Moved ipalib/tests/ into tests/test_ipalib/

1 files changed, 1080 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/tests/test_ipalib/test_frontend.py b/tests/test_ipalib/test_frontend.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c70cc00d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_ipalib/test_frontend.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1080 @@
+# Authors:
+#   Jason Gerard DeRose <jderose@redhat.com>
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2008  Red Hat
+# see file 'COPYING' for use and warranty information
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
+# published by the Free Software Foundation; version 2 only
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
+
+"""
+Unit tests for `ipalib.frontend` module.
+"""
+
+from tstutil import raises, getitem, no_set, no_del, read_only, ClassChecker
+from tstutil import check_TypeError
+from ipalib import frontend, backend, plugable, errors, ipa_types, config
+
+
+def test_RULE_FLAG():
+    assert frontend.RULE_FLAG == 'validation_rule'
+
+
+def test_rule():
+    """
+    Tests the `frontend.rule` function.
+    """
+    flag = frontend.RULE_FLAG
+    rule = frontend.rule
+    def my_func():
+        pass
+    assert not hasattr(my_func, flag)
+    rule(my_func)
+    assert getattr(my_func, flag) is True
+    @rule
+    def my_func2():
+        pass
+    assert getattr(my_func2, flag) is True
+
+
+def test_is_rule():
+    """
+    Tests the `frontend.is_rule` function.
+    """
+    is_rule = frontend.is_rule
+    flag = frontend.RULE_FLAG
+
+    class no_call(object):
+        def __init__(self, value):
+            if value is not None:
+                assert value in (True, False)
+                setattr(self, flag, value)
+
+    class call(no_call):
+        def __call__(self):
+            pass
+
+    assert is_rule(call(True))
+    assert not is_rule(no_call(True))
+    assert not is_rule(call(False))
+    assert not is_rule(call(None))
+
+
+class test_DefaultFrom(ClassChecker):
+    """
+    Tests the `frontend.DefaultFrom` class.
+    """
+    _cls = frontend.DefaultFrom
+
+    def test_class(self):
+        assert self.cls.__bases__ == (plugable.ReadOnly,)
+
+    def test_init(self):
+        """
+        Tests the `frontend.DefaultFrom.__init__` method.
+        """
+        def callback(*args):
+            return args
+        keys = ('givenname', 'sn')
+        o = self.cls(callback, *keys)
+        assert read_only(o, 'callback') is callback
+        assert read_only(o, 'keys') == keys
+        lam = lambda first, last: first[0] + last
+        o = self.cls(lam)
+        assert read_only(o, 'keys') == ('first', 'last')
+
+    def test_call(self):
+        """
+        Tests the `frontend.DefaultFrom.__call__` method.
+        """
+        def callback(givenname, sn):
+            return givenname[0] + sn[0]
+        keys = ('givenname', 'sn')
+        o = self.cls(callback, *keys)
+        kw = dict(
+            givenname='John',
+            sn='Public',
+            hello='world',
+        )
+        assert o(**kw) == 'JP'
+        assert o() is None
+        for key in ('givenname', 'sn'):
+            kw_copy = dict(kw)
+            del kw_copy[key]
+            assert o(**kw_copy) is None
+        o = self.cls(lambda first, last: first[0] + last)
+        assert o(first='john', last='doe') == 'jdoe'
+        assert o(first='', last='doe') is None
+        assert o(one='john', two='doe') is None
+
+
+def test_parse_param_spec():
+    """
+    Test the `frontend.parse_param_spec` function.
+    """
+    f = frontend.parse_param_spec
+
+    assert f('name') == ('name', dict(required=True, multivalue=False))
+    assert f('name?') == ('name', dict(required=False, multivalue=False))
+    assert f('name*') == ('name', dict(required=False, multivalue=True))
+    assert f('name+') == ('name', dict(required=True, multivalue=True))
+
+
+class test_Param(ClassChecker):
+    """
+    Test the `frontend.Param` class.
+    """
+    _cls = frontend.Param
+
+    def test_class(self):
+        assert self.cls.__bases__ == (plugable.ReadOnly,)
+
+    def test_init(self):
+        """
+        Test the `frontend.Param.__init__` method.
