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Diffstat (limited to 'docs')
50 files changed, 99 insertions, 99 deletions
diff --git a/docs/404.html b/docs/404.html index 5bdad0c..e9bac80 100644 --- a/docs/404.html +++ b/docs/404.html @@ -8,14 +8,14 @@ <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" href="/PSP/blog/atom.xml" title="PSP-UFU Blog Atom Feed"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="PSP-UFU" href="/PSP/opensearch.xml"><title data-react-helmet="true">Page Not Found | PSP-UFU</title><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:title" content="Page Not Found | PSP-UFU"><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:url" content="https://thales1330.github.io/PSP/404.html"><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="docsearch:language" content="en"><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="docsearch:docusaurus_tag" content="default"><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="shortcut icon" href="/PSP/img/favicon.ico"><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="canonical" href="https://thales1330.github.io/PSP/404.html"><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="alternate" 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\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/assets/js/88afc5eb.16e4f75d.js b/docs/assets/js/88afc5eb.16e4f75d.js deleted file mode 100644 index 4301296..0000000 --- a/docs/assets/js/88afc5eb.16e4f75d.js +++ /dev/null @@ -1 +0,0 @@ -(window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[]).push([[29],{102:function(e,t,o){"use strict";o.r(t),o.d(t,"frontMatter",(function(){return r})),o.d(t,"metadata",(function(){return s})),o.d(t,"Highlight",(function(){return l})),o.d(t,"toc",(function(){return b})),o.d(t,"default",(function(){return p}));var n=o(3),i=o(7),a=(o(0),o(140)),c=o(141),r={id:"cadTools",title:"CAD Tools",sidebar_label:"CAD Tools"},s={unversionedId:"cadTools",id:"cadTools",isDocsHomePage:!1,title:"CAD Tools",description:"backgroundColor: color,",source:"@site/docs/cadTools.md",slug:"/cadTools",permalink:"/PSP/docs/cadTools",editUrl:"https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/tree/master/docusaurus/docs/cadTools.md",version:"current",sidebar_label:"CAD Tools",sidebar:"docs",previous:{title:"Main Screen",permalink:"/PSP/docs/mainScreen"},next:{title:"Editor de Pot\xeancia",permalink:"/PSP/docs/powerEditor"}},l=function(e){var t=e.children,o=e.color;return Object(a.b)("span",{style:{backgroundColor:o,borderRadius:"2px",color:"#000",padding:"0.2rem"}},t)},b=[{value:"Menu Tools",id:"menu-tools",children:[{value:"Select",id:"select",children:[]},{value:"Move",id:"move",children:[]},{value:"Rotate",id:"rotate",children:[]},{value:"Drag",id:"drag",children:[]},{value:"Zoom",id:"zoom",children:[]},{value:"Fit",id:"fit",children:[]},{value:"Copy and paste",id:"copy-and-paste",children:[]},{value:"Delete",id:"delete",children:[]}]},{value:"Graphic customization of the elements",id:"graphic-customization-of-the-elements",children:[{value:"Bar",id:"bar",children:[]},{value:"Line",id:"line",children:[]}]},{value:"Connection and disconnection of elements in the bar",id:"connection-and-disconnection-of-elements-in-the-bar",children:[]}],d={Highlight:l,toc:b};function p(e){var t=e.components,o=Object(i.a)(e,["components"]);return Object(a.b)("wrapper",Object(n.a)({},d,o,{components:t,mdxType:"MDXLayout"}),Object(a.b)("blockquote",null,Object(a.b)("p",{parentName:"blockquote"},"Computer-aided design (CAD) is the use of computers (or workstations) to aid in the creation, modification, analysis, or optimization of a design. CAD software is used to increase the productivity of the designer, improve the quality of design, improve communications through documentation, and to create a database for manufacturing. Designs made through CAD software are helpful in protecting products and inventions when used in patent applications. CAD output is often in the form of electronic files for print, machining, or other manufacturing operations. ",Object(a.b)("a",{parentName:"p",href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_design"},"Wikipedia"))),Object(a.b)("h2",{id:"menu-tools"},"Menu Tools"),Object(a.b)("p",null,"All objects created contain various graphic attributes, such as: position, orientation, color, size, etc. To modify them, some intuitive and easy-to-use tools were inserted, which are: ",Object(a.b)("a",{parentName:"p",href:"cadTools#select"},Object(a.b)("strong",{parentName:"a"},"select")),", ",Object(a.b)("a",{parentName:"p",href:"cadTools#move"},Object(a.b)("strong",{parentName:"a"},"move")),", ",Object(a.b)("a",{parentName:"p",href:"cadTools#rotate"},Object(a.b)("strong",{parentName:"a"},"rotate")),", ",Object(a.b)("a",{parentName:"p",href:"cadTools#drag"},Object(a.b)("strong",{parentName:"a"},"drag")),", ",Object(a.b)("a",{parentName:"p",href:"cadTools#zoom"},Object(a.b)("strong",{parentName:"a"},"zoom")),", ",Object(a.b)("a",{parentName:"p",href:"cadTools#snap"},Object(a.b)("strong",{parentName:"a"},"snap")),", ",Object(a.b)("a",{parentName:"p",href:"cadTools#copy-and-paste"},Object(a.b)("strong",{parentName:"a"},"copy , paste"))," and ",Object(a.b)("a",{parentName:"p",href:"cadTools#delete"},Object(a.b)("strong",{parentName:"a"},"delete")),"."),Object(a.b)("p",null,"These tools can be accessed through their shortcut keys as well as through the ",Object(a.b)("a",{parentName:"p",href:"mainScreen#menu-ribbon"},"Tools submenu"),"."),Object(a.b)("p",null,"Such tools allow ",Object(a.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"}," personalization "),", ",Object(a.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"}," navigation ")," and assist in the ",Object(a.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"}," creation ")," of electric power networks, as well as control diagrams on the platform."),Object(a.b)("h3",{id:"select"},"Select"),Object(a.b)("p",null,"The selection of a single object is carried out by clicking with the left mouse button on the element, which will be identified by the outline in ",Object(a.b)(l,{color:"#80bfff",mdxType:"Highlight"}," blue")," of the object."),Object(a.b)("p",null,"To select multiple objects simultaneously, it is necessary to click the left mouse button on an empty spot on the screen and drag it, thus creating a ",Object(a.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"}," selection rectangle ")," that will accompany the mouse pointer while the left button is pressed . When you release it, all objects that intersect the rectangle will be selected."),Object(a.b)("p",null,"By holding down the Control (Ctrl) key on the keyboard, you can keep previous selections while new elements are selected."),Object(a.b)("p",null,"To deselect all objects just click on an area without objects."),Object(a.b)("video",{autoPlay:!0,loop:!0,muted:!0,playsInline:!0,controls:!0},Object(a.b)("source",{src:Object(c.a)("videos/select.mp4"),type:"video/mp4"}),Object(a.b)("source",{src:Object(c.a)("videos/select.webm"),type:"video/webm"})),Object(a.b)("h3",{id:"move"},"Move"),Object(a.b)("p",null,"An element can be moved to any location by means of the drag-and-drop action (by clicking and dragging) or by the move tool."),Object(a.b)("p",null,"By enabling \u201cmove mode\u201d, moving all selected components as the position of the mouse is changed. To disable this mode, just press the Escape key on the keyboard."),Object(a.b)("video",{autoPlay:!0,loop:!0,muted:!0,playsInline:!0,controls:!0},Object(a.b)("source",{src:Object(c.a)("videos/move.mp4"),type:"video/mp4"}),Object(a.b)("source",{src:Object(c.a)("videos/move.webm"),type:"video/webm"})),Object(a.b)("h3",{id:"rotate"},"Rotate"),Object(a.b)("p",null,'Some objects can be rotated using the rotate tool, accessed by the shortcut key "R", rotating the object clockwise, or "Shift + R", counterclockwise (this option will affect all selected objects). The element can also be rotated through the ',Object(a.b)("a",{parentName:"p",href:"mainScreen#menu-ribbon"},"Tools submenu")," or when accessing the context menu by right clicking on the element."),Object(a.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"},Object(a.b)("div",{parentName:"div",className:"admonition-heading"},Object(a.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(a.b)("span",{parentName:"h5",className:"admonition-icon"},Object(a.b)("svg",{parentName:"span",xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"16",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 16 16"},Object(a.b)("path",{parentName:"svg",fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"}))),"Attention!")),Object(a.b)("div",{parentName:"div",className:"admonition-content"},Object(a.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"The context menu will only be displayed if the element is selected."))),Object(a.b)("p",null,"When using this tool, objects will rotate 45\xba from their point of origin. To achieve the desired angle, simply repeat the rotation process."),Object(a.b)("video",{autoPlay:!0,loop:!0,muted:!0,playsInline:!0,controls:!0},Object(a.b)("source",{src:Object(c.a)("videos/rotate.mp4"),type:"video/mp4"}),Object(a.b)("source",{src:Object(c.a)("videos/rotate.webm"),type:"video/webm"})),Object(a.b)("h3",{id:"drag"},"Drag"),Object(a.b)("p",null,"Three tools very useful in navigation of the circuit, mainly in large networks, are: drag, zoom and fit."),Object(a.b)("p",null,"The drag tool makes it possible to move the entire circuit ",Object(a.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"}," preserving the relative positions between the elements "),'. This tool can be accessed through the submenu "Tools" or ',Object(a.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"}," by holding down the ",Object(a.b)("em",{parentName:"strong"}," scroll ")," of the mouse "),', thus activating the "drag mode". Upon activating it, the entire circuit will be moved by clicking and dragging in the desired direction.'),Object(a.b)("p",null,"To exit \u201cdrag mode\u201d just press the Escape key on the keyboard."),Object(a.b)("video",{autoPlay:!0,loop:!0,muted:!0,playsInline:!0,controls:!0},Object(a.b)("source",{src:Object(c.a)("videos/drag.mp4"),type:"video mp4"}),Object(a.b)("source",{src:Object(c.a)("videos/drag.webm"),type:"video/webm"})),Object(a.b)("h3",{id:"zoom"},"Zoom"),Object(a.b)("p",null,"The zoom will be applied when using the ",Object(a.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"}," mouse scroll ")," to zoom in or out. The zoom tool will zoom in or out of the circuit from the position of the mouse pointer on the screen to find objects or highlight them."),Object(a.b)("video",{autoPlay:!0,loop:!0,muted:!0,playsInline:!0,controls:!0},Object(a.b)("source",{src:Object(c.a)("videos/zoom.mp4"),type:"video/mp4"}),Object(a.b)("source",{src:Object(c.a)("videos/zoom.webm"),type:"video/webm"})),Object(a.b)("h3",{id:"fit"},"Fit"),Object(a.b)("p",null,"The snap tool will move the circuit and zoom.necessary for all network components to be displayed on the screen. This tool can be accessed through the \u201cTools\u201d submenu or by using the \u201cShift + F\u201d key combination."),Object(a.b)("video",{autoPlay:!0,loop:!0,muted:!0,playsInline:!0,controls:!0},Object(a.b)("source",{src:Object(c.a)("videos/fit.mp4"),type:"video/mp4"}),Object(a.b)("source",{src:Object(c.a)("videos/fit.webm"),type:"video/webm"})),Object(a.b)("h3",{id:"copy-and-paste"},"Copy and paste"),Object(a.b)("p",null,"Two important tools during the process of creating the power grid in software are copy and paste. Any circuit created in the PSP-UFU can be duplicated completely or partially in the same project or in multiples using these tools."),Object(a.b)("p",null,'To copy, just select the elements you want to duplicate and access the tool in the "Tools" submenu or by pressing the "Ctrl + C" key combination, then the circuit data will be copied to the clipboard. When copying a circuit it can be pasted in the same project or in a different project, using the same submenu or pressing the combination of the keys "Ctrl + V".'),Object(a.b)("video",{autoPlay:!0,loop:!0,muted:!0,playsInline:!0,controls:!0},Object(a.b)("source",{src:Object(c.a)("videos/copyPaste.mp4"),type:"video/mp4"}),Object(a.b)("source",{src:Object(c.a)("videos/copyPaste.webm"),type:"video/webm"})),Object(a.b)("h3",{id:"delete"},"Delete"),Object(a.b)("p",null,"Any object can be deleted from the project using the delete tool, present in the Ribbon menu, by the Delete shortcut key or by accessing the context menu by right-clicking on the selected element."),Object(a.b)("video",{autoPlay:!0,loop:!0,muted:!0,playsInline:!0,controls:!0},Object(a.b)("source",{src:Object(c.a)("videos/delete.mp4"),type:"video/mp4"}),Object(a.b)("source",{src:Object(c.a)("videos/delete.webm"),type:"video/webm"})),Object(a.b)("h2",{id:"graphic-customization-of-the-elements"},"Graphic customization of the elements"),Object(a.b)("p",null,"Some elements allow its graphic customization, such as bars and lines."),Object(a.b)("h3",{id:"bar"},"Bar"),Object(a.b)("p",null,"In the case of busbars, you can change the ",Object(a.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"}," length of the bar ")," by clicking and dragging on the ",Object(a.b)("em",{parentName:"p"}," pickbox ")," displayed when placing the mouse pointer over that selected element."),Object(a.b)("h3",{id:"line"},"Line"),Object(a.b)("p",null,"The lines can be inserted with ",Object(a.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},' "knots" (anchor points) '),", customizing the arrangement of the lines in the single-line diagram. These nodes are inserted during the element creation process, prior to the selection of the second bar."),Object(a.b)("p",null,"After insertion, new nodes can be attached via the context menu accessed by right clicking on the selected line. Its removal is also achieved by an option in the context menu."),Object(a.b)("p",null,"As with buses, changing the position of the nodes is achieved by clicking and dragging the ",Object(a.b)("em",{parentName:"p"}," pickbox ")," displayed when placing the mouse pointer over this selected element."),Object(a.b)("video",{autoPlay:!0,loop:!0,muted:!0,playsInline:!0,controls:!0},Object(a.b)("source",{src:Object(c.a)("videos/graphicPropsChange.mp4"),type:"video/mp4"}),Object(a.b)("source",{src:Object(c.a)("videos/graphicPropsChange.webm"),type:"video/webm"})),Object(a.b)("h2",{id:"connection-and-disconnection-of-elements-in-the-bar"},"Connection and disconnection of elements in the bar"),Object(a.b)("p",null,"The elements can be disconnected and reconnected to the bars after their insertion only by the ",Object(a.b)("em",{parentName:"p"}," drag-and-drop ")," tool. For this, the element must be selected and its connection node must be dragged to the required location."),Object(a.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-warning alert alert--danger"},Object(a.b)("div",{parentName:"div",className:"admonition-heading"},Object(a.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(a.b)("span",{parentName:"h5",className:"admonition-icon"},Object(a.b)("svg",{parentName:"span",xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"12",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 12 16"},Object(a.b)("path",{parentName:"svg",fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M5.05.31c.81 2.17.41 3.38-.52 4.31C3.55 5.67 1.98 6.45.9 7.98c-1.45 2.05-1.7 6.53 3.53 7.7-2.2-1.16-2.67-4.52-.3-6.61-.61 2.03.53 3.33 1.94 2.86 1.39-.47 2.3.53 2.27 1.67-.02.78-.31 1.44-1.13 1.81 3.42-.59 4.78-3.42 4.78-5.56 0-2.84-2.53-3.22-1.25-5.61-1.52.13-2.03 1.13-1.89 2.75.09 1.08-1.02 1.8-1.86 1.33-.67-.41-.66-1.19-.06-1.78C8.18 5.31 8.68 2.45 5.05.32L5.03.3l.02.01z"}))),"Watch out!")),Object(a.b)("div",{parentName:"div",className:"admonition-content"},Object(a.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"The element to be disconnected / reconnected ",Object(a.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"}," must be previously selected ")," to carry out the operation. Otherwise, the bar will be moved or no operations will be performed."))),Object(a.b)("p",null,"In case of disconnection, the element will be automatically removed from the simulation, being indicated by its color (the element will change to color ",Object(a.b)(l,{color:"#7f7f7f",mdxType:"Highlight"}," gray"),")."),Object(a.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"},Object(a.b)("div",{parentName:"div",className:"admonition-heading"},Object(a.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(a.b)("span",{parentName:"h5",className:"admonition-icon"},Object(a.b)("svg",{parentName:"span",xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"16",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 16 16"},Object(a.b)("path",{parentName:"svg",fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"}))),"Attention!")),Object(a.b)("div",{parentName:"div",className:"admonition-content"},Object(a.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"When reconnecting the element to the circuit, one must ",Object(a.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},' pay attention to the status of its "circuit breaker" '),", indicated by a square next to its connection node. A reconnected element returns to the circuit with its circuit breaker open (",Object(a.b)(l,{color:"#ff1919",mdxType:"Highlight"}," red"),"), and it is necessary to click on it to insert the element into the circuit."))),Object(a.b)("video",{autoPlay:!0,loop:!0,muted:!0,playsInline:!0,controls:!0},Object(a.b)("source",{src:Object(c.a)("videos/disconnect.mp4"),type:"video/mp4"}),Object(a.b)("source",{src:Object(c.a)("videos/disconnect.webm"),type:"video/webm"})))}p.isMDXComponent=!0},140:function(e,t,o){"use strict";o.d(t,"a",(function(){return d})),o.d(t,"b",(function(){return u}));var n=o(0),i=o.n(n);function a(e,t,o){return t in e?Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:o,enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,writable:!0}):e[t]=o,e}function c(e,t){var o=Object.keys(e);if(Object.getOwnPropertySymbols){var n=Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(e);t&&(n=n.filter((function(t){return Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(e,t).enumerable}))),o.push.apply(o,n)}return o}function r(e){for(var t=1;t<arguments.length;t++){var o=null!=arguments[t]?arguments[t]:{};t%2?c(Object(o),!0).forEach((function(t){a(e,t,o[t])})):Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors?Object.defineProperties(e,Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(o)):c(Object(o)).forEach((function(t){Object.defineProperty(e,t,Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(o,t))}))}return e}function s(e,t){if(null==e)return{};var o,n,i=function(e,t){if(null==e)return{};var o,n,i={},a=Object.keys(e);for(n=0;n<a.length;n++)o=a[n],t.indexOf(o)>=0||(i[o]=e[o]);return i}(e,t);if(Object.getOwnPropertySymbols){var a=Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(e);for(n=0;n<a.length;n++)o=a[n],t.indexOf(o)>=0||Object.prototype.propertyIsEnumerable.call(e,o)&&(i[o]=e[o])}return i}var l=i.a.createContext({}),b=function(e){var t=i.a.useContext(l),o=t;return e&&(o="function"==typeof e?e(t):r(r({},t),e)),o},d=function(e){var t=b(e.components);return i.a.createElement(l.Provider,{value:t},e.children)},p={inlineCode:"code",wrapper:function(e){var t=e.children;return i.a.createElement(i.a.Fragment,{},t)}},m=i.a.forwardRef((function(e,t){var o=e.components,n=e.mdxType,a=e.originalType,c=e.parentName,l=s(e,["components","mdxType","originalType","parentName"]),d=b(o),m=n,u=d["".concat(c,".").concat(m)]||d[m]||p[m]||a;return o?i.a.createElement(u,r(r({ref:t},l),{},{components:o})):i.a.createElement(u,r({ref:t},l))}));function u(e,t){var o=arguments,n=t&&t.mdxType;if("string"==typeof e||n){var a=o.length,c=new Array(a);c[0]=m;var r={};for(var s in t)hasOwnProperty.call(t,s)&&(r[s]=t[s]);r.originalType=e,r.mdxType="string"==typeof e?e:n,c[1]=r;for(var l=2;l<a;l++)c[l]=o[l];return i.a.createElement.apply(null,c)}return i.a.createElement.apply(null,o)}m.displayName="MDXCreateElement"},141:function(e,t,o){"use strict";o.d(t,"b",(function(){return a})),o.d(t,"a",(function(){return c}));var n=o(16),i=o(142);function a(){const{siteConfig:{baseUrl:e="/",url:t}={}}=Object(n.default)();return{withBaseUrl:(o,n)=>function(e,t,o,{forcePrependBaseUrl:n=!1,absolute:a=!1}={}){if(!o)return o;if(o.startsWith("#"))return o;if(Object(i.b)(o))return o;if(n)return t+o;const c=o.startsWith(t)?o:t+o.replace(/^\//,"");return a?e+c:c}(t,e,o,n)}}function c(e,t={}){const{withBaseUrl:o}=a();return o(e,t)}},142:function(e,t,o){"use strict";function n(e){return!0===/^(\w*:|\/\/)/.test(e)}function i(e){return void 0!==e&&!n(e)}o.d(t,"b",(function(){return n})),o.d(t,"a",(function(){return i}))}}]);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/assets/js/88afc5eb.f6c5b89a.js b/docs/assets/js/88afc5eb.f6c5b89a.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c7f2a26 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/assets/js/88afc5eb.f6c5b89a.js @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +(window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[]).push([[29],{102:function(e,t,o){"use strict";o.r(t),o.d(t,"frontMatter",(function(){return r})),o.d(t,"metadata",(function(){return s})),o.d(t,"Highlight",(function(){return l})),o.d(t,"toc",(function(){return b})),o.d(t,"default",(function(){return p}));var n=o(3),i=o(7),a=(o(0),o(140)),c=o(141),r={id:"cadTools",title:"CAD Tools",sidebar_label:"CAD Tools"},s={unversionedId:"cadTools",id:"cadTools",isDocsHomePage:!1,title:"CAD Tools",description:"backgroundColor: color,",source:"@site/docs/cadTools.md",slug:"/cadTools",permalink:"/PSP/docs/cadTools",editUrl:"https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/tree/master/docusaurus/docs/cadTools.md",version:"current",sidebar_label:"CAD Tools",sidebar:"docs",previous:{title:"Main Screen",permalink:"/PSP/docs/mainScreen"},next:{title:"Editor de Pot\xeancia",permalink:"/PSP/docs/powerEditor"}},l=function(e){var t=e.children,o=e.color;return Object(a.b)("span",{style:{backgroundColor:o,borderRadius:"2px",color:"#000",padding:"0.2rem"}},t)},b=[{value:"Menu Tools",id:"menu-tools",children:[{value:"Select",id:"select",children:[]},{value:"Move",id:"move",children:[]},{value:"Rotate",id:"rotate",children:[]},{value:"Drag",id:"drag",children:[]},{value:"Zoom",id:"zoom",children:[]},{value:"Fit",id:"fit",children:[]},{value:"Copy and paste",id:"copy-and-paste",children:[]},{value:"Delete",id:"delete",children:[]}]},{value:"Graphic customization of the elements",id:"graphic-customization-of-the-elements",children:[{value:"Bus",id:"bus",children:[]},{value:"Line",id:"line",children:[]}]},{value:"Connection and disconnection of elements in the bus",id:"connection-and-disconnection-of-elements-in-the-bus",children:[]}],d={Highlight:l,toc:b};function p(e){var t=e.components,o=Object(i.a)(e,["components"]);return Object(a.b)("wrapper",Object(n.a)({},d,o,{components:t,mdxType:"MDXLayout"}),Object(a.b)("blockquote",null,Object(a.b)("p",{parentName:"blockquote"},"Computer-aided design (CAD) is the use of computers (or workstations) to aid in the creation, modification, analysis, or optimization of a design. CAD software is used to increase the productivity of the designer, improve the quality of design, improve communications through documentation, and to create a database for manufacturing. Designs made through CAD software are helpful in protecting products and inventions when used in patent applications. CAD output is often in the form of electronic files for print, machining, or other manufacturing operations. ",Object(a.b)("a",{parentName:"p",href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_design"},"Wikipedia"))),Object(a.b)("h2",{id:"menu-tools"},"Menu Tools"),Object(a.b)("p",null,"All objects created contain various graphic attributes, such as: position, orientation, color, size, etc. To modify them, some intuitive and easy-to-use tools were inserted, which are: ",Object(a.b)("a",{parentName:"p",href:"cadTools#select"},Object(a.b)("strong",{parentName:"a"},"select")),", ",Object(a.b)("a",{parentName:"p",href:"cadTools#move"},Object(a.b)("strong",{parentName:"a"},"move")),", ",Object(a.b)("a",{parentName:"p",href:"cadTools#rotate"},Object(a.b)("strong",{parentName:"a"},"rotate")),", ",Object(a.b)("a",{parentName:"p",href:"cadTools#drag"},Object(a.b)("strong",{parentName:"a"},"drag")),", ",Object(a.b)("a",{parentName:"p",href:"cadTools#zoom"},Object(a.b)("strong",{parentName:"a"},"zoom")),", ",Object(a.b)("a",{parentName:"p",href:"cadTools#fit"},Object(a.b)("strong",{parentName:"a"},"fit")),", ",Object(a.b)("a",{parentName:"p",href:"cadTools#copy-and-paste"},Object(a.b)("strong",{parentName:"a"},"copy , paste"))," and ",Object(a.b)("a",{parentName:"p",href:"cadTools#delete"},Object(a.b)("strong",{parentName:"a"},"delete")),"."),Object(a.b)("p",null,"These tools can be accessed through their shortcut keys as well as through the ",Object(a.b)("a",{parentName:"p",href:"mainScreen#menu-ribbon"},"Tools submenu"),"."),Object(a.b)("p",null,"Such tools allow ",Object(a.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"}," personalization "),", ",Object(a.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"}," navigation ")," and assist in the ",Object(a.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"}," creation ")," of electric power networks, as well as control diagrams on the platform."),Object(a.b)("h3",{id:"select"},"Select"),Object(a.b)("p",null,"The selection of a single object is carried out by clicking with the left mouse button on the element, which will be identified by the outline in ",Object(a.b)(l,{color:"#80bfff",mdxType:"Highlight"}," blue")," of the object."),Object(a.b)("p",null,"To select multiple objects simultaneously, it is necessary to click the left mouse button on an empty spot on the screen and drag it, thus creating a ",Object(a.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"}," selection rectangle ")," that will accompany the mouse pointer while the left button is pressed . When you release it, all objects that intersect the rectangle will be selected."),Object(a.b)("p",null,"By holding down the Control (Ctrl) key on the keyboard, you can keep previous selections while new elements are selected."),Object(a.b)("p",null,"To deselect all objects just click on an area without objects."),Object(a.b)("video",{autoPlay:!0,loop:!0,muted:!0,playsInline:!0,controls:!0},Object(a.b)("source",{src:Object(c.a)("videos/select.mp4"),type:"video/mp4"}),Object(a.b)("source",{src:Object(c.a)("videos/select.webm"),type:"video/webm"})),Object(a.b)("h3",{id:"move"},"Move"),Object(a.b)("p",null,"An element can be moved to any location by means of the drag-and-drop action (by clicking and dragging) or by the move tool."),Object(a.b)("p",null,"By enabling \u201cmove mode\u201d, moving all selected components as the position of the mouse is changed. To disable this mode, just press the Escape key on the keyboard."),Object(a.b)("video",{autoPlay:!0,loop:!0,muted:!0,playsInline:!0,controls:!0},Object(a.b)("source",{src:Object(c.a)("videos/move.mp4"),type:"video/mp4"}),Object(a.b)("source",{src:Object(c.a)("videos/move.webm"),type:"video/webm"})),Object(a.b)("h3",{id:"rotate"},"Rotate"),Object(a.b)("p",null,'Some objects can be rotated using the rotate tool, accessed by the shortcut key "R", rotating the object clockwise, or "Shift + R", counterclockwise (this option will affect all selected objects). The element can also be rotated through the ',Object(a.b)("a",{parentName:"p",href:"mainScreen#menu-ribbon"},"Tools submenu")," or when accessing the context menu by right clicking on the element."),Object(a.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"},Object(a.b)("div",{parentName:"div",className:"admonition-heading"},Object(a.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(a.b)("span",{parentName:"h5",className:"admonition-icon"},Object(a.b)("svg",{parentName:"span",xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"16",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 16 16"},Object(a.b)("path",{parentName:"svg",fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"}))),"Attention!")),Object(a.b)("div",{parentName:"div",className:"admonition-content"},Object(a.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"The context menu will only be displayed if the element is selected."))),Object(a.b)("p",null,"When using this tool, objects will rotate 45\xba from their point of origin. To achieve the desired angle, simply repeat the rotation process."),Object(a.b)("video",{autoPlay:!0,loop:!0,muted:!0,playsInline:!0,controls:!0},Object(a.b)("source",{src:Object(c.a)("videos/rotate.mp4"),type:"video/mp4"}),Object(a.b)("source",{src:Object(c.a)("videos/rotate.webm"),type:"video/webm"})),Object(a.b)("h3",{id:"drag"},"Drag"),Object(a.b)("p",null,"Three tools very useful in navigation of the circuit, mainly in large networks, are: drag, zoom and fit."),Object(a.b)("p",null,"The drag tool makes it possible to move the entire circuit ",Object(a.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"}," preserving the relative positions between the elements "),'. This tool can be accessed through the submenu "Tools" or ',Object(a.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"}," by holding down the ",Object(a.b)("em",{parentName:"strong"}," scroll ")," of the mouse "),', thus activating the "drag mode". Upon activating it, the entire circuit will be moved by clicking and dragging in the desired direction.'),Object(a.b)("p",null,"To exit \u201cdrag mode\u201d just press the Escape key on the keyboard."),Object(a.b)("video",{autoPlay:!0,loop:!0,muted:!0,playsInline:!0,controls:!0},Object(a.b)("source",{src:Object(c.a)("videos/drag.mp4"),type:"video mp4"}),Object(a.b)("source",{src:Object(c.a)("videos/drag.webm"),type:"video/webm"})),Object(a.b)("h3",{id:"zoom"},"Zoom"),Object(a.b)("p",null,"The zoom will be applied when using the ",Object(a.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"}," mouse scroll ")," to zoom in or out. The zoom tool will zoom in or out of the circuit from the position of the mouse pointer on the screen to find objects or highlight them."),Object(a.b)("video",{autoPlay:!0,loop:!0,muted:!0,playsInline:!0,controls:!0},Object(a.b)("source",{src:Object(c.a)("videos/zoom.mp4"),type:"video/mp4"}),Object(a.b)("source",{src:Object(c.a)("videos/zoom.webm"),type:"video/webm"})),Object(a.b)("h3",{id:"fit"},"Fit"),Object(a.b)("p",null,"The snap tool will move the circuit and zoom.necessary for all network components to be displayed on the screen. This tool can be accessed through the \u201cTools\u201d submenu or by using the \u201cShift + F\u201d key combination."),Object(a.b)("video",{autoPlay:!0,loop:!0,muted:!0,playsInline:!0,controls:!0},Object(a.b)("source",{src:Object(c.a)("videos/fit.mp4"),type:"video/mp4"}),Object(a.b)("source",{src:Object(c.a)("videos/fit.webm"),type:"video/webm"})),Object(a.b)("h3",{id:"copy-and-paste"},"Copy and paste"),Object(a.b)("p",null,"Two important tools during the process of creating the power grid in software are copy and paste. Any circuit created in the PSP-UFU can be duplicated completely or partially in the same project or in multiples using these tools."),Object(a.b)("p",null,'To copy, just select the elements you want to duplicate and access the tool in the "Tools" submenu or by pressing the "Ctrl + C" key combination, then the circuit data will be copied to the clipboard. When copying a circuit it can be pasted in the same project or in a different project, using the same submenu or pressing the combination of the keys "Ctrl + V".'),Object(a.b)("video",{autoPlay:!0,loop:!0,muted:!0,playsInline:!0,controls:!0},Object(a.b)("source",{src:Object(c.a)("videos/copyPaste.mp4"),type:"video/mp4"}),Object(a.b)("source",{src:Object(c.a)("videos/copyPaste.webm"),type:"video/webm"})),Object(a.b)("h3",{id:"delete"},"Delete"),Object(a.b)("p",null,"Any object can be deleted from the project using the delete tool, present in the Ribbon menu, by the Delete shortcut key or by accessing the context menu by right-clicking on the selected element."),Object(a.b)("video",{autoPlay:!0,loop:!0,muted:!0,playsInline:!0,controls:!0},Object(a.b)("source",{src:Object(c.a)("videos/delete.mp4"),type:"video/mp4"}),Object(a.b)("source",{src:Object(c.a)("videos/delete.webm"),type:"video/webm"})),Object(a.b)("h2",{id:"graphic-customization-of-the-elements"},"Graphic customization of the elements"),Object(a.b)("p",null,"Some elements allow its graphic customization, such as bars and lines."),Object(a.b)("h3",{id:"bus"},"Bus"),Object(a.b)("p",null,"In the case of busbars, you can change the ",Object(a.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"}," length of the bus ")," by clicking and dragging on the ",Object(a.b)("em",{parentName:"p"}," pickbox ")," displayed when placing the mouse pointer over that selected element."),Object(a.b)("h3",{id:"line"},"Line"),Object(a.b)("p",null,"The lines can be inserted with ",Object(a.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},' "knots" (anchor points) '),", customizing the arrangement of the lines in the single-line diagram. These nodes are inserted during the element creation process, prior to the selection of the second bus."),Object(a.b)("p",null,"After insertion, new nodes can be attached via the context menu accessed by right clicking on the selected line. Its removal is also achieved by an option in the context menu."),Object(a.b)("p",null,"As with buses, changing the position of the nodes is achieved by clicking and dragging the ",Object(a.b)("em",{parentName:"p"}," pickbox ")," displayed when placing the mouse pointer over this selected element."),Object(a.b)("video",{autoPlay:!0,loop:!0,muted:!0,playsInline:!0,controls:!0},Object(a.b)("source",{src:Object(c.a)("videos/graphicPropsChange.mp4"),type:"video/mp4"}),Object(a.b)("source",{src:Object(c.a)("videos/graphicPropsChange.webm"),type:"video/webm"})),Object(a.b)("h2",{id:"connection-and-disconnection-of-elements-in-the-bus"},"Connection and disconnection of elements in the bus"),Object(a.b)("p",null,"The elements can be disconnected and reconnected to the bars after their insertion only by the ",Object(a.b)("em",{parentName:"p"}," drag-and-drop ")," tool. For this, the element must be selected and its connection node must be dragged to the required location."),Object(a.