kerberos database as a whole, and the @code{kadmin}
program to make changes to the entries in the database.  (One notable
exception is that users will use the @code{kpasswd} program to change
their own passwords.)  The @code{kadmin} program has its own
command-line interface, to which you type the database administrating
commands.

@code{Kdb5_util} provides a means to create, delete, load, or dump a
Kerberos database.  It also includes a command to stash a copy of the
master database key in a file on a KDC, so that the KDC can authenticate
itself to the @code{kadmind} and @code{krb5kdc} daemons at boot time.

@code{Kadmin} provides for the maintenance of Kerberos principals, KADM5
policies, and service key tables (keytabs).  It exists as both a
Kerberos client, @code{kadmin}, using Kerberos authentication and an
RPC, to operate securely from anywhere on the network, and as a local
client, @code{kadmin.local}, intended to run directly on the KDC without
Kerberos authentication.  Other than the fact that the remote client
uses Kerberos to authenticate the person using it, the functionalities
of the two versions are identical.  The local version is necessary to
enable you to set up enough of the database to be able to use the remote
version.  It replaces the now obsolete @code{kdb5_edit} (except for
database dump and load, which are provided by @code{kdb5_util}).

The remote version authenticates to the KADM5 server using the service
principal @code{kadmin/admin}.  If the credentials cache contains a
ticket for the @code{kadmin/admin} principal, and the @samp{-c ccache}
option is specified, that ticket is used to authenticate to KADM5.
Otherwise, the @samp{-p} and @samp{-k} options are used to specify the
client Kerberos principal name used to authenticate.  Once kadmin has
determined the principal name, it requests a @code{kadmin/admin}
Kerberos service ticket from the KDC, and uses that service ticket to
authenticate to KADM5.

@menu
* Kadmin Options::              
* Date Format::                 
* Principals::                  
* Policies::                    
* Dumping a Kerberos Database to a File::  
* Restoring a Kerberos Database from a Dump File::  
* Creating a Stash File::       
* Creating and Destroying a Kerberos Database::  
@end menu

@node Kadmin Options, Date Format, Administrating Kerberos Database Entries, Administrating Kerberos Database Entries
@section Kadmin Options

You can invoke @code{kadmin} with any of the following options:

@table @b
@item @b{-r} @i{REALM}
Use @i{REALM} as the default Kerberos realm for the database.

@item @b{-p} @i{principal}
Use the Kerberos principal @i{principal} to authenticate to Kerberos.
If this option is not given, @code{kadmin} will append @code{admin} to
either the primary principal name, the environment variable USER, or to
the username obtained grom @code{getpwuid}, in order of preference.

@item @b{-k} @i{keytab}
Use the keytab @i{keytab} to decrypt the KDC response instead of
prompting for a password on the TTY.  In this case, the principal will
be @samp{host/@i{hostname}}.

@item @b{-c} @i{credentials cache}
Use @i{credentials_cache} as the credentials cache.  The credentials
cache should contain a service ticket for the @code{kadmin/admin}
service, which can be acquired with the @code{kinit} program.  If this
option is not specified, @code{kadmin} requests a new service ticket
from the KDC, and stores it in its own temporary ccache.

@item @b{-w} @i{password}
Use @i{password} as the password instead of prompting for one on the
TTY.  Note:  placing the password for a Kerberos principal with
administration access into a shell script can be dangerous if
unauthorized users gain read access to the script.

@item @b{-q} @i{query}
Pass @i{query} directly to @code{kadmin}.  This is useful for writing
scripts that pass specific queries to @code{kadmin}.

@item @b{-e} @i{"enctypes ..."}
@b{(For @code{kadmin.local} only.)}
Sets the list of cryptosystem and salt types to be used for any new keys
created.  Available types include @samp{des3-cbc-sha1:normal},
@samp{des-cbc-crc:normal}, and @samp{des-cbc-crc:v4}.

@end table

@node Date Format, Principals, Kadmin Options, Administrating Kerberos Database Entries
@section Date Format

Many of the @code{kadmin} commands take a duration or time as an
argument.  The date can appear in a wide variety of formats, such as:

@smallexample
@group
"15 minutes"
"7 days"
"1 month"
"2 hours"
"400000 seconds"
"next year"
"this Monday"
"next Monday"
yesterday
tomorrow
now
"second Monday"
fortnight
"3/31/1992 10:00:07 PST"
"January 23, 2007 10:05pm"
"22:00 GMT"
@end group
@end smallexample

Two-digit years are allowed in places, but the use of this form is not
recommended.

Note that if the date specification contains spaces, you must enclose it
in double quotes.  Note also that you cannot use a number without a
unit.  (I.e., ``"60 seconds"'' is correct, but ``60'' is incorrect.)
All keywords are case-insensitive.  The following is a list of all of
the allowable keywords.

@table @b
@item Months
january, jan, february, feb, march, mar, april, apr, may, june, jun,
july, jul, august, aug, september, sept, sep, october, oct, november,
nov, december, dec

@item Days
sunday, sun, monday, mon, tuesday, tues, tue, wednesday, wednes, wed,
thursday, thurs, thur, thu, friday, fri, saturday, sat

@item Units
year, month, fortnight, week, day, hour, minute, min, second, sec

@item Relative
tomorrow, yesterday, today, now, last, this, next, first, third, fourth,
fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, eleventh, twelfth, ago

@item Time Zones
@code{kadmin} recognizes abbreviations for most of the world's time
zones.  A complete listing appears in @ref{kadmin Time Zones}.

@item 12-hour Time Delimiters
am, pm
@end table

@node Principals, Policies, Date Format, Administrating Kerberos Database Entries
@section Principals

Each entry in the Kerberos database contains a Kerberos principal
(@pxref{Definitions}) and the attributes and policies associated with
that principal.

@menu
* Retrieving Information About a Principal::  
* Privileges::                  
* Adding or Modifying Principals::  
* Deleting Principals::         
* Changing Passwords::          
* Renaming Principals::         
@end menu

@node Retrieving Information About a Principal, Privileges, Principals, Principals
@subsection Retrieving Information About a Principal

@menu
* Attributes::                  
* Retrieving a List of Principals::  
@end menu

@node Attributes, Retrieving a List of Principals, Retrieving Information About a Principal, Retrieving Information About a Principal
@subsubsection Attributes

To retrieve a listing of the attributes and/or policies associated with
a principal, use the @code{kadmin} @code{get_principal} command, which
requires the ``inquire'' administrative privilege.  The syntax is:

@smallexample
@b{get_principal} @i{principal}
@end smallexample

@noindent The @code{get_principal} command has the alias @code{getprinc}.

For example, suppose you wanted to view the attributes of the principals
@* @code{@value{RANDOMUSER1}/root@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}} and
@code{systest@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}}.  You would type:

@smallexample
@group
@b{shell%} kadmin
@b{kadmin:} getprinc @value{RANDOMUSER1}/root
@b{Principal: @value{RANDOMUSER1}/root@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}
Key version: 3
Maximum life: 1 day 00:00:00
Maximum renewable life: 7 days 00:00:00
Master key version: 1
Expires: Mon Jan 18 22:14:07 EDT 2038
Password expires: Mon Sep 19 14:40:00 EDT 1996
Password last changed: Mon Jan 31 02:06:40 EDT 1996
Last modified: by @value{ADMINUSER}/admin@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}
	on Wed Jul 13 18:27:08 EDT 1996
Attributes: DISALLOW_FORWARDABLE, DISALLOW_PROXIABLE,
	REQUIRES_HW_AUTH
Salt type: DEFAULT
kadmin:}
@end group
@end smallexample

The @code{get_principal} command has a @code{-terse} option, which lists
the fields as a quoted, tab-separated string.  For example:

@smallexample
@group
@b{kadmin:} getprinc -terse systest
@b{systest@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}	3	86400	604800	1
785926535	753241234	785900000
@value{ADMINUSER}/admin@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}	786100034	0
0
kadmin:}
@end group
@end smallexample

@node Retrieving a List of Principals,  , Attributes, Retrieving Information About a Principal
@subsubsection Retrieving a List of Principals

To generate a listing of principals, use the @code{kadmin}
@code{list_principals} command, which requires the ``list'' privilege.
The syntax is:

@smallexample
@b{list_principals} [@i{expression}]
@end smallexample

@noindent where @i{expression} is a shell-style glob expression that can
contain the characters @samp{*}, @samp{?}, @samp{[}, and @samp{]}.  All
policy names matching the expression are displayed.  The
@code{list_principals} command has the alias @code{listprincs}.  For
example:

@smallexample
@group
@b{kadmin:} listprincs test*
@b{test3@@@value{PRIMARYDOMAIN}
test2@@@value{PRIMARYDOMAIN}
test1@@@value{PRIMARYDOMAIN}
testuser@@@value{PRIMARYDOMAIN}
kadmin:}
@end group
@end smallexample

@noindent If no expression is provided, all principals are printed.

@node Privileges, Adding or Modifying Principals, Retrieving Information About a Principal, Principals
@subsection Privileges

Administrative privileges for the Kerberos database are stored in the
file @code{kadm5.acl}.  Each line of the file contains a principal, the
privileges that principal has, and optionally the target to which those
permissions apply.  The privileges are represented by single letters;
UPPER-CASE letters represent negative permissions.  The permissions are:

@table @b
@itemx a
allows the addition of principals or policies in the database.
@itemx A
disallows the addition of principals or policies in the database.
@itemx d
allows the deletion of principals or policies in the database.
@itemx D
disallows the deletion of principals or policies in the database.
@itemx m    
allows the modification of principals or policies in the database.
@itemx M
disallows the modification of principals or policies in the database.
@itemx c
allows the changing of passwords for principals in the database.
@itemx C
disallows the changing of passwords for principals in the database.
@itemx i
allows inquiries to the database.
@itemx I
disallows inquiries to the database.
@itemx l
allows the listing of principals or policies in the database.
@itemx L
disallows the listing of principals or policies in the database.
@itemx *
All privileges (admcil).
@itemx x
All privileges (admcil); identical to ``*''.
@end table

Principals in this file can include the @b{*} wildcard.  Here is an
example of a @code{kadm5.acl} file.  Note that order is important;
permissions are determined by the first matching entry.