+        """
+        name = 'sn'
+        o = self.cls(name)
+        assert o.__islocked__() is True
+
+        # Test default values
+        assert read_only(o, 'name') is name
+        assert isinstance(read_only(o, 'type'), ipa_types.Unicode)
+        assert read_only(o, 'doc') == ''
+        assert read_only(o, 'required') is True
+        assert read_only(o, 'multivalue') is False
+        assert read_only(o, 'default') is None
+        assert read_only(o, 'default_from') is None
+        assert read_only(o, 'rules') == tuple()
+        assert len(read_only(o, 'all_rules')) == 1
+        assert read_only(o, 'primary_key') is False
+
+        # Test all kw args:
+        t = ipa_types.Int()
+        assert self.cls(name, type=t).type is t
+        assert self.cls(name, doc='the doc').doc == 'the doc'
+        assert self.cls(name, required=False).required is False
+        assert self.cls(name, multivalue=True).multivalue is True
+        assert self.cls(name, default=u'Hello').default == u'Hello'
+        df = frontend.DefaultFrom(lambda f, l: f + l,
+            'first', 'last',
+        )
+        lam = lambda first, last: first + last
+        for cb in (df, lam):
+            o = self.cls(name, default_from=cb)
+            assert type(o.default_from) is frontend.DefaultFrom
+            assert o.default_from.keys == ('first', 'last')
+            assert o.default_from.callback('butt', 'erfly') == 'butterfly'
+        rules = (lambda whatever: 'Not okay!',)
+        o = self.cls(name, rules=rules)
+        assert o.rules is rules
+        assert o.all_rules[1:] == rules
+        assert self.cls(name, primary_key=True).primary_key is True
+
+        # Test default type_:
+        o = self.cls(name)
+        assert isinstance(o.type, ipa_types.Unicode)
+
+        # Test param spec parsing:
+        o = self.cls('name?')
+        assert o.name == 'name'
+        assert o.required is False
+        assert o.multivalue is False
+
+        o = self.cls('name*')
+        assert o.name == 'name'
+        assert o.required is False
+        assert o.multivalue is True
+
+        o = self.cls('name+')
+        assert o.name == 'name'
+        assert o.required is True
+        assert o.multivalue is True
+
+        e = raises(TypeError, self.cls, name, whatever=True, another=False)
+        assert str(e) == \
+            'Param.__init__() takes no such kwargs: another, whatever'
+
+    def test_clone(self):
+        """
+        Test the `frontend.Param.__clone__` method.
+        """
+        def compare(o, kw):
+            for (k, v) in kw.iteritems():
+                assert getattr(o, k) == v, (k, v, getattr(o, k))
+        default = dict(
+            required=False,
+            multivalue=False,
+            default=None,
+            default_from=None,
+            rules=tuple(),
+        )
+        name = 'hair_color?'
+        type_ = ipa_types.Int()
+        o = self.cls(name, type=type_)
+        compare(o, default)
+
+        override = dict(multivalue=True, default=42)
+        d = dict(default)
+        d.update(override)
+        clone = o.__clone__(**override)
+        assert clone.name == 'hair_color'
+        assert clone.type is o.type
+        compare(clone, d)
+
+    def test_convert(self):
+        """
+        Test the `frontend.Param.convert` method.
+        """
+        name = 'some_number'
+        type_ = ipa_types.Int()
+        okay = (7, 7L, 7.0, ' 7 ')
+        fail = ('7.0', '7L', 'whatever', object)
+        none = (None, '', u'', tuple(), [])
+
+        # Scenario 1: multivalue=False
+        o = self.cls(name, type=type_)
+        for n in none:
+            assert o.convert(n) is None
+        for value in okay:
+            new = o.convert(value)
+            assert new == 7
+            assert type(new) is int
+        for value in fail:
+            e = raises(errors.ConversionError, o.convert, value)
+            assert e.name is name
+            assert e.value is value
+            assert e.error is type_.conversion_error
+            assert e.index is None
+
+        # Scenario 2: multivalue=True
+        o = self.cls(name, type=type_, multivalue=True)
+        for n in none:
+            assert o.convert(n) is None
+        for value in okay:
+            assert o.convert((value,)) == (7,)
+            assert o.convert([value]) == (7,)
+        assert o.convert(okay) == tuple(int(v) for v in okay)
+        cnt = 5
+        for value in fail:
+            for i in xrange(cnt):
+                others = list(7 for x in xrange(cnt))
+                others[i] = value
+                for v in [tuple(others), list(others)]:
+                    e = raises(errors.ConversionError, o.convert, v)
+                    assert e.name is name
+                    assert e.value is value
+                    assert e.error is type_.conversion_error
+                    assert e.index == i
+
+    def test_normalize(self):
+        """
+        Test the `frontend.Param.normalize` method.