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-warning alert alert--danger"},Object(a.b)("div",{parentName:"div",className:"admonition-heading"},Object(a.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(a.b)("span",{parentName:"h5",className:"admonition-icon"},Object(a.b)("svg",{parentName:"span",xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"12",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 12 16"},Object(a.b)("path",{parentName:"svg",fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M5.05.31c.81 2.17.41 3.38-.52 4.31C3.55 5.67 1.98 6.45.9 7.98c-1.45 2.05-1.7 6.53 3.53 7.7-2.2-1.16-2.67-4.52-.3-6.61-.61 2.03.53 3.33 1.94 2.86 1.39-.47 2.3.53 2.27 1.67-.02.78-.31 1.44-1.13 1.81 3.42-.59 4.78-3.42 4.78-5.56 0-2.84-2.53-3.22-1.25-5.61-1.52.13-2.03 1.13-1.89 2.75.09 1.08-1.02 1.8-1.86 1.33-.67-.41-.66-1.19-.06-1.78C8.18 5.31 8.68 2.45 5.05.32L5.03.3l.02.01z"}))),"Watch out!")),Object(a.b)("div",{parentName:"div",className:"admonition-content"},Object(a.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"The element to be disconnected / reconnected ",Object(a.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"}," must be previously selected ")," to carry out the operation. Otherwise, the bus will be moved or no operations will be performed."))),Object(a.b)("p",null,"In case of disconnection, the element will be automatically removed from the simulation, being indicated by its color (the element will change to color ",Object(a.b)(l,{color:"#7f7f7f",mdxType:"Highlight"}," gray"),")."),Object(a.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"},Object(a.b)("div",{parentName:"div",className:"admonition-heading"},Object(a.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(a.b)("span",{parentName:"h5",className:"admonition-icon"},Object(a.b)("svg",{parentName:"span",xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"16",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 16 16"},Object(a.b)("path",{parentName:"svg",fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"}))),"Attention!")),Object(a.b)("div",{parentName:"div",className:"admonition-content"},Object(a.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"When reconnecting the element to the circuit, one must ",Object(a.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},' pay attention to the status of its "circuit breaker" '),", indicated by a square next to its connection node. 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class="sidebarItemList_2xAf"><li class="sidebarItem_2UVv"><a class="sidebarItemLink_1RT6" href="/PSP/blog/2020/08/01/2020w31a-beta">2020w31a-beta</a></li><li class="sidebarItem_2UVv"><a class="sidebarItemLink_1RT6" href="/PSP/blog/2020/07/09/2020w28a-beta">2020w28a-beta</a></li><li class="sidebarItem_2UVv"><a class="sidebarItemLink_1RT6" href="/PSP/blog/2020/06/13/2020w24a-beta">2020w24a-beta</a></li><li class="sidebarItem_2UVv"><a class="sidebarItemLink_1RT6" href="/PSP/blog/2019/11/01/2019w44a-beta">22019w44a-beta</a></li><li class="sidebarItem_2UVv"><a aria-current="page" class="sidebarItemLink_1RT6 sidebarItemLinkActive_12pM" href="/PSP/blog/2019/10/13/2019w42a-beta">2019w42a-beta</a></li></ul></div></div><main class="col col--7"><article><header><h1 class="margin-bottom--sm blogPostTitle_GeHD">2019w42a-beta</h1><div class="margin-vert--md"><time datetime="2019-10-13T00:00:00.000Z" class="blogPostDate_fNvV">October 12, 2019 · One min read</time></div><div class="avatar margin-vert--md"><a href="https://github.com/thales1330" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="avatar__photo-link avatar__photo"><img src="https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/16141330?s=460&v=4" alt="Thales"></a><div class="avatar__intro"><h4 class="avatar__name"><a href="https://github.com/thales1330" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Thales</a></h4><small class="avatar__subtitle">PhD</small></div></div></header><div class="markdown"><ul><li>🔥 Harmonic study implemented;</li><li>🔥 Autolayout from importation implemented;</li><li>🔥 Importation of Matpower files;</li><li>🐛 Several minor bugfixes.</li></ul></div><footer class="row margin-vert--lg"><div class="col"><strong>Tags:</strong><a class="margin-horiz--sm" href="/PSP/blog/tags/psp-ufu">psp-ufu</a></div></footer></article><div><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/tree/master/docs/blog/2019-10-13-2019w42a-beta.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><svg fill="currentColor" height="1.2em" 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href="/PSP/blog/2019/11/01/2019w44a-beta">22019w44a-beta</a></li><li class="sidebarItem_2UVv"><a class="sidebarItemLink_1RT6" href="/PSP/blog/2019/10/13/2019w42a-beta">2019w42a-beta</a></li></ul></div></div><main class="col col--7"><article><header><h1 class="margin-bottom--sm blogPostTitle_GeHD">22019w44a-beta</h1><div class="margin-vert--md"><time datetime="2019-11-01T00:00:00.000Z" class="blogPostDate_fNvV">October 31, 2019 · One min read</time></div><div class="avatar margin-vert--md"><a href="https://github.com/thales1330" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="avatar__photo-link avatar__photo"><img src="https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/16141330?s=460&v=4" alt="Thales"></a><div class="avatar__intro"><h4 class="avatar__name"><a href="https://github.com/thales1330" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Thales</a></h4><small class="avatar__subtitle">PhD</small></div></div></header><div class="markdown"><ul><li>✔️ Minor changes to 32bit MSW version for compatibility;</li><li>✔️ Travis CI (Continuous Integration) implemented (Linux).</li></ul></div><footer class="row margin-vert--lg"><div class="col"><strong>Tags:</strong><a class="margin-horiz--sm" href="/PSP/blog/tags/psp-ufu">psp-ufu</a></div></footer></article><div><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/tree/master/docs/blog/2019-11-01-2019w44a-beta.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><svg fill="currentColor" height="1.2em" width="1.2em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" role="img" viewBox="0 0 40 40" class="iconEdit_2_ui" aria-label="Edit page"><g><path d="m34.5 11.7l-3 3.1-6.3-6.3 3.1-3q0.5-0.5 1.2-0.5t1.1 0.5l3.9 3.9q0.5 0.4 0.5 1.1t-0.5 1.2z m-29.5 17.1l18.4-18.5 6.3 6.3-18.4 18.4h-6.3v-6.2z"></path></g></svg>Edit this page</a></div><div class="margin-vert--xl"><nav class="pagination-nav" aria-label="Blog post page navigation"><div class="pagination-nav__item"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/PSP/blog/2020/06/13/2020w24a-beta"><div 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OpenGL - some machines can't use it properly);</li><li>✔️ Added Visual Studio solution to the GitHub project;</li><li>🐛 Several major and minor bugfixes.</li></ul></div><footer class="row margin-vert--lg"><div class="col"><strong>Tags:</strong><a class="margin-horiz--sm" href="/PSP/blog/tags/psp-ufu">psp-ufu</a></div></footer></article><div><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/tree/master/docs/blog/2020-06-13-2020w24a-beta.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><svg fill="currentColor" height="1.2em" width="1.2em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" role="img" viewBox="0 0 40 40" class="iconEdit_2_ui" aria-label="Edit page"><g><path d="m34.5 11.7l-3 3.1-6.3-6.3 3.1-3q0.5-0.5 1.2-0.5t1.1 0.5l3.9 3.9q0.5 0.4 0.5 1.1t-0.5 1.2z m-29.5 17.1l18.4-18.5 6.3 6.3-18.4 18.4h-6.3v-6.2z"></path></g></svg>Edit this page</a></div><div class="margin-vert--xl"><nav class="pagination-nav" aria-label="Blog post page navigation"><div class="pagination-nav__item"><a 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Several major and minor bugfixes.</li></ul></div><footer class="row margin-vert--lg"><div class="col"><strong>Tags:</strong><a class="margin-horiz--sm" href="/PSP/blog/tags/psp-ufu">psp-ufu</a></div></footer></article><div><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/tree/master/docs/blog/2020-07-09-2020w28a-beta.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><svg fill="currentColor" height="1.2em" width="1.2em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" role="img" viewBox="0 0 40 40" class="iconEdit_2_ui" aria-label="Edit page"><g><path d="m34.5 11.7l-3 3.1-6.3-6.3 3.1-3q0.5-0.5 1.2-0.5t1.1 0.5l3.9 3.9q0.5 0.4 0.5 1.1t-0.5 1.2z m-29.5 17.1l18.4-18.5 6.3 6.3-18.4 18.4h-6.3v-6.2z"></path></g></svg>Edit this page</a></div><div class="margin-vert--xl"><nav class="pagination-nav" aria-label="Blog post page navigation"><div class="pagination-nav__item"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/PSP/blog/2020/08/01/2020w31a-beta"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Newer Post</div><div 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rel="noopener noreferrer" class="avatar__photo-link avatar__photo"><img src="https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/16141330?s=460&v=4" alt="Thales"></a><div class="avatar__intro"><h4 class="avatar__name"><a href="https://github.com/thales1330" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Thales</a></h4><small class="avatar__subtitle">PhD</small></div></div></header><div class="markdown"><ul><li>🔥 PSP-UFU online user guide finally written (only in Brazilian Portuguese, if you want to help me translate this guide, contact-me on <a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/issues" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">GitHub</a> or <a href="https://twitter.com/PspUfu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Twitter</a>);</li><li>✔️ New fancy <a href="https://thales1330.github.io/PSP/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">PSP-UFU website</a> and <a href="https://thales1330.github.io/PSP/blog" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">changelog</a> using <a href="https://v2.docusaurus.io/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">docusaurus</a>;</li><li>✔️ Text element performance improved for OpenGL render;</li><li>🐛 Several major and minor bug fixes.</li></ul></div><footer class="row margin-vert--lg"><div class="col"><strong>Tags:</strong><a class="margin-horiz--sm" href="/PSP/blog/tags/psp-ufu">psp-ufu</a></div></footer></article><div><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/tree/master/docs/blog/2020-08-01-2020w31a-beta.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><svg fill="currentColor" height="1.2em" width="1.2em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" role="img" viewBox="0 0 40 40" class="iconEdit_2_ui" aria-label="Edit page"><g><path d="m34.5 11.7l-3 3.1-6.3-6.3 3.1-3q0.5-0.5 1.2-0.5t1.1 0.5l3.9 3.9q0.5 0.4 0.5 1.1t-0.5 1.2z m-29.5 17.1l18.4-18.5 6.3 6.3-18.4 18.4h-6.3v-6.2z"></path></g></svg>Edit this page</a></div><div class="margin-vert--xl"><nav class="pagination-nav" aria-label="Blog post page navigation"><div 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class="avatar margin-vert--md"><a href="https://github.com/thales1330" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="avatar__photo-link avatar__photo"><img src="https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/16141330?s=460&v=4" alt="Thales"></a><div class="avatar__intro"><h4 class="avatar__name"><a href="https://github.com/thales1330" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Thales</a></h4><small class="avatar__subtitle">PhD</small></div></div></header><div class="markdown"><ul><li>🔥 PSP-UFU online user guide finally written (only in Brazilian Portuguese, if you want to help me translate this guide, contact-me on <a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/issues" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">GitHub</a> or <a href="https://twitter.com/PspUfu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Twitter</a>);</li><li>✔️ New fancy <a href="https://thales1330.github.io/PSP/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">PSP-UFU website</a> and <a href="https://thales1330.github.io/PSP/blog" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">changelog</a> using <a href="https://v2.docusaurus.io/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">docusaurus</a>;</li><li>✔️ Text element performance improved for OpenGL render;</li><li>🐛 Several major and minor bug fixes.</li></ul></div><footer class="row margin-vert--lg"><div class="col"><strong>Tags:</strong><a class="margin-horiz--sm" href="/PSP/blog/tags/psp-ufu">psp-ufu</a></div></footer></article><article class="margin-bottom--xl"><header><h2 class="margin-bottom--sm blogPostTitle_GeHD"><a href="/PSP/blog/2020/07/09/2020w28a-beta">2020w28a-beta</a></h2><div class="margin-vert--md"><time datetime="2020-07-09T00:00:00.000Z" class="blogPostDate_fNvV">July 8, 2020 · One min read</time></div><div class="avatar margin-vert--md"><a href="https://github.com/thales1330" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="avatar__photo-link avatar__photo"><img src="https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/16141330?s=460&v=4" alt="Thales"></a><div class="avatar__intro"><h4 class="avatar__name"><a href="https://github.com/thales1330" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Thales</a></h4><small class="avatar__subtitle">PhD</small></div></div></header><div class="markdown"><ul><li>🔥 Voltage heatmap implemented (OpenGL enabled);</li><li>🐛 Several major and minor bugfixes.</li></ul></div><footer class="row margin-vert--lg"><div class="col"><strong>Tags:</strong><a class="margin-horiz--sm" href="/PSP/blog/tags/psp-ufu">psp-ufu</a></div></footer></article><article class="margin-bottom--xl"><header><h2 class="margin-bottom--sm blogPostTitle_GeHD"><a href="/PSP/blog/2020/06/13/2020w24a-beta">2020w24a-beta</a></h2><div class="margin-vert--md"><time datetime="2020-06-13T00:00:00.000Z" class="blogPostDate_fNvV">June 12, 2020 · One min read</time></div><div class="avatar margin-vert--md"><a href="https://github.com/thales1330" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="avatar__photo-link avatar__photo"><img src="https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/16141330?s=460&v=4" alt="Thales"></a><div class="avatar__intro"><h4 class="avatar__name"><a href="https://github.com/thales1330" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Thales</a></h4><small class="avatar__subtitle">PhD</small></div></div></header><div class="markdown"><ul><li>✔️ Device context render implemented (to avoid use OpenGL - some machines can't use it properly);</li><li>✔️ Added Visual Studio solution to the GitHub project;</li><li>🐛 Several major and minor bugfixes.</li></ul></div><footer class="row margin-vert--lg"><div class="col"><strong>Tags:</strong><a class="margin-horiz--sm" href="/PSP/blog/tags/psp-ufu">psp-ufu</a></div></footer></article><article class="margin-bottom--xl"><header><h2 class="margin-bottom--sm blogPostTitle_GeHD"><a href="/PSP/blog/2019/11/01/2019w44a-beta">22019w44a-beta</a></h2><div class="margin-vert--md"><time datetime="2019-11-01T00:00:00.000Z" class="blogPostDate_fNvV">October 31, 2019 · One min read</time></div><div class="avatar margin-vert--md"><a href="https://github.com/thales1330" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="avatar__photo-link avatar__photo"><img src="https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/16141330?s=460&v=4" alt="Thales"></a><div class="avatar__intro"><h4 class="avatar__name"><a href="https://github.com/thales1330" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Thales</a></h4><small class="avatar__subtitle">PhD</small></div></div></header><div class="markdown"><ul><li>✔️ Minor changes to 32bit MSW version for compatibility;</li><li>✔️ Travis CI (Continuous Integration) implemented (Linux).</li></ul></div><footer class="row margin-vert--lg"><div class="col"><strong>Tags:</strong><a class="margin-horiz--sm" href="/PSP/blog/tags/psp-ufu">psp-ufu</a></div></footer></article><article class="margin-bottom--xl"><header><h2 class="margin-bottom--sm blogPostTitle_GeHD"><a href="/PSP/blog/2019/10/13/2019w42a-beta">2019w42a-beta</a></h2><div class="margin-vert--md"><time datetime="2019-10-13T00:00:00.000Z" class="blogPostDate_fNvV">October 12, 2019 · One min read</time></div><div class="avatar margin-vert--md"><a href="https://github.com/thales1330" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="avatar__photo-link avatar__photo"><img src="https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/16141330?s=460&v=4" alt="Thales"></a><div class="avatar__intro"><h4 class="avatar__name"><a href="https://github.com/thales1330" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Thales</a></h4><small class="avatar__subtitle">PhD</small></div></div></header><div class="markdown"><ul><li>🔥 Harmonic study implemented;</li><li>🔥 Autolayout from importation implemented;</li><li>🔥 Importation of Matpower files;</li><li>🐛 Several minor bugfixes.</li></ul></div><footer class="row margin-vert--lg"><div class="col"><strong>Tags:</strong><a class="margin-horiz--sm" href="/PSP/blog/tags/psp-ufu">psp-ufu</a></div></footer></article><nav class="pagination-nav" 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"psp-ufu"</h1><a href="/PSP/blog/tags">View All Tags</a><div class="margin-vert--xl"><article class="margin-bottom--xl"><header><h2 class="margin-bottom--sm blogPostTitle_GeHD"><a href="/PSP/blog/2020/08/01/2020w31a-beta">2020w31a-beta</a></h2><div class="margin-vert--md"><time datetime="2020-08-01T00:00:00.000Z" class="blogPostDate_fNvV">July 31, 2020 · One min read</time></div><div class="avatar margin-vert--md"><a href="https://github.com/thales1330" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="avatar__photo-link avatar__photo"><img src="https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/16141330?s=460&v=4" alt="Thales"></a><div class="avatar__intro"><h4 class="avatar__name"><a href="https://github.com/thales1330" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Thales</a></h4><small class="avatar__subtitle">PhD</small></div></div></header><div class="markdown"><ul><li>🔥 PSP-UFU online user guide finally written (only in Brazilian Portuguese, if you want to help me translate this guide, contact-me on <a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/issues" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">GitHub</a> or <a href="https://twitter.com/PspUfu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Twitter</a>);</li><li>✔️ New fancy <a href="https://thales1330.github.io/PSP/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">PSP-UFU website</a> and <a href="https://thales1330.github.io/PSP/blog" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">changelog</a> using <a href="https://v2.docusaurus.io/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">docusaurus</a>;</li><li>✔️ Text element performance improved for OpenGL render;</li><li>🐛 Several major and minor bug fixes.</li></ul></div><footer class="row margin-vert--lg"><div class="col"><strong>Tags:</strong><a class="margin-horiz--sm" href="/PSP/blog/tags/psp-ufu">psp-ufu</a></div><div class="col text--right"><a aria-label="Read more about 2020w31a-beta" href="/PSP/blog/2020/08/01/2020w31a-beta"><strong>Read More</strong></a></div></footer></article><article class="margin-bottom--xl"><header><h2 class="margin-bottom--sm blogPostTitle_GeHD"><a href="/PSP/blog/2020/07/09/2020w28a-beta">2020w28a-beta</a></h2><div class="margin-vert--md"><time datetime="2020-07-09T00:00:00.000Z" class="blogPostDate_fNvV">July 8, 2020 · One min read</time></div><div class="avatar margin-vert--md"><a href="https://github.com/thales1330" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="avatar__photo-link avatar__photo"><img src="https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/16141330?s=460&v=4" alt="Thales"></a><div class="avatar__intro"><h4 class="avatar__name"><a href="https://github.com/thales1330" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Thales</a></h4><small class="avatar__subtitle">PhD</small></div></div></header><div class="markdown"><ul><li>🔥 Voltage heatmap implemented (OpenGL enabled);</li><li>🐛 Several major and minor bugfixes.</li></ul></div><footer class="row margin-vert--lg"><div class="col"><strong>Tags:</strong><a class="margin-horiz--sm" href="/PSP/blog/tags/psp-ufu">psp-ufu</a></div><div class="col text--right"><a aria-label="Read more about 2020w28a-beta" href="/PSP/blog/2020/07/09/2020w28a-beta"><strong>Read More</strong></a></div></footer></article><article class="margin-bottom--xl"><header><h2 class="margin-bottom--sm blogPostTitle_GeHD"><a href="/PSP/blog/2020/06/13/2020w24a-beta">2020w24a-beta</a></h2><div class="margin-vert--md"><time datetime="2020-06-13T00:00:00.000Z" class="blogPostDate_fNvV">June 12, 2020 · One min read</time></div><div class="avatar margin-vert--md"><a href="https://github.com/thales1330" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="avatar__photo-link avatar__photo"><img src="https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/16141330?s=460&v=4" alt="Thales"></a><div class="avatar__intro"><h4 class="avatar__name"><a href="https://github.com/thales1330" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Thales</a></h4><small class="avatar__subtitle">PhD</small></div></div></header><div class="markdown"><ul><li>✔️ Device context render implemented (to avoid use OpenGL - some machines can't use it properly);</li><li>✔️ Added Visual Studio solution to the GitHub project;</li><li>🐛 Several major and minor bugfixes.</li></ul></div><footer class="row margin-vert--lg"><div class="col"><strong>Tags:</strong><a class="margin-horiz--sm" href="/PSP/blog/tags/psp-ufu">psp-ufu</a></div><div class="col text--right"><a aria-label="Read more about 2020w24a-beta" href="/PSP/blog/2020/06/13/2020w24a-beta"><strong>Read More</strong></a></div></footer></article><article class="margin-bottom--xl"><header><h2 class="margin-bottom--sm blogPostTitle_GeHD"><a href="/PSP/blog/2019/11/01/2019w44a-beta">22019w44a-beta</a></h2><div class="margin-vert--md"><time datetime="2019-11-01T00:00:00.000Z" class="blogPostDate_fNvV">October 31, 2019 · One min read</time></div><div class="avatar margin-vert--md"><a href="https://github.com/thales1330" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="avatar__photo-link avatar__photo"><img src="https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/16141330?s=460&v=4" alt="Thales"></a><div class="avatar__intro"><h4 class="avatar__name"><a href="https://github.com/thales1330" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Thales</a></h4><small class="avatar__subtitle">PhD</small></div></div></header><div class="markdown"><ul><li>✔️ Minor changes to 32bit MSW version for compatibility;</li><li>✔️ Travis CI (Continuous Integration) implemented (Linux).</li></ul></div><footer class="row margin-vert--lg"><div class="col"><strong>Tags:</strong><a class="margin-horiz--sm" href="/PSP/blog/tags/psp-ufu">psp-ufu</a></div><div class="col text--right"><a aria-label="Read more about 22019w44a-beta" href="/PSP/blog/2019/11/01/2019w44a-beta"><strong>Read More</strong></a></div></footer></article><article class="margin-bottom--xl"><header><h2 class="margin-bottom--sm blogPostTitle_GeHD"><a href="/PSP/blog/2019/10/13/2019w42a-beta">2019w42a-beta</a></h2><div class="margin-vert--md"><time datetime="2019-10-13T00:00:00.000Z" class="blogPostDate_fNvV">October 12, 2019 · One min read</time></div><div class="avatar margin-vert--md"><a href="https://github.com/thales1330" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="avatar__photo-link avatar__photo"><img src="https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/16141330?s=460&v=4" alt="Thales"></a><div class="avatar__intro"><h4 class="avatar__name"><a href="https://github.com/thales1330" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Thales</a></h4><small class="avatar__subtitle">PhD</small></div></div></header><div class="markdown"><ul><li>🔥 Harmonic study implemented;</li><li>🔥 Autolayout from importation implemented;</li><li>🔥 Importation of Matpower files;</li><li>🐛 Several minor bugfixes.</li></ul></div><footer class="row margin-vert--lg"><div class="col"><strong>Tags:</strong><a class="margin-horiz--sm" href="/PSP/blog/tags/psp-ufu">psp-ufu</a></div><div class="col text--right"><a aria-label="Read more about 2019w42a-beta" href="/PSP/blog/2019/10/13/2019w42a-beta"><strong>Read More</strong></a></div></footer></article></div></main></div></div></div><footer class="footer footer--dark"><div class="container"><div class="row footer__links"><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Guide</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a class="footer__link-item" href="/PSP/docs/">PSP-UFU Guide</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://thales1330.github.io/PSP/doxygen/html/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Code Documentation</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Community</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/issues" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Ask a question</a></li><li 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class="docTitle_3a4h">Barramento</h1></header><div class="markdown"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/PSP/katex/katex.min.css"><blockquote><p>Condutor de baixa impedância ao qual vários circuitos elétricos podem ser conectados em pontos separados. Nota - Em muitos casos, o barramento consiste em uma barra. <a href="http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=151-12-30" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>tradução livre</em> - IEC 60050</a>.</p></blockquote><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="barramento-no-psp-ufu"></a>Barramento no PSP-UFU<a class="hash-link" href="#barramento-no-psp-ufu" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>O elemento <strong>barramento</strong>, ou simplesmente <strong>barra</strong>, é um conector ou nó do diagrama unifilar do PSP-UFU. Essa barra pode representar um PAC (Ponto de Acoplamento Comum), um poste de distribuição, uma subestação, um barramento da subestação, entre inúmeros outros tipos pontos de análise e conexão entre elementos.</p><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="formulário-de-edição-dos-barramentos"></a>Formulário de edição dos barramentos<a class="hash-link" href="#formulário-de-edição-dos-barramentos" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><div class="admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"></path></svg></span>Atenção!</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>O barramento deve ser o <strong>primeiro elemento elétrico a ser inserido no diagrama de potência</strong>, uma vez que os demais componentes de potência são conectados nele.</p></div></div><p>A imagem abaixo apresenta o formulário de inserção/alteração de dados das barras:</p><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/busForm.png" alt="Formulário dos barramentos no PSP-UFU" title="Formulário dos barramentos no PSP-UFU"></center></div><p>Esse formulário é subdividido em quatro contextos distintos:</p><ul><li><strong>Geral</strong>: no qual são inseridas informações gerais da barra e informações do fluxo de carga;</li><li><strong>Falta</strong>: local onde o curto-circuito <em>shunt</em> deve ser inserido;</li><li><strong>Estabilidade</strong>: contendo opções de visualização de dados da barra em gráficos no tempo e inserção de faltas trifásicas no cálculo de estabilidade transitória;</li><li><strong>Qualidade de energia</strong>: contém a opção de de visualização da impedância harmônica vista pela barra.</li></ul><hr><div class="tabs-container"><ul role="tablist" aria-orientation="horizontal" class="tabs"><li role="tab" tabindex="0" aria-selected="true" class="tabs__item tabItem_1uMI tabs__item--active">Geral</li><li role="tab" tabindex="-1" aria-selected="false" class="tabs__item tabItem_1uMI">Falta</li><li role="tab" tabindex="-1" aria-selected="false" class="tabs__item tabItem_1uMI">Estabilidade</li><li role="tab" tabindex="-1" aria-selected="false" class="tabs__item tabItem_1uMI">Qualidade de energia</li></ul><div class="margin-vert--md"><div role="tabpanel"><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="nome"></a>Nome<a class="hash-link" href="#nome" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Identificação do elemento elétrico. Podem ser inseridos quaisquer números de caracteres no padrão <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Unicode</a>.</p><p>Todos os componentes de potência do PSP-UFU possuem esse campo.</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="tensão-nominal"></a>Tensão nominal<a class="hash-link" href="#tensão-nominal" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Utilizado para cálculo da impedância base de alguns elementos conectados, além do cálculo da relação de transformação dos transformadores conectados entre barras. Sua unidade pode ser selecionada, sendo expressa em V ou em kV.</p><p>A modificação desse parâmetro irá alterar toda a tensão do trecho conectado por linhas elétricas, sendo emitido um alerta ao usuário.</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="tensão-controlada"></a>Tensão controlada<a class="hash-link" href="#tensão-controlada" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Caracteriza o barramento como <strong>barra de tensão controlada (<a href="/PSP/docs/powerFlow">Barra PV</a>)</strong>,</p><div class="admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"></path></svg></span>Atenção!</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Essa opção é somente válida caso alguma máquina síncrona esteja conectado, caso contrário esse valor será ignorado. Caso o limite de potência reativa da máquina síncrona conectada seja ultrapassado esse valor também é ignorado.</p></div></div><p>O valor poderá ser inserido em p.u. ou em volts (ou kV caso a tensão nominal esteja nesta unidade).</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="barra-de-referência"></a>Barra de referência<a class="hash-link" href="#barra-de-referência" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Caracteriza o barramento como <strong>barra de referência (<a href="/PSP/docs/powerFlow">Barra de oscilação</a>)</strong>. Essa opção é somente válida caso esteja conectado um gerador síncrono, caso contrário uma mensagem de erro será exibida ao usuário ao realizar algum dos cálculos do programa.</p></div><div role="tabpanel" hidden=""><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="inserir-falta"></a>Inserir falta<a class="hash-link" href="#inserir-falta" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Indica se existe um curto-circuito na barra nos estudos de <a href="/PSP/docs/fault">curto-circuito</a>.</p><div class="admonition admonition-warning alert alert--danger"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="16" viewBox="0 0 12 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.05.31c.81 2.17.41 3.38-.52 4.31C3.55 5.67 1.98 6.45.9 7.98c-1.45 2.05-1.7 6.53 3.53 7.7-2.2-1.16-2.67-4.52-.3-6.61-.61 2.03.53 3.33 1.94 2.86 1.39-.47 2.3.53 2.27 1.67-.02.78-.31 1.44-1.13 1.81 3.42-.59 4.78-3.42 4.78-5.56 0-2.84-2.53-3.22-1.25-5.61-1.52.13-2.03 1.13-1.89 2.75.09 1.08-1.02 1.8-1.86 1.33-.67-.41-.66-1.19-.06-1.78C8.18 5.31 8.68 2.45 5.05.32L5.03.3l.02.01z"></path></svg></span>Cuidado!</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Nota-se que essa opção irá inserir uma falta no cálculo de <a href="/PSP/docs/fault">curto-circuito</a> e <strong>não será considerado no estudo de estabilidade</strong>.</p></div></div><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="tipo-de-falta"></a>Tipo de falta<a class="hash-link" href="#tipo-de-falta" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Seleciona o tipo de falha shunt da barra:</p><ul><li>trifásico para a terra</li><li>fase-fase</li><li>fase-fase-terra</li><li>fase-terra</li></ul><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="local-da-falta"></a>Local da falta<a class="hash-link" href="#local-da-falta" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Seleciona a fase em que se situa a falta (ou combinação delas no caso de falha entre duas fases), sendo essa opção desabilitada para o tipo de falta trifásica.</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="resistência-e-reatância-de-falta"></a>Resistência e reatância de falta<a class="hash-link" href="#resistência-e-reatância-de-falta" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Representam a impedância da falta. Curtos-circuitos francos (sem impedância de falta) são representados inserindo valor zero em ambos os campos.</p></div><div role="tabpanel" hidden=""><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="imprimir-dados"></a>Imprimir dados<a class="hash-link" href="#imprimir-dados" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Mostra os dados da barra editada no gráfico gerado pelo estudo de estabilidade transitória. Os seguintes dados são exibidos:</p><ul><li>módulo da tensão do barramento</li><li>ângulo da tensão do barramento.</li></ul><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="inserir-falta-1"></a>Inserir falta<a class="hash-link" href="#inserir-falta-1" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Insere uma falta trifásica na barra no cálculo de <a href="/PSP/docs/stability">estabilidade</a>.</p><div class="admonition admonition-warning alert alert--danger"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="16" viewBox="0 0 12 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.05.31c.81 2.17.41 3.38-.52 4.31C3.55 5.67 1.98 6.45.9 7.98c-1.45 2.05-1.7 6.53 3.53 7.7-2.2-1.16-2.67-4.52-.3-6.61-.61 2.03.53 3.33 1.94 2.86 1.39-.47 2.3.53 2.27 1.67-.02.78-.31 1.44-1.13 1.81 3.42-.59 4.78-3.42 4.78-5.56 0-2.84-2.53-3.22-1.25-5.61-1.52.13-2.03 1.13-1.89 2.75.09 1.08-1.02 1.8-1.86 1.33-.67-.41-.66-1.19-.06-1.78C8.18 5.31 8.68 2.45 5.05.32L5.03.3l.02.01z"></path></svg></span>Cuidado!</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Nota-se que essa opção irá inserir uma falta no cálculo de <a href="/PSP/docs/stability">estabilidade</a> e <strong>não será considerado no estudo de <a href="/PSP/docs/fault">curto-circuito</a></strong>.