@smallexample
@group
*/admin@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}  *
@value{ADMINUSER}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}  ADMCIL
@value{ADMINUSER}/*@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}  il
@value{RANDOMUSER1}/root@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}  cil  */root@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}
*/*@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}  i
@end group
@end smallexample

@noindent In the above file, any principal with an @code{admin} instance
has all administrative privileges.  The user @code{@value{ADMINUSER}}
has all permissions with his @code{admin} instance,
@code{@value{ADMINUSER}/admin@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}} (matches the first
line).  He has no permissions at all with his @code{null} instance,
@code{@value{ADMINUSER}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}} (matches the second
line).  He has @i{inquire} and @i{list} permissions with any other
instance (matches the third line).  When @code{@value{RANDOMUSER1}} is
using her @code{root}
instance, @code{@value{RANDOMUSER1}/root@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}}, she has
@i{change password}, @i{inquire}, and @i{list} privileges for any other
principal that has the instance @code{root}.  Finally, any principal in
the realm @code{@value{PRIMARYREALM}} (except for
@code{@value{ADMINUSER}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}}, as mentioned above)
has @i{inquire} privileges.

@node Adding or Modifying Principals, Deleting Principals, Privileges, Principals
@subsection Adding or Modifying Principals

To add a principal to the database, use the kadmin @code{add_principal}
command, which requires the ``add'' administrative privilege.  This
function creates the new principal and, if neither the -policy nor
-clearpolicy options are specified and the policy ``default'' exists,
assigns it that policy.  The syntax is:

@smallexample
@b{kadmin:} add_principal [@i{options}] @i{principal}
@end smallexample

To modify attributes of a principal, use the kadmin
@code{modify_principal} command, which requires the ``modify''
administrative privilege.  The syntax is:

@smallexample
@b{kadmin:} modify_principal [@i{options}] @i{principal}
@end smallexample

@noindent
@code{add_principal} has the aliases @code{addprinc} and
@code{ank}@footnote{@code{ank} was the short form of the equivalent
command using the deprecated @code{kadmin5} database administrative
tool.  It has been kept}.  @code{modify_principal} has the alias @code{modprinc}.

The @code{add_principal} and @code{modify_principal} commands take the
following switches:

@table @b
@item -salt @i{salttype}
Uses the specified salt for generating the key.  The valid salt types
are:

@itemize @bullet
@item full_name (aliases ``v5_salt'' and ``normal''; this is the default)
@item name_only
@item realm_only
@item no_salt (alias ``v4_salt'')
@end itemize

@item -clearpolicy
For @code{modify_principal}, removes the current policy from a
principal.  For @code{add_principal}, suppresses the automatic
assignment of the policy ``default''.

@item -expire @i{date}
Sets the expiration date of the principal to @i{date}.

@item -pwexpire @i{date}
Sets the expiration date of the password to @i{date}.

@item -maxlife @i{maxlife}
Sets the maximum ticket life of the principal to @i{maxlife}.

@item -kvno @i{number}
Explicity sets the key version number to @i{number}.  @value{COMPANY}
does not recommend doing this unless there is a specific reason.

@item -policy @i{policy}
Sets the policy used by this principal.  (@xref{Policies}.)  With
@code{modify_principal}, the current policy assigned to the principal is
set or changed.  With @code{add_principal}, if this option is not
supplied, the -clearpolicy is not specified, and the policy ``default''
exists, that policy is assigned.  If a principal is created with no
policy, @code{kadmin} will print a warning message.

@item @{-|+@}allow_postdated
The ``-allow_postdated'' option prohibits this principal from obtaining
postdated tickets.  ``+allow_postdated'' clears this flag.  In effect,
``-allow_postdated'' sets the KRB5_KDB_DISALLOW_POSTDATED flag on the
principal in the database.

@item @{-|+@}allow_forwardable
The ``-allow_forwardable'' option prohibits this principal from
obtaining forwardable tickets.  ``+allow_forwardable'' clears this flag.
In effect, ``-allow_forwardable'' sets the KRB5_KDB_DISALLOW_FORWARDABLE
flag on the principal in the database.

@item @{-|+@}allow_renewable
The ``-allow_renewable'' option prohibits this principal from obtaining
renewable tickets.  ``+allow_renewable'' clears this flag.  In effect,
``-allow_renewable'' sets the KRB5_KDB_DISALLOW_RENEWABLE flag on the
principal in the database.

@item @{-|+@}allow_proxiable
The ``-allow_proxiable'' option prohibits this principal from obtaining
proxiable tickets.  ``+allow_proxiable'' clears this flag.  In effect,
``-allow_proxiable'' sets the @* KRB5_KDB_DISALLOW_PROXIABLE flag. on
the principal in the database.

@item @{-|+@}allow_dup_skey
The ``-allow_dup_skey'' option disables user-to-user authentication for
this principal by prohibiting this principal from obtaining a session
key for another user.  ``+allow_dup_skey'' clears this flag.  In effect,
``-allow_dup_skey'' sets the @* KRB5_KDB_DISALLOW_DUP_SKEY flag on the
principal in the database.

@item @{-|+@}requires_preauth
The ``+requires_preauth'' option requires this principal to
preauthenticate before being allowed to kinit.  -requires_preauth clears
this flag.  In effect, +requires_preauth sets the
KRB5_KDB_REQUIRES_PRE_AUTH flag on the principal in the database.

@item @{-|+@}requires_hwauth
The ``+requires_hwauth'' flag requires the principal to preauthenticate
using a hardware device before being allowed to kinit.
``-requires_hwauth'' clears this flag.  In effect, ``+requires_hwauth''
sets the KRB5_KDB_REQUIRES_HW_AUTH flag on the principal in the
database.

@item @{-|+@}allow_svr
The ``-allow_svr'' flag prohibits the issuance of service tickets for
this principal.  ``+allow_svr'' clears this flag.  In effect,
``-allow_svr'' sets the @* KRB5_KDB_DISALLOW_SVR flag on the principal
in the database.

@item @{-|+@}allow_tgs_req
The ``-allow_tgs_req'' option specifies that a Ticket-Granting Service
(TGS) request for a service ticket for this principal is not permitted.
You will probably never need to use this option.  ``+allow_tgs_req''
clears this flag.  The default is ``+allow_tgs_req''.  In effect,
``-allow_tgs_req'' sets the KRB5_KDB_DISALLOW_TGT_BASED flag on the
principal in the database.

@item @{-|+@}allow_tix
The ``-allow_tix'' option forbids the issuance of any tickets for this
principal.  ``+allow_tix'' clears this flag.  The default is
``+allow_tix''.  In effect, ``-allow_tix'' sets the @*
KRB5_KDB_DISALLOW_ALL_TIX flag on the principal in the database.

@item @{-|+@}needchange
The ``+needchange'' option sets a flag in attributes field to force a
password change; ``-needchange'' clears it.  The default is
``-needchange''.  In effect, ``+needchange'' sets the
KRB5_KDB_REQUIRES_PWCHANGE flag on the principal in the database.

@item @{-|+@}password_changing_service
The ``+password_changing_service'' option sets a flag in the attributes
field marking this principal as a password change service. (Again, you
will probably never need to use this option.)
``-password_changing_service'' clears the flag.  The default is
``-password_changing_service''.  In effect, the
``+password_changing_service'' option sets the KRB5_KDB_PWCHANGE_SERVICE
flag on the principal in the database.

@item -clearpolicy @i{policyname}
Removes the policy @i{policyname} from the principal
(@code{modify_principal} only).

@item -randkey
Sets the key for the principal to a random value (@code{add_principal}
only).  @value{COMPANY} recommends using this option for host keys.

@item -pw @i{password}
Sets the key of the principal to the specified string and does not
prompt for a password (@code{add_principal} only).  @value{COMPANY} does
not recommend using this option.

@item -e @i{enc:salt...}
Uses the specified list of enctype-salttype pairs for setting the key of
the principal.  The quotes are necessary if there are multiple
enctype-salttype pairs.  This will not function against kadmin daemons
earlier than krb5-1.2.
@end table

If you want to just use the default values, all you need to do is:

@smallexample
@group
@b{kadmin:} addprinc @value{RANDOMUSER1}
@b{WARNING: no policy specified for "@value{RANDOMUSER1}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}";
defaulting to no policy.}
@iftex
@b{Enter password for principal @value{RANDOMUSER1}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}:}  @i{@doubleleftarrow{} Type the password.}
@b{Re-enter password for principal @value{RANDOMUSER1}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}:}  @i{@doubleleftarrow{} Type it again.}
@end iftex
@ifinfo
@b{Enter password for principal @value{RANDOMUSER1}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}:}  @i{<= Type the password.}
@b{Re-enter password for principal @value{RANDOMUSER1}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}:}  @i{<=Type it again.}
@end ifinfo
@b{Principal "@value{RANDOMUSER1}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}" created.
kadmin:}
@end group
@end smallexample

If, on the other hand, you want to set up an account that expires on
January 1, 2000, that uses a policy called ``stduser'', with a temporary
password (which you want the user to change immediately), you would type
the following.  (Note:  each line beginning with @result{} is a
continuation of the previous line.)

@smallexample
@group

@b{kadmin:} addprinc @value{RANDOMUSER2} -expire "1/1/2000 12:01am EST" -policy stduser 
@result{}  +needchange 
@iftex
@b{Enter password for principal @value{RANDOMUSER2}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}:}  @i{@doubleleftarrow{} Type the password.}
@b{Re-enter password for principal
@value{RANDOMUSER2}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}:}  @i{@doubleleftarrow{} Type it again.}
@end iftex
@ifinfo
@b{Enter password for principal @value{RANDOMUSER2}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}:}  @i{<= Type the password.}
@b{Re-enter password for principal
@value{RANDOMUSER2}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}:}  @i{<= Type it again.}
@end ifinfo
@b{Principal "@value{RANDOMUSER2}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}" created.
kadmin:}

@end group
@end smallexample

If you will need cross-realm authentication, you need to add principals
for the other realm's TGT to each realm.  For example, if you need to do
cross-realm authentication between the realms @value{PRIMARYREALM} and
@value{SECONDREALM}, you would need to add the principals @*
@samp{krbtgt/@value{SECONDREALM}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}} and
@samp{krbtgt/@value{PRIMARYREALM}@@@value{SECONDREALM}} to both
databases.  You need to be sure the passwords and the key version
numbers (kvno) are the same in both databases.  This may require
explicitly setting the kvno with the @samp{-kvno} option.