+        """
+        name = 'sn'
+        callback = lambda value: value.lower()
+        values = (None, u'Hello', (u'Hello',), 'hello', ['hello'])
+        none = (None, '', u'', tuple(), [])
+
+        # Scenario 1: multivalue=False, normalize=None
+        o = self.cls(name)
+        for v in values:
+            # When normalize=None, value is returned, no type checking:
+            assert o.normalize(v) is v
+
+        # Scenario 2: multivalue=False, normalize=callback
+        o = self.cls(name, normalize=callback)
+        for v in (u'Hello', u'hello', 'Hello'): # Okay
+            assert o.normalize(v) == 'hello'
+        for v in [None, 42, (u'Hello',)]: # Not basestring
+            assert o.normalize(v) is v
+        for n in none:
+            assert o.normalize(n) is None
+
+        # Scenario 3: multivalue=True, normalize=None
+        o = self.cls(name, multivalue=True)
+        for v in values:
+            # When normalize=None, value is returned, no type checking:
+            assert o.normalize(v) is v
+
+        # Scenario 4: multivalue=True, normalize=callback
+        o = self.cls(name, multivalue=True, normalize=callback)
+        assert o.normalize([]) is None
+        assert o.normalize(tuple()) is None
+        for value in [(u'Hello',), (u'hello',), 'Hello', ['Hello']]: # Okay
+            assert o.normalize(value) == (u'hello',)
+        fail = 42 # Not basestring
+        for v in [[fail], (u'hello', fail)]: # Non basestring member
+            assert o.normalize(v) == tuple(v)
+        for n in none:
+            assert o.normalize(n) is None
+
+    def test_validate(self):
+        """
+        Tests the `frontend.Param.validate` method.
+        """
+        name = 'sn'
+        type_ = ipa_types.Unicode()
+        def case_rule(value):
+            if not value.islower():
+                return 'Must be lower case'
+        my_rules = (case_rule,)
+        okay = u'whatever'
+        fail_case = u'Whatever'
+        fail_type = 'whatever'
+
+        # Scenario 1: multivalue=False
+        o = self.cls(name, type=type_, rules=my_rules)
+        assert o.rules == my_rules
+        assert o.all_rules == (type_.validate, case_rule)
+        o.validate(okay)
+        e = raises(errors.RuleError, o.validate, fail_case)
+        assert e.name is name
+        assert e.value is fail_case
+        assert e.error == 'Must be lower case'
+        assert e.rule is case_rule
+        assert e.index is None
+        check_TypeError(fail_type, unicode, 'value', o.validate, fail_type)
+
+        ## Scenario 2: multivalue=True
+        o = self.cls(name, type=type_, multivalue=True, rules=my_rules)
+        o.validate((okay,))
+        cnt = 5
+        for i in xrange(cnt):
+            others = list(okay for x in xrange(cnt))
+            others[i] = fail_case
+            value = tuple(others)
+            e = raises(errors.RuleError, o.validate, value)
+            assert e.name is name
+            assert e.value is fail_case
+            assert e.error == 'Must be lower case'
+            assert e.rule is case_rule
+            assert e.index == i
+        for not_tuple in (okay, [okay]):
+            check_TypeError(not_tuple, tuple, 'value', o.validate, not_tuple)
+        for has_str in [(fail_type,), (okay, fail_type)]:
+            check_TypeError(fail_type, unicode, 'value', o.validate, has_str)
+
+    def test_get_default(self):
+        """
+        Tests the `frontend.Param.get_default` method.
+        """
+        name = 'greeting'
+        default = u'Hello, world!'
+        default_from = frontend.DefaultFrom(
+            lambda first, last: u'Hello, %s %s!' % (first, last),
+            'first', 'last'
+        )
+
+        # Scenario 1: multivalue=False
+        o = self.cls(name,
+            default=default,
+            default_from=default_from,
+        )
+        assert o.default is default
+        assert o.default_from is default_from
+        assert o.get_default() == default
+        assert o.get_default(first='John', last='Doe') == 'Hello, John Doe!'