</p></div></div><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="tempo"></a>Tempo<a class="hash-link" href="#tempo" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Instante no tempo (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>t</mi><mrow><mi>f</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>a</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">t_{falta}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.9011879999999999em;vertical-align:-0.286108em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3361079999999999em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.10764em">f</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">a</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.01968em">l</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">t</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">a</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>) em que ocorre a falta durante os estudos de <a href="/PSP/docs/stability">estabilidade</a>. Esse campo e os próximos são somente acessados caso seja inserida uma falta no estudo de estabilidade.</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="duração-da-falta"></a>Duração da falta<a class="hash-link" href="#duração-da-falta" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Duração da falta inserida (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><msub><mi>t</mi><mrow><mi>f</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>a</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\Delta t_{falta}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.969438em;vertical-align:-0.286108em"></span><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3361079999999999em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.10764em">f</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">a</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.01968em">l</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">t</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">a</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>) no estudo de estabilidade. A falta irá iniciar no instante <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>t</mi><mrow><mi>f</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>a</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">t_{falta}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.9011879999999999em;vertical-align:-0.286108em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3361079999999999em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.10764em">f</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">a</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.01968em">l</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">t</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">a</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> e será interrompida em <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>t</mi><mrow><mi>f</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>a</mi></mrow></msub><mo>+</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><msub><mi>t</mi><mrow><mi>f</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>a</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">t_{falta}+\Delta t_{falta}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.9011879999999999em;vertical-align:-0.286108em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3361079999999999em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.10764em">f</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">a</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.01968em">l</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">t</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">a</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.969438em;vertical-align:-0.286108em"></span><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3361079999999999em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.10764em">f</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">a</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.01968em">l</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">t</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">a</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>.</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="resistência-e-reatância-de-falta-1"></a>Resistência e reatância de falta<a class="hash-link" href="#resistência-e-reatância-de-falta-1" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Impedância de falta nos estudos de estabilidade. Uma falta franca é representada pela inserção de um valor de impedância shunt de valor muito baixo (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>j</mi><mn>1</mn><msup><mn>0</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>5</mn></mrow></msup><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">j10^{-5} p.u.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.008548em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05724em">j</span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">0</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141079999999999em"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight">5</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span>).</p></div><div role="tabpanel" hidden=""><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="imprimir-impedância-harmônica-da-barra"></a>Imprimir impedância harmônica da barra<a class="hash-link" href="#imprimir-impedância-harmônica-da-barra" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Imprime a impedância harmônica vista por essa barra referente ao estudo de <a href="/PSP/docs/harmonics">Resposta na Frequência</a>.</p></div></div></div><hr><div class="admonition admonition-tip alert alert--success"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="16" viewBox="0 0 12 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M6.5 0C3.48 0 1 2.19 1 5c0 .92.55 2.25 1 3 1.34 2.25 1.78 2.78 2 4v1h5v-1c.22-1.22.66-1.75 2-4 .45-.75 1-2.08 1-3 0-2.81-2.48-5-5.5-5zm3.64 7.48c-.25.44-.47.8-.67 1.11-.86 1.41-1.25 2.06-1.45 3.23-.02.05-.02.11-.02.17H5c0-.06 0-.13-.02-.17-.2-1.17-.59-1.83-1.45-3.23-.2-.31-.42-.67-.67-1.11C2.44 6.78 2 5.65 2 5c0-2.2 2.02-4 4.5-4 1.22 0 2.36.42 3.22 1.19C10.55 2.94 11 3.94 11 5c0 .66-.44 1.78-.86 2.48zM4 14h5c-.23 1.14-1.3 2-2.5 2s-2.27-.86-2.5-2z"></path></svg></span>Dica</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Resumo de como definir o tipo de barra:</p><ul><li>Para definir o barramento como sendo uma <strong><a href="/PSP/docs/powerFlow">Barra PQ</a></strong>, as opções "Barra de referência" e "Tensão controlada" devem estar <strong>desmarcadas</strong>; </li><li>Para definir o barramento como sendo uma <strong><a href="/PSP/docs/powerFlow">Barra PV</a></strong>, deve-se <strong>marcar somente</strong> a opção "Tensão controlada", mantendo a opção "Barra de referência" desmarcada;</li><li>Para definir o barramento como sendo uma <strong><a href="/PSP/docs/powerFlow">Barra de Referência</a></strong>, deve-se marcar a opção "Barra de referência". Caso a opção "Tensão controlada" esteja desmarcada será admitido um valor de tensão controlada de <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo separator="true" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">,</mo><mn>0</mn><mtext> </mtext><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">1{,}0~p.u.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8388800000000001em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mord"><span class="mpunct">,</span></span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mspace nobreak"> </span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span></li></ul></div></div><div class="admonition admonition-warning alert alert--danger"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="16" viewBox="0 0 12 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.05.31c.81 2.17.41 3.38-.52 4.31C3.55 5.67 1.98 6.45.9 7.98c-1.45 2.05-1.7 6.53 3.53 7.7-2.2-1.16-2.67-4.52-.3-6.61-.61 2.03.53 3.33 1.94 2.86 1.39-.47 2.3.53 2.27 1.67-.02.78-.31 1.44-1.13 1.81 3.42-.59 4.78-3.42 4.78-5.56 0-2.84-2.53-3.22-1.25-5.61-1.52.13-2.03 1.13-1.89 2.75.09 1.08-1.02 1.8-1.86 1.33-.67-.41-.66-1.19-.06-1.78C8.18 5.31 8.68 2.45 5.05.32L5.03.3l.02.01z"></path></svg></span>Cuidado!</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p><strong>O sistema deve possuir somente uma barra de referência</strong>.</p></div></div></div></article><div class="margin-vert--xl"><div class="row"><div class="col"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/tree/master/docusaurus/docs/bus.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><svg fill="currentColor" height="1.2em" width="1.2em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" role="img" viewBox="0 0 40 40" class="iconEdit_2_ui" aria-label="Edit page"><g><path d="m34.5 11.7l-3 3.1-6.3-6.3 3.1-3q0.5-0.5 1.2-0.5t1.1 0.5l3.9 3.9q0.5 0.4 0.5 1.1t-0.5 1.2z m-29.5 17.1l18.4-18.5 6.3 6.3-18.4 18.4h-6.3v-6.2z"></path></g></svg>Edit this page</a></div></div></div><div class="margin-vert--lg"><nav class="pagination-nav" aria-label="Docs pages navigation"><div class="pagination-nav__item"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/PSP/docs/powerEditor"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Previous</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">« Editor de Potência</div></a></div><div class="pagination-nav__item pagination-nav__item--next"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/PSP/docs/line"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Next</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">Linha »</div></a></div></nav></div></div></div><div class="col col--3"><div class="tableOfContents_35-E thin-scrollbar"><ul class="table-of-contents table-of-contents__left-border"><li><a href="#barramento-no-psp-ufu" class="table-of-contents__link">Barramento no PSP-UFU</a></li><li><a href="#formulário-de-edição-dos-barramentos" class="table-of-contents__link">Formulário de edição dos barramentos</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></main></div></div><footer class="footer footer--dark"><div class="container"><div class="row footer__links"><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Guide</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a class="footer__link-item" href="/PSP/docs/">PSP-UFU Guide</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://thales1330.github.io/PSP/doxygen/html/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Code Documentation</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Community</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/issues" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Ask a question</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://twitter.com/PspUfu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Twitter</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Site Image Credit</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a href="http://www.freepik.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Images designed by upklyak / slidesgo / macrovector / Freepik</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="footer__bottom text--center"><div class="footer__copyright">Copyright © 2021 Thales Lima Oliveira. 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href="/PSP/docs/transferFunction">Função Transferência</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/sum">Somador</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/multiplier">Multiplicador</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/divider">Divisor</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/exponential">Exponencial</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/limiter">Limitador absoluto</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/rateLimiter">Limitador de taxa</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/const">Constante</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/gain">Ganho</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/mathExpression">Expressão Matemática</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist" href="#!">Simulations</a><ul class="menu__list"><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/powerFlow">Fluxo de Potência</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/fault">Curto-Circuito</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/harmonics">Harmônicos</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/stability">Estabilidade</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/simulationConfig">Configurações da Simulação</a></li></ul></li><li class="menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist" href="#!">Data Visualization</a><ul class="menu__list"><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/text">Texto Vinculado</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/tabularReport">Relatórios Tabulares</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/graphViewer">Visualizador de Gráficos</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/heatmap">Mapa de Tensão</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><main class="docMainContainer_3ufF"><div class="container padding-vert--lg docItemWrapper_3FMP"><div class="row"><div class="col docItemCol_3FnS"><div class="docItemContainer_33ec"><article><header><h1 class="docTitle_3a4h">CAD Tools</h1></header><div class="markdown"><blockquote><p>Computer-aided design (CAD) is the use of computers (or workstations) to aid in the creation, modification, analysis, or optimization of a design. CAD software is used to increase the productivity of the designer, improve the quality of design, improve communications through documentation, and to create a database for manufacturing. Designs made through CAD software are helpful in protecting products and inventions when used in patent applications. CAD output is often in the form of electronic files for print, machining, or other manufacturing operations. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_design" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Wikipedia</a></p></blockquote><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="menu-tools"></a>Menu Tools<a class="hash-link" href="#menu-tools" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>All objects created contain various graphic attributes, such as: position, orientation, color, size, etc. To modify them, some intuitive and easy-to-use tools were inserted, which are: <a href="/PSP/docs/cadTools#select"><strong>select</strong></a>, <a href="/PSP/docs/cadTools#move"><strong>move</strong></a>, <a href="/PSP/docs/cadTools#rotate"><strong>rotate</strong></a>, <a href="/PSP/docs/cadTools#drag"><strong>drag</strong></a>, <a href="/PSP/docs/cadTools#zoom"><strong>zoom</strong></a>, <a href="/PSP/docs/cadTools#snap"><strong>snap</strong></a>, <a href="/PSP/docs/cadTools#copy-and-paste"><strong>copy , paste</strong></a> and <a href="/PSP/docs/cadTools#delete"><strong>delete</strong></a>.</p><p>These tools can be accessed through their shortcut keys as well as through the <a href="/PSP/docs/mainScreen#menu-ribbon">Tools submenu</a>.</p><p>Such tools allow <strong> personalization </strong>, <strong> navigation </strong> and assist in the <strong> creation </strong> of electric power networks, as well as control diagrams on the platform.</p><h3><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="select"></a>Select<a class="hash-link" href="#select" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h3><p>The selection of a single object is carried out by clicking with the left mouse button on the element, which will be identified by the outline in <span style="background-color:#80bfff;border-radius:2px;color:#000;padding:0.2rem"> blue</span> of the object.</p><p>To select multiple objects simultaneously, it is necessary to click the left mouse button on an empty spot on the screen and drag it, thus creating a <strong> selection rectangle </strong> that will accompany the mouse pointer while the left button is pressed . When you release it, all objects that intersect the rectangle will be selected.</p><p>By holding down the Control (Ctrl) key on the keyboard, you can keep previous selections while new elements are selected.</p><p>To deselect all objects just click on an area without objects.</p><video autoplay="" loop="" muted="" playsinline="" controls=""><source src="/PSP/videos/select.mp4" type="video/mp4"><source src="/PSP/videos/select.webm" type="video/webm"></video><h3><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="move"></a>Move<a class="hash-link" href="#move" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h3><p>An element can be moved to any location by means of the drag-and-drop action (by clicking and dragging) or by the move tool.</p><p>By enabling “move mode”, moving all selected components as the position of the mouse is changed. To disable this mode, just press the Escape key on the keyboard.</p><video autoplay="" loop="" muted="" playsinline="" controls=""><source src="/PSP/videos/move.mp4" type="video/mp4"><source src="/PSP/videos/move.webm" type="video/webm"></video><h3><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="rotate"></a>Rotate<a class="hash-link" href="#rotate" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h3><p>Some objects can be rotated using the rotate tool, accessed by the shortcut key "R", rotating the object clockwise, or "Shift + R", counterclockwise (this option will affect all selected objects). The element can also be rotated through the <a href="/PSP/docs/mainScreen#menu-ribbon">Tools submenu</a> or when accessing the context menu by right clicking on the element.</p><div class="admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"></path></svg></span>Attention!</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>The context menu will only be displayed if the element is selected.</p></div></div><p>When using this tool, objects will rotate 45º from their point of origin. To achieve the desired angle, simply repeat the rotation process.</p><video autoplay="" loop="" muted="" playsinline="" controls=""><source src="/PSP/videos/rotate.mp4" type="video/mp4"><source src="/PSP/videos/rotate.webm" type="video/webm"></video><h3><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="drag"></a>Drag<a class="hash-link" href="#drag" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h3><p>Three tools very useful in navigation of the circuit, mainly in large networks, are: drag, zoom and fit.</p><p>The drag tool makes it possible to move the entire circuit <strong> preserving the relative positions between the elements </strong>. This tool can be accessed through the submenu "Tools" or <strong> by holding down the <em> scroll </em> of the mouse </strong>, thus activating the "drag mode". Upon activating it, the entire circuit will be moved by clicking and dragging in the desired direction.</p><p>To exit “drag mode” just press the Escape key on the keyboard.</p><video autoplay="" loop="" muted="" playsinline="" controls=""><source src="/PSP/videos/drag.mp4" type="video mp4"><source src="/PSP/videos/drag.webm" type="video/webm"></video><h3><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="zoom"></a>Zoom<a class="hash-link" href="#zoom" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h3><p>The zoom will be applied when using the <strong> mouse scroll </strong> to zoom in or out. The zoom tool will zoom in or out of the circuit from the position of the mouse pointer on the screen to find objects or highlight them.</p><video autoplay="" loop="" muted="" playsinline="" controls=""><source src="/PSP/videos/zoom.mp4" type="video/mp4"><source src="/PSP/videos/zoom.webm" type="video/webm"></video><h3><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="fit"></a>Fit<a class="hash-link" href="#fit" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h3><p>The snap tool will move the circuit and zoom.necessary for all network components to be displayed on the screen. This tool can be accessed through the “Tools” submenu or by using the “Shift + F” key combination.</p><video autoplay="" loop="" muted="" playsinline="" controls=""><source src="/PSP/videos/fit.mp4" type="video/mp4"><source src="/PSP/videos/fit.webm" type="video/webm"></video><h3><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="copy-and-paste"></a>Copy and paste<a class="hash-link" href="#copy-and-paste" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h3><p>Two important tools during the process of creating the power grid in software are copy and paste. Any circuit created in the PSP-UFU can be duplicated completely or partially in the same project or in multiples using these tools.</p><p>To copy, just select the elements you want to duplicate and access the tool in the "Tools" submenu or by pressing the "Ctrl + C" key combination, then the circuit data will be copied to the clipboard. When copying a circuit it can be pasted in the same project or in a different project, using the same submenu or pressing the combination of the keys "Ctrl + V".</p><video autoplay="" loop="" muted="" playsinline="" controls=""><source src="/PSP/videos/copyPaste.mp4" type="video/mp4"><source src="/PSP/videos/copyPaste.webm" type="video/webm"></video><h3><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="delete"></a>Delete<a class="hash-link" href="#delete" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h3><p>Any object can be deleted from the project using the delete tool, present in the Ribbon menu, by the Delete shortcut key or by accessing the context menu by right-clicking on the selected element.</p><video autoplay="" loop="" muted="" playsinline="" controls=""><source src="/PSP/videos/delete.mp4" type="video/mp4"><source src="/PSP/videos/delete.webm" type="video/webm"></video><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="graphic-customization-of-the-elements"></a>Graphic customization of the elements<a class="hash-link" href="#graphic-customization-of-the-elements" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>Some elements allow its graphic customization, such as bars and lines.</p><h3><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="bar"></a>Bar<a class="hash-link" href="#bar" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h3><p>In the case of busbars, you can change the <strong> length of the bar </strong> by clicking and dragging on the <em> pickbox </em> displayed when placing the mouse pointer over that selected element.</p><h3><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="line"></a>Line<a class="hash-link" href="#line" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h3><p>The lines can be inserted with <strong> "knots" (anchor points) </strong>, customizing the arrangement of the lines in the single-line diagram. These nodes are inserted during the element creation process, prior to the selection of the second bar.</p><p>After insertion, new nodes can be attached via the context menu accessed by right clicking on the selected line. Its removal is also achieved by an option in the context menu.</p><p>As with buses, changing the position of the nodes is achieved by clicking and dragging the <em> pickbox </em> displayed when placing the mouse pointer over this selected element.</p><video autoplay="" loop="" muted="" playsinline="" controls=""><source src="/PSP/videos/graphicPropsChange.mp4" type="video/mp4"><source src="/PSP/videos/graphicPropsChange.webm" type="video/webm"></video><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="connection-and-disconnection-of-elements-in-the-bar"></a>Connection and disconnection of elements in the bar<a class="hash-link" href="#connection-and-disconnection-of-elements-in-the-bar" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>The elements can be disconnected and reconnected to the bars after their insertion only by the <em> drag-and-drop </em> tool. For this, the element must be selected and its connection node must be dragged to the required location.</p><div class="admonition admonition-warning alert alert--danger"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="16" viewBox="0 0 12 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.05.31c.81 2.17.41 3.38-.52 4.31C3.55 5.67 1.98 6.45.9 7.98c-1.45 2.05-1.7 6.53 3.53 7.7-2.2-1.16-2.67-4.52-.3-6.61-.61 2.03.53 3.33 1.94 2.86 1.39-.47 2.3.53 2.27 1.67-.02.78-.31 1.44-1.13 1.81 3.42-.59 4.78-3.42 4.78-5.56 0-2.84-2.53-3.22-1.25-5.61-1.52.13-2.03 1.13-1.89 2.75.09 1.08-1.02 1.8-1.86 1.33-.67-.41-.66-1.19-.06-1.78C8.18 5.31 8.68 2.45 5.05.32L5.03.3l.02.01z"></path></svg></span>Watch out!</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>The element to be disconnected / reconnected <strong> must be previously selected </strong> to carry out the operation. Otherwise, the bar will be moved or no operations will be performed.</p></div></div><p>In case of disconnection, the element will be automatically removed from the simulation, being indicated by its color (the element will change to color <span style="background-color:#7f7f7f;border-radius:2px;color:#000;padding:0.2rem"> gray</span>).</p><div class="admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"></path></svg></span>Attention!</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>When reconnecting the element to the circuit, one must <strong> pay attention to the status of its "circuit breaker" </strong>, indicated by a square next to its connection node. A reconnected element returns to the circuit with its circuit breaker open (<span style="background-color:#ff1919;border-radius:2px;color:#000;padding:0.2rem"> red</span>), and it is necessary to click on it to insert the element into the circuit.</p></div></div><video autoplay="" loop="" muted="" playsinline="" controls=""><source src="/PSP/videos/disconnect.mp4" type="video/mp4"><source src="/PSP/videos/disconnect.webm" type="video/webm"></video></div></article><div class="margin-vert--xl"><div class="row"><div class="col"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/tree/master/docusaurus/docs/cadTools.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><svg fill="currentColor" height="1.2em" width="1.2em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" role="img" viewBox="0 0 40 40" class="iconEdit_2_ui" aria-label="Edit page"><g><path d="m34.5 11.7l-3 3.1-6.3-6.3 3.1-3q0.5-0.5 1.2-0.5t1.1 0.5l3.9 3.9q0.5 0.4 0.5 1.1t-0.5 1.2z m-29.5 17.1l18.4-18.5 6.3 6.3-18.4 18.4h-6.3v-6.2z"></path></g></svg>Edit this page</a></div></div></div><div class="margin-vert--lg"><nav class="pagination-nav" aria-label="Docs pages navigation"><div class="pagination-nav__item"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/PSP/docs/mainScreen"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Previous</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">« Main Screen</div></a></div><div class="pagination-nav__item pagination-nav__item--next"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/PSP/docs/powerEditor"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Next</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">Editor de Potência »</div></a></div></nav></div></div></div><div class="col col--3"><div class="tableOfContents_35-E thin-scrollbar"><ul class="table-of-contents table-of-contents__left-border"><li><a href="#menu-tools" class="table-of-contents__link">Menu Tools</a><ul><li><a href="#select" class="table-of-contents__link">Select</a></li><li><a href="#move" class="table-of-contents__link">Move</a></li><li><a href="#rotate" class="table-of-contents__link">Rotate</a></li><li><a href="#drag" class="table-of-contents__link">Drag</a></li><li><a href="#zoom" class="table-of-contents__link">Zoom</a></li><li><a href="#fit" class="table-of-contents__link">Fit</a></li><li><a href="#copy-and-paste" class="table-of-contents__link">Copy and paste</a></li><li><a href="#delete" class="table-of-contents__link">Delete</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#graphic-customization-of-the-elements" class="table-of-contents__link">Graphic customization of the elements</a><ul><li><a href="#bar" class="table-of-contents__link">Bar</a></li><li><a href="#line" class="table-of-contents__link">Line</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#connection-and-disconnection-of-elements-in-the-bar" class="table-of-contents__link">Connection and disconnection of elements in the bar</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></main></div></div><footer class="footer footer--dark"><div class="container"><div class="row footer__links"><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Guide</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a class="footer__link-item" href="/PSP/docs/">PSP-UFU Guide</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://thales1330.github.io/PSP/doxygen/html/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Code Documentation</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Community</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/issues" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Ask a question</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://twitter.com/PspUfu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Twitter</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Site Image Credit</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a href="http://www.freepik.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Images designed by upklyak / slidesgo / macrovector / Freepik</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="footer__bottom text--center"><div class="footer__copyright">Copyright © 2021 Thales Lima Oliveira. 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href="/PSP/docs/heatmap">Mapa de Tensão</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><main class="docMainContainer_3ufF"><div class="container padding-vert--lg docItemWrapper_3FMP"><div class="row"><div class="col docItemCol_3FnS"><div class="docItemContainer_33ec"><article><header><h1 class="docTitle_3a4h">CAD Tools</h1></header><div class="markdown"><blockquote><p>Computer-aided design (CAD) is the use of computers (or workstations) to aid in the creation, modification, analysis, or optimization of a design. CAD software is used to increase the productivity of the designer, improve the quality of design, improve communications through documentation, and to create a database for manufacturing. Designs made through CAD software are helpful in protecting products and inventions when used in patent applications. CAD output is often in the form of electronic files for print, machining, or other manufacturing operations. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_design" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Wikipedia</a></p></blockquote><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="menu-tools"></a>Menu Tools<a class="hash-link" href="#menu-tools" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>All objects created contain various graphic attributes, such as: position, orientation, color, size, etc. To modify them, some intuitive and easy-to-use tools were inserted, which are: <a href="/PSP/docs/cadTools#select"><strong>select</strong></a>, <a href="/PSP/docs/cadTools#move"><strong>move</strong></a>, <a href="/PSP/docs/cadTools#rotate"><strong>rotate</strong></a>, <a href="/PSP/docs/cadTools#drag"><strong>drag</strong></a>, <a href="/PSP/docs/cadTools#zoom"><strong>zoom</strong></a>, <a href="/PSP/docs/cadTools#fit"><strong>fit</strong></a>, <a href="/PSP/docs/cadTools#copy-and-paste"><strong>copy , paste</strong></a> and <a href="/PSP/docs/cadTools#delete"><strong>delete</strong></a>.</p><p>These tools can be accessed through their shortcut keys as well as through the <a href="/PSP/docs/mainScreen#menu-ribbon">Tools submenu</a>.</p><p>Such tools allow <strong> personalization </strong>, <strong> navigation </strong> and assist in the <strong> creation </strong> of electric power networks, as well as control diagrams on the platform.</p><h3><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="select"></a>Select<a class="hash-link" href="#select" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h3><p>The selection of a single object is carried out by clicking with the left mouse button on the element, which will be identified by the outline in <span style="background-color:#80bfff;border-radius:2px;color:#000;padding:0.2rem"> blue</span> of the object.</p><p>To select multiple objects simultaneously, it is necessary to click the left mouse button on an empty spot on the screen and drag it, thus creating a <strong> selection rectangle </strong> that will accompany the mouse pointer while the left button is pressed . When you release it, all objects that intersect the rectangle will be selected.</p><p>By holding down the Control (Ctrl) key on the keyboard, you can keep previous selections while new elements are selected.</p><p>To deselect all objects just click on an area without objects.</p><video autoplay="" loop="" muted="" playsinline="" controls=""><source src="/PSP/videos/select.mp4" type="video/mp4"><source src="/PSP/videos/select.webm" type="video/webm"></video><h3><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="move"></a>Move<a class="hash-link" href="#move" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h3><p>An element can be moved to any location by means of the drag-and-drop action (by clicking and dragging) or by the move tool.</p><p>By enabling “move mode”, moving all selected components as the position of the mouse is changed. To disable this mode, just press the Escape key on the keyboard.</p><video autoplay="" loop="" muted="" playsinline="" controls=""><source src="/PSP/videos/move.mp4" type="video/mp4"><source src="/PSP/videos/move.webm" type="video/webm"></video><h3><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="rotate"></a>Rotate<a class="hash-link" href="#rotate" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h3><p>Some objects can be rotated using the rotate tool, accessed by the shortcut key "R", rotating the object clockwise, or "Shift + R", counterclockwise (this option will affect all selected objects). The element can also be rotated through the <a href="/PSP/docs/mainScreen#menu-ribbon">Tools submenu</a> or when accessing the context menu by right clicking on the element.</p><div class="admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"></path></svg></span>Attention!</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>The context menu will only be displayed if the element is selected.</p></div></div><p>When using this tool, objects will rotate 45º from their point of origin. To achieve the desired angle, simply repeat the rotation process.