@node Deleting Principals, Changing Passwords, Adding or Modifying Principals, Principals
@subsection Deleting Principals

To delete a principal, use the kadmin @code{delete_principal} command,
which requires the ``delete'' administrative privilege.  The syntax is:

@smallexample
@b{delete_principal} [@b{-force}] @i{principal}
@end smallexample

@noindent @code{delete_principal} has the alias @code{delprinc}.  The
@code{-force} option causes @code{delete_principal} not to ask if you're
sure.  For example:

@smallexample
@group
@b{kadmin:} delprinc @value{RANDOMUSER1}
@b{Are you sure you want to delete the principal
"@value{RANDOMUSER1}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}"? (yes/no):} yes
@b{Principal "@value{RANDOMUSER1}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}" deleted.
Make sure that you have removed this principal from
all ACLs before reusing.
kadmin:}
@end group
@end smallexample

@node Changing Passwords, Renaming Principals, Deleting Principals, Principals
@subsection Changing Passwords

To change a principal's password use the kadmin @code{change_password}
command, which requires the ``modify'' administrative privilege (unless
the principal is changing his/her own password).  The syntax is:

@smallexample
@b{change_password} [@i{options}] @i{principal}
@end smallexample

@noindent The @code{change_password} option has the alias @code{cpw}.
@code{change_password} takes the following options:

@table @b
@item @b{-salt} @i{salttype}
Uses the specified salt for generating the key.  Salt types are the same
as for the @code{add_principal} command (@pxref{Adding or Modifying
Principals}).

@item -randkey
Sets the key of the principal to a random value.

@item @b{-pw} @i{password}
Sets the password to the string @i{password}.  @value{COMPANY} does not
recommend using this option.

@item @b{-e} @i{"enc:salt..."}
Uses the specified list of enctype-salttype pairs for setting the key of
the principal.  The quotes are necessary if there are multiple
enctype-salttype pairs.  This will not function against kadmin daemons
earlier than krb5-1.2.
@end table

For example:

@smallexample
@group
@b{kadmin:} cpw @value{RANDOMUSER2}
@iftex
@b{Enter password for principal @value{RANDOMUSER2}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}:}  @i{@doubleleftarrow{} Type the new password.}
@b{Re-enter password for principal @value{RANDOMUSER2}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}:}  @i{@doubleleftarrow{} Type it again.}
@end iftex
@ifinfo
@b{Enter password for principal @value{RANDOMUSER2}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}:}  @i{<= Type the new password.}
@b{Re-enter password for principal @value{RANDOMUSER2}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}:}  @i{<= Type it again.}
@end ifinfo
@b{Password for @value{RANDOMUSER2}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM} changed.
kadmin:}
@end group
@end smallexample

Note that @code{change_password} will not let you change the password to
one that is in the principal's password history.

@node Renaming Principals,  , Changing Passwords, Principals
@subsection Renaming Principals

To rename a principal, use the kadmin @code{rename_principal} command,
which requires both the ``add'' and ``delete'' administrative
privileges.  The syntax is:

@smallexample
@b{rename_principal} [@b{-force}] @i{old_principal} @i{new_principal}
@end smallexample

@noindent The @code{rename_principal} command has the alias @code{renprinc}.

For example:

@smallexample
@group
@b{kadmin:} renprinc test test0
@b{Are you sure you want to rename the principal
"test@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}" to
"test0@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}"? (yes/no):} yes
@b{Principal "test@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}" renamed to
"test0@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}".
Make sure that you have removed "test@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}" from
all ACLs before reusing.
kadmin:}
@end group
@end smallexample

@node Policies, Dumping a Kerberos Database to a File, Principals, Administrating Kerberos Database Entries
@section Policies

A policy is a set of rules governing passwords.  Policies can dictate
minimum and maximum password lifetimes, minimum number of characters and
character classes a password must contain, and the number of old
passwords kept in the database.

@menu
* Retrieving Policies::         
* Retrieving the List of Policies::  
* Adding or Modifying Policies::  
* Deleting Policies::           
@end menu

@node Retrieving Policies, Retrieving the List of Policies, Policies, Policies
@subsection Retrieving Policies

To retrieve a policy, use the kadmin @code{get_policy} command, which
requires the ``inquire'' administrative privilege.  The syntax is:

@smallexample
@b{get_policy} [@b{-terse}] @i{policy}
@end smallexample

The @code{get_policy} command has the alias @code{getpol}.  For example:

@smallexample
@group
@b{kadmin:} get_policy admin
@b{Policy: admin
Maximum password life: 180 days 00:00:00
Minimum password life: 00:00:00
Minimum password length: 6
Minimum number of password character classes: 2
Number of old keys kept: 5
Reference count: 17
kadmin:}
@end group
@end smallexample

@noindent The @dfn{reference count} is the number of principals using
that policy.

The @code{get_policy} command has a @code{-terse} option, which lists
each field as a quoted, tab-separated string.  For example:

@smallexample
@group
@b{kadmin:} get_policy -terse admin
@b{admin   15552000        0       6       2       5       17
kadmin:}
@end group
@end smallexample

@node Retrieving the List of Policies, Adding or Modifying Policies, Retrieving Policies, Policies
@subsection Retrieving the List of Policies

You can retrieve the list of policies with the kadmin
@code{list_policies} command, which requires the ``list'' privilege.  The
syntax is:

@smallexample
@b{list_policies} [@i{expression}]
@end smallexample

@noindent where @i{expression} is a shell-style glob expression that can
contain the characters *, ?, and [].  All policy names matching the
expression are displayed.  The @code{list_policies} command has the alias
@code{listpols}.  For example:

@smallexample
@group
@b{kadmin:}  listpols
@b{test-pol
dict-only
once-a-min
test-pol-nopw}

@b{kadmin:}  listpols t*
@b{test-pol
test-pol-nopw
kadmin:}
@end group
@end smallexample

@node Adding or Modifying Policies, Deleting Policies, Retrieving the List of Policies, Policies
@subsection Adding or Modifying Policies

To add a new policy, use the kadmin @code{add_policy} command, which
requires the ``add'' administrative privilege.  The syntax is:

@smallexample
@b{add_policy} [@i{options}] @i{policy_name}
@end smallexample

To modify attributes of a principal, use the kadmin @code{modify_policy}
command, which requires the ``modify'' administrative privilege.  The
syntax is:

@smallexample
@b{modify_policy} [@i{options}] @i{policy_name}
@end smallexample

@noindent @code{add_policy} has the alias @code{addpol}.
@code{modify_poilcy} has the alias @code{modpol}.

The @code{add_policy} and @code{modify_policy} commands take the
following switches:

@table @b
@item -maxlife @i{time}
Sets the maximum lifetime of a password to @i{time}.

@item -minlife @i{time}
Sets the minimum lifetime of a password to @i{time}.

@item -minlength @i{length}
Sets the minimum length of a password to @i{length} characters.

@item -minclasses @i{number}
Requires at least @i{number} of character classes in a password.

@item -history @i{number}
Sets the number of past keys kept for a principal to @i{number}.
@end table

@c **** An example here would be nice.  ****

@node Deleting Policies,  , Adding or Modifying Policies, Policies
@subsection Deleting Policies

To delete a policy, use the @code{kadmin} @code{delete_policy} command,
which requires the ``delete'' administrative privilege.  The syntax is:

@smallexample
@b{delete_policy} @i{policy_name}
@end smallexample

@noindent The @code{delete_policy} command has the alias @code{delpol}.
It prompts for confirmation before deletion.
For example:

@smallexample
@group
@b{kadmin:} delete_policy guests
@b{Are you sure you want to delete the policy "guests"?
(yes/no):} yes
@b{Policy "guests" deleted.
kadmin:}
@end group
@end smallexample

Note that you must cancel the policy from all principals before deleting
it.  The @code{delete_policy} command will fail if it is in use by any
principals.

@node Dumping a Kerberos Database to a File, Restoring a Kerberos Database from a Dump File, Policies, Administrating Kerberos Database Entries
@section Dumping a Kerberos Database to a File

To dump a Kerberos database into a file, use the @code{kdb5_util}
@code{dump} command on one of the KDCs.  The syntax is:

@smallexample
@b{kdb5_util dump} [@b{-old}] [@b{-b6}] [@b{-ov}] [@b{-verbose}] [@i{filename}
[@i{principals...}]]
@end smallexample

The @code{kdb5_util dump} command takes the following options:

@table @b
@itemx -old
causes the dump to be in the Kerberos 5 Beta 5 and earlier dump format
(``kdb5_edit load_dump version 2.0'').
@itemx -b6
causes the dump to be in the Kerberos 5 Beta 6 format (``kdb5_edit
load_dump version 3.0'').
@itemx -ov
causes the dump to be in ovsec_adm_export format.  Currently, the only
way to preserve per-principal policy information is to use this in
conjunction with a normal dump.
@itemx -verbose
causes the name of each principal and policy to be printed as it is
dumped.
@end table

For example:

@smallexample
@group
@b{shell%} kdb5_util dump dumpfile
@b{shell%}
@end group
@end smallexample

@smallexample
@group
@b{shell%} kbd5_util dump -verbose dumpfile
@b{kadmin/admin@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}
krbtgt/@value{PRIMARYREALM}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}
kadmin/history@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}
K/M@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}
kadmin/changepw@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}
shell%}
@end group
@end smallexample

@noindent
If you specify which principals to dump, you must use the full
principal, as in the following example.  (The line beginning with
@result{} is a continuation of the previous line.):

@smallexample
@group
@b{shell%} kdb5_util dump -verbose dumpfile K/M@@@value{PRIMARYREALM} 
@result{} kadmin/admin@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}
@b{kadmin/admin@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}
K/M@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}
shell%}
@end group
@end smallexample

@noindent
Otherwise, the principals will not match those in the database and will
not be dumped:

@smallexample
@group
@b{shell%} kdb5_util dump -verbose dumpfile K/M kadmin/admin
@b{shell%}
@end group
@end smallexample

@noindent
If you do not specify a dump file, @code{kdb5_util} will dump the
database to the standard output.

There is currently a bug where the default dump format omits the
per-principal policy information.  In order to dump all the data
contained in the Kerberos database, you must perform a normal dump (with
no option flags) and an additional dump using the ``-ov'' flag to a
different file.