+
+        # Scenario 2: multivalue=True
+        default = (default,)
+        o = self.cls(name,
+            default=default,
+            default_from=default_from,
+            multivalue=True,
+        )
+        assert o.default is default
+        assert o.default_from is default_from
+        assert o.get_default() == default
+        assert o.get_default(first='John', last='Doe') == ('Hello, John Doe!',)
+
+    def test_get_value(self):
+        """
+        Tests the `frontend.Param.get_values` method.
+        """
+        name = 'status'
+        values = (u'Active', u'Inactive')
+        o = self.cls(name, type=ipa_types.Unicode())
+        assert o.get_values() == tuple()
+        o = self.cls(name, type=ipa_types.Enum(*values))
+        assert o.get_values() == values
+
+
+def test_create_param():
+    """
+    Test the `frontend.create_param` function.
+    """
+    f = frontend.create_param
+    for name in ['arg', 'arg?', 'arg*', 'arg+']:
+        o = f(name)
+        assert type(o) is frontend.Param
+        assert type(o.type) is ipa_types.Unicode
+        assert o.name == 'arg'
+        assert f(o) is o
+    o = f('arg')
+    assert o.required is True
+    assert o.multivalue is False
+    o = f('arg?')
+    assert o.required is False
+    assert o.multivalue is False
+    o = f('arg*')
+    assert o.required is False
+    assert o.multivalue is True
+    o = f('arg+')
+    assert o.required is True
+    assert o.multivalue is True
+
+
+class test_Command(ClassChecker):
+    """
+    Tests the `frontend.Command` class.
+    """
+    _cls = frontend.Command
+
+    def get_subcls(self):
+        class Rule(object):
+            def __init__(self, name):
+                self.name = name
+
+            def __call__(self, value):
+                if value != self.name:
+                    return 'must equal %s' % self.name
+
+        default_from = frontend.DefaultFrom(
+                lambda arg: arg,
+                'default_from'
+        )
+        normalize = lambda value: value.lower()
+
+        class example(self.cls):
+            takes_options = (
+                frontend.Param('option0',
+                    normalize=normalize,
+                    default_from=default_from,
+                    rules=(Rule('option0'),)
+                ),
+                frontend.Param('option1',
+                    normalize=normalize,
+                    default_from=default_from,
+                    rules=(Rule('option1'),),
+                    required=True,
+                ),
+            )
+        return example
+
+    def get_instance(self, args=tuple(), options=tuple()):
+        """
+        Helper method used to test args and options.
+        """
+        class example(self.cls):
+            takes_args = args
+            takes_options = options
+        o = example()
+        o.finalize()
+        return o
+
+    def test_class(self):
+        assert self.cls.__bases__ == (plugable.Plugin,)
+        assert self.cls.takes_options == tuple()
+        assert self.cls.takes_args == tuple()
+
+    def test_get_args(self):
+        """
+        Tests the `frontend.Command.get_args` method.
+        """
+        assert list(self.cls().get_args()) == []
+        args = ('login', 'stuff')
+        o = self.get_instance(args=args)
+        assert o.get_args() is args
+
+    def test_get_options(self):
+        """
+        Tests the `frontend.Command.get_options` method.
+        """
+        assert list(self.cls().get_options()) == []
+        options = ('verbose', 'debug')
+        o = self.get_instance(options=options)
+        assert o.get_options() is options
+
+    def test_args(self):
+        """
+        Tests the ``Command.args`` instance attribute.
+        """
+        assert 'args' in self.cls.__public__ # Public
+        assert self.cls().args is None
+        o = self.cls()
+        o.finalize()
+        assert type(o.args) is plugable.NameSpace
+        assert len(o.args) == 0
+        args = ('destination', 'source?')
+        ns = self.get_instance(args=args).args
+        assert type(ns) is plugable.NameSpace
+        assert len(ns) == len(args)
+        assert list(ns) == ['destination', 'source']
+        assert type(ns.destination) is frontend.Param
+        assert type(ns.source) is frontend.Param
+        assert ns.destination.required is True
+        assert ns.destination.multivalue is False
+        assert ns.source.required is False
+        assert ns.source.multivalue is False
+
+        # Test TypeError:
+        e = raises(TypeError, self.get_instance, args=(u'whatever',))
+        assert str(e) == \
+            'create_param() takes %r or %r; got %r' % (str, frontend.Param, u'whatever')
+
+        # Test ValueError, required after optional:
+        e = raises(ValueError, self.get_instance, args=('arg1?', 'arg2'))
+        assert str(e) == 'arg2: required argument after optional'
+
+         # Test ValueError, scalar after multivalue:
+        e = raises(ValueError, self.get_instance, args=('arg1+', 'arg2'))
+        assert str(e) == 'arg2: only final argument can be multivalue'
+
+    def test_max_args(self):
+        """
+        Test the ``Command.max_args`` instance attribute.