</p><video autoplay="" loop="" muted="" playsinline="" controls=""><source src="/PSP/videos/rotate.mp4" type="video/mp4"><source src="/PSP/videos/rotate.webm" type="video/webm"></video><h3><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="drag"></a>Drag<a class="hash-link" href="#drag" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h3><p>Three tools very useful in navigation of the circuit, mainly in large networks, are: drag, zoom and fit.</p><p>The drag tool makes it possible to move the entire circuit <strong> preserving the relative positions between the elements </strong>. This tool can be accessed through the submenu "Tools" or <strong> by holding down the <em> scroll </em> of the mouse </strong>, thus activating the "drag mode". Upon activating it, the entire circuit will be moved by clicking and dragging in the desired direction.</p><p>To exit “drag mode” just press the Escape key on the keyboard.</p><video autoplay="" loop="" muted="" playsinline="" controls=""><source src="/PSP/videos/drag.mp4" type="video mp4"><source src="/PSP/videos/drag.webm" type="video/webm"></video><h3><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="zoom"></a>Zoom<a class="hash-link" href="#zoom" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h3><p>The zoom will be applied when using the <strong> mouse scroll </strong> to zoom in or out. The zoom tool will zoom in or out of the circuit from the position of the mouse pointer on the screen to find objects or highlight them.</p><video autoplay="" loop="" muted="" playsinline="" controls=""><source src="/PSP/videos/zoom.mp4" type="video/mp4"><source src="/PSP/videos/zoom.webm" type="video/webm"></video><h3><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="fit"></a>Fit<a class="hash-link" href="#fit" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h3><p>The snap tool will move the circuit and zoom.necessary for all network components to be displayed on the screen. This tool can be accessed through the “Tools” submenu or by using the “Shift + F” key combination.</p><video autoplay="" loop="" muted="" playsinline="" controls=""><source src="/PSP/videos/fit.mp4" type="video/mp4"><source src="/PSP/videos/fit.webm" type="video/webm"></video><h3><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="copy-and-paste"></a>Copy and paste<a class="hash-link" href="#copy-and-paste" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h3><p>Two important tools during the process of creating the power grid in software are copy and paste. Any circuit created in the PSP-UFU can be duplicated completely or partially in the same project or in multiples using these tools.</p><p>To copy, just select the elements you want to duplicate and access the tool in the "Tools" submenu or by pressing the "Ctrl + C" key combination, then the circuit data will be copied to the clipboard. When copying a circuit it can be pasted in the same project or in a different project, using the same submenu or pressing the combination of the keys "Ctrl + V".</p><video autoplay="" loop="" muted="" playsinline="" controls=""><source src="/PSP/videos/copyPaste.mp4" type="video/mp4"><source src="/PSP/videos/copyPaste.webm" type="video/webm"></video><h3><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="delete"></a>Delete<a class="hash-link" href="#delete" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h3><p>Any object can be deleted from the project using the delete tool, present in the Ribbon menu, by the Delete shortcut key or by accessing the context menu by right-clicking on the selected element.</p><video autoplay="" loop="" muted="" playsinline="" controls=""><source src="/PSP/videos/delete.mp4" type="video/mp4"><source src="/PSP/videos/delete.webm" type="video/webm"></video><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="graphic-customization-of-the-elements"></a>Graphic customization of the elements<a class="hash-link" href="#graphic-customization-of-the-elements" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>Some elements allow its graphic customization, such as bars and lines.</p><h3><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="bus"></a>Bus<a class="hash-link" href="#bus" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h3><p>In the case of busbars, you can change the <strong> length of the bus </strong> by clicking and dragging on the <em> pickbox </em> displayed when placing the mouse pointer over that selected element.</p><h3><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="line"></a>Line<a class="hash-link" href="#line" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h3><p>The lines can be inserted with <strong> "knots" (anchor points) </strong>, customizing the arrangement of the lines in the single-line diagram. These nodes are inserted during the element creation process, prior to the selection of the second bus.</p><p>After insertion, new nodes can be attached via the context menu accessed by right clicking on the selected line. Its removal is also achieved by an option in the context menu.</p><p>As with buses, changing the position of the nodes is achieved by clicking and dragging the <em> pickbox </em> displayed when placing the mouse pointer over this selected element.</p><video autoplay="" loop="" muted="" playsinline="" controls=""><source src="/PSP/videos/graphicPropsChange.mp4" type="video/mp4"><source src="/PSP/videos/graphicPropsChange.webm" type="video/webm"></video><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="connection-and-disconnection-of-elements-in-the-bus"></a>Connection and disconnection of elements in the bus<a class="hash-link" href="#connection-and-disconnection-of-elements-in-the-bus" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>The elements can be disconnected and reconnected to the bars after their insertion only by the <em> drag-and-drop </em> tool. For this, the element must be selected and its connection node must be dragged to the required location.</p><div class="admonition admonition-warning alert alert--danger"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="16" viewBox="0 0 12 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.05.31c.81 2.17.41 3.38-.52 4.31C3.55 5.67 1.98 6.45.9 7.98c-1.45 2.05-1.7 6.53 3.53 7.7-2.2-1.16-2.67-4.52-.3-6.61-.61 2.03.53 3.33 1.94 2.86 1.39-.47 2.3.53 2.27 1.67-.02.78-.31 1.44-1.13 1.81 3.42-.59 4.78-3.42 4.78-5.56 0-2.84-2.53-3.22-1.25-5.61-1.52.13-2.03 1.13-1.89 2.75.09 1.08-1.02 1.8-1.86 1.33-.67-.41-.66-1.19-.06-1.78C8.18 5.31 8.68 2.45 5.05.32L5.03.3l.02.01z"></path></svg></span>Watch out!</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>The element to be disconnected / reconnected <strong> must be previously selected </strong> to carry out the operation. Otherwise, the bus will be moved or no operations will be performed.</p></div></div><p>In case of disconnection, the element will be automatically removed from the simulation, being indicated by its color (the element will change to color <span style="background-color:#7f7f7f;border-radius:2px;color:#000;padding:0.2rem"> gray</span>).</p><div class="admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"></path></svg></span>Attention!</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>When reconnecting the element to the circuit, one must <strong> pay attention to the status of its "circuit breaker" </strong>, indicated by a square next to its connection node. A reconnected element returns to the circuit with its circuit breaker open (<span style="background-color:#ff1919;border-radius:2px;color:#000;padding:0.2rem"> red</span>), and it is necessary to click on it to insert the element into the circuit.</p></div></div><video autoplay="" loop="" muted="" playsinline="" controls=""><source src="/PSP/videos/disconnect.mp4" type="video/mp4"><source src="/PSP/videos/disconnect.webm" type="video/webm"></video></div></article><div class="margin-vert--xl"><div class="row"><div class="col"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/tree/master/docusaurus/docs/cadTools.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><svg fill="currentColor" height="1.2em" width="1.2em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" role="img" viewBox="0 0 40 40" class="iconEdit_2_ui" aria-label="Edit page"><g><path d="m34.5 11.7l-3 3.1-6.3-6.3 3.1-3q0.5-0.5 1.2-0.5t1.1 0.5l3.9 3.9q0.5 0.4 0.5 1.1t-0.5 1.2z m-29.5 17.1l18.4-18.5 6.3 6.3-18.4 18.4h-6.3v-6.2z"></path></g></svg>Edit this page</a></div></div></div><div class="margin-vert--lg"><nav class="pagination-nav" aria-label="Docs pages navigation"><div class="pagination-nav__item"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/PSP/docs/mainScreen"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Previous</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">« Main Screen</div></a></div><div class="pagination-nav__item pagination-nav__item--next"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/PSP/docs/powerEditor"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Next</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">Editor de Potência »</div></a></div></nav></div></div></div><div class="col col--3"><div class="tableOfContents_35-E thin-scrollbar"><ul class="table-of-contents table-of-contents__left-border"><li><a href="#menu-tools" class="table-of-contents__link">Menu Tools</a><ul><li><a href="#select" class="table-of-contents__link">Select</a></li><li><a href="#move" class="table-of-contents__link">Move</a></li><li><a href="#rotate" class="table-of-contents__link">Rotate</a></li><li><a href="#drag" class="table-of-contents__link">Drag</a></li><li><a href="#zoom" class="table-of-contents__link">Zoom</a></li><li><a href="#fit" class="table-of-contents__link">Fit</a></li><li><a href="#copy-and-paste" class="table-of-contents__link">Copy and paste</a></li><li><a href="#delete" class="table-of-contents__link">Delete</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#graphic-customization-of-the-elements" class="table-of-contents__link">Graphic customization of the elements</a><ul><li><a href="#bus" class="table-of-contents__link">Bus</a></li><li><a href="#line" class="table-of-contents__link">Line</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#connection-and-disconnection-of-elements-in-the-bus" class="table-of-contents__link">Connection and disconnection of elements in the bus</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></main></div></div><footer class="footer footer--dark"><div class="container"><div class="row footer__links"><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Guide</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a class="footer__link-item" href="/PSP/docs/">PSP-UFU Guide</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://thales1330.github.io/PSP/doxygen/html/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Code Documentation</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Community</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/issues" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Ask a question</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://twitter.com/PspUfu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Twitter</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Site Image Credit</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a href="http://www.freepik.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Images designed by upklyak / slidesgo / macrovector / Freepik</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="footer__bottom text--center"><div class="footer__copyright">Copyright © 2021 Thales Lima Oliveira. 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Simulação</a></li></ul></li><li class="menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist" href="#!">Data Visualization</a><ul class="menu__list"><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/text">Texto Vinculado</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/tabularReport">Relatórios Tabulares</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/graphViewer">Visualizador de Gráficos</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/heatmap">Mapa de Tensão</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><main class="docMainContainer_3ufF"><div class="container padding-vert--lg docItemWrapper_3FMP"><div class="row"><div class="col docItemCol_3FnS"><div class="docItemContainer_33ec"><article><header><h1 class="docTitle_3a4h">Capacitor</h1></header><div class="markdown"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/PSP/katex/katex.min.css"><blockquote><p>Um dispositivo constituído essencialmente por dois eletrodos separados por um dielétrico. <a href="http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=436-01-03" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>tradução livre</em> - IEC 60050</a>.</p></blockquote><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="capacitor-no-psp-ufu"></a>Capacitor no PSP-UFU<a class="hash-link" href="#capacitor-no-psp-ufu" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>O elemento capacitor representa, geralmente, um banco de capacitores <em>shunt</em> no circuito do PSP-UFU.</p><div class="admonition admonition-tip alert alert--success"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="16" viewBox="0 0 12 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M6.5 0C3.48 0 1 2.19 1 5c0 .92.55 2.25 1 3 1.34 2.25 1.78 2.78 2 4v1h5v-1c.22-1.22.66-1.75 2-4 .45-.75 1-2.08 1-3 0-2.81-2.48-5-5.5-5zm3.64 7.48c-.25.44-.47.8-.67 1.11-.86 1.41-1.25 2.06-1.45 3.23-.02.05-.02.11-.02.17H5c0-.06 0-.13-.02-.17-.2-1.17-.59-1.83-1.45-3.23-.2-.31-.42-.67-.67-1.11C2.44 6.78 2 5.65 2 5c0-2.2 2.02-4 4.5-4 1.22 0 2.36.42 3.22 1.19C10.55 2.94 11 3.94 11 5c0 .66-.44 1.78-.86 2.48zM4 14h5c-.23 1.14-1.3 2-2.5 2s-2.27-.86-2.5-2z"></path></svg></span>Dica</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Um arranjo série de uma <a href="/PSP/docs/line">linha</a> sem as susceptâncias <em>shunt</em>, um <a href="/PSP/docs/bus">barramento</a> e um <a href="/PSP/docs/capacitor">capacitor</a> pode ser utilizado para fabricar um filtro passivo nos <a href="/PSP/docs/harmonics">estudos harmônicos</a>. Em versões futuras, um elemento de filtro passivo será implementado no PSP-UFU.</p></div></div><p>Os capacitores e reatores exigem somente sua potência reativa como parâmetro. Esses elementos passivos são somente inseridos na matriz admitância cuja impedância é calculada a partir de sua potência e tensão nominais.</p><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="formulário-de-edição-dos-capacitores"></a>Formulário de edição dos capacitores<a class="hash-link" href="#formulário-de-edição-dos-capacitores" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>A imagem abaixo apresenta o formulário de inserção/alteração de dados dos capacitores:</p><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/capacitorForm.png" alt="Formulário dos capacitores no PSP-UFU" title="Formulário dos capacitores no PSP-UFU"></center></div><p>Além do único contexto geral, pode ser observado o botão "Estabilidade" na parte inferior esquerda do formulário. Esse formulário, comum a vários outros elementos, permite a inserção e/ou remoção do capacitor durante o estudo de <a href="/PSP/docs/stability">estabilidade</a>.</p><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/swCapacitor.png" alt="Formulário de chaveamento do capacitor" title="Formulário de chaveamento do capacitor"></center></div><div class="tabs-container"><ul role="tablist" aria-orientation="horizontal" class="tabs"><li role="tab" tabindex="0" aria-selected="true" class="tabs__item tabItem_1uMI tabs__item--active">Geral</li><li role="tab" tabindex="-1" aria-selected="false" class="tabs__item tabItem_1uMI">Botão Estabilidade</li></ul><div class="margin-vert--md"><div role="tabpanel"><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="nome"></a>Nome<a class="hash-link" href="#nome" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Identificação do elemento elétrico. Podem ser inseridos quaisquer números de caracteres no padrão <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Unicode</a>.</p><p>Todos os componentes de potência do PSP-UFU possuem esse campo.</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="potência-reativa"></a>Potência reativa<a class="hash-link" href="#potência-reativa" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Os capacitores e reatores exigem somente sua potência reativa como parâmetro, inserida em Mvar, kvar, var ou <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p.u.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span> (na base de potência do sistema). </p></div><div role="tabpanel" hidden=""><p>O botão "Estabilidade" irá abrir um formulário, comum a vários outros elementos, que permite a inserção e/ou remoção do transformador durante o estudo de <a href="/PSP/docs/stability">estabilidade</a>.</p><p>Nesse formulário pode ser criada uma lista genérica de inserções e remoções da linha no tempo, personalizada por um contexto de propriedades de chaveamento que são editados o tipo de chaveamento (inserção ou remoção) e o instante (em segundos) do evento. Essas propriedades são atribuídas e retiradas da lista genérica por meio dos botões "Adicionar" e "Remover", respectivamente.</p></div></div></div></div></article><div class="margin-vert--xl"><div class="row"><div class="col"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/tree/master/docusaurus/docs/capacitor.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><svg fill="currentColor" height="1.2em" width="1.2em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" role="img" viewBox="0 0 40 40" class="iconEdit_2_ui" aria-label="Edit page"><g><path d="m34.5 11.7l-3 3.1-6.3-6.3 3.1-3q0.5-0.5 1.2-0.5t1.1 0.5l3.9 3.9q0.5 0.4 0.5 1.1t-0.5 1.2z m-29.5 17.1l18.4-18.5 6.3 6.3-18.4 18.4h-6.3v-6.2z"></path></g></svg>Edit this page</a></div></div></div><div class="margin-vert--lg"><nav class="pagination-nav" aria-label="Docs pages navigation"><div class="pagination-nav__item"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/PSP/docs/load"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Previous</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">« Carga</div></a></div><div class="pagination-nav__item pagination-nav__item--next"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/PSP/docs/inductor"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Next</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">Indutor »</div></a></div></nav></div></div></div><div class="col col--3"><div class="tableOfContents_35-E thin-scrollbar"><ul class="table-of-contents table-of-contents__left-border"><li><a href="#capacitor-no-psp-ufu" class="table-of-contents__link">Capacitor no PSP-UFU</a></li><li><a href="#formulário-de-edição-dos-capacitores" class="table-of-contents__link">Formulário de edição dos capacitores</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></main></div></div><footer class="footer footer--dark"><div class="container"><div class="row footer__links"><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Guide</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a class="footer__link-item" href="/PSP/docs/">PSP-UFU Guide</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://thales1330.github.io/PSP/doxygen/html/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Code Documentation</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Community</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/issues" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Ask a question</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://twitter.com/PspUfu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Twitter</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Site Image Credit</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a href="http://www.freepik.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Images designed by upklyak / slidesgo / macrovector / Freepik</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="footer__bottom text--center"><div class="footer__copyright">Copyright © 2021 Thales Lima Oliveira. 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valores numéricos reais que permanecem inalteradas em todo o período de simulação. Esses elementos possuem somente um nó de saída, o qual poderá ser conectado a qualquer outro nó de entrada dos elementos de controle.</p><div class="admonition admonition-info alert alert--info"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="16" viewBox="0 0 14 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7 2.3c3.14 0 5.7 2.56 5.7 5.7s-2.56 5.7-5.7 5.7A5.71 5.71 0 0 1 1.3 8c0-3.14 2.56-5.7 5.7-5.7zM7 1C3.14 1 0 4.14 0 8s3.14 7 7 7 7-3.14 7-7-3.14-7-7-7zm1 3H6v5h2V4zm0 6H6v2h2v-2z"></path></svg></span>Informação</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Esse elemento pode, por exemplo, ser utilizado para definir valores alvos ou deslocamentos de sinal.</p></div></div></div></article><div class="margin-vert--xl"><div class="row"><div class="col"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/tree/master/docusaurus/docs/const.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><svg fill="currentColor" height="1.2em" width="1.2em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" role="img" viewBox="0 0 40 40" class="iconEdit_2_ui" aria-label="Edit page"><g><path d="m34.5 11.7l-3 3.1-6.3-6.3 3.1-3q0.5-0.5 1.2-0.5t1.1 0.5l3.9 3.9q0.5 0.4 0.5 1.1t-0.5 1.2z m-29.5 17.1l18.4-18.5 6.3 6.3-18.4 18.4h-6.3v-6.2z"></path></g></svg>Edit this page</a></div></div></div><div class="margin-vert--lg"><nav class="pagination-nav" aria-label="Docs pages navigation"><div class="pagination-nav__item"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/PSP/docs/rateLimiter"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Previous</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">« Limitador de taxa</div></a></div><div class="pagination-nav__item pagination-nav__item--next"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/PSP/docs/gain"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Next</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">Ganho »</div></a></div></nav></div></div></div><div class="col col--3"><div class="tableOfContents_35-E thin-scrollbar"></div></div></div></div></main></div></div><footer class="footer footer--dark"><div class="container"><div class="row footer__links"><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Guide</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a class="footer__link-item" href="/PSP/docs/">PSP-UFU Guide</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://thales1330.github.io/PSP/doxygen/html/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Code Documentation</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Community</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/issues" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Ask a question</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://twitter.com/PspUfu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Twitter</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Site Image Credit</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a href="http://www.freepik.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Images designed by upklyak / slidesgo / macrovector / Freepik</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="footer__bottom text--center"><div class="footer__copyright">Copyright © 2021 Thales Lima Oliveira. 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href="/PSP/docs/simulationConfig">Configurações da Simulação</a></li></ul></li><li class="menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist" href="#!">Data Visualization</a><ul class="menu__list"><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/text">Texto Vinculado</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/tabularReport">Relatórios Tabulares</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/graphViewer">Visualizador de Gráficos</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/heatmap">Mapa de Tensão</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><main class="docMainContainer_3ufF"><div class="container padding-vert--lg docItemWrapper_3FMP"><div class="row"><div class="col docItemCol_3FnS"><div class="docItemContainer_33ec"><article><header><h1 class="docTitle_3a4h">Editor de Controle</h1></header><div class="markdown"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/PSP/katex/katex.min.css"><p>Os controles das <a href="/PSP/docs/syncGenerator">máquinas síncronas</a> são criados, modificados, importados e exportados em um editor distinto dos elementos de potência, apresentado na figura abaixo.</p><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/controlEditor.png" alt="Editor de elementos de controle do PSP-UFU" title="Editor de elementos de controle do PSP-UFU"></center></div><p>O acesso ao editor é realizado por meio de dois botões presentes no <a href="/PSP/docs/syncGenerator#formul%C3%A1rio-de-edi%C3%A7%C3%A3o-dos-geradores-s%C3%ADncronos">formulário de edição dos dados de estabilidade dos geradores síncronos</a>:</p><ul><li><a href="/PSP/docs/syncGenerator#utilizar-avr-e-regulador-de-velocidade">Editar AVR</a></li><li><a href="/PSP/docs/syncGenerator#utilizar-avr-e-regulador-de-velocidade">Editar regulador de velocidade</a></li></ul><div class="admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"></path></svg></span>Atenção!</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>No PSP-UFU a opção de editar o <strong>AVR</strong> engloba mais que somente o controle de tensão da máquina. Nele <strong>deve</strong> ser inserida a malha de controle da máquina assim como a <strong>excitatriz da máquina síncrona</strong>. Outras estratégias de controle (opcionais), como PSS (<em>Power System Stabilizer</em>) e/ou controles de sobre e sub excitação, são também implementadas em conjunto (como apresentado na figura anterior).</p></div></div><div class="admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"></path></svg></span>Atenção!</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Assim como no AVR, o <strong>Regulador de Velocidade</strong> engloba mais que a regulação primária da máquina. Nessa opção <strong>deve</strong> ser inserida ao menos a malha de controle da regulação primária de velocidade, assim como o <strong>modelo da turbina</strong>. Estratégias opcionais de controle da velocidade também são inseridas nessa opção.</p></div></div><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="elementos-de-controle"></a>Elementos de Controle<a class="hash-link" href="#elementos-de-controle" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>O acesso aos elementos de controle é realizado em uma janela (removível e encaixável) por meio de ícones relacionados.</p><p>Uma vez que o usuário clicar no ícone desejado, o elemento de controle acompanhará o ponteiro do mouse até ser efetivamente inserido na posição desejada ao clicar novamente na área de trabalho. Os elementos são então conectados por “linhas de conexão” inseridas ao clicar nos nós dos componentes previamente adicionados, permitindo a construção da rede de controle genérica.</p><p>As ferramentas de manipulação e navegação, como arrastar, mover e excluir são <a href="/PSP/docs/cadTools">herdadas</a> do <a href="/PSP/docs/powerEditor">editor de elementos de potência</a>, possuindo comportamento idêntico. A <strong>edição dos dados</strong> dos componentes inseridos também é realizada com <strong>duplo clique</strong> sobre o elemento inserido, exibindo um formulário de edição de dados.</p><video autoplay="" loop="" muted="" playsinline="" controls=""><source src="/PSP/videos/timelapseControlEditor.mp4" type="video/mp4"><source src="/PSP/videos/timelapseControlEditor.webm" type="video/webm"></video><p>Os seguintes blocos de controle estão presentes no PSP-UFU:</p><ul><li><a href="/PSP/docs/io">Entrada e Saída</a></li><li><a href="/PSP/docs/transferFunction">Função Transferência</a></li><li>Matemática<ul><li><a href="/PSP/docs/sum">Somador</a></li><li><a href="/PSP/docs/multiplier">Multiplicador</a></li><li><a href="/PSP/docs/divider">Divisor</a></li><li><a href="/PSP/docs/exponential">Exponencial</a></li></ul></li><li>Limitadores<ul><li><a href="/PSP/docs/limiter">Limitador absoluto</a></li><li><a href="/PSP/docs/rateLimiter">Limitador de taxa</a></li></ul></li><li>Constantes<ul><li><a href="/PSP/docs/const">Constante</a></li><li><a href="/PSP/docs/gain">Ganho</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/PSP/docs/mathExpression">Expressão Matemática</a></li></ul><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="inicialização-do-sistema-de-controle"></a>Inicialização do sistema de controle<a class="hash-link" href="#inicialização-do-sistema-de-controle" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>Caso as entradas do sistema de controle apresentem valores diferentes de zero ou a primeira operação entre elas não resulte em uma saída nula, o sistema necessita de inicialização, de forma a adequar os valores de entradas e saída dos blocos elementares e dos vetores de estado das <a href="/PSP/docs/transferFunction">funções transferências</a> presentes. Tal procedimento é realizado por meio da solução de toda rede de controle até que se obtenha sua convergência, ou seja, a diferença absoluta entre as mesmas saídas de uma solução anterior e uma atual deve ser nula ou muito próxima de zero.</p><div class="admonition admonition-info alert alert--info"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="16" viewBox="0 0 14 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7 2.3c3.14 0 5.7 2.56 5.7 5.7s-2.56 5.7-5.7 5.7A5.71 5.71 0 0 1 1.3 8c0-3.14 2.56-5.7 5.7-5.7zM7 1C3.14 1 0 4.14 0 8s3.14 7 7 7 7-3.14 7-7-3.14-7-7-7zm1 3H6v5h2V4zm0 6H6v2h2v-2z"></path></svg></span>info</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>O processo de <strong>inicialização é realizada automaticamente</strong> pelo PSP-UFU.</p><p>Uma vez que a inicialização é imposta pelas <a href="/PSP/docs/io">entradas</a> do controle, erros de convergência podem ocorrer devido à má parametrização dos elementos dos sistemas de <strong>potência e controle</strong>.</p></div></div><p>Para otimizar e melhorar a estabilidade do processo de inicialização utilizou-se um passo de integração variável dentro de limites, de forma que o passo aumenta em condições de diferenças menores entre as soluções do sistema de controle e diminui caso essa diferença se torne elevada. A implementação dessa abordagem reduziu significativamente o encerramento do processo com erro causado pela instabilidade numérica, além de acelerar a inicialização.</p><p>O fluxograma abaixo evidencia o processo de inicialização implementado no PSP-UFU:</p><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/controlInit.png" alt="Estrutura da inicialização do sistema de controle" title="Estrutura da inicialização do sistema de controle"></center></div><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="teste-do-diagrama-de-controle"></a>Teste do diagrama de controle<a class="hash-link" href="#teste-do-diagrama-de-controle" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>Na parte inferior esquerda do Editor de Controle está presente o botão "<strong>Testar Sistema...