@node Restoring a Kerberos Database from a Dump File, Creating a Stash File, Dumping a Kerberos Database to a File, Administrating Kerberos Database Entries
@section Restoring a Kerberos Database from a Dump File

To restore a Kerberos database dump from a file, use the
@code{kdb5_util} @code{load} command on one of the KDCs.  The syntax
is:

@smallexample
@b{kdb5_util load} [@b{-old}] [@b{-b6}] [@b{-ov}] [@b{-verbose}] [@b{-update}]
@i{dumpfilename} @i{dbname} [@i{admin_dbname}]
@end smallexample

The @code{kdb5_util load} command takes the following options:

@table @b
@itemx -old
requires the dump to be in the Kerberos 5 Beta 5 and earlier dump format
(``kdb5_edit load_dump version 2.0'').
@itemx -b6
requires the dump to be in the Kerberos 5 Beta 6 format (``kdb5_edit
load_dump version 3.0'').
@itemx -ov
requires the dump to be in ovsec_adm_export format.
@itemx -verbose
causes the name of each principal and policy to be printed as it is
dumped.
@itemx -update
causes records from the dump file to be updated in or added to the
existing database.  This is useful in conjunction with an
ovsec_adm_export format dump if you want to preserve per-principal
policy information, since the current default format does not contain
this data.
@end table

For example:

@smallexample
@group
@b{shell%} kdb5_util load dumpfile principal
@b{shell%}
@end group
@end smallexample

@smallexample
@group
@b{shell%} kdb5_util load -update dumpfile principal
@b{shell%}
@end group
@end smallexample

@noindent
If the database file exists, and the @b{-update} flag was not given,
@code{kdb5_util} will overwrite the existing database.

@node Creating a Stash File, Creating and Destroying a Kerberos Database, Restoring a Kerberos Database from a Dump File, Administrating Kerberos Database Entries
@section Creating a Stash File

A stash file allows a KDC to authenticate itself to the database
utilities, such as @code{kadmin}, @code{kadmind}, @code{krb5kdc}, and
@code{kdb5_util}.

To create a stash file, use the @code{kdb5_util} @code{stash} command.
The syntax is:

@smallexample
@b{kdb5_util stash} [@b{-f} @i{keyfile}]
@end smallexample

For example:

@smallexample
@group
@b{shell%} kdb5_util stash
@b{kdb5_util: Cannot find/read stored master key while reading master key
kdb5_util: Warning: proceeding without master key}
@iftex
@b{Enter KDC database master key:}  @i{@doubleleftarrow{} Type the KDC database master password.}
@end iftex
@ifinfo
@b{Enter KDC database master key:}  @i{<= Type the KDC database master password.}
@end ifinfo
@b{shell%}
@end group
@end smallexample

@noindent
If you do not specify a stash file, @code{kdb5_util} will stash the key
in the file specified in your @code{kdc.conf} file.

@node Creating and Destroying a Kerberos Database,  , Creating a Stash File, Administrating Kerberos Database Entries
@section Creating and Destroying a Kerberos Database

If you need to create a new Kerberos database, use the @code{kdb5_util}
@code{create} command.  The syntax is:

@smallexample
@b{kdb5_util create} [@b{-s}]
@end smallexample

If you specify the @samp{-s} option, @code{kdb5_util} will stash a copy
of the master key in a stash file.  (@xref{Creating a Stash File}.)  For
example:

@smallexample
@group
@b{shell%} @value{ROOTDIR}/sbin/kdb5_util -r @value{PRIMARYREALM} create -s
@b{kdb5_util: No such file or directory while setting active database to
@result{} '@value{ROOTDIR}/var/krb5kdc/principal'
Initializing database '@value{ROOTDIR}/var/krb5kdc/principal' for
@result{} realm '@value{PRIMARYREALM}',
master key name 'K/M@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}'
You will be prompted for the database Master Password.
It is important that you NOT FORGET this password.}
@iftex
@b{Enter KDC database master key:}  @i{@doubleleftarrow{} Type the master password.}
@b{Re-enter KDC database master key to verify:}  @i{@doubleleftarrow{} Type it again.}
@end iftex
@ifinfo
@b{Enter KDC database master key:}  @i{<= Type the master password.}
@b{Re-enter KDC database master key to verify:}  @i{<= Type it again.}
@end ifinfo
@b{shell%}
@end group
@end smallexample

@ignore
@c @node The KDC Logs,  , Creating and Destroying a Kerberos Database, Administrating Kerberos Database Entries
@c @section The KDC Logs

This will have to wait until the next release.  *sigh*
@end ignore

@node Application Servers, Backups of Secure Hosts, Administrating Kerberos Database Entries, Top
@chapter Application Servers

If you need to install the @value{PRODUCT} programs on an application
server, please refer to the @value{PRODUCT} Installation Guide.  Once
you have installed the software, you need to add that host to the
Kerberos database (@pxref{Adding or Modifying Principals}), and generate
a @dfn{keytab} for that host, that contains the host's key.  You also
need to make sure the host's clock is within your maximum clock skew of
the KDCs.

@menu
* Keytabs::                     
* Clock Skew::                  
* Getting DNS Information Correct::  
* Configuring Your Firewall to Work With Kerberos V5::  
@end menu

@node Keytabs, Clock Skew, Application Servers, Application Servers
@section Keytabs

A @dfn{keytab} is a host's copy of its own keylist, which is analogous
to a user's password.  An application server that needs to authenticate
itself to the KDC has to have a keytab that contains its own principal
and key.  Just as it is important for users to protect their passwords,
it is equally important for hosts to protect their keytabs.  You should
always store keytab files on local disk, and make them readable only by
root, and you should never send a keytab file over a network in the
clear.  Ideally, you should run the @code{kadmin} command to extract a
keytab on the host on which the keytab is to reside.

@menu
* Adding Principals to Keytabs::  
* Removing Principals from Keytabs::  
@end menu

@node Adding Principals to Keytabs, Removing Principals from Keytabs, Keytabs, Keytabs
@subsection Adding Principals to Keytabs

To generate a keytab, or to add a principal to an existing keytab, use
the @code{ktadd} command from @code{kadmin}, which requires the
``inquire'' administrative privilege.  (If you use the @b{-glob}
@i{princ_exp} option, it also requires the ``list'' administrative
privilege.)  The syntax is:

@smallexample
@b{ktadd} [@b{-k} @i{keytab}] [@b{-q}] [@i{principal} | @b{-glob} @i{princ_exp}] [@i{@dots{}}]
@end smallexample

The @code{ktadd} command takes the following switches:

@table @b
@item -k @i{keytab}
use @i{keytab} as the keytab file.  Otherwise, @code{ktadd} will use the
default keytab file (@code{/etc/krb5.keytab}).

@item @b{-e} @i{"enc:salt..."}
Uses the specified list of enctype-salttype pairs for setting the key of
the principal.  The quotes are necessary if there are multiple
enctype-salttype pairs.  This will not function against kadmin daemons
earlier than krb5-1.2.

@item -q
run in quiet mode.  This causes @code{ktadd} to display less verbose
information.

@item @i{principal} | -glob @i{principal expression}
add @i{principal}, or all principals matching @i{principal expression}
to the keytab.  The rules for @i{principal expression} are the same as
for the kadmin @code{list_principals} (@pxref{Retrieving a List of
Principals}) command.
@end table

Here is a sample session, using configuration files that enable only
@samp{des-cbc-crc} encryption. (The line beginning with @result{} is a
continuation of the previous line.)

@smallexample
@group
@b{kadmin:} ktadd host/@value{RANDOMHOST1}.@value{PRIMARYDOMAIN}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}
@b{kadmin: Entry for principal host/@value{RANDOMHOST1}.@value{PRIMARYDOMAIN}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM} with
     kvno 2, encryption type DES-CBC-CRC added to keytab
     WRFILE:/etc/krb5.keytab.
kadmin:}
@end group
@end smallexample

@smallexample
@group
@b{kadmin:} ktadd -k @value{ROOTDIR}/var/krb5kdc/kadmind.keytab
@result{} kadmin/admin kadmin/changepw
@b{kadmin: Entry for principal kadmin/admin@@@value{PRIMARYREALM} with
     kvno 3, encryption type DES-CBC-CRC added to keytab
     WRFILE:@value{ROOTDIR}/var/krb5kdc/kadmind.keytab.
kadmin:}
@end group
@end smallexample

@node Removing Principals from Keytabs,  , Adding Principals to Keytabs, Keytabs
@subsection Removing Principals from Keytabs

To remove a principal to an existing keytab, use the kadmin
@code{ktremove} command.  The syntax is:

@smallexample
@b{ktremove} [@b{-k} @i{keytab}] [@b{-q}] @i{principal} [@i{kvno} | @b{all} | @b{old}]
@end smallexample

The @code{ktremove} command takes the following switches:

@table @b
@item -k @i{keytab}
use @i{keytab} as the keytab file.  Otherwise, @code{ktremove} will use
the default keytab file (@code{/etc/krb5.keytab}).

@item -q
run in quiet mode.  This causes @code{ktremove} to display less verbose
information.

@item @i{principal}
the principal to remove from the keytab.  (Required.)

@item @i{kvno}
remove all entries for the specified principal whose Key Version Numbers
match @i{kvno}.

@item all
remove all entries for the specified principal

@item old
remove all entries for the specified principal except those with the
highest kvno.
@end table

For example:

@smallexample
@group
@b{kadmin:} ktremove -k @value{ROOTDIR}/var/krb5kdc/kadmind.keytab kadmin/admin
@b{kadmin: Entry for principal kadmin/admin with kvno 3 removed
     from keytab WRFILE:@value{ROOTDIR}/var/krb5kdc/kadmind.keytab.
kadmin:}
@end group
@end smallexample

@node Clock Skew, Getting DNS Information Correct, Keytabs, Application Servers
@section Clock Skew

In order to prevent intruders from resetting their system clocks in
order to continue to use expired tickets, @value{PRODUCT} is set up to
reject ticket requests from any host whose clock is not within the
specified maximum clock skew of the KDC (as specified in the
@code{kdc.conf} file).  Similarly, hosts are configured to reject
responses from any KDC whose clock is not within the specified maximum
clock skew of the host (as specified in the @code{krb5.conf} file).  The
default value for maximum clock skew is 300 seconds (five minutes).