+        """
+        o = self.get_instance()
+        assert o.max_args == 0
+        o = self.get_instance(args=('one?',))
+        assert o.max_args == 1
+        o = self.get_instance(args=('one', 'two?'))
+        assert o.max_args == 2
+        o = self.get_instance(args=('one', 'multi+',))
+        assert o.max_args is None
+        o = self.get_instance(args=('one', 'multi*',))
+        assert o.max_args is None
+
+    def test_options(self):
+        """
+        Tests the ``Command.options`` instance attribute.
+        """
+        assert 'options' in self.cls.__public__ # Public
+        assert self.cls().options is None
+        o = self.cls()
+        o.finalize()
+        assert type(o.options) is plugable.NameSpace
+        assert len(o.options) == 0
+        options = ('target', 'files*')
+        ns = self.get_instance(options=options).options
+        assert type(ns) is plugable.NameSpace
+        assert len(ns) == len(options)
+        assert list(ns) == ['target', 'files']
+        assert type(ns.target) is frontend.Param
+        assert type(ns.files) is frontend.Param
+        assert ns.target.required is True
+        assert ns.target.multivalue is False
+        assert ns.files.required is False
+        assert ns.files.multivalue is True
+
+    def test_convert(self):
+        """
+        Tests the `frontend.Command.convert` method.
+        """
+        assert 'convert' in self.cls.__public__ # Public
+        kw = dict(
+            option0='option0',
+            option1='option1',
+        )
+        expected = dict(kw)
+        expected.update(dict(option0=u'option0', option1=u'option1'))
+        o = self.subcls()
+        o.finalize()
+        for (key, value) in o.convert(**kw).iteritems():
+            v = expected[key]
+            assert value == v
+            assert type(value) is type(v)
+
+    def test_normalize(self):
+        """
+        Tests the `frontend.Command.normalize` method.
+        """
+        assert 'normalize' in self.cls.__public__ # Public
+        kw = dict(
+            option0=u'OPTION0',
+            option1=u'OPTION1',
+        )
+        norm = dict((k, v.lower()) for (k, v) in kw.items())
+        sub = self.subcls()
+        sub.finalize()
+        assert sub.normalize(**kw) == norm
+
+    def test_get_default(self):
+        """
+        Tests the `frontend.Command.get_default` method.
+        """
+        assert 'get_default' in self.cls.__public__ # Public
+        no_fill = dict(
+            option0='value0',
+            option1='value1',
+            whatever='hello world',
+        )
+        fill = dict(
+            default_from='the default',
+        )
+        default = dict(
+            option0='the default',
+            option1='the default',
+        )
+        sub = self.subcls()
+        sub.finalize()
+        assert sub.get_default(**no_fill) == {}
+        assert sub.get_default(**fill) == default
+
+    def test_validate(self):
+        """
+        Tests the `frontend.Command.validate` method.
+        """
+        assert 'validate' in self.cls.__public__ # Public
+
+        sub = self.subcls()
+        sub.finalize()
+
+        # Check with valid args
+        okay = dict(
+            option0=u'option0',
+            option1=u'option1',
+            another_option='some value',
+        )
+        sub.validate(**okay)
+
+        # Check with an invalid arg
+        fail = dict(okay)
+        fail['option0'] = u'whatever'
+        e = raises(errors.RuleError, sub.validate, **fail)
+        assert e.name == 'option0'
+        assert e.value == u'whatever'
+        assert e.error == 'must equal option0'
+        assert e.rule.__class__.__name__ == 'Rule'
+        assert e.index is None
+
+        # Check with a missing required arg
+        fail = dict(okay)
+        fail.pop('option1')
+        e = raises(errors.RequirementError, sub.validate, **fail)
+        assert e.name == 'option1'
+        assert e.value is None
+        assert e.index is None
+
+    def test_execute(self):
+        """
+        Tests the `frontend.Command.execute` method.