</strong>". O botão acessa o formulário de teste de controles, como é indicado na figura abaixo:</p><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/testControl.png" alt="Formulário de teste de controles" title="Formulário de teste de controles"></center></div><p>Nesse formulário é possível inserir o comportamento de <strong>todas as entradas do diagrama</strong>:</p><ul><li><strong>Tipo de entrada</strong>: Define um dos tipos de entradas possíveis no PSP-UFU: "Passo (<em>Step</em>)", Rampa (<em>Ramp</em>) ou Quadrática (<em>Quadratic</em>);</li><li><strong>Tempo de início (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>t</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">t_i</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.76508em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>)</strong>: Define o tempo de início na simulação da entrada definida. As entradas iniciais são sempre definidas como zero e assumem valores diferentes após o tempo de início;</li><li><strong>Inclinação (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\alpha</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.0037em">α</span></span></span></span></span>)</strong>: Valor relacionado ao tipo de entrada:<ul><li>Para entrada do tipo "Passo" - O valor da inclinação define o valor final do passo:<div class="math math-display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo fence="true">{</mo><mtable rowspacing="0.3599999999999999em" columnalign="left left" columnspacing="1em"><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><mtext>Se </mtext><mi>t</mi><mo><</mo><msub><mi>t</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>→</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo separator="true">,</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><mtext>Se </mtext><mi>t</mi><mo>≥</mo><msub><mi>t</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>→</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>α</mi></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr></mtable></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{cases} \text{Se~} t < t_i \rightarrow f(t) = 0,0\\ \text{Se~} t \ge t_i \rightarrow f(t) = \alpha \end{cases}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:3.0000299999999998em;vertical-align:-1.25003em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size4">{</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-l"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.69em"><span style="top:-3.69em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.008em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">Se</span><span class="mord nobreak"> </span></span><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel"><</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">→</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.10764em">f</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord">0</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.25em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.008em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">Se</span><span class="mord nobreak"> </span></span><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">≥</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">→</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.10764em">f</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.0037em">α</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.19em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></li><li>Para entrada do tipo "Rampa" - define o coeficiente de inclinação da reta:<div class="math math-display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo fence="true">{</mo><mtable rowspacing="0.3599999999999999em" columnalign="left left" columnspacing="1em"><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><mtext>Se </mtext><mi>t</mi><mo><</mo><msub><mi>t</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>→</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo separator="true">,</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><mtext>Se </mtext><mi>t</mi><mo>≥</mo><msub><mi>t</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>→</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>α</mi><mo>×</mo><mi>t</mi></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr></mtable></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{cases} \text{Se~} t < t_i \rightarrow f(t) = 0,0\\ \text{Se~} t \ge t_i \rightarrow f(t) = \alpha \times t \end{cases}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:3.0000299999999998em;vertical-align:-1.25003em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size4">{</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-l"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.69em"><span style="top:-3.69em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.008em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">Se</span><span class="mord nobreak"> </span></span><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel"><</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">→</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.10764em">f</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord">0</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.25em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.008em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">Se</span><span class="mord nobreak"> </span></span><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">≥</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">→</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.10764em">f</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.0037em">α</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">×</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.19em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></li><li>Para entrada do tipo "Quadrática" - define o coeficiente de crescimento da curva:<div class="math math-display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo fence="true">{</mo><mtable rowspacing="0.3599999999999999em" columnalign="left left" columnspacing="1em"><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><mtext>Se </mtext><mi>t</mi><mo><</mo><msub><mi>t</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>→</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo separator="true">,</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><mtext>Se </mtext><mi>t</mi><mo>≥</mo><msub><mi>t</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>→</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>α</mi><mo>×</mo><msup><mi>t</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr></mtable></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{cases} \text{Se~} t < t_i \rightarrow f(t) = 0,0\\ \text{Se~} t \ge t_i \rightarrow f(t) = \alpha \times t^2 \end{cases}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:3.0000299999999998em;vertical-align:-1.25003em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size4">{</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-l"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.69em"><span style="top:-3.69em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.008em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">Se</span><span class="mord nobreak"> </span></span><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel"><</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">→</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.10764em">f</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord">0</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.25em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.008em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">Se</span><span class="mord nobreak"> </span></span><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">≥</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">→</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.10764em">f</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.0037em">α</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">×</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141079999999999em"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.19em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></li></ul></li><li><strong>Passo de integração (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>h</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">h</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.69444em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">h</span></span></span></span></span>)</strong>: Passo do método de integração Trapezoidal Implícito;</li><li><strong>Tempo de simulação (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>t</mi><mi>f</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">t_f</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.9011879999999999em;vertical-align:-0.286108em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3361079999999999em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.10764em">f</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>)</strong>: Tempo total de simulação.</li></ul><p>Após a simulação os resultados são exibidos no <a href="/PSP/docs/graphViewer">visualizador de gráficos</a>.</p><div class="admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"></path></svg></span>Atenção!</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>A mesma parametrização de entrada é aplicada em todos os blocos de <a href="/PSP/docs/io">entrada</a> do sistema.</p></div></div><div class="admonition admonition-tip alert alert--success"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="16" viewBox="0 0 12 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M6.5 0C3.48 0 1 2.19 1 5c0 .92.55 2.25 1 3 1.34 2.25 1.78 2.78 2 4v1h5v-1c.22-1.22.66-1.75 2-4 .45-.75 1-2.08 1-3 0-2.81-2.48-5-5.5-5zm3.64 7.48c-.25.44-.47.8-.67 1.11-.86 1.41-1.25 2.06-1.45 3.23-.02.05-.02.11-.02.17H5c0-.06 0-.13-.02-.17-.2-1.17-.59-1.83-1.45-3.23-.2-.31-.42-.67-.67-1.11C2.44 6.78 2 5.65 2 5c0-2.2 2.02-4 4.5-4 1.22 0 2.36.42 3.22 1.19C10.55 2.94 11 3.94 11 5c0 .66-.44 1.78-.86 2.48zM4 14h5c-.23 1.14-1.3 2-2.5 2s-2.27-.86-2.5-2z"></path></svg></span>Dica</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>É possível aplicar <strong>várias entradas distintas</strong> (inclusive com condicionais!) utilizando o bloco de <a href="/PSP/docs/mathExpression">expressão matemática</a>.</p></div></div><p>Utilizando o bloco de <a href="/PSP/docs/mathExpression">expressão matemática</a> é possível inserir entradas complexas, como por exemplo testar o diagrama de blocos (AVR DC1C + PSS1A - <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/IEEESTD.2016.7553421" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">IEEE Std. 421.5-2016</a>) da figura abaixo:</p><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/exControl.svg" alt="Sistema de controle sob teste" title="Sistema de controle sob teste"></center></div><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/compControl.svg" alt="Comparação do sistema de controle sob teste" title="Comparação do sistema de controle sob teste"></center></div></div></article><div 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tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/graphViewer">Visualizador de Gráficos</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/heatmap">Mapa de Tensão</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><main class="docMainContainer_3ufF"><div class="container padding-vert--lg docItemWrapper_3FMP"><div class="row"><div class="col docItemCol_3FnS"><div class="docItemContainer_33ec"><article><header><h1 class="docTitle_3a4h">Divisor</h1></header><div class="markdown"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/PSP/katex/katex.min.css"><p>Esse elemento é bastante simples e cumpre com a função matemáticas de seu nome.</p><p>Possui duas entradas de valores reais e sua saída é computada na sequência do nó superior pelo inferior, ou seja, a saída será o valor presente no nó 1 dividido pelo nó 2.</p><div class="admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"></path></svg></span>Atenção!</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Nós não conectados no divisor são considerados como valor nulo. Caso a divisão possua numerador zero, o valor da saída é definida como sendo <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mn>1</mn><msup><mn>0</mn><mn>15</mn></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">10^{15}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8141079999999999em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">0</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141079999999999em"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span><span class="mord mtight">5</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>.</p></div></div></div></article><div class="margin-vert--xl"><div class="row"><div class="col"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/tree/master/docusaurus/docs/divider.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><svg fill="currentColor" height="1.2em" width="1.2em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" role="img" viewBox="0 0 40 40" class="iconEdit_2_ui" aria-label="Edit page"><g><path d="m34.5 11.7l-3 3.1-6.3-6.3 3.1-3q0.5-0.5 1.2-0.5t1.1 0.5l3.9 3.9q0.5 0.4 0.5 1.1t-0.5 1.2z m-29.5 17.1l18.4-18.5 6.3 6.3-18.4 18.4h-6.3v-6.2z"></path></g></svg>Edit this page</a></div></div></div><div class="margin-vert--lg"><nav class="pagination-nav" aria-label="Docs pages navigation"><div class="pagination-nav__item"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/PSP/docs/multiplier"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Previous</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">« Multiplicador</div></a></div><div class="pagination-nav__item pagination-nav__item--next"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/PSP/docs/exponential"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Next</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">Exponencial »</div></a></div></nav></div></div></div><div class="col col--3"><div class="tableOfContents_35-E thin-scrollbar"></div></div></div></div></main></div></div><footer class="footer footer--dark"><div class="container"><div class="row footer__links"><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Guide</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a class="footer__link-item" href="/PSP/docs/">PSP-UFU Guide</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://thales1330.github.io/PSP/doxygen/html/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Code Documentation</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Community</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/issues" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Ask a question</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://twitter.com/PspUfu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Twitter</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Site Image Credit</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a href="http://www.freepik.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Images designed by upklyak / slidesgo / macrovector / Freepik</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="footer__bottom text--center"><div class="footer__copyright">Copyright © 2021 Thales Lima Oliveira. 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href="/PSP/docs/tabularReport">Relatórios Tabulares</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/graphViewer">Visualizador de Gráficos</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/heatmap">Mapa de Tensão</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><main class="docMainContainer_3ufF"><div class="container padding-vert--lg docItemWrapper_3FMP"><div class="row"><div class="col docItemCol_3FnS"><div class="docItemContainer_33ec"><article><header><h1 class="docTitle_3a4h">Exponencial</h1></header><div class="markdown"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/PSP/katex/katex.min.css"><p>A função exponencial dos elementos de controle realiza essa operação com uma entrada real, obedecendo a expressão:</p><div class="math math-display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>y</mi><mi>n</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="bold">A</mi><msup><mi>e</mi><mrow><mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi><msub><mi>u</mi><mi>n</mi></msub></mrow></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">y_n = \bold{A} e^{\bold{B} u_n}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em">y</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8932769999999999em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathbf">A</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">e</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8932769999999999em"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathbf mtight">B</span></span><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.16454285714285719em"><span style="top:-2.357em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.143em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><p>Em que:</p><ul><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>u</mi><mi>n</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">u_n</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.58056em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> e <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>y</mi><mi>n</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">y_n</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em">y</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> é a entrada e a saída do bloco exponencial, respectivamente;</li><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="bold">A</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\bold{A}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68611em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathbf">A</span></span></span></span></span></span> e <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\bold{B}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68611em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathbf">B</span></span></span></span></span></span> são constantes definidas pelo usuário.</li></ul><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="formulário-de-edição-de-dados-do-bloco-exponencial"></a>Formulário de edição de dados do bloco Exponencial<a class="hash-link" href="#formulário-de-edição-de-dados-do-bloco-exponencial" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>A figura abaixo apresenta o formulário de edição de dados do bloco exponencial.</p><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/expForm.png" alt="Formulário de edição de dados do bloco exponencial no PSP-UFU" title="Formulário de edição de dados do bloco exponencial no PSP-UFU"></center></div><p>Esse bloco não linear é definido pelas constantes A e B, inseridas pelo usuário.</p><div class="admonition admonition-info alert alert--info"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="16" viewBox="0 0 14 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7 2.3c3.14 0 5.7 2.56 5.7 5.7s-2.56 5.7-5.7 5.7A5.71 5.71 0 0 1 1.3 8c0-3.14 2.56-5.7 5.7-5.7zM7 1C3.14 1 0 4.14 0 8s3.14 7 7 7 7-3.14 7-7-3.14-7-7-7zm1 3H6v5h2V4zm0 6H6v2h2v-2z"></path></svg></span>Informação</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Tais blocos são úteis na representação de não linearidades, como, por exemplo, modelagem da saturação de máquinas de corrente contínuas presentes em alguns reguladores automáticos de tensão.</p></div></div></div></article><div class="margin-vert--xl"><div class="row"><div class="col"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/tree/master/docusaurus/docs/exponential.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><svg fill="currentColor" height="1.2em" width="1.2em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" role="img" viewBox="0 0 40 40" class="iconEdit_2_ui" aria-label="Edit page"><g><path d="m34.5 11.7l-3 3.1-6.3-6.3 3.1-3q0.5-0.5 1.2-0.5t1.1 0.5l3.9 3.9q0.5 0.4 0.5 1.1t-0.5 1.2z m-29.5 17.1l18.4-18.5 6.3 6.3-18.4 18.4h-6.3v-6.2z"></path></g></svg>Edit this page</a></div></div></div><div class="margin-vert--lg"><nav class="pagination-nav" aria-label="Docs pages navigation"><div class="pagination-nav__item"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/PSP/docs/divider"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Previous</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">« Divisor</div></a></div><div class="pagination-nav__item pagination-nav__item--next"><a 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mtight">A</span></span><span class="mclose mtight delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="mtight">]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.55002em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen"><span class="delimsizing mult"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.0510099999999998em"><span style="top:-2.2500000000000004em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎣</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.8099900000000004em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.05101em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎡</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.55002em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-c"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.170285em"><span style="top:-4.250095em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.13889em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">a</span><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.9699049999999994em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.13889em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">a</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-1.6897149999999994em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.13889em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">a</span><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.6702850000000007em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose"><span class="delimsizing mult"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.0510099999999998em"><span style="top:-2.2500000000000004em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎦</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.8099900000000004em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.05101em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎤</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.55002em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><p>Considerando a matriz quadrada da equação anterior sendo <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo fence="true">[</mo><mi mathvariant="bold">A</mi><mo fence="true">]</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\left[ \bold{A} \right]</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em">[</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathbf">A</span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em">]</span></span></span></span></span></span>, pode-se encontrar as componentes simétricas pré-multiplicando ambos os lados dessa mesma equação por <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msup><mrow><mo fence="true">[</mo><mi mathvariant="bold">A</mi><mo fence="true">]</mo></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\left[ \bold{A} \right]^{-1}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.204008em;vertical-align:-0.25em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em">[</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathbf">A</span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em">]</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.954008em"><span style="top:-3.2029em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>.</p><p>Da mesma forma que no estudo de fluxo de carga, a representação dos elementos do sistema para o estudo de curto-circuito é realizada por meio de circuitos equivalentes inseridos na matriz admitância de barras. Nas faltas assimétricas (F-T, F-F e F-F-T) é necessário formar três matrizes admitância de sequência: positiva, negativa e zero.</p><div class="admonition admonition-info alert alert--info"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="16" viewBox="0 0 14 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7 2.3c3.14 0 5.7 2.56 5.7 5.7s-2.56 5.7-5.7 5.7A5.71 5.71 0 0 1 1.3 8c0-3.14 2.56-5.7 5.7-5.7zM7 1C3.14 1 0 4.14 0 8s3.14 7 7 7 7-3.14 7-7-3.14-7-7-7zm1 3H6v5h2V4zm0 6H6v2h2v-2z"></path></svg></span>Informação</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>As informações a respeito das particularidades dos modelos para o estudo de curto-circuito são apresentados individualmente nos <a href="/PSP/docs/powerEditor#editando-dados-el%C3%A9tricos">elementos de potência</a>.</p></div></div><h3><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="equações-do-curto-circuito"></a>Equações do curto-circuito<a class="hash-link" href="#equações-do-curto-circuito" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h3><p>Primeiramente será tratado o equacionamento para faltas balanceadas e então os estudos serão estendidos para as faltas desbalanceadas por meio da utilização do método das componentes simétricas.</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="faltas-balanceadas"></a>Faltas balanceadas<a class="hash-link" href="#faltas-balanceadas" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Utiliza-se da matriz impedância de barras para o cálculo de curto-circuito, definida pela seguinte equação matricial:</p><div class="math math-display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mover accent="true"><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo>=</mo><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><msub><mi>Z</mi><mrow><mi>b</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>s</mi></mrow></msub><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mover accent="true"><mi>I</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mo stretchy="false">]</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">[\dot{V}] = [Z_{bus}][\dot{I}]</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.17019em;vertical-align:-0.25em"></span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.13889em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">]</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.17019em;vertical-align:-0.25em"></span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07153em">Z</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.07153em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">b</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">u</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">s</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">]</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.027780000000000013em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">]</span></span></span></span></span></div><p>Em que:</p><ul><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><msub><mi>Z</mi><mrow><mi>b</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>s</mi></mrow></msub><mo stretchy="false">]</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">[Z_{bus}]</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em"></span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07153em">Z</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.07153em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">b</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">u</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">s</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">]</span></span></span></span></span> é a inversa da matriz admitância de barras, chamada de matriz impedância de barras.</li></ul><p>Por meio da expansão da equação anterior é possível calcular a corrente de falta trifásica na barra genérica <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">i</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.65952em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">i</span></span></span></span></span>:</p><div class="math math-display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>I</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mi>f</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mfrac><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>E</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mi>i</mi></msub><mrow><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>z</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mrow><mi>i</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>z</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mi>f</mi></msub></mrow></mfrac></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\dot{I}_f = \frac{\dot{E}_i}{\overline{z}_{ii}+\overline{z}_{f}}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.206298em;vertical-align:-0.286108em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.027780000000000013em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3361079999999999em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.10764em">f</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.569298em;vertical-align:-0.972108em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.5971899999999999em"><span style="top:-2.314em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.63056em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.55056em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.63056em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.55056em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3361079999999999em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.10764em">f</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05764em">E</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.055550000000000016em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.972108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><p>Em que:</p><ul><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>I</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mi>f</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\dot{I}_f</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.206298em;vertical-align:-0.286108em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.027780000000000013em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3361079999999999em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.10764em">f</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> é a corrente de falta trifásica na barra <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">i</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.65952em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">i</span></span></span></span></span></li><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>E</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mi>i</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\dot{E}_i</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.07019em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05764em">E</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.055550000000000016em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> é a tensão pré-falta na barra <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">i</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.65952em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">i</span></span></span></span></span></li><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>z</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mrow><mi>i</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\overline{z}_{ii}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.78056em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.63056em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.55056em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> é a impedância equivalente de Thevenin vista pela barra <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">i</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.65952em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">i</span></span></span></span></span>, retirada da matriz impedância</li><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>z</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mi>f</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\overline{z}_{f}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.916668em;vertical-align:-0.286108em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.63056em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.55056em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3361079999999999em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.10764em">f</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> é a impedância de falta</li></ul><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="faltas-desbalanceadas"></a>Faltas desbalanceadas<a class="hash-link" href="#faltas-desbalanceadas" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>O desenvolvimento das equações do cálculo de curto-circuito para faltas desbalanceadas é realizado seguindo o seguinte procedimento:</p><ol><li>Definir os diagramas no ponto da falta, mostrando as conexões de todas fases para a falta. Assume-se que apenas impedâncias balanceadas estão presentes em ambos os lados do ponto da falta e o equivalente Thevenin até esse ponto é conhecido;</li><li>Escrever as condições de contorno relacionando as tensões e corrente conhecidas para o tipo de falta estudada;</li><li>Transformar as correntes e tensões do item 2 de a-b-c para o sistema de coordenadas 0-1-2;</li><li>Encontrar a corrente do curto-circuito em estudo baseado no seguinte sistema de equações (para a fase A):<div class="math math-display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo fence="true">{</mo><mtable rowspacing="0.3599999999999999em" columnalign="left left" columnspacing="1em"><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mrow><mi>a</mi><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>E</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mi>a</mi></msub><mo>−</mo><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>I</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mrow><mi>a</mi><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>z</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mrow><mi>a</mi><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mo>−</mo><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>I</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mrow><mi>a</mi><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>z</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mrow><mi>a</mi><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mo>−</mo><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>I</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mrow><mi>a</mi><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>z</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr></mtable></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{cases} \dot{V}_{a1} = \dot{E}_a - \dot{I}_{a1} \overline{z}_1\\ \dot{V}_{a2} = - \dot{I}_{a2} \overline{z}_2\\ \dot{V}_{a0} = - \dot{I}_{a0} \overline{z}_0 \end{cases}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:4.32em;vertical-align:-1.9099999999999997em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen"><span class="delimsizing mult"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.35002em"><span style="top:-2.19999em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎩</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.19499em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎪</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.20499em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎪</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.15001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎨</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.2950099999999996em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎪</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.30501em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎪</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.60002em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎧</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.8500199999999998em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-l"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.41em"><span style="top:-4.41em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.008em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.13889em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">a</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05764em">E</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.055550000000000016em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">a</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.027780000000000013em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">a</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.63056em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.55056em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.97em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.008em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.13889em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">a</span><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mord">−</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.027780000000000013em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">a</span><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.63056em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.55056em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-1.5300000000000002em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.008em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.13889em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">a</span><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mord">−</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.027780000000000013em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">a</span><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.63056em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.55056em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.9099999999999997em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></li></ol><p>A