@value{COMPANY} suggests that you add a line to client machines'
@code{/etc/rc} files to synchronize the machine's clock to your KDC at
boot time.  On UNIX hosts, assuming you had a kdc called
@code{@value{KDCSERVER}} in your realm, this would be:

@smallexample
gettime -s @value{KDCSERVER}
@end smallexample

If the host is not likely to be rebooted frequently, you may also want
to set up a cron job that adjusts the time on a regular basis.

@node Getting DNS Information Correct, Configuring Your Firewall to Work With Kerberos V5, Clock Skew, Application Servers
@section Getting DNS Information Correct

Several aspects of Kerberos rely on name service.  In order for Kerberos
to provide its high level of security, it is less forgiving of name
service problems than some other parts of your network.  It is important
that your Domain Name System (DNS) entries and your hosts have the
correct information.

Each host's canonical name must be the fully-qualified host name
(including the domain), and each host's IP address must reverse-resolve
to the canonical name.

Other than the @code{localhost} entry, make all entries in each
machine's @code{/etc/hosts} file in the following form:

@smallexample
IP address      fully-qualified hostname        aliases
@end smallexample

Here is a sample @code{/etc/hosts} file:

@smallexample
@group
# this is a comment
127.0.0.1       localhost localhost@@@value{PRIMARYDOMAIN}
@value{RANDOMHOST1IP}       @value{RANDOMHOST1}.@value{PRIMARYDOMAIN} trillium wake-robin
@end group
@end smallexample

Additionally, on Solaris machines, you need to be sure the ``hosts''
entry in the file @* @code{/etc/nsswitch.conf} includes the source
``dns'' as well as ``file''.

Finally, each host's keytab file must include a host/key pair for the
host's canonical name.  You can list the keys in a keytab file by
issuing the command @code{klist -k}.  For example:

@smallexample
@group
viola# klist -k
Keytab name: /etc/krb5.keytab
KVNO Principal
---- ------------------------------------------------------------
   1 host/@value{RANDOMHOST1}.@value{PRIMARYDOMAIN}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}
@end group
@end smallexample

If you telnet to the host with a fresh credentials cache (ticket file),
and then @code{klist}, the host's service principal should be
@i{host/fully-qualified-hostname@@REALM_NAME}.

@node Configuring Your Firewall to Work With Kerberos V5,  , Getting DNS Information Correct, Application Servers
@section Configuring Your Firewall to Work With @value{PRODUCT}

If you need off-site users to be able to get Kerberos tickets in your
realm, they must be able to get to your KDC.  This requires either that
you have a slave KDC outside your firewall, or you configure your
firewall to allow UDP requests into to at least one of your KDCs, on
whichever port the KDC is running.  (The default is port 88; other ports
may be specified in the KDC's kdc.conf file.)  Similarly, if you need
off-site users to be able to change their passwords in your realm, they
must be able to get to your Kerberos admin server.  The default port for
the admin server is 749.

If your on-site users inside your firewall will need to get to KDCs in
other realms, you will also need to configure your firewall to allow
outgoing TCP and UDP requests to port 88.  Additionally, if they will
need to get to any Kerberos V4 KDCs, you may also need to allow TCP and
UDP requests to port 750.  If your on-site users inside your firewall
will need to get to Kerberos admin servers in other realms, you will
also need to allow outgoing TCP and UDP requests to port 749.

If any of your KDCs is outside your firewall, you will need to allow
@code{kprop} requests to get through to the remote KDC.  @code{Kprop}
uses the krb5_prop service on port 754 (tcp).

If you need your off-site users to have access to machines inside your
firewall, you need to allow TCP connections from their off-site hosts on
the appropriate ports for the programs they will be using.  The
following lines from @code{/etc/services} show the default port numbers
for the @value{PRODUCT} programs:

@smallexample
@group
ftp           21/tcp           # Kerberos ftp and telnet use the
telnet        23/tcp           # default ports
kerberos      88/udp    kdc    # Kerberos V5 KDC
kerberos      88/tcp    kdc    # Kerberos V5 KDC
klogin        543/tcp          # Kerberos authenticated rlogin
kshell        544/tcp   cmd    # and remote shell
kerberos-adm  749/tcp          # Kerberos 5 admin/changepw
kerberos-adm  749/udp          # Kerberos 5 admin/changepw
krb5_prop     754/tcp          # Kerberos slave propagation
@c kpop          1109/tcp         # Pop with Kerberos
eklogin       2105/tcp         # Kerberos auth. & encrypted rlogin
krb524        4444/tcp         # Kerberos 5 to 4 ticket translator
@end group
@end smallexample

By default, @value{PRODUCT} @code{telnet} and @code{ftp} use the same
ports as the standard @code{telnet} and @code{ftp} programs, so if you
already allow telnet and ftp connections through your firewall, the
@value{PRODUCT} versions will get through as well.  If you do not
already allow telnet and ftp connections through your firewall, but need
your users to be able to use @value{PRODUCT} telnet and ftp, you can
either allow ftp and telnet connections on the standard ports, or switch
these programs to non-default port numbers and allow ftp and telnet
connections on those ports to get through.

@value{PRODUCT} @code{rlogin} uses the @code{klogin} service, which by
default uses port 543.  Encrypted @value{PRODUCT} rlogin uses uses the
@code{eklogin} service, which by default uses port 2105.

@value{PRODUCT} @code{rsh} uses the @code{kshell} service, which by
default uses port 544.  However, the server must be able to make a TCP
connection from the kshell port to an arbitrary port on the client, so
if your users are to be able to use @code{rsh} from outside your
firewall, the server they connect to must be able to send outgoing
packets to arbitrary port numbers.  Similarly, if your users need to run
@code{rsh} from inside your firewall to hosts outside your firewall, the
outside server needs to be able to connect to an arbitrary port on the
machine inside your firewall.  Because @value{PRODUCT} @code{rcp} uses
@code{rsh}, the same issues apply.  If you need to use @code{rsh} (or
@code{rcp}) through your firewall and are concerned with the security
implications of allowing connections to arbitrary ports, @value{COMPANY}
suggests that you have rules that specifically name these applications
and, if possible, list the allowed hosts.

A reasonably good cookbook for configuring firewalls is available by FTP
from @* @code{ftp.livingston.com}, in the location:
@code{/pub/firewall/firewall-1.1.ps.Z}.  The book @cite{UNIX System
Security}, by David Curry, is also a good starting point.

@ignore
@c @node Enabling Users to Connect from Off-Site,  , Configuring Your Firewall to Work With @value{PRODUCT}, Application Servers
@c @section Enabling Users to Connect from Off-Site

This will have to wait until the next release.  *sigh*
@end ignore

@node Backups of Secure Hosts, Bug Reporting, Application Servers, Top
@chapter Backups of Secure Hosts

When you back up a secure host, you should exclude the host's keytab
file from the backup.  If someone obtained a copy of the keytab from a
backup, that person could make any host masquerade as the host whose
keytab was compromised.  This could be particularly dangerous if the
compromised keytab was from one of your KDCs.  If the machine has a disk
crash and the keytab file is lost, it is easy to generate another keytab
file.  (@xref{Adding Principals to Keytabs}.)  If you are unable to
exclude particular files from backups, you should ensure that the
backups are kept as secure as the host's root password.

@menu
* Backing Up the Kerberos Database::  
@end menu

@node Backing Up the Kerberos Database,  , Backups of Secure Hosts, Backups of Secure Hosts
@section Backing Up the Kerberos Database

As with any file, it is possible that your Kerberos database could
become corrupted.  If this happens on one of the slave KDCs, you might
never notice, since the next automatic propagation of the database would
install a fresh copy.  However, if it happens to the master KDC, the
corrupted database would be propagated to all of the slaves during the
next propagation.  For this reason, @value{COMPANY} recommends that you
back up your Kerberos database regularly.  Because the master KDC is
continuously dumping the database to a file in order to propagate it to
the slave KDCs, it is a simple matter to have a cron job periodically
copy the dump file to a secure machine elsewhere on your network.  (Of
course, it is important to make the host where these backups are stored
as secure as your KDCs, and to encrypt its transmission across your
network.)  Then if your database becomes corrupted, you can load the
most recent dump onto the master KDC.  (@xref{Restoring a Kerberos
Database from a Dump File}.)

@node Bug Reporting, Appendix, Backups of Secure Hosts, Top
@chapter Bug Reporting

@include send-pr.texinfo

@node Appendix,  , Bug Reporting, Top
@appendix Appendix

@menu
* Errors::                      
* kadmin Time Zones::           
@end menu

@node Errors, kadmin Time Zones, Appendix, Appendix
@appendixsec Kerberos Error Messages

@menu
* Kerberos V5 Library Error Codes::  
* Kerberos V5 Database Library Error Codes::  
* Kerberos V5 Magic Numbers Error Codes::  
* ASN.1 Error Codes::           
* GSSAPI Error Codes::          
@end menu

@node Kerberos V5 Library Error Codes, Kerberos V5 Database Library Error Codes, Errors, Errors
@appendixsubsec Kerberos V5 Library Error Codes

This is the Kerberos v5 library error code table.  Protocol error codes
are @* ERROR_TABLE_BASE_krb5 + the protocol error code number; other
error codes start at ERROR_TABLE_BASE_krb5 + 128.