+        """
+        assert 'execute' in self.cls.__public__ # Public
+
+    def test_args_to_kw(self):
+        """
+        Test the `frontend.Command.args_to_kw` method.
+        """
+        assert 'args_to_kw' in self.cls.__public__ # Public
+        o = self.get_instance(args=('one', 'two?'))
+        assert o.args_to_kw(1) == dict(one=1)
+        assert o.args_to_kw(1, 2) == dict(one=1, two=2)
+
+        o = self.get_instance(args=('one', 'two*'))
+        assert o.args_to_kw(1) == dict(one=1)
+        assert o.args_to_kw(1, 2) == dict(one=1, two=(2,))
+        assert o.args_to_kw(1, 2, 3) == dict(one=1, two=(2, 3))
+
+        o = self.get_instance(args=('one', 'two+'))
+        assert o.args_to_kw(1) == dict(one=1)
+        assert o.args_to_kw(1, 2) == dict(one=1, two=(2,))
+        assert o.args_to_kw(1, 2, 3) == dict(one=1, two=(2, 3))
+
+        o = self.get_instance()
+        e = raises(errors.ArgumentError, o.args_to_kw, 1)
+        assert str(e) == 'example takes no arguments'
+
+        o = self.get_instance(args=('one?',))
+        e = raises(errors.ArgumentError, o.args_to_kw, 1, 2)
+        assert str(e) == 'example takes at most 1 argument'
+
+        o = self.get_instance(args=('one', 'two?'))
+        e = raises(errors.ArgumentError, o.args_to_kw, 1, 2, 3)
+        assert str(e) == 'example takes at most 2 arguments'
+
+    def test_kw_to_args(self):
+        """
+        Tests the `frontend.Command.kw_to_args` method.
+        """
+        assert 'kw_to_args' in self.cls.__public__ # Public
+        o = self.get_instance(args=('one', 'two?'))
+        assert o.kw_to_args() == (None, None)
+        assert o.kw_to_args(whatever='hello') == (None, None)
+        assert o.kw_to_args(one='the one') == ('the one', None)
+        assert o.kw_to_args(two='the two') == (None, 'the two')
+        assert o.kw_to_args(whatever='hello', two='Two', one='One') == \
+            ('One', 'Two')
+
+    def test_run(self):
+        """
+        Test the `frontend.Command.run` method.
+        """
+        class my_cmd(self.cls):
+            def execute(self, *args, **kw):
+                return ('execute', args, kw)
+
+            def forward(self, *args, **kw):
+                return ('forward', args, kw)
+
+        args = ('Hello,', 'world,')
+        kw = dict(how_are='you', on_this='fine day?')
+
+        # Test in server context:
+        api = plugable.API(self.cls)
+        api.env.update(dict(server_context=True))
+        api.finalize()
+        o = my_cmd()
+        o.set_api(api)
+        assert o.run.im_func is self.cls.run.im_func
+        assert ('execute', args, kw) == o.run(*args, **kw)
+        assert o.run.im_func is my_cmd.execute.im_func
+
+        # Test in non-server context
+        api = plugable.API(self.cls)
+        api.env.update(dict(server_context=False))
+        api.finalize()
+        o = my_cmd()
+        o.set_api(api)
+        assert o.run.im_func is self.cls.run.im_func
+        assert ('forward', args, kw) == o.run(*args, **kw)
+        assert o.run.im_func is my_cmd.forward.im_func
+
+
+class test_Object(ClassChecker):
+    """
+    Test the `frontend.Object` class.
+    """
+    _cls = frontend.Object
+
+    def test_class(self):
+        assert self.cls.__bases__ == (plugable.Plugin,)
+        assert self.cls.backend is None
+        assert self.cls.methods is None
+        assert self.cls.properties is None
+        assert self.cls.params is None
+        assert self.cls.params_minus_pk is None
+        assert self.cls.takes_params == tuple()
+
+    def test_init(self):
+        """
+        Test the `frontend.Object.__init__` method.
+        """
+        o = self.cls()
+        assert o.backend is None
+        assert o.methods is None
+        assert o.properties is None
+        assert o.params is None
+        assert o.params_minus_pk is None
+        assert o.properties is None
+
+    def test_set_api(self):
+        """
+        Test the `frontend.Object.set_api` method.