tabela abaixo apresenta as equações para as faltas desbalanceadas após a execução do procedimento apresenteado:</p><table><thead><tr><th><strong>Falta</strong></th><th align="center"><strong>Seq. Positiva (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mover accent="true"><mi>I</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mi>f</mi><mn>1</mn></msubsup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\dot{I}_{f}^{1}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.3394059999999999em;vertical-align:-0.4192159999999999em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.027780000000000013em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141079999999999em"><span style="top:-2.4168920000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.10764em">f</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.4192159999999999em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>)</strong></th><th align="center"><strong>Seq. Negativa (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mover accent="true"><mi>I</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mi>f</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\dot{I}_{f}^{2}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.3394059999999999em;vertical-align:-0.4192159999999999em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.027780000000000013em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141079999999999em"><span style="top:-2.4168920000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.10764em">f</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.4192159999999999em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>)</strong></th><th align="center"><strong>Seq. Zero (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mover accent="true"><mi>I</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mi>f</mi><mn>0</mn></msubsup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\dot{I}_{f}^{0}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.3394059999999999em;vertical-align:-0.4192159999999999em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.027780000000000013em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141079999999999em"><span style="top:-2.4168920000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.10764em">f</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.4192159999999999em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>)</strong></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>F-T</strong></td><td align="center"><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"><mfrac><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>E</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mi>i</mi></msub><mrow><msubsup><mover accent="true"><mi>z</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mrow><mi>i</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow><mn>1</mn></msubsup><mo>+</mo><msubsup><mover accent="true"><mi>z</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mrow><mi>i</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msubsup><mo>+</mo><msubsup><mover accent="true"><mi>z</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mrow><mi>i</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow><mn>0</mn></msubsup><mo>+</mo><mn>3</mn><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>z</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mi>f</mi></msub></mrow></mfrac></mstyle></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\dfrac{\dot{E}_i}{\overline{z}_{ii}^{1} + \overline{z}_{ii}^{2} + \overline{z}_{ii}^{0} + 3 \overline{z}_{f}}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.6078659999999996em;vertical-align:-1.010676em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.5971899999999999em"><span style="top:-2.275432em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.63056em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.55056em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.834568em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.08346em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.63056em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.55056em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.834568em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.08346em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.63056em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.55056em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.834568em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.08346em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord">3</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.63056em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.55056em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3361079999999999em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.10764em">f</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05764em">E</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.055550000000000016em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.010676em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span></span></td><td align="center"><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mover accent="true"><mi>I</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mi>f</mi><mn>1</mn></msubsup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\dot{I}_{f}^{1}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.3394059999999999em;vertical-align:-0.4192159999999999em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.027780000000000013em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141079999999999em"><span style="top:-2.4168920000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.10764em">f</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.4192159999999999em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td><td align="center"><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mover accent="true"><mi>I</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mi>f</mi><mn>1</mn></msubsup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\dot{I}_{f}^{1}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.3394059999999999em;vertical-align:-0.4192159999999999em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.027780000000000013em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141079999999999em"><span style="top:-2.4168920000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.10764em">f</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.4192159999999999em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><td><strong>F-F</strong></td><td align="center"><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"><mfrac><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>E</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mi>i</mi></msub><mrow><msubsup><mover accent="true"><mi>z</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mrow><mi>i</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow><mn>1</mn></msubsup><mo>+</mo><msubsup><mover accent="true"><mi>z</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mrow><mi>i</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msubsup><mo>+</mo><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>z</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mi>f</mi></msub></mrow></mfrac></mstyle></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\dfrac{\dot{E}_i}{\overline{z}_{ii}^{1} + \overline{z}_{ii}^{2} + \overline{z}_{f}}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.6078659999999996em;vertical-align:-1.010676em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.5971899999999999em"><span style="top:-2.275432em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.63056em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.55056em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.834568em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.08346em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.63056em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.55056em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.834568em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.08346em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.63056em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.55056em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3361079999999999em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.10764em">f</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05764em">E</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.055550000000000016em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.010676em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span></span></td><td align="center"><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo>−</mo><msubsup><mover accent="true"><mi>I</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mi>f</mi><mn>1</mn></msubsup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">- \dot{I}_{f}^{1}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.3394059999999999em;vertical-align:-0.4192159999999999em"></span><span class="mord">−</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.027780000000000013em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141079999999999em"><span style="top:-2.4168920000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.10764em">f</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.4192159999999999em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td><td align="center"><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo separator="true" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">,</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">0{,}0</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8388800000000001em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mord"><span class="mpunct">,</span></span><span class="mord">0</span></span></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><td><strong>F-F-T</strong></td><td align="center"><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"><mfrac><mrow><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>E</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mi>i</mi></msub><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><msubsup><mover accent="true"><mi>z</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mrow><mi>i</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msubsup><mo>+</mo><msubsup><mover accent="true"><mi>z</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mrow><mi>i</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow><mn>0</mn></msubsup><mo>+</mo><mn>3</mn><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>z</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mi>f</mi></msub><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow></mrow><mrow><msubsup><mover accent="true"><mi>z</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mrow><mi>i</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow><mn>1</mn></msubsup><msubsup><mover accent="true"><mi>z</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mrow><mi>i</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msubsup><mo>+</mo><mn>3</mn><msubsup><mover accent="true"><mi>z</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mrow><mi>i</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msubsup><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>z</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mi>f</mi></msub><mo>+</mo><msubsup><mover accent="true"><mi>z</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mrow><mi>i</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msubsup><msubsup><mover accent="true"><mi>z</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mrow><mi>i</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow><mn>0</mn></msubsup><mo>+</mo><mn>3</mn><msubsup><mover accent="true"><mi>z</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mrow><mi>i</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow><mn>1</mn></msubsup><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>z</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mi>f</mi></msub><mo>+</mo><msubsup><mover accent="true"><mi>z</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mrow><mi>i</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow><mn>1</mn></msubsup><msubsup><mover accent="true"><mi>z</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mrow><mi>i</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow><mn>0</mn></msubsup></mrow></mfrac></mstyle></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\dfrac{\dot{E}_i \left( \overline{z}_{ii}^{2} + \overline{z}_{ii}^{0} + 3 \overline{z}_{f} \right)}{\overline{z}_{ii}^{1} \overline{z}_{ii}^{2} + 3 \overline{z}_{ii}^{2} \overline{z}_{f} + \overline{z}_{ii}^{2} \overline{z}_{ii}^{0} + 3 \overline{z}_{ii}^{1} \overline{z}_{f} + \overline{z}_{ii}^{1} \overline{z}_{ii}^{0} }</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.670876em;vertical-align:-1.010676em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.6602000000000001em"><span style="top:-2.275432em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.63056em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.55056em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.834568em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.08346em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.63056em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.55056em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.834568em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.08346em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord">3</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.63056em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.55056em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.834568em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.08346em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.63056em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.55056em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3361079999999999em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.10764em">f</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.63056em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.55056em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.834568em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.08346em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.63056em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.55056em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.834568em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.08346em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord">3</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.63056em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.55056em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.834568em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.08346em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.63056em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.55056em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3361079999999999em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.10764em">f</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.63056em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.55056em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.834568em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.08346em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.63056em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.55056em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.834568em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.08346em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.7400100000000003em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05764em">E</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.055550000000000016em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">(</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.63056em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.55056em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.834568em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.08346em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.63056em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.55056em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.834568em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.08346em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord">3</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.63056em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.55056em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3361079999999999em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.10764em">f</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.010676em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span></span></td><td align="center"><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo>−</mo><mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"><mfrac><mrow><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>E</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>−</mo><msubsup><mover accent="true"><mi>z</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mrow><mi>i</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow><mn>1</mn></msubsup><msubsup><mover accent="true"><mi>I</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mi>f</mi><mn>1</mn></msubsup></mrow><msubsup><mover accent="true"><mi>z</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mrow><mi>i</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mfrac></mstyle></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">- \dfrac{\dot{E}_i - \overline{z}_{ii}^{1} \dot{I}_{f}^{1}}{\overline{z}_{ii}^{2}}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.700974em;vertical-align:-0.971568em"></span><span class="mord">−</span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.729406em"><span style="top:-2.275432em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.63056em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.55056em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.834568em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.08346em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.809216em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05764em">E</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.055550000000000016em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.63056em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.55056em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.834568em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.08346em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.027780000000000013em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141079999999999em"><span style="top:-2.4168920000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.10764em">f</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.4192159999999999em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.971568em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span></span></td><td align="center"><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo>−</mo><mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"><mfrac><mrow><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>E</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>−</mo><msubsup><mover accent="true"><mi>z</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mrow><mi>i</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow><mn>1</mn></msubsup><msubsup><mover accent="true"><mi>I</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mi>f</mi><mn>1</mn></msubsup></mrow><mrow><msubsup><mover accent="true"><mi>z</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mrow><mi>i</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow><mn>0</mn></msubsup><mo>+</mo><mn>3</mn><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>z</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mi>f</mi></msub></mrow></mfrac></mstyle></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">- \dfrac{\dot{E}_i - \overline{z}_{ii}^{1} \dot{I}_{f}^{1}}{\overline{z}_{ii}^{0} + 3 \overline{z}_{f}}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.740082em;vertical-align:-1.010676em"></span><span class="mord">−</span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.729406em"><span style="top:-2.275432em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.63056em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.55056em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.834568em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.08346em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord">3</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.63056em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.55056em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3361079999999999em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.10764em">f</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.809216em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05764em">E</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.055550000000000016em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.63056em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.55056em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.834568em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.08346em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.027780000000000013em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141079999999999em"><span style="top:-2.4168920000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.10764em">f</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.4192159999999999em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.010676em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p>Para obter os valores em a-b-c é usada a equação matricial apresentada anteriormente, encerrando o cálculo de curto-circuito.</p><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="referências"></a>Referências<a class="hash-link" href="#referências" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><ol><li>ARRILLAGA, J.; WATSON, N. R. Computer Modelling of Electrical Power Systems. Wiley & Sons, New York, 2001. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118878286" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118878286</a></li><li>STEVENSON JR.; WILLIAN, D. Elementos de Análise de Sistemas de Potência. 2ª ed. São Paulo: McGraw-Hill, 1986.</li><li>ANDERSON, P. M.; FOUAD, A. A. Power System Control and Stability. Wiley-IEEE Press, New York, 2002. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/9780470545577" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://doi.org/10.1109/9780470545577</a></li><li>FORTESCUE, C. L. Method of Symmetrical Coordinates Applied to the Solution of Polyphase Networks. Trans. AIEE, v. 37, p.1027-1140, 1918. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/T-AIEE.1918.4765570" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://doi.org/10.1109/T-AIEE.1918.4765570</a></li><li>ANDERSON, P. M. Analysis of faulted power systems. New York: IEEE Press, 1995.</li></ol></div></article><div class="margin-vert--xl"><div class="row"><div class="col"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/tree/master/docusaurus/docs/fault.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><svg fill="currentColor" height="1.2em" width="1.2em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" role="img" viewBox="0 0 40 40" class="iconEdit_2_ui" aria-label="Edit page"><g><path d="m34.5 11.7l-3 3.1-6.3-6.3 3.1-3q0.5-0.5 1.2-0.5t1.1 0.5l3.9 3.9q0.5 0.4 0.5 1.1t-0.5 1.2z m-29.5 17.1l18.4-18.5 6.3 6.3-18.4 18.4h-6.3v-6.2z"></path></g></svg>Edit this page</a></div></div></div><div class="margin-vert--lg"><nav class="pagination-nav" aria-label="Docs pages navigation"><div class="pagination-nav__item"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/PSP/docs/powerFlow"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Previous</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">« Fluxo de Potência</div></a></div><div class="pagination-nav__item pagination-nav__item--next"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/PSP/docs/harmonics"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Next</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">Harmônicos »</div></a></div></nav></div></div></div><div class="col col--3"><div class="tableOfContents_35-E thin-scrollbar"><ul class="table-of-contents table-of-contents__left-border"><li><a href="#cálculo-de-curto-circuito-no-psp-ufu" class="table-of-contents__link">Cálculo de Curto-Circuito no PSP-UFU</a></li><li><a href="#execução-do-cálculo-de-curto-circuito-no-psp-ufu" class="table-of-contents__link">Execução do cálculo de curto-circuito no PSP-UFU</a><ul><li><a href="#erros-comuns-na-execução-do-cálculo-de-curto-circuito" class="table-of-contents__link">Erros comuns na execução do cálculo de curto-circuito</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#o-cálculo-de-curto-circuito" class="table-of-contents__link">O cálculo de curto-circuito</a><ul><li><a href="#método-das-componentes-simétricas" class="table-of-contents__link">Método das componentes simétricas</a></li><li><a href="#equações-do-curto-circuito" class="table-of-contents__link">Equações do curto-circuito</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#referências" class="table-of-contents__link">Referências</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></main></div></div><footer class="footer footer--dark"><div class="container"><div class="row footer__links"><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Guide</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a class="footer__link-item" href="/PSP/docs/">PSP-UFU Guide</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://thales1330.github.io/PSP/doxygen/html/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Code Documentation</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Community</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/issues" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Ask a question</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://twitter.com/PspUfu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Twitter</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Site Image Credit</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a href="http://www.freepik.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Images designed by upklyak / slidesgo / macrovector / Freepik</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="footer__bottom text--center"><div class="footer__copyright">Copyright © 2021 Thales Lima Oliveira. 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class="markdown"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/PSP/katex/katex.min.css"><p>Para exibição dos resultados originados dos cálculos de <a href="/PSP/docs/stability">estabilidade</a> e <a href="/PSP/docs/harmonics">varredura de frequências</a>, desenvolveu-se um visualizador de gráficos, como mostra a figura abaixo:</p><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/graphViewer.png" alt="Visualizador de gráficos do PSP-UFU" title="Visualizador de gráficos do PSP-UFU"></center></div><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="criação-manipulação-e-navegação-de-curvas"></a>Criação, manipulação e navegação de curvas<a class="hash-link" href="#criação-manipulação-e-navegação-de-curvas" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>Tal visualizador utiliza a biblioteca <a href="https://wxmathplot.sourceforge.io/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">wxMathPlot</a>, e permite ao usuário imprimir todas as curvas no tempo originadas dos resultados de <a href="/PSP/docs/stability">estabilidade</a> e <a href="/PSP/docs/harmonics">varredura de frequências</a>, acessados em dados hierárquicos em forma de árvore, identificados pelo tipo e nome do elemento de potência, além do tipo de curva.</p><div class="admonition admonition-info alert alert--info"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="16" viewBox="0 0 14 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7 2.3c3.14 0 5.7 2.56 5.7 5.7s-2.56 5.7-5.7 5.7A5.71 5.71 0 0 1 1.3 8c0-3.14 2.56-5.7 5.7-5.7zM7 1C3.14 1 0 4.14 0 8s3.14 7 7 7 7-3.14 7-7-3.14-7-7-7zm1 3H6v5h2V4zm0 6H6v2h2v-2z"></path></svg></span>Informação</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>As curvas podem ser plotadas com <strong>clique duplo</strong> sobre ela ou ao selecionar a caixa "Plotar" nas propriedades do traço.</p></div></div><p>Os gráficos impressos podem ser caracterizados pela edição de suas propriedades do traço, ou seja, pode-se alterar a cor, espessura e tipo de traço (seis tipos disponíveis). Por padrão o eixo vertical é o tempo (em estabilidade) ou frequência (varredura de frequências), porém o usuário pode alterar para qualquer curva disponível.</p><p>Várias propriedades gerais do gráfico podem ser editadas: título do gráfico, rótulos dos eixos x e y, margens e limites inferiores e superiores de ambos os eixos.</p><p>O menu <strong>Visualização</strong> permite a inserção de exibição de legenda, linhas de grade e coordenadas do ponteiro do mouse (utilizada para destacar pontos na curva), além da possibilidade de alternar o tema de impressão entre escuro e claro, facilitando a visualização ou exportação do gráfico.</p><p>No menu <strong>Arquivo</strong>, pode-se salvar o gráfico na forma de imagem (<em>.png</em>, <em>.jpg</em> ou <em>.bmp</em>) ou enviá-lo diretamente para a área de transferência. No mesmo menu também é permitido a exportação no formato <em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma-separated_values" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">CSV (Comma-separated Values)</a></em>, o qual poderá ser utilizado em outros visualizadores de gráficos, como o Excel ou o <a href="http://www.gnuplot.info/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">gnuplot</a>.</p><p>A área de plotagem permite a navegação utilizando ferramentas de zoom, por área de seleção e comandos de mouse, e arrasto das curvas impressas.</p><div class="admonition admonition-tip alert alert--success"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="16" viewBox="0 0 12 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M6.5 0C3.48 0 1 2.19 1 5c0 .92.55 2.25 1 3 1.34 2.25 1.78 2.78 2 4v1h5v-1c.22-1.22.66-1.75 2-4 .45-.75 1-2.08 1-3 0-2.81-2.48-5-5.5-5zm3.64 7.48c-.25.44-.47.8-.67 1.11-.86 1.41-1.25 2.06-1.45 3.23-.02.05-.02.11-.02.17H5c0-.06 0-.13-.02-.17-.2-1.17-.59-1.83-1.45-3.23-.2-.31-.42-.67-.67-1.11C2.44 6.78 2 5.65 2 5c0-2.2 2.02-4 4.5-4 1.22 0 2.36.42 3.22 1.19C10.55 2.94 11 3.94 11 5c0 .66-.44 1.78-.86 2.48zM4 14h5c-.23 1.14-1.3 2-2.5 2s-2.27-.86-2.5-2z"></path></svg></span>Dica</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Ao clicar com o botão direito sobre a área de plotagem as opções de manipulação são exibidas por meio de um menu de contexto.</p></div></div><p>Os seguintes <strong>comandos de mouse</strong> são utilizados para navegação das curvas:</p><table><thead><tr><th>Comando</th><th>Ação</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Botão esquerdo pressionado + Selecionar área</td><td>Seleciona a área de zoom</td></tr><tr><td>Botão direito pressionado + Mover mouse</td><td>Arrasta a curva</td></tr><tr><td>Roda do mouse</td><td>Arrasto vertical</td></tr><tr><td>Roda do mouse + Shift</td><td>Arrasto horizontal</td></tr><tr><td>Roda do mouse + Ctrl</td><td>Mais/menos zoom</td></tr></tbody></table></div></article><div class="margin-vert--xl"><div class="row"><div class="col"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/tree/master/docusaurus/docs/graphViewer.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><svg fill="currentColor" height="1.2em" width="1.2em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" role="img" viewBox="0 0 40 40" class="iconEdit_2_ui" aria-label="Edit page"><g><path d="m34.5 11.7l-3 3.1-6.3-6.3 3.1-3q0.5-0.5 1.2-0.5t1.1 0.5l3.9 3.9q0.5 0.4 0.5 1.1t-0.5 1.2z m-29.5 17.1l18.4-18.5 6.3 6.3-18.4 18.4h-6.3v-6.2z"></path></g></svg>Edit this page</a></div></div></div><div class="margin-vert--lg"><nav class="pagination-nav" aria-label="Docs pages navigation"><div class="pagination-nav__item"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/PSP/docs/tabularReport"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Previous</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">« Relatórios Tabulares</div></a></div><div class="pagination-nav__item pagination-nav__item--next"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/PSP/docs/heatmap"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Next</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">Mapa de Tensão »</div></a></div></nav></div></div></div><div class="col col--3"><div class="tableOfContents_35-E thin-scrollbar"><ul class="table-of-contents table-of-contents__left-border"><li><a href="#criação-manipulação-e-navegação-de-curvas" class="table-of-contents__link">Criação, manipulação e navegação de curvas</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></main></div></div><footer class="footer footer--dark"><div class="container"><div class="row footer__links"><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Guide</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a class="footer__link-item" href="/PSP/docs/">PSP-UFU Guide</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://thales1330.github.io/PSP/doxygen/html/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Code Documentation</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Community</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/issues" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Ask a question</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://twitter.com/PspUfu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Twitter</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Site Image Credit</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a href="http://www.freepik.