@c error table numbering starts at 0
@enumerate 0
@item
KRB5KDC_ERR_NONE:  No error
@item
KRB5KDC_ERR_NAME_EXP:  Client's entry in database has expired
@item
KRB5KDC_ERR_SERVICE_EXP:  Server's entry in database has expired
@item
KRB5KDC_ERR_BAD_PVNO:  Requested protocol version not supported
@item
KRB5KDC_ERR_C_OLD_MAST_KVNO:  Client's key is encrypted in an old master
key
@item
KRB5KDC_ERR_S_OLD_MAST_KVNO:  Server's key is encrypted in an old master
key
@item
KRB5KDC_ERR_C_PRINCIPAL_UNKNOWN:  Client not found in Kerberos database
@item
KRB5KDC_ERR_S_PRINCIPAL_UNKNOWN:  Server not found in Kerberos database
@item
KRB5KDC_ERR_PRINCIPAL_NOT_UNIQUE:  Principal has multiple entries in
Kerberos database
@item
KRB5KDC_ERR_NULL_KEY:  Client or server has a null key
@item
KRB5KDC_ERR_CANNOT_POSTDATE:  Ticket is ineligible for postdating
@item
KRB5KDC_ERR_NEVER_VALID:  Requested effective lifetime is negative or
too short
@item
KRB5KDC_ERR_POLICY:  KDC policy rejects request
@item
KRB5KDC_ERR_BADOPTION:  KDC can't fulfill requested option
@item
KRB5KDC_ERR_ETYPE_NOSUPP:  KDC has no support for encryption type
@item
KRB5KDC_ERR_SUMTYPE_NOSUPP:  KDC has no support for checksum type
@item
KRB5KDC_ERR_PADATA_TYPE_NOSUPP:  KDC has no support for padata type
@item
KRB5KDC_ERR_TRTYPE_NOSUPP:  KDC has no support for transited type
@item
KRB5KDC_ERR_CLIENT_REVOKED:  Clients credentials have been revoked
@item
KRB5KDC_ERR_SERVICE_REVOKED:  Credentials for server have been revoked
@item
KRB5KDC_ERR_TGT_REVOKED:  TGT has been revoked
@item
KRB5KDC_ERR_CLIENT_NOTYET:  Client not yet valid - try again later
@item
KRB5KDC_ERR_SERVICE_NOTYET:  Server not yet valid - try again later
@item
KRB5KDC_ERR_KEY_EXP:  Password has expired
@item
KRB5KDC_ERR_PREAUTH_FAILED:  Preauthentication failed
@item
@iftex
KRB5KDC_ERR_PREAUTH_REQUIRED:  Additional pre-auth@-en@-ti@-ca@-tion required
@end iftex
@ifinfo
KRB5KDC_ERR_PREAUTH_REQUIRED:  Additional preauthentication required
@end ifinfo
@item
KRB5KDC_ERR_SERVER_NOMATCH:  Requested server and ticket don't match
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_27:  KRB5 error code 27
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_28:  KRB5 error code 28
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_29:  KRB5 error code 29
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_30:  KRB5 error code 30
@item
KRB5KRB_AP_ERR_BAD_INTEGRITY:  Decrypt integrity check failed
@item
KRB5KRB_AP_ERR_TKT_EXPIRED:  Ticket expired
@item
KRB5KRB_AP_ERR_TKT_NYV:  Ticket not yet valid
@item
KRB5KRB_AP_ERR_REPEAT:  Request is a replay
@item
KRB5KRB_AP_ERR_NOT_US:  The ticket isn't for us
@item
KRB5KRB_AP_ERR_BADMATCH:  Ticket/authenticator don't match
@item
KRB5KRB_AP_ERR_SKEW:  Clock skew too great
@item
KRB5KRB_AP_ERR_BADADDR:  Incorrect net address
@item
KRB5KRB_AP_ERR_BADVERSION:  Protocol version mismatch
@item
KRB5KRB_AP_ERR_MSG_TYPE:  Invalid message type
@item
KRB5KRB_AP_ERR_MODIFIED:  Message stream modified
@item
KRB5KRB_AP_ERR_BADORDER:  Message out of order
@item
KRB5KRB_AP_ERR_ILL_CR_TKT:  Illegal cross-realm ticket
@item
KRB5KRB_AP_ERR_BADKEYVER:  Key version is not available
@item
KRB5KRB_AP_ERR_NOKEY:  Service key not available
@item
KRB5KRB_AP_ERR_MUT_FAIL:  Mutual authentication failed
@item
KRB5KRB_AP_ERR_BADDIRECTION:  Incorrect message direction
@item
KRB5KRB_AP_ERR_METHOD:  Alternative authentication method required
@item
KRB5KRB_AP_ERR_BADSEQ:  Incorrect sequence number in message
@item
KRB5KRB_AP_ERR_INAPP_CKSUM:  Inappropriate type of checksum in message
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_51:  KRB5 error code 51
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_52:  KRB5 error code 52
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_53:  KRB5 error code 53
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_54:  KRB5 error code 54
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_55:  KRB5 error code 55
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_56:  KRB5 error code 56
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_57:  KRB5 error code 57
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_58:  KRB5 error code 58
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_59:  KRB5 error code 59
@item
KRB5KRB_ERR_GENERIC:  Generic error (see e-text)
@item
KRB5KRB_ERR_FIELD_TOOLONG:  Field is too long for this implementation
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_62:  KRB5 error code 62
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_63:  KRB5 error code 63
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_64:  KRB5 error code 64
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_65:  KRB5 error code 65
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_66:  KRB5 error code 66
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_67:  KRB5 error code 67
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_68:  KRB5 error code 68
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_69:  KRB5 error code 69
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_70:  KRB5 error code 70
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_71:  KRB5 error code 71
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_72:  KRB5 error code 72
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_73:  KRB5 error code 73
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_74:  KRB5 error code 74
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_75:  KRB5 error code 75
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_76:  KRB5 error code 76
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_77:  KRB5 error code 77
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_78:  KRB5 error code 78
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_79:  KRB5 error code 79
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_80:  KRB5 error code 80
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_81:  KRB5 error code 81
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_82:  KRB5 error code 82
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_83:  KRB5 error code 83
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_84:  KRB5 error code 84
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_85:  KRB5 error code 85
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_86:  KRB5 error code 86
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_87:  KRB5 error code 87
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_88:  KRB5 error code 88
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_89:  KRB5 error code 89
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_90:  KRB5 error code 90
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_91:  KRB5 error code 91
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_92:  KRB5 error code 92
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_93:  KRB5 error code 93
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_94:  KRB5 error code 94
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_95:  KRB5 error code 95
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_96:  KRB5 error code 96
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_97:  KRB5 error code 97
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_98:  KRB5 error code 98
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_99:  KRB5 error code 99
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_100:  KRB5 error code 100
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_101:  KRB5 error code 101
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_102:  KRB5 error code 102
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_103:  KRB5 error code 103
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_104:  KRB5 error code 104
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_105:  KRB5 error code 105
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_106:  KRB5 error code 106
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_107:  KRB5 error code 107
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_108:  KRB5 error code 108
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_109:  KRB5 error code 109
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_110:  KRB5 error code 110
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_111:  KRB5 error code 111
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_112:  KRB5 error code 112
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_113:  KRB5 error code 113
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_114:  KRB5 error code 114
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_115:  KRB5 error code 115
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_116:  KRB5 error code 116
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_117:  KRB5 error code 117
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_118:  KRB5 error code 118
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_119:  KRB5 error code 119
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_120:  KRB5 error code 120
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_121:  KRB5 error code 121
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_122:  KRB5 error code 122
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_123:  KRB5 error code 123
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_124:  KRB5 error code 124
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_125:  KRB5 error code 125
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_126:  KRB5 error code 126
@item
KRB5PLACEHOLD_127:  KRB5 error code 127
@item
KRB5_ERR_RCSID:  $Id$
@item
KRB5_LIBOS_BADLOCKFLAG:  Invalid flag for file lock mode
@item
KRB5_LIBOS_CANTREADPWD:  Cannot read password
@item
KRB5_LIBOS_BADPWDMATCH:  Password mismatch
@item
KRB5_LIBOS_PWDINTR:  Password read interrupted
@item
KRB5_PARSE_ILLCHAR:  Illegal character in component name
@item
KRB5_PARSE_MALFORMED:  Malformed representation of principal
@item
KRB5_CONFIG_CANTOPEN:  Can't open/find configuration file
@item
KRB5_CONFIG_BADFORMAT:  Improper format of configuration file
@item
KRB5_CONFIG_NOTENUFSPACE:  Insufficient space to return complete
information
@item
KRB5_BADMSGTYPE:  Invalid message type specified for encoding
@item
KRB5_CC_BADNAME:  Credential cache name malformed
@item
KRB5_CC_UNKNOWN_TYPE:  Unknown credential cache type
@item
KRB5_CC_NOTFOUND:  Matching credential not found
@item
KRB5_CC_END:  End of credential cache reached
@item
KRB5_NO_TKT_SUPPLIED:  Request did not supply a ticket
@item
KRB5KRB_AP_WRONG_PRINC:  Wrong principal in request
@item
KRB5KRB_AP_ERR_TKT_INVALID:  Ticket has invalid flag set
@item
KRB5_PRINC_NOMATCH:  Requested principal and ticket don't match
@item
KRB5_KDCREP_MODIFIED:  KDC reply did not match expectations
@item
KRB5_KDCREP_SKEW:  Clock skew too great in KDC reply
@item
KRB5_IN_TKT_REALM_MISMATCH:  Client/server realm mismatch in initial
ticket request
@item
KRB5_PROG_ETYPE_NOSUPP:  Program lacks support for encryption type
@item
KRB5_PROG_KEYTYPE_NOSUPP:  Program lacks support for key type
@item
KRB5_WRONG_ETYPE:  Requested encryption type not used in message
@item
KRB5_PROG_SUMTYPE_NOSUPP:  Program lacks support for checksum type
@item
KRB5_REALM_UNKNOWN:  Cannot find KDC for requested realm
@item
KRB5_SERVICE_UNKNOWN:  Kerberos service unknown
@item
KRB5_KDC_UNREACH:  Cannot contact any KDC for requested realm
@item
KRB5_NO_LOCALNAME:  No local name found for principal name
@item
KRB5_MUTUAL_FAILED:  Mutual authentication failed
@item
KRB5_RC_TYPE_EXISTS:  Replay cache type is already registered
@item
KRB5_RC_MALLOC:  No more memory to allocate (in replay cache code)
@item
KRB5_RC_TYPE_NOTFOUND:  Replay cache type is unknown
@item
KRB5_RC_UNKNOWN:  Generic unknown RC error
@item
KRB5_RC_REPLAY:  Message is a replay
@item
KRB5_RC_IO:  Replay I/O operation failed XXX
@item
KRB5_RC_NOIO:  Replay cache type does not support non-volatile storage
@item
KRB5_RC_PARSE:  Replay cache name parse/format error
@item
KRB5_RC_IO_EOF:  End-of-file on replay cache I/O
@item
KRB5_RC_IO_MALLOC:  No more memory to allocate (in replay cache I/O
code)
@item
KRB5_RC_IO_PERM:  Permission denied in replay cache code
@item
KRB5_RC_IO_IO:  I/O error in replay cache i/o code
@item
KRB5_RC_IO_UNKNOWN:  Generic unknown RC/IO error
@item
KRB5_RC_IO_SPACE:  Insufficient system space to store replay information
@item
KRB5_TRANS_CANTOPEN:  Can't open/find realm translation file
@item
KRB5_TRANS_BADFORMAT:  Improper format of realm translation file
@item
KRB5_LNAME_CANTOPEN:  Can't open/find lname translation database
@item
KRB5_LNAME_NOTRANS:  No translation available for requested principal
@item
KRB5_LNAME_BADFORMAT:  Improper format of translation database entry
@item
KRB5_CRYPTO_INTERNAL:  Cryptosystem internal error
@item
KRB5_KT_BADNAME:  Key table name malformed
@item
KRB5_KT_UNKNOWN_TYPE:  Unknown Key table type
@item
KRB5_KT_NOTFOUND:  Key table entry not found
@item
KRB5_KT_END:  End of key table reached
@item
KRB5_KT_NOWRITE:  Cannot write to specified key table
@item
KRB5_KT_IOERR:  Error writing to key table
@item
KRB5_NO_TKT_IN_RLM:  Cannot find ticket for requested realm
@item
KRB5DES_BAD_KEYPAR:  DES key has bad parity
@item
KRB5DES_WEAK_KEY:  DES key is a weak key
@item
KRB5_BAD_ENCTYPE:  Bad encryption type
@item
KRB5_BAD_KEYSIZE:  Key size is incompatible with encryption type
@item
KRB5_BAD_MSIZE:  Message size is incompatible with encryption type
@item
KRB5_CC_TYPE_EXISTS:  Credentials cache type is already registered.
@item
KRB5_KT_TYPE_EXISTS:  Key table type is already registered.
@item
KRB5_CC_IO:  Credentials cache I/O operation failed XXX
@item
KRB5_FCC_PERM:  Credentials cache file permissions incorrect
@item
KRB5_FCC_NOFILE:  No credentials cache file found
@item
KRB5_FCC_INTERNAL:  Internal file credentials cache error
@item
KRB5_CC_WRITE:  Error writing to credentials cache file
@item
KRB5_CC_NOMEM:  No more memory to allocate (in credentials cache code)
@item
KRB5_CC_FORMAT:  Bad format in credentials cache
@item
KRB5_INVALID_FLAGS:  Invalid KDC option combination (library internal
error) [for dual tgt library calls]
@item
KRB5_NO_2ND_TKT:  Request missing second ticket [for dual tgt library
calls]
@item
KRB5_NOCREDS_SUPPLIED:  No credentials supplied to library routine
@item
KRB5_SENDAUTH_BADAUTHVERS:  Bad sendauth version was sent
@item
KRB5_SENDAUTH_BADAPPLVERS:  Bad application version was sent (via
sendauth)
@item
KRB5_SENDAUTH_BADRESPONSE:  Bad response (during sendauth exchange)
@item
KRB5_SENDAUTH_REJECTED:  Server rejected authentication (during sendauth
exchange)
@item
KRB5_PREAUTH_BAD_TYPE:  Unsupported preauthentication type
@item
KRB5_PREAUTH_NO_KEY:  Required preauthentication key not supplied
@item
KRB5_PREAUTH_FAILED:  Generic preauthentication failure
@item
KRB5_RCACHE_BADVNO:  Unsupported replay cache format version number
@item
KRB5_CCACHE_BADVNO:  Unsupported credentials cache format version number
@item
KRB5_KEYTAB_BADVNO:  Unsupported key table format version number
@item
KRB5_PROG_ATYPE_NOSUPP:  Program lacks support for address type
@item
KRB5_RC_REQUIRED:  Message replay detection requires rcache parameter
@item
KRB5_ERR_BAD_HOSTNAME:  Hostname cannot be canonicalized
@item
KRB5_ERR_HOST_REALM_UNKNOWN:  Cannot determine realm for host
@item
KRB5_SNAME_UNSUPP_NAMETYPE:  Conversion to service principal undefined
for name type
@item
KRB5KRB_AP_ERR_V4_REPLY:  Initial Ticket response appears to be Version
4 error
@item
KRB5_REALM_CANT_RESOLVE:  Cannot resolve KDC for requested realm
@item
KRB5_TKT_NOT_FORWARDABLE:  Requesting ticket can't get forwardable
tickets
@item
KRB5_FWD_BAD_PRINCIPAL:  Bad principal name while trying to forward
credentials
@item
KRB5_GET_IN_TKT_LOOP:  Looping detected inside krb5_get_in_tkt
@item
KRB5_CONFIG_NODEFREALM:  Configuration file does not specify default
realm
@item
KRB5_SAM_UNSUPPORTED:  Bad SAM flags in obtain_sam_padata
@end enumerate