+        """
+        # Setup for test:
+        class DummyAttribute(object):
+            def __init__(self, obj_name, attr_name, name=None):
+                self.obj_name = obj_name
+                self.attr_name = attr_name
+                if name is None:
+                    self.name = '%s_%s' % (obj_name, attr_name)
+                else:
+                    self.name = name
+                self.param = frontend.create_param(attr_name)
+
+            def __clone__(self, attr_name):
+                return self.__class__(
+                    self.obj_name,
+                    self.attr_name,
+                    getattr(self, attr_name)
+                )
+
+        def get_attributes(cnt, format):
+            for name in ['other', 'user', 'another']:
+                for i in xrange(cnt):
+                    yield DummyAttribute(name, format % i)
+
+        cnt = 10
+        formats = dict(
+            methods='method_%d',
+            properties='property_%d',
+        )
+
+
+        _d = dict(
+            Method=plugable.NameSpace(
+                get_attributes(cnt, formats['methods'])
+            ),
+            Property=plugable.NameSpace(
+                get_attributes(cnt, formats['properties'])
+            ),
+        )
+        api = plugable.MagicDict(_d)
+        assert len(api.Method) == cnt * 3
+        assert len(api.Property) == cnt * 3
+
+        class user(self.cls):
+            pass
+
+        # Actually perform test:
+        o = user()
+        o.set_api(api)
+        assert read_only(o, 'api') is api
+        for name in ['methods', 'properties']:
+            namespace = getattr(o, name)
+            assert isinstance(namespace, plugable.NameSpace)
+            assert len(namespace) == cnt
+            f = formats[name]
+            for i in xrange(cnt):
+                attr_name = f % i
+                attr = namespace[attr_name]
+                assert isinstance(attr, DummyAttribute)
+                assert attr is getattr(namespace, attr_name)
+                assert attr.obj_name == 'user'
+                assert attr.attr_name == attr_name
+                assert attr.name == attr_name
+
+        # Test params instance attribute
+        o = self.cls()
+        o.set_api(api)
+        ns = o.params
+        assert type(ns) is plugable.NameSpace
+        assert len(ns) == 0
+        class example(self.cls):
+            takes_params = ('banana', 'apple')
+        o = example()
+        o.set_api(api)
+        ns = o.params
+        assert type(ns) is plugable.NameSpace
+        assert len(ns) == 2, repr(ns)
+        assert list(ns) == ['banana', 'apple']
+        for p in ns():
+            assert type(p) is frontend.Param
+            assert p.required is True
+            assert p.multivalue is False
+
+    def test_primary_key(self):
+        """
+        Test the `frontend.Object.primary_key` attribute.
+        """
+        api = plugable.API(
+            frontend.Method,
+            frontend.Property,
+        )
+        api.env.update(config.generate_env())
+        api.finalize()
+
+        # Test with no primary keys:
+        class example1(self.cls):
+            takes_params = (
+                'one',
+                'two',
+            )
+        o = example1()
+        o.set_api(api)
+        assert o.primary_key is None
+        assert o.params_minus_pk is None
+
+        # Test with 1 primary key:
+        class example2(self.cls):
+            takes_params = (
+                'one',
+                'two',
+                frontend.Param('three',
+                    primary_key=True,
+                ),
+                'four',
+            )
+        o = example2()
+        o.set_api(api)
+        pk = o.primary_key
+        assert isinstance(pk, frontend.Param)
+        assert pk.name == 'three'
+        assert pk.primary_key is True
+        assert o.params[2] is o.primary_key
+        assert isinstance(o.params_minus_pk, plugable.NameSpace)
+        assert list(o.params_minus_pk) == ['one', 'two', 'four']
+
+        # Test with multiple primary_key:
+        class example3(self.cls):
+            takes_params = (
+                frontend.Param('one', primary_key=True),
+                frontend.Param('two', primary_key=True),
+                'three',
+                frontend.Param('four', primary_key=True),
+            )
+        o = example3()
+        e = raises(ValueError, o.set_api, api)
+        assert str(e) == \
+            'example3 (Object) has multiple primary keys: one, two, four'
+
+    def test_backend(self):
+        """
+        Test the `frontend.Object.backend` attribute.
+        """
+        api = plugable.API(
+            frontend.Object,
+            frontend.Method,
+            frontend.Property,
+            backend.Backend,
+        )
+        api.env.update(config.generate_env())
+        class ldap(backend.Backend):
+            whatever = 'It worked!'