@node Kerberos V5 Database Library Error Codes, Kerberos V5 Magic Numbers Error Codes, Kerberos V5 Library Error Codes, Errors
@appendixsubsec Kerberos V5 Database Library Error Codes

This is the Kerberos v5 database library error code table.

@c error table numbering starts at 0
@enumerate 0
@item
KRB5_KDB_RCSID:  $Id$
@item
KRB5_KDB_INUSE:  Entry already exists in database
@item
KRB5_KDB_UK_SERROR:  Database store error
@item
KRB5_KDB_UK_RERROR:  Database read error
@item
KRB5_KDB_UNAUTH:  Insufficient access to perform requested operation
@item
KRB5_KDB_NOENTRY:  No such entry in the database
@item
KRB5_KDB_ILL_WILDCARD:  Illegal use of wildcard
@item
KRB5_KDB_DB_INUSE:  Database is locked or in use--try again later
@item
KRB5_KDB_DB_CHANGED:  Database was modified during read
@item
KRB5_KDB_TRUNCATED_RECORD:  Database record is incomplete or corrupted
@item
KRB5_KDB_RECURSIVELOCK:  Attempt to lock database twice
@item
KRB5_KDB_NOTLOCKED:  Attempt to unlock database when not locked
@item
KRB5_KDB_BADLOCKMODE:  Invalid kdb lock mode
@item
KRB5_KDB_DBNOTINITED:  Database has not been initialized
@item
KRB5_KDB_DBINITED:  Database has already been initialized
@item
KRB5_KDB_ILLDIRECTION:  Bad direction for converting keys
@item
KRB5_KDB_NOMASTERKEY:  Cannot find master key record in database
@item
KRB5_KDB_BADMASTERKEY:  Master key does not match database
@item
KRB5_KDB_INVALIDKEYSIZE:  Key size in database is invalid
@item
KRB5_KDB_CANTREAD_STORED:  Cannot find/read stored master key
@item
KRB5_KDB_BADSTORED_MKEY:  Stored master key is corrupted
@item
KRB5_KDB_CANTLOCK_DB:  Insufficient access to lock database
@item
KRB5_KDB_DB_CORRUPT:  Database format error
@item
KRB5_KDB_BAD_VERSION:  Unsupported version in database entry
@item
KRB5_KDB_BAD_SALTTYPE:  Unsupported salt type
@item
KRB5_KDB_BAD_ENCTYPE:  Unsupported encryption type
@end enumerate

@node Kerberos V5 Magic Numbers Error Codes, ASN.1 Error Codes, Kerberos V5 Database Library Error Codes, Errors
@appendixsubsec Kerberos V5 Magic Numbers Error Codes

This is the Kerberos v5 magic numbers error code table.

@c error table numbering starts at 0
@enumerate 0
@item
KV5M_NONE:  Kerberos V5 magic number table
@item
KV5M_PRINCIPAL:  Bad magic number for krb5_principal structure
@item
KV5M_DATA:  Bad magic number for krb5_data structure
@item
KV5M_KEYBLOCK:  Bad magic number for krb5_keyblock structure
@item
KV5M_CHECKSUM:  Bad magic number for krb5_checksum structure
@item
KV5M_ENCRYPT_BLOCK:  Bad magic number for krb5_encrypt_block structure
@item
KV5M_ENC_DATA:  Bad magic number for krb5_enc_data structure
@item
@iftex
KV5M_CRYPTOSYSTEM_ENTRY:  Bad magic number for krb5_cryp@-to@-sys@-tem_entry
structure
@end iftex
@ifinfo
KV5M_CRYPTOSYSTEM_ENTRY:  Bad magic number for krb5_cryptosystem_entry
structure
@end ifinfo
@item
KV5M_CS_TABLE_ENTRY:  Bad magic number for krb5_cs_table_entry structure
@item
@iftex
KV5M_CHECKSUM_ENTRY:  Bad magic number for krb5_check@-sum_en@-try structure
@end iftex
@ifinfo
KV5M_CHECKSUM_ENTRY:  Bad magic number for krb5_checksum_entry structure
@end ifinfo
@item
KV5M_AUTHDATA:  Bad magic number for krb5_authdata structure
@item
KV5M_TRANSITED:  Bad magic number for krb5_transited structure
@item
KV5M_ENC_TKT_PART:  Bad magic number for krb5_enc_tkt_part structure
@item
KV5M_TICKET:  Bad magic number for krb5_ticket structure
@item
KV5M_AUTHENTICATOR:  Bad magic number for krb5_authenticator structure
@item
KV5M_TKT_AUTHENT:  Bad magic number for krb5_tkt_authent structure
@item
KV5M_CREDS:  Bad magic number for krb5_creds structure
@item
KV5M_LAST_REQ_ENTRY:  Bad magic number for krb5_last_req_entry structure
@item
KV5M_PA_DATA:  Bad magic number for krb5_pa_data structure
@item
KV5M_KDC_REQ:  Bad magic number for krb5_kdc_req structure
@item
KV5M_ENC_KDC_REP_PART:  Bad magic number for @*
krb5_enc_kdc_rep_part structure
@item
KV5M_KDC_REP:  Bad magic number for krb5_kdc_rep structure
@item
KV5M_ERROR:  Bad magic number for krb5_error structure
@item
KV5M_AP_REQ:  Bad magic number for krb5_ap_req structure
@item
KV5M_AP_REP:  Bad magic number for krb5_ap_rep structure
@item
KV5M_AP_REP_ENC_PART:  Bad magic number for @*
krb5_ap_rep_enc_part structure
@item
KV5M_RESPONSE:  Bad magic number for krb5_response structure
@item
KV5M_SAFE:  Bad magic number for krb5_safe structure
@item
KV5M_PRIV:  Bad magic number for krb5_priv structure
@item
KV5M_PRIV_ENC_PART:  Bad magic number for krb5_priv_enc_part structure
@item
KV5M_CRED:  Bad magic number for krb5_cred structure
@item
KV5M_CRED_INFO:  Bad magic number for krb5_cred_info structure
@item
KV5M_CRED_ENC_PART:  Bad magic number for krb5_cred_enc_part structure
@item
KV5M_PWD_DATA:  Bad magic number for krb5_pwd_data structure
@item
KV5M_ADDRESS:  Bad magic number for krb5_address structure
@item
KV5M_KEYTAB_ENTRY:  Bad magic number for krb5_keytab_entry structure
@item
KV5M_CONTEXT:  Bad magic number for krb5_context structure
@item
KV5M_OS_CONTEXT:  Bad magic number for krb5_os_context structure
@item
KV5M_ALT_METHOD:  Bad magic number for krb5_alt_method structure
@item
KV5M_ETYPE_INFO_ENTRY:  Bad magic number for @*
krb5_etype_info_entry structure
@item
KV5M_DB_CONTEXT:  Bad magic number for krb5_db_context structure
@item
KV5M_AUTH_CONTEXT:  Bad magic number for krb5_auth_context structure
@item
KV5M_KEYTAB:  Bad magic number for krb5_keytab structure
@item
KV5M_RCACHE:  Bad magic number for krb5_rcache structure
@item
KV5M_CCACHE:  Bad magic number for krb5_ccache structure
@item
KV5M_PREAUTH_OPS:  Bad magic number for krb5_preauth_ops
@item
KV5M_SAM_CHALLENGE:  Bad magic number for krb5_sam_challenge
@item
KV5M_SAM_KEY:  Bad magic number for krb5_sam_key
@item
KV5M_ENC_SAM_RESPONSE_ENC:  Bad magic number for @*
krb5_enc_sam_response_enc
@item
KV5M_SAM_RESPONSE:  Bad magic number for krb5_sam_response
@item
KV5M_PREDICTED_SAM_RESPONSE:  Bad magic number for
krb5_predicted_sam_response
@item
KV5M_PASSWD_PHRASE_ELEMENT:  Bad magic number for passwd_phrase_element
@end enumerate

@node ASN.1 Error Codes, GSSAPI Error Codes, Kerberos V5 Magic Numbers Error Codes, Errors
@appendixsubsec ASN.1 Error Codes

@c error table numbering starts at 0
@enumerate 0
@item
ASN1_BAD_TIMEFORMAT:  ASN.1 failed call to system time library
@item
ASN1_MISSING_FIELD:  ASN.1 structure is missing a required field
@item
ASN1_MISPLACED_FIELD:  ASN.1 unexpected field number
@item
ASN1_TYPE_MISMATCH:  ASN.1 type numbers are inconsistent
@item
ASN1_OVERFLOW:  ASN.1 value too large
@item
ASN1_OVERRUN:  ASN.1 encoding ended unexpectedly
@item
ASN1_BAD_ID:  ASN.1 identifier doesn't match expected value
@item
ASN1_BAD_LENGTH:  ASN.1 length doesn't match expected value
@item
ASN1_BAD_FORMAT:  ASN.1 badly-formatted encoding
@item
ASN1_PARSE_ERROR:  ASN.1 parse error
@end enumerate

@node GSSAPI Error Codes,  , ASN.1 Error Codes, Errors
@appendixsubsec GSSAPI Error Codes

Generic GSSAPI Errors:

@c error table numbering starts at 0
@enumerate 0
@item
G_BAD_SERVICE_NAME:  No @ in SERVICE-NAME name string
@item
G_BAD_STRING_UID: STRING-UID-NAME contains nondigits
@item
G_NOUSER:  UID does not resolve to username
@item
G_VALIDATE_FAILED:  Validation error
@item
G_BUFFER_ALLOC:  Couldn't allocate gss_buffer_t data
@item
G_BAD_MSG_CTX:  Message context invalid
@item
G_WRONG_SIZE:  Buffer is the wrong size
@item
G_BAD_USAGE:  Credential usage type is unknown
@item
G_UNKNOWN_QOP:  Unknown quality of protection specified
@item
G_BAD_HOSTNAME:  Hostname in SERVICE-NAME string could not be
canonicalized
@end enumerate

Kerberos 5 GSSAPI Errors:

@c error table numbering starts at 0
@enumerate 0
@item
KG_CCACHE_NOMATCH:  Principal in credential cache does not match desired
name
@item
KG_KEYTAB_NOMATCH:  No principal in keytab matches desired name
@item
KG_TGT_MISSING:  Credential cache has no TGT
@item
KG_NO_SUBKEY:  Authenticator has no subkey
@item
KG_CONTEXT_ESTABLISHED:  Context is already fully established
@item
KG_BAD_SIGN_TYPE:  Unknown signature type in token
@item
KG_BAD_LENGTH:  Invalid field length in token
@item
KG_CTX_INCOMPLETE:  Attempt to use incomplete security context
@item
KG_CONTEXT:  Bad magic number for krb5_gss_ctx_id_t
@item
KG_CRED:  Bad magic number for krb5_gss_cred_id_t
@item
KG_ENC_DESC:  Bad magic number for krb5_gss_enc_desc
@end enumerate

@node kadmin Time Zones,  , Errors, Appendix
@appendixsec kadmin Time Zones

This is a complete listing of the time zones recognized by the
@code{kadmin} command.

@table @b
@itemx gmt
Greenwich Mean Time
@itemx ut, utc
Universal Time (Coordinated).
@itemx wet
Western European Time.  (Same as GMT.)
@itemx bst
British Summer Time.  (1 hour ahead of GMT.)
@itemx wat
West Africa Time.  (1 hour behind GMT.)
@itemx at
Azores Time.  (2 hours behind GMT.)
@itemx bst
Brazil Standard Time.  (3 hours behind GMT.)  Note that the abbreviation
BST also stands for British Summer Time.
@itemx gst
Greenland Standard Time.  (3 hours behind GMT.)  Note that the
abbreviation GST also stands for Guam Standard Time.
@itemx nft
Newfoundland Time.  (3.5 hours behind GMT.)
@itemx nst
Newfoundland Standard Time.  (3.5 hours behind GMT.)
@itemx ndt
Newfoundland Daylight Time.  (2.5 hours behind GMT.)
@itemx ast
Atlantic Standard Time.  (4 hours behind GMT.)
@itemx adt
Atlantic Daylight Time.  (3 hours behind GMT.)
@itemx est
Eastern Standard Time.  (5 hours behind GMT.)
@itemx edt
Eastern Daylight Time.  (4 hours behind GMT.)
@itemx cst
Central Standard Time.  (6 hours behind GMT.)
@itemx cdt
Central Daylight Time.  (5 hours behind GMT.)
@itemx mst
Mountain Standard Time.  (7 hours behind GMT.)
@itemx mdt
Mountain Daylight Time.  (6 hours behind GMT.)
@itemx pst
Pacific Standard Time.  (8 hours behind GMT.)
@itemx pdt
Pacific Daylight Time.  (7 hours behind GMT.)
@itemx yst
Yukon Standard Time.  (9 hours behind GMT.)
@itemx ydt
Yukon Daylight Time.  (8 hours behind GMT.)
@itemx hst
Hawaii Standard Time.  (10 hours behind GMT.)
@itemx hdt
Hawaii Daylight Time.  (9 hours behind GMT.)
@itemx cat
Central Alaska Time.  (10 hours behind GMT.)
@itemx ahst
Alaska-Hawaii Standard Time.  (10 hours behind GMT.)
@itemx nt
Nome Time.  (11 hours behind GMT.)
@itemx idlw
International Date Line West Time.  (12 hours behind GMT.)
@itemx cet
Central European Time.  (1 hour ahead of GMT.)
@itemx met
Middle European Time.  (1 hour ahead of GMT.)
@itemx mewt
Middle European Winter Time.  (1 hour ahead of GMT.)
@itemx mest
Middle European Summer Time.  (2 hours ahead of GMT.)
@itemx swt
Swedish Winter Time.  (1 hour ahead of GMT.)
@itemx sst
Swedish Summer Time.  (1 hours ahead of GMT.)
@itemx fwt
French Winter Time.  (1 hour ahead of GMT.)
@itemx fst
French Summer Time.  (2 hours ahead of GMT.)
@itemx eet
Eastern Europe Time; Russia Zone 1.  (2 hours ahead of GMT.)
@itemx bt
Baghdad Time; Russia Zone 2.  (3 hours ahead of GMT.)
@itemx it
Iran Time.  (3.5 hours ahead of GMT.)
@itemx zp4
Russia Zone 3.  (4 hours ahead of GMT.)
@itemx zp5
Russia Zone 4.  (5 hours ahead of GMT.)
@itemx ist
Indian Standard Time.  (5.5 hours ahead of GMT.)
@itemx zp6
Russia Zone 5.  (6 hours ahead of GMT.)
@itemx nst
North Sumatra Time.  (6.5 hours ahead of GMT.)  Note that the
abbreviation NST is also used for Newfoundland Stanard Time.
@itemx sst
South Sumatra Time; Russia Zone 6.  (7 hours ahead of GMT.)  Note that
SST is also Swedish Summer Time.
@itemx wast
West Australian Standard Time.  (7 hours ahead of GMT.)
@itemx wadt
West Australian Daylight Time.  (8 hours ahead of GMT.)
@itemx jt
Java Time.  (7.5 hours ahead of GMT.)
@itemx cct
China Coast Time; Russia Zone 7.  (8 hours ahead of GMT.)
@itemx jst
Japan Standard time; Russia Zone 8.  (9 hours ahead of GMT.)
@itemx kst
Korean Standard Time.  (9 hours ahead of GMT.)
@itemx cast
Central Australian Standard Time.  (9.5 hours ahead of GMT.)
@itemx cadt
Central Australian Daylight Time.  (10.5 hours ahead of GMT.)
@itemx east
Eastern Australian Standard Time.  (10 hours ahead of GMT.)
@itemx eadt
Eastern Australian Daylight Time.  (11 hours ahead of GMT.)
@itemx gst
Guam Standard Time; Russia Zone 9.  (10 hours ahead of GMT.)
@itemx kdt
Korean Daylight Time.  (10 hours ahead of GMT.)
@itemx nzt
New Zealand Time.  (12 hours ahead of GMT.)
@itemx nzst
New Zealand Standard Time.  (12 hours ahead of GMT.)
@itemx nzdt
New Zealand Daylight Time.  (13 hours ahead of GMT.)
@itemx idle
International Date Line East.  (12 hours ahead of GMT.)
@end table

@contents
@bye