+        api.register(ldap)
+        class user(frontend.Object):
+            backend_name = 'ldap'
+        api.register(user)
+        api.finalize()
+        b = api.Object.user.backend
+        assert isinstance(b, ldap)
+        assert b.whatever == 'It worked!'
+
+
+class test_Attribute(ClassChecker):
+    """
+    Tests the `frontend.Attribute` class.
+    """
+    _cls = frontend.Attribute
+
+    def test_class(self):
+        assert self.cls.__bases__ == (plugable.Plugin,)
+        assert type(self.cls.obj) is property
+        assert type(self.cls.obj_name) is property
+        assert type(self.cls.attr_name) is property
+
+    def test_init(self):
+        """
+        Tests the `frontend.Attribute.__init__` method.
+        """
+        class user_add(self.cls):
+            pass
+        o = user_add()
+        assert read_only(o, 'obj') is None
+        assert read_only(o, 'obj_name') == 'user'
+        assert read_only(o, 'attr_name') == 'add'
+
+    def test_set_api(self):
+        """
+        Tests the `frontend.Attribute.set_api` method.
+        """
+        user_obj = 'The user frontend.Object instance'
+        class api(object):
+            Object = dict(user=user_obj)
+        class user_add(self.cls):
+            pass
+        o = user_add()
+        assert read_only(o, 'api') is None
+        assert read_only(o, 'obj') is None
+        o.set_api(api)
+        assert read_only(o, 'api') is api
+        assert read_only(o, 'obj') is user_obj
+
+
+class test_Method(ClassChecker):
+    """
+    Test the `frontend.Method` class.
+    """
+    _cls = frontend.Method
+
+    def test_class(self):
+        assert self.cls.__bases__ == (frontend.Attribute, frontend.Command)
+        assert self.cls.implements(frontend.Command)
+        assert self.cls.implements(frontend.Attribute)
+
+    def test_init(self):
+        """
+        Test the `frontend.Method.__init__` method.
+        """
+        class user_add(self.cls):
+            pass
+        o = user_add()
+        assert o.name == 'user_add'
+        assert o.obj_name == 'user'
+        assert o.attr_name == 'add'
+        assert frontend.Command.implemented_by(o)
+        assert frontend.Attribute.implemented_by(o)
+
+
+class test_Property(ClassChecker):
+    """
+    Tests the `frontend.Property` class.
+    """
+    _cls = frontend.Property
+
+    def get_subcls(self):
+        class user_givenname(self.cls):
+            'User first name'
+
+            @frontend.rule
+            def rule0_lowercase(self, value):
+                if not value.islower():
+                    return 'Must be lowercase'
+        return user_givenname
+
+    def test_class(self):
+        assert self.cls.__bases__ == (frontend.Attribute,)
+        assert isinstance(self.cls.type, ipa_types.Unicode)
+        assert self.cls.required is False
+        assert self.cls.multivalue is False
+        assert self.cls.default is None
+        assert self.cls.default_from is None
+        assert self.cls.normalize is None
+
+    def test_init(self):
+        """
+        Tests the `frontend.Property.__init__` method.
+        """
+        o = self.subcls()
+        assert len(o.rules) == 1
+        assert o.rules[0].__name__ == 'rule0_lowercase'
+        param = o.param
+        assert isinstance(param, frontend.Param)
+        assert param.name == 'givenname'
+        assert param.doc == 'User first name'
+
+
+class test_Application(ClassChecker):
+    """
+    Tests the `frontend.Application` class.
+    """
+    _cls = frontend.Application
+
+    def test_class(self):
+        assert self.cls.__bases__ == (frontend.Command,)
+        assert type(self.cls.application) is property
+
+    def test_application(self):
+        """
+        Tests the `frontend.Application.application` property.
+        """
+        assert 'application' in self.cls.__public__ # Public
+        assert 'set_application' in self.cls.__public__ # Public
+        app = 'The external application'
+        class example(self.cls):
+            'A subclass'
+        for o in (self.cls(), example()):
+            assert read_only(o, 'application') is None
+            e = raises(TypeError, o.set_application, None)
+            assert str(e) == (
+                '%s.application cannot be None' % o.__class__.__name__
+            )
+            o.set_application(app)
+            assert read_only(o, 'application') is app
+            e = raises(AttributeError, o.set_application, app)
+            assert str(e) == (
+                '%s.application can only be set once' % o.__class__.__name__
+            )
+            assert read_only(o, 'application') is app