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Images designed by upklyak / slidesgo / macrovector / Freepik</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="footer__bottom text--center"><div class="footer__copyright">Copyright © 2021 Thales Lima Oliveira. 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Simulação</a></li></ul></li><li class="menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist" href="#!">Data Visualization</a><ul class="menu__list"><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/text">Texto Vinculado</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/tabularReport">Relatórios Tabulares</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/graphViewer">Visualizador de Gráficos</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/heatmap">Mapa de Tensão</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><main class="docMainContainer_3ufF"><div class="container padding-vert--lg docItemWrapper_3FMP"><div class="row"><div class="col docItemCol_3FnS"><div class="docItemContainer_33ec"><article><header><h1 class="docTitle_3a4h">Fonte de Corrente Harmônica</h1></header><div class="markdown"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/PSP/katex/katex.min.css"><blockquote><p>(<strong>Fonte de perturbação harmônica</strong>) Parte do sistema elétrico de potência ou das instalações a ele conectadas, que causa distorção harmônica da forma de onda da corrente e / ou tensão. <a href="http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=614-01-16" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>tradução livre</em> - IEC 60050</a>.</p></blockquote><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="fonte-de-corrente-harmônica-no-psp-ufu"></a>Fonte de corrente harmônica no PSP-UFU<a class="hash-link" href="#fonte-de-corrente-harmônica-no-psp-ufu" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>As fontes de corrente harmônica são responsáveis pela injeção de correntes harmônicas e são utilizadas pela ferramenta de cálculo de <a href="/PSP/docs/harmonics">distorções harmônicas</a>. Uma lista de correntes harmônicas pode ser inserida em um mesmo elemento, conforme é exibido na o formulário de edição de dados.</p><div class="admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"></path></svg></span>Atenção!</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>A presença da fonte de corrente harmônica <strong>não é considerada</strong> nos estudos de <a href="/PSP/docs/powerFlow">fluxo de carga</a>, <a href="/PSP/docs/fault">curto-circuito</a> e <a href="/PSP/docs/stability">estabilidade</a>.</p></div></div><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="formulário-de-edição-das-fontes-de-corrente-harmônica"></a>Formulário de edição das fontes de corrente harmônica<a class="hash-link" href="#formulário-de-edição-das-fontes-de-corrente-harmônica" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>A imagem abaixo apresenta o formulário de inserção/alteração de dados da fonte de corrente harmônica:</p><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/harmSourceForm.png" alt="Formulário dos indutores no PSP-UFU" title="Formulário dos indutores no PSP-UFU"></center></div><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="nome"></a>Nome<a class="hash-link" href="#nome" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Identificação do elemento elétrico. Podem ser inseridos quaisquer números de caracteres no padrão <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Unicode</a>.</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="ordem"></a>Ordem<a class="hash-link" href="#ordem" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Especifica a ordem harmônica a ser inserida na lista de correntes harmônicas do elemento. Caso a ordem harmônica já exista na lista, ela será substituída pelos novos parâmetros.</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="corrente"></a>Corrente<a class="hash-link" href="#corrente" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Módulo da corrente harmônica.</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="unidade"></a>Unidade<a class="hash-link" href="#unidade" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Unidade do módulo de corrente harmônica, em A ou <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p.u.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span></p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="ângulo"></a>Ângulo<a class="hash-link" href="#ângulo" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Ângulo da corrente harmônica, em graus.</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="adicionar--remover"></a>Adicionar / Remover<a class="hash-link" href="#adicionar--remover" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Insere ou modifica a nova ordem harmônica ao clicar em “Adicionar”. Retira a ordem harmônica selecionada da lista ao clicar em “Remover”.</p></div></article><div class="margin-vert--xl"><div class="row"><div class="col"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/tree/master/docusaurus/docs/harmSource.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><svg fill="currentColor" height="1.2em" width="1.2em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" role="img" viewBox="0 0 40 40" class="iconEdit_2_ui" aria-label="Edit page"><g><path d="m34.5 11.7l-3 3.1-6.3-6.3 3.1-3q0.5-0.5 1.2-0.5t1.1 0.5l3.9 3.9q0.5 0.4 0.5 1.1t-0.5 1.2z m-29.5 17.1l18.4-18.5 6.3 6.3-18.4 18.4h-6.3v-6.2z"></path></g></svg>Edit this page</a></div></div></div><div class="margin-vert--lg"><nav class="pagination-nav" aria-label="Docs pages navigation"><div class="pagination-nav__item"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/PSP/docs/inductor"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Previous</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">« Indutor</div></a></div><div class="pagination-nav__item pagination-nav__item--next"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/PSP/docs/syncGenerator"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Next</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">Gerador Síncrono »</div></a></div></nav></div></div></div><div class="col col--3"><div class="tableOfContents_35-E thin-scrollbar"><ul class="table-of-contents table-of-contents__left-border"><li><a href="#fonte-de-corrente-harmônica-no-psp-ufu" class="table-of-contents__link">Fonte de corrente harmônica no PSP-UFU</a></li><li><a href="#formulário-de-edição-das-fontes-de-corrente-harmônica" class="table-of-contents__link">Formulário de edição das fontes de corrente harmônica</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></main></div></div><footer class="footer footer--dark"><div class="container"><div class="row footer__links"><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Guide</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a class="footer__link-item" href="/PSP/docs/">PSP-UFU Guide</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://thales1330.github.io/PSP/doxygen/html/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Code Documentation</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Community</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/issues" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Ask a question</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://twitter.com/PspUfu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Twitter</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Site Image Credit</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a href="http://www.freepik.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Images designed by upklyak / slidesgo / macrovector / Freepik</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="footer__bottom text--center"><div class="footer__copyright">Copyright © 2021 Thales Lima Oliveira. 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href="/PSP/docs/bus">Barramento</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/line">Linha</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/transformer">Transformador</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/load">Carga</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/capacitor">Capacitor</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/inductor">Indutor</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/harmSource">Fonte de Corrente Harmônica</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/syncGenerator">Gerador Síncrono</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/syncMotor">Compensador Síncrono</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" 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href="/PSP/docs/powerFlow">Fluxo de Potência</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="/PSP/docs/fault">Curto-Circuito</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a aria-current="page" class="menu__link menu__link--active active" tabindex="0" href="/PSP/docs/harmonics">Harmônicos</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="/PSP/docs/stability">Estabilidade</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="/PSP/docs/simulationConfig">Configurações da Simulação</a></li></ul></li><li class="menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist" href="#!">Data Visualization</a><ul class="menu__list"><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/text">Texto Vinculado</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/tabularReport">Relatórios Tabulares</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/graphViewer">Visualizador de Gráficos</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/heatmap">Mapa de Tensão</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><main class="docMainContainer_3ufF"><div class="container padding-vert--lg docItemWrapper_3FMP"><div class="row"><div class="col docItemCol_3FnS"><div class="docItemContainer_33ec"><article><header><h1 class="docTitle_3a4h">Harmônicos</h1></header><div class="markdown"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/PSP/katex/katex.min.css"><p>Duas ferramentas relacionadas a harmônicos foram desenvolvidas no PSP-UFU:</p><ul><li>Distorção Harmônica Total de Tensão (THD, do inglês <em>Total Harmonic Distortion</em>);</li><li>Resposta na Frequência.</li></ul><p>A ferramenta de <strong><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_harmonic_distortion" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Distorção Harmônica Total</a></strong> calcula as tensões harmônicas causadas por <a href="/PSP/docs/harmSource">fontes de corrente harmônicas</a>, assim como o THD de todos os barramentos do sistema.</p><p>A ferramenta de <strong>Resposta na Frequência</strong> (ou análise de varredura de frequência) envolve a variação da impedância da rede em um espectro de frequências observado a partir de um certo barramento.</p><div class="admonition admonition-info alert alert--info"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="16" viewBox="0 0 14 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7 2.3c3.14 0 5.7 2.56 5.7 5.7s-2.56 5.7-5.7 5.7A5.71 5.71 0 0 1 1.3 8c0-3.14 2.56-5.7 5.7-5.7zM7 1C3.14 1 0 4.14 0 8s3.14 7 7 7 7-3.14 7-7-3.14-7-7-7zm1 3H6v5h2V4zm0 6H6v2h2v-2z"></path></svg></span>Informação</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>A análise de varredura de frequência é amplamente usada no projeto de filtros harmônicos.</p></div></div><div class="admonition admonition-tip alert alert--success"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="16" viewBox="0 0 12 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M6.5 0C3.48 0 1 2.19 1 5c0 .92.55 2.25 1 3 1.34 2.25 1.78 2.78 2 4v1h5v-1c.22-1.22.66-1.75 2-4 .45-.75 1-2.08 1-3 0-2.81-2.48-5-5.5-5zm3.64 7.48c-.25.44-.47.8-.67 1.11-.86 1.41-1.25 2.06-1.45 3.23-.02.05-.02.11-.02.17H5c0-.06 0-.13-.02-.17-.2-1.17-.59-1.83-1.45-3.23-.2-.31-.42-.67-.67-1.11C2.44 6.78 2 5.65 2 5c0-2.2 2.02-4 4.5-4 1.22 0 2.36.42 3.22 1.19C10.55 2.94 11 3.94 11 5c0 .66-.44 1.78-.86 2.48zM4 14h5c-.23 1.14-1.3 2-2.5 2s-2.27-.86-2.5-2z"></path></svg></span>Dica</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Um arranjo série de uma <a href="/PSP/docs/line">linha</a> sem as susceptâncias <em>shunt</em>, um <a href="/PSP/docs/bus">barramento</a> e um <a href="/PSP/docs/capacitor">capacitor</a> pode ser utilizado para fabricar um filtro passivo nos <a href="/PSP/docs/harmonics">estudos harmônicos</a>. Em versões futuras, um elemento de filtro passivo será implementado no PSP-UFU.</p></div></div><div class="admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"></path></svg></span>Atenção!</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Na versão atual do programa não são consideradas as alterações das resistências do sistema causado pelo efeito pelicular. Versões futuras irão contemplar tal característica.</p></div></div><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="execução-do-cálculo-de-harmônicos-no-psp-ufu"></a>Execução do cálculo de harmônicos no PSP-UFU<a class="hash-link" href="#execução-do-cálculo-de-harmônicos-no-psp-ufu" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>Após a construção do diagrama unifilar no <a href="/PSP/docs/powerEditor">editor de potência</a>, a execução do cálculo das distorções harmônicas é realizada no <a href="/PSP/docs/mainScreen#menu-ribbon">menu Simulação</a> clicando no botão <strong>Distorções Harmônicas</strong>. Para acessar a ferramenta de de varredura de frequência, basta clicar no botão <strong>Resposta na Frequência</strong>.</p><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/menuSimulationHamonics.svg" alt="Acesso às ferramentas de estudo harmônico" title="Acesso às ferramentas de estudo harmônico"></center></div><h3><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="distorções-harmônicas"></a>Distorções Harmônicas<a class="hash-link" href="#distorções-harmônicas" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h3><p>Ao clicar sobre o botão "Distorções Harmônicas" as distorções causadas pelas <a href="/PSP/docs/harmSource">fontes de corrente harmônica</a> são calculadas em todos os barramentos do sistema.</p><div class="admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"></path></svg></span>Atenção!</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Caso não forem inseridas <a href="/PSP/docs/harmSource">fontes de corrente harmônica</a> no sistema de potência, a distorção de tensão de todas as barras será <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo separator="true" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">,</mo><mn>0</mn><mtext> </mtext><mi mathvariant="normal">%</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">0{,}0~\%</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.94444em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mord"><span class="mpunct">,</span></span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mspace nobreak"> </span><span class="mord">%</span></span></span></span></span>.</p></div></div><p><strong>Outra possibilidade</strong> é a execução por meio do cálculo contínuo, também presente no <a href="/PSP/docs/mainScreen#menu-ribbon">menu Simulação</a> e seu acionamento é realizado co clicar no botão <strong>Habilitar solução</strong>. Com essa opção, os cálculos estáticos selecionados nas <a href="/PSP/docs/simulationConfig">configurações de simulação</a> são automaticamente realizados ao modificar quaisquer parâmetros da rede, como dados elétricos e acionamento dos disjuntores dos elementos (remoção ou inserção).</p><div class="admonition admonition-warning alert alert--danger"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="16" viewBox="0 0 12 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.05.31c.81 2.17.41 3.38-.52 4.31C3.55 5.67 1.98 6.45.9 7.98c-1.45 2.05-1.7 6.53 3.53 7.7-2.2-1.16-2.67-4.52-.3-6.61-.61 2.03.53 3.33 1.94 2.86 1.39-.47 2.3.53 2.27 1.67-.02.78-.31 1.44-1.13 1.81 3.42-.59 4.78-3.42 4.78-5.56 0-2.84-2.53-3.22-1.25-5.61-1.52.13-2.03 1.13-1.89 2.75.09 1.08-1.02 1.8-1.86 1.33-.67-.41-.66-1.19-.06-1.78C8.18 5.31 8.68 2.45 5.05.32L5.03.3l.02.01z"></path></svg></span>Cuidado!</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Os cálculos dos níveis de THD <strong>não são habilitados por padrão</strong> no cálculo contínuo e devem ser inseridos nas <a href="/PSP/docs/simulationConfig">configurações de simulação</a>.</p></div></div><p>Os resultados das distorções harmônicas são exibidos nos <a href="/PSP/docs/text">elementos de texto vinculados</a> e ao posicionar o mouse sobre um barramento.</p><h3><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="resposta-na-frequência"></a>Resposta na Frequência<a class="hash-link" href="#resposta-na-frequência" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h3><p>Ao clicar sobre o botão "Resposta na Frequência" será exibido um formulário para inserção dos parâmetros da ferramenta:</p><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/injHarmCurrent.png" alt="Acesso à ferramentas resposta na frequência" title="Acesso à ferramentas resposta na frequência"></center></div><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="frequência-inicial"></a>Frequência inicial<a class="hash-link" href="#frequência-inicial" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Define a frequência inicial da varredura.</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="frequência-final"></a>Frequência final<a class="hash-link" href="#frequência-final" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Define a frequência final da varredura.</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="passo-de-frequência"></a>Passo de frequência<a class="hash-link" href="#passo-de-frequência" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Define o passo de incremento da frequência. Passos menores irão gerar gráficos mais precisos, porém podem aumentar muito o tempo de execução.</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="corrente-injetada"></a>Corrente injetada<a class="hash-link" href="#corrente-injetada" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Define o barramento o qual será injetada a corrente harmônica para análise.</p><div class="admonition admonition-tip alert alert--success"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="16" viewBox="0 0 12 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M6.5 0C3.48 0 1 2.19 1 5c0 .92.55 2.25 1 3 1.34 2.25 1.78 2.78 2 4v1h5v-1c.22-1.22.66-1.75 2-4 .45-.75 1-2.08 1-3 0-2.81-2.48-5-5.5-5zm3.64 7.48c-.25.44-.47.8-.67 1.11-.86 1.41-1.25 2.06-1.45 3.23-.02.05-.02.11-.02.17H5c0-.06 0-.13-.02-.17-.2-1.17-.59-1.83-1.45-3.23-.2-.31-.42-.67-.67-1.11C2.44 6.78 2 5.65 2 5c0-2.2 2.02-4 4.5-4 1.22 0 2.36.42 3.22 1.19C10.55 2.94 11 3.94 11 5c0 .66-.44 1.78-.86 2.48zM4 14h5c-.23 1.14-1.3 2-2.5 2s-2.27-.86-2.5-2z"></path></svg></span>Dica</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Esse campo pode ser entendido como: "<em>A resposta das impedâncias harmônicas vistas pelos barramentos do sistema caso tenha uma fonte de corrente harmônica na barra selecionada</em>".</p></div></div><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="botão-executar"></a>Botão Executar<a class="hash-link" href="#botão-executar" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Ao clicar no botão executar a varredura será executada e os resultados exibidos no <a href="/PSP/docs/graphViewer">vizualizador de gráficos</a>, como mostra a imagem abaixo.</p><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/freqScanPlot.png" alt="Exemplo de resposta na frequência" title="Exemplo de resposta na frequência"></center></div><div class="admonition admonition-warning alert alert--danger"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="16" viewBox="0 0 12 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.05.31c.81 2.17.41 3.38-.52 4.31C3.55 5.67 1.98 6.45.9 7.98c-1.45 2.05-1.7 6.53 3.53 7.7-2.2-1.16-2.67-4.52-.3-6.61-.61 2.03.53 3.33 1.94 2.86 1.39-.47 2.3.53 2.27 1.67-.02.78-.31 1.44-1.13 1.81 3.42-.59 4.78-3.42 4.78-5.56 0-2.84-2.53-3.22-1.25-5.61-1.52.13-2.03 1.13-1.89 2.75.09 1.08-1.02 1.8-1.86 1.33-.67-.41-.66-1.19-.06-1.78C8.18 5.31 8.68 2.45 5.05.32L5.03.3l.02.01z"></path></svg></span>Cuidado!</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Para visualizar a varredura da impedância harmônica de um barramento, essa opção deve ser habilitada em seu <a href="/PSP/docs/bus#imprimir-imped%C3%A2ncia-harm%C3%B4nica-da-barra">formulário de edição de dados</a>.</p></div></div><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="cálculos-das-ferramentas-harmônicas"></a>Cálculos das ferramentas harmônicas<a class="hash-link" href="#cálculos-das-ferramentas-harmônicas" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>Ambos cálculos são realizados a partir da seguinte equação matricial:</p><div class="math math-display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mover accent="true"><mi>I</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><msup><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mi>h</mi></msup><mo>=</mo><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><msub><mi>Y</mi><mrow><mi>b</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>s</mi></mrow></msub><msup><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mi>h</mi></msup><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mover accent="true"><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><msup><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mi>h</mi></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">[\dot{I}]^h= [Y_{bus}]^h [\dot{V}]^h</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.17019em;vertical-align:-0.25em"></span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.027780000000000013em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose"><span class="mclose">]</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8991079999999999em"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">h</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.17019em;vertical-align:-0.25em"></span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">Y</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">b</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">u</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">s</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose"><span class="mclose">]</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8991079999999999em"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">h</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.13889em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose"><span class="mclose">]</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8991079999999999em"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">h</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><p>Em que:</p><ul><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mover accent="true"><mi>I</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><msup><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mi>h</mi></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">[\dot{I}]^h</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.17019em;vertical-align:-0.25em"></span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.027780000000000013em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose"><span class="mclose">]</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.849108em"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">h</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> Vetor das correntes harmônicas injetadas nas barras</li><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><msub><mi>Y</mi><mrow><mi>b</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>s</mi></mrow></msub><msup><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mi>h</mi></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">[Y_{bus}]^h</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.099108em;vertical-align:-0.25em"></span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">Y</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">b</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">u</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">s</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose"><span class="mclose">]</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.849108em"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">h</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> Matriz admitância harmônica de barras</li><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mover accent="true"><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><msup><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mi>h</mi></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">[\dot{V}]^h</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.17019em;vertical-align:-0.25em"></span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.13889em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose"><span class="mclose">]</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.849108em"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">h</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> Vetor das tensões harmônicas nas barras</li><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>h</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">h</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.69444em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">h</span></span></span></span></span> Ordem harmônica</li></ul><p>O vetor das correntes harmônicas injetadas é definido no programa utilizando um elemento de potência, chamado “fonte de corrente harmônica”, em que o usuário pode criar uma lista de correntes injetadas (em A e/ou <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p.u.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span>) em um barramento.</p><p>O programa define automaticamente as ordens harmônicas na simulação analisando todas as listas de fontes de corrente harmônicas previamente aos cálculos. Com isso são calculadas as admitâncias harmônicas necessárias de cada elemento pela multiplicação das reatâncias indutivas (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>x</mi><mi>l</mi><mn>1</mn></msubsup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x_{l}^1</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.097216em;vertical-align:-0.2831079999999999em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141079999999999em"><span style="top:-2.4168920000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.01968em">l</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2831079999999999em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>) e susceptâncias capacitivas (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>b</mi><mi>c</mi><mn>1</mn></msubsup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">b_{c}^1</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.061108em;vertical-align:-0.247em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">b</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141079999999999em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">c</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>) fundamentais de cada elemento pelas ordens harmônicas:</p><div class="math math-display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>x</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>h</mi></msubsup><mo>=</mo><mi>h</mi><mo>×</mo><msubsup><mi>x</mi><mi>l</mi><mn>1</mn></msubsup><mspace linebreak="newline"></mspace><msubsup><mi>b</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>h</mi></msubsup><mo>=</mo><mi>h</mi><mo>×</mo><msubsup><mi>b</mi><mi>c</mi><mn>1</mn></msubsup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x_{l}^h=h×x_l^1\\ b_{c}^h=h×b_c^1</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.146108em;vertical-align:-0.247em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8991079999999998em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.01968em">l</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">h</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.77777em;vertical-align:-0.08333em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">h</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">×</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.1111079999999998em;vertical-align:-0.247em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8641079999999999em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.01968em">l</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace newline"></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.146108em;vertical-align:-0.247em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">b</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8991079999999998em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">c</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">h</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.77777em;vertical-align:-0.08333em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">h</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">×</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.1111079999999998em;vertical-align:-0.247em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">b</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8641079999999999em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">c</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><p>Uma vez calculadas as admitâncias harmônicas, são utilizados os mesmos modelos e algoritmos convencionais para construção da <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>Y</mi><mrow><mi>b</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>s</mi></mrow><mi>h</mi></msubsup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">Y_{bus}^h</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.132216em;vertical-align:-0.2831079999999999em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">Y</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.849108em"><span style="top:-2.4168920000000003em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">b</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">u</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">s</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">h</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2831079999999999em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>.</p><p>A equação matricial é resolvida usando o método de eliminação gaussiana para evitar a inversão de cada matriz de admitância harmônica. Este procedimento torna o cálculo das tensões harmônicas computacionalmente eficiente.</p><p>Uma vez calculadas as tensões harmônicas, a THD em uma barra genérica <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">i</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.65952em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">i</span></span></span></span></span> pode ser definida por:</p><div class="math math-display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mtext>THD</mtext><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><munderover><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>h</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow><mi>n</mi></munderover><msubsup><mi>V</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>h</mi></msubsup></mrow><msubsup><mi>V</mi><mi>i</mi><mn>1</mn></msubsup></mfrac></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\text{THD}_i=\dfrac{\sum_{h=2}^{n} V_{i}^h}{V_i^1}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">THD</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.5016819999999997em;vertical-align:-0.9628639999999999em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.538818em"><span style="top:-2.314em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7959080000000001em"><span style="top:-2.4231360000000004em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.0448000000000004em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.27686399999999994em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.6897100000000003em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mop"><span class="mop op-symbol small-op" style="position:relative;top:-0.0000050000000000050004em">∑</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.804292em"><span style="top:-2.40029em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">h</span><span class="mrel mtight">=</span><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2029em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.29971000000000003em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.849108em"><span style="top:-2.441336em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">h</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.258664em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9628639999999999em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><p>Na ferramenta de Resposta na Frequência uma corrente senoidal é injetada na barra em uma faixa de frequências e o conjunto de equações matriciais é usado para calcular a resposta da tensão. Este cálculo é repetido em etapas discretas cobrindo o espectro de frequência especificado.</p><p>O programa usa a matriz admitância de sequência positiva e uma corrente injetada de <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo separator="true" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">,</mo><mn>0</mn><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">1{,}0 p.u.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8388800000000001em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mord"><span class="mpunct">,</span></span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span> também de sequência positiva na equação matricial para calcular diretamente as impedâncias em p.u.</p><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="referências"></a>Referências<a class="hash-link" href="#referências" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><ol><li>ARRILLAGA, J.; WATSON, N. R. Power System Harmonics. John Wiley & Sons; Chichester, 2003. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/0470871229" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://doi.org/10.1002/0470871229</a></li></ol></div></article><div class="margin-vert--xl"><div class="row"><div class="col"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/tree/master/docusaurus/docs/harmonics.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><svg fill="currentColor" height="1.2em" width="1.2em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" role="img" viewBox="0 0 40 40" class="iconEdit_2_ui" aria-label="Edit page"><g><path d="m34.5 11.7l-3 3.1-6.3-6.3 3.1-3q0.5-0.5 1.2-0.5t1.1 0.5l3.9 3.9q0.5 0.4 0.5 1.1t-0.5 1.2z m-29.5 17.1l18.4-18.5 6.3 6.3-18.4 18.4h-6.3v-6.2z"></path></g></svg>Edit this page</a></div></div></div><div class="margin-vert--lg"><nav class="pagination-nav" aria-label="Docs pages navigation"><div class="pagination-nav__item"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/PSP/docs/fault"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Previous</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">« Curto-Circuito</div></a></div><div class="pagination-nav__item pagination-nav__item--next"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/PSP/docs/stability"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Next</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">Estabilidade »</div></a></div></nav></div></div></div><div class="col col--3"><div class="tableOfContents_35-E thin-scrollbar"><ul class="table-of-contents table-of-contents__left-border"><li><a href="#execução-do-cálculo-de-harmônicos-no-psp-ufu" class="table-of-contents__link">Execução do cálculo de harmônicos no PSP-UFU</a><ul><li><a href="#distorções-harmônicas" class="table-of-contents__link">Distorções Harmônicas</a></li><li><a href="#resposta-na-frequência" class="table-of-contents__link">Resposta na Frequência</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#cálculos-das-ferramentas-harmônicas" class="table-of-contents__link">Cálculos das ferramentas harmônicas</a></li><li><a href="#referências" class="table-of-contents__link">Referências</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></main></div></div><footer class="footer footer--dark"><div class="container"><div class="row footer__links"><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Guide</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a class="footer__link-item" href="/PSP/docs/">PSP-UFU Guide</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://thales1330.github.io/PSP/doxygen/html/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Code Documentation</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Community</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/issues" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Ask a question</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://twitter.com/PspUfu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Twitter</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Site Image Credit</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a href="http://www.freepik.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Images designed by upklyak / slidesgo / macrovector / Freepik</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="footer__bottom text--center"><div class="footer__copyright">Copyright © 2021 Thales Lima Oliveira. 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class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="/PSP/docs/graphViewer">Visualizador de Gráficos</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a aria-current="page" class="menu__link menu__link--active active" tabindex="0" href="/PSP/docs/heatmap">Mapa de Tensão</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><main class="docMainContainer_3ufF"><div class="container padding-vert--lg docItemWrapper_3FMP"><div class="row"><div class="col docItemCol_3FnS"><div class="docItemContainer_33ec"><article><header><h1 class="docTitle_3a4h">Mapa de Tensão</h1></header><div class="markdown"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/PSP/katex/katex.min.css"><p>A ferramenta Mapa de Tensão utiliza o concento de <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_map" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">mapa de calor</a> para exibir os valores de tensão de todas as barras do sistema por meio de cores.</p><video autoplay="" loop="" muted="" playsinline="" controls=""><source src="/PSP/videos/heatmap.mp4" type="video/mp4"><source src="/PSP/videos/heatmap.webm" type="video/webm"></video><div class="admonition admonition-tip alert alert--success"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="16" viewBox="0 0 12 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M6.5 0C3.48 0 1 2.19 1 5c0 .92.55 2.25 1 3 1.34 2.25 1.78 2.78 2 4v1h5v-1c.22-1.22.66-1.75 2-4 .45-.75 1-2.08 1-3 0-2.81-2.48-5-5.5-5zm3.64 7.48c-.25.44-.47.8-.67 1.11-.86 1.41-1.25 2.06-1.45 3.23-.02.05-.02.11-.02.17H5c0-.06 0-.13-.02-.17-.2-1.17-.59-1.83-1.45-3.23-.2-.31-.42-.67-.67-1.11C2.44 6.78 2 5.65 2 5c0-2.2 2.02-4 4.5-4 1.22 0 2.36.42 3.22 1.19C10.55 2.94 11 3.94 11 5c0 .66-.44 1.78-.86 2.48zM4 14h5c-.23 1.14-1.3 2-2.5 2s-2.27-.86-2.5-2z"></path></svg></span>Dica</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Essa ferramenta é útil para identificação de barras com sub e sobretensões no sistema de potência, assim como o efeito da inserção / remoção de elementos do sistema.</p></div></div><p>A legenda que correlaciona os valores do módulo da tensão com as cores são exibidas à esquerda da área de trabalho.</p><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="habilitando-a-ferramenta-mapa-de-tensão"></a>Habilitando a ferramenta Mapa de Tensão<a class="hash-link" href="#habilitando-a-ferramenta-mapa-de-tensão" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>A ferramenta pode ser habilitada ou desabilitada no <a href="/PSP/docs/mainScreen#menu-ribbon">submenu Ribbon <strong>Ferramentas</strong></a> clicando no botão <strong>Mapa de tensão</strong> ou pela tecla de atalho "Ctrl + Shift + H".</p><p>As configurações da ferramenta podem ser também acessadas no <a href="/PSP/docs/mainScreen#menu-ribbon">submenu Ribbon <strong>Ferramentas</strong></a> clicando no botão <strong>Configurações do projeto</strong></p><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/heatmapForm.png" alt="Configurações da ferramenta Mapa de Tensão" title="Configurações da ferramenta Mapa de Tensão"></center></div><div class="admonition admonition-info alert alert--info"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="16" viewBox="0 0 14 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7 2.3c3.14 0 5.7 2.56 5.7 5.7s-2.56 5.7-5.7 5.7A5.71 5.71 0 0 1 1.3 8c0-3.14 2.56-5.7 5.7-5.7zM7 1C3.14 1 0 4.14 0 8s3.14 7 7 7 7-3.14 7-7-3.14-7-7-7zm1 3H6v5h2V4zm0 6H6v2h2v-2z"></path></svg></span>Informação</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Na versão atual do programa, somente as opções do mapa de tensão são exibidas nas configurações de projeto.</p></div></div><p>Os limites superiores e inferiores, em <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p.u.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span> são editados nesse formulário.</p><p>Alternativamente, o programa pode calcular automaticamente os limites. Nesse caso, o limite superior será a maior tensão do circuito e o limite inferior será a menor tensão do circuito.</p><div class="admonition admonition-warning alert alert--danger"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="16" viewBox="0 0 12 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.05.31c.81 2.17.41 3.38-.52 4.31C3.55 5.67 1.98 6.45.9 7.98c-1.45 2.05-1.7 6.53 3.53 7.7-2.2-1.16-2.67-4.52-.3-6.61-.61 2.03.53 3.33 1.94 2.86 1.39-.47 2.3.53 2.27 1.67-.02.78-.31 1.44-1.13 1.81 3.42-.59 4.78-3.42 4.78-5.56 0-2.84-2.53-3.22-1.25-5.61-1.52.13-2.03 1.13-1.89 2.75.09 1.08-1.02 1.8-1.86 1.33-.67-.41-.66-1.19-.06-1.78C8.18 5.31 8.68 2.45 5.05.32L5.03.3l.02.01z"></path></svg></span>Cuidado!</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>O cálculo automático dos limites pode prejudicar a identificação de barras com sub e sobretensões no sistema.</p></div></div></div></article><div class="margin-vert--xl"><div class="row"><div class="col"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/tree/master/docusaurus/docs/heatmap.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><svg fill="currentColor" height="1.2em" width="1.2em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" role="img" viewBox="0 0 40 40" class="iconEdit_2_ui" aria-label="Edit page"><g><path d="m34.5 11.7l-3 3.1-6.3-6.3 3.1-3q0.5-0.5 1.2-0.5t1.1 0.5l3.9 3.9q0.5 0.4 0.5 1.1t-0.5 1.2z m-29.5 17.1l18.4-18.5 6.3 6.3-18.4 18.4h-6.3v-6.2z"></path></g></svg>Edit this page</a></div></div></div><div class="margin-vert--lg"><nav class="pagination-nav" aria-label="Docs pages navigation"><div class="pagination-nav__item"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/PSP/docs/graphViewer"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Previous</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">« Visualizador de Gráficos</div></a></div><div class="pagination-nav__item pagination-nav__item--next"></div></nav></div></div></div><div class="col col--3"><div class="tableOfContents_35-E thin-scrollbar"><ul class="table-of-contents table-of-contents__left-border"><li><a href="#habilitando-a-ferramenta-mapa-de-tensão" class="table-of-contents__link">Habilitando a ferramenta Mapa de Tensão</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></main></div></div><footer class="footer footer--dark"><div class="container"><div class="row footer__links"><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Guide</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a class="footer__link-item" href="/PSP/docs/">PSP-UFU Guide</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://thales1330.github.io/PSP/doxygen/html/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Code Documentation</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Community</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/issues" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Ask a question</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://twitter.com/PspUfu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Twitter</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Site Image Credit</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a href="http://www.freepik.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Images designed by upklyak / slidesgo / macrovector / Freepik</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="footer__bottom text--center"><div class="footer__copyright">Copyright © 2021 Thales Lima Oliveira. 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Simulação</a></li></ul></li><li class="menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist" href="#!">Data Visualization</a><ul class="menu__list"><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/text">Texto Vinculado</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/tabularReport">Relatórios Tabulares</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/graphViewer">Visualizador de Gráficos</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/heatmap">Mapa de Tensão</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><main class="docMainContainer_3ufF"><div class="container padding-vert--lg docItemWrapper_3FMP"><div class="row"><div class="col docItemCol_3FnS"><div class="docItemContainer_33ec"><article><header><h1 class="docTitle_3a4h">Motor de Indução</h1></header><div class="markdown"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/PSP/katex/katex.min.css"><blockquote><p>Uma máquina assíncrona da qual apenas um enrolamento é energizado. <a href="http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=411-31-10" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>tradução livre</em> - IEC 60050</a>.</p></blockquote><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="motor-de-indução-trifásico-no-psp-ufu"></a>Motor de indução trifásico no PSP-UFU<a class="hash-link" href="#motor-de-indução-trifásico-no-psp-ufu" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>No PSP-UFU, os motores de indução são contemplados nos estudos de <a href="/PSP/docs/powerFLow">fluxo de carga</a> e no estudo de <a href="/PSP/docs/stability">estabilidade</a>.</p><div class="admonition admonition-info alert alert--info"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="16" viewBox="0 0 14 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7 2.3c3.14 0 5.7 2.56 5.7 5.7s-2.56 5.7-5.7 5.7A5.71 5.71 0 0 1 1.3 8c0-3.14 2.56-5.7 5.7-5.7zM7 1C3.14 1 0 4.14 0 8s3.14 7 7 7 7-3.14 7-7-3.14-7-7-7zm1 3H6v5h2V4zm0 6H6v2h2v-2z"></path></svg></span>Informação</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Os dados de estabilidade da máquina de indução são utilizados em conjunto com o fluxo de carga, <strong>calculando de forma correta a potência reativa das máquinas</strong> e consequentemente a tensão no barramento conectado.</p></div></div><div class="admonition admonition-warning alert alert--danger"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="16" viewBox="0 0 12 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.05.31c.81 2.17.41 3.38-.52 4.31C3.55 5.67 1.98 6.45.9 7.98c-1.45 2.05-1.7 6.53 3.53 7.7-2.2-1.16-2.67-4.52-.3-6.61-.61 2.03.53 3.33 1.94 2.86 1.39-.47 2.3.53 2.27 1.67-.02.78-.31 1.44-1.13 1.81 3.42-.59 4.78-3.42 4.78-5.56 0-2.84-2.53-3.22-1.25-5.61-1.52.13-2.03 1.13-1.89 2.75.09 1.08-1.02 1.8-1.86 1.33-.67-.41-.66-1.19-.06-1.78C8.18 5.31 8.68 2.45 5.05.32L5.03.3l.02.01z"></path></svg></span>Cuidado!</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Ao marcar a opção "Calcular a potência reativa no fluxo de carga", devem ser inseridos os dados corretos na aba "Estabilidade", caso contrário, será atribuída uma potência reativa incorreta no motor.</p></div></div><h3><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="motor-de-indução-trifásico-no-cálculo-do-fluxo-de-carga"></a>Motor de indução trifásico no cálculo do fluxo de carga<a class="hash-link" href="#motor-de-indução-trifásico-no-cálculo-do-fluxo-de-carga" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h3><p>A figura abaixo apresenta o modelo do motor de indução trifásico (MIT) de gaiola simples.</p><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/indMotorModel.svg" alt="Circuito equivalente do motor de indução" title="Circuito equivalente do motor de indução"></center></div><p>As potências ativa e reativa podem ser calculadas em relação às variáveis e parâmetros do motor em <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p.u.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span> como:</p><div class="math math-display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>P</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><msup><mi>V</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mrow><mo fence="true">{</mo><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><mfrac><msub><mi>r</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi>s</mi></mfrac><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow><mrow><mo fence="true">[</mo><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><mfrac><msub><mi>r</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi>s</mi></mfrac><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow><msub><mi>r</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><msub><mi>K</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><mo fence="true">]</mo></mrow><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>K</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mrow><mo fence="true">[</mo><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><mfrac><msub><mi>r</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi>s</mi></mfrac><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>r</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><msub><mi>K</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo fence="true">]</mo></mrow><mo fence="true">}</mo></mrow></mrow><mrow><msup><mrow><mo fence="true">[</mo><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><mfrac><msub><mi>r</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi>s</mi></mfrac><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow><msub><mi>r</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><msub><mi>K</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><mo fence="true">]</mo></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><msup><mrow><mo fence="true">[</mo><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><mfrac><msub><mi>r</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi>s</mi></mfrac><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>r</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><msub><mi>K</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo fence="true">]</mo></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac><mspace linebreak="newline"></mspace><mi>Q</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mo>−</mo><msup><mi>V</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mrow><mo fence="true">{</mo><msub><mi>K</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mrow><mo fence="true">[</mo><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><mfrac><msub><mi>r</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi>s</mi></mfrac><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow><msub><mi>r</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><msub><mi>K</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><mo fence="true">]</mo></mrow><mo>−</mo><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><mfrac><msub><mi>r</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi>s</mi></mfrac><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow><mrow><mo fence="true">[</mo><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><mfrac><msub><mi>r</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi>s</mi></mfrac><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>r</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><msub><mi>K</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo fence="true">]</mo></mrow><mo fence="true">}</mo></mrow></mrow><mrow><msup><mrow><mo fence="true">[</mo><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><mfrac><msub><mi>r</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi>s</mi></mfrac><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow><msub><mi>r</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><msub><mi>K</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><mo fence="true">]</mo></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><msup><mrow><mo fence="true">[</mo><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><mfrac><msub><mi>r</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi>s</mi></mfrac><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>r</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><msub><mi>K</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo fence="true">]</mo></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac><mspace linebreak="newline"></mspace><mtext> </mtext><mspace linebreak="newline"></mspace><msub><mi>K</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>m</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">P = \frac{V^2 \left\{ \left( \frac{r_2}{s} \right) \left[\left(\frac{r_2}{s} \right) r_1-x_1 K_1-x_2 x_m \right]+K_1 \left[\left(\frac{r_2}{s} \right) \left(x_m+x_1 \right) + r_1 K_1 \right] \right\} }{\left[\left( \frac{r_2}{s} \right) r_1-x_1 K_1-x_2 x_m \right]^2+\left[\left( \frac{r_2}{s} \right)(x_m+x_1 )+r_1 K_1 \right]^2}\\ Q = \frac{-V^2 \left\{ K_1 \left[\left(\frac{r_2}{s} \right) r_1-x_1 K_1-x_2 x_m \right]- \left( \frac{r_2}{s} \right) \left[\left(\frac{r_2}{s} \right) \left(x_m+x_1 \right) + r_1 K_1 \right] \right\} }{\left[\left( \frac{r_2}{s} \right) r_1-x_1 K_1-x_2 x_m \right]^2+\left[\left( \frac{r_2}{s} \right)(x_m+x_1 )+r_1 K_1 \right]^2}\\ ~\\ K_1=x_2+x_m</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.884028em;vertical-align:-1.2940180000000001em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.59001em"><span style="top:-2.11em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.054008em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="minner"><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">[</span></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">(</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7114919999999999em"><span style="top:-2.6550000000000002em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">s</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.4101em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31731428571428577em"><span style="top:-2.357em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.143em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.345em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">)</span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07153em">K</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.07153em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">m</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">]</span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.054008em"><span style="top:-3.3029em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">[</span></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">(</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7114919999999999em"><span style="top:-2.6550000000000002em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">s</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.4101em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31731428571428577em"><span style="top:-2.357em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.143em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.345em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">)</span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">m</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07153em">K</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.07153em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">]</span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.054008em"><span style="top:-3.3029em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.284008em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.054008em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.7940180000000003em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.054008em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141079999999999em"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">{</span></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">(</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7114919999999999em"><span style="top:-2.6550000000000002em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">s</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.4101em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31731428571428577em"><span style="top:-2.357em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.143em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.345em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">)</span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">[</span></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">(</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7114919999999999em"><span style="top:-2.6550000000000002em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">s</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.4101em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31731428571428577em"><span style="top:-2.357em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.143em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.345em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">)</span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07153em">K</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.07153em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">m</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">]</span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07153em">K</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.07153em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">[</span></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">(</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7114919999999999em"><span style="top:-2.6550000000000002em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">s</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.4101em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31731428571428577em"><span style="top:-2.357em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.143em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.345em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">)</span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">m</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em">)</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07153em">K</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.07153em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">]</span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">}</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.2940180000000001em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span><span class="mspace newline"></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8777699999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">Q</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.884028em;vertical-align:-1.2940180000000001em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.59001em"><span style="top:-2.11em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.054008em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="minner"><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">[</span></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">(</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7114919999999999em"><span style="top:-2.6550000000000002em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">s</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.4101em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31731428571428577em"><span style="top:-2.357em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.143em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.345em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">)</span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07153em">K</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.07153em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">m</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">]</span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.054008em"><span style="top:-3.3029em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">[</span></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">(</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7114919999999999em"><span style="top:-2.6550000000000002em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">s</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.4101em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31731428571428577em"><span style="top:-2.357em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.143em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.345em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">)</span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">m</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07153em">K</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.07153em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">]</span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.054008em"><span style="top:-3.3029em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.284008em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.054008em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.7940180000000003em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.054008em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">−</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141079999999999em"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">{</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07153em">K</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.07153em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">[</span></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">(</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7114919999999999em"><span style="top:-2.6550000000000002em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">s</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.4101em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31731428571428577em"><span style="top:-2.357em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.143em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.345em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">)</span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07153em">K</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.07153em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">m</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">]</span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">(</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7114919999999999em"><span style="top:-2.6550000000000002em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">s</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.4101em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31731428571428577em"><span style="top:-2.357em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.143em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.345em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">)</span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">[</span></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">(</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7114919999999999em"><span style="top:-2.6550000000000002em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">s</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.4101em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31731428571428577em"><span style="top:-2.357em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.143em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.345em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">)</span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">m</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em">)</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07153em">K</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.07153em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">]</span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">}</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.2940180000000001em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span><span class="mspace newline"></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mspace nobreak"> </span></span><span class="mspace newline"></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07153em">K</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.07153em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.73333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.58056em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">m</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><p>Como pode ser observado nas equações acima, existem quatro variáveis e somente duas equações. Na prática, as variáveis podem ser reduzidas a três, uma vez que o módulo da tensão (V) é obtido nos resultados do <a href="/PSP/docs/powerFlow">fluxo de potência</a>. Para resolver as equações é necessário definir uma variável adicional. A variável escolhida como fixa no PSP-UFU é a potência ativa (P), por fornecer resultados numericamente corretos e adequados para motores em situações de estabilidade.</p><p>Portanto, nesse modelo estático, a potência ativa é mantida constante durante o cálculo do fluxo de carga e o escorregamento (s) é atualizado em cada iteração. A equação da potência ativa pode ser reescrita em relação ao escorregamento:</p><div class="math math-display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msup><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><mfrac><msub><mi>r</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi>s</mi></mfrac><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup><mi>A</mi><mo>+</mo><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><mfrac><msub><mi>r</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi>s</mi></mfrac><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow><mi>B</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>C</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\left(\frac{r_2}{s} \right)^2 A + \left(\frac{r_2}{s} \right) B + C = 0</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.040008em;vertical-align:-0.686em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size2">(</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.1075599999999999em"><span style="top:-2.314em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">s</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.686em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size2">)</span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.3540079999999999em"><span style="top:-3.6029em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">A</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.8359999999999999em;vertical-align:-0.686em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size2">(</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.1075599999999999em"><span style="top:-2.314em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">s</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.686em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size2">)</span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05017em">B</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07153em">C</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.64444em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord">0</span></span></span></span></span></div><p>Em que:</p><div class="math math-display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>A</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>P</mi><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><msubsup><mi>r</mi><mn>1</mn><mn>2</mn></msubsup><mo>+</mo><msubsup><mi>K</mi><mn>3</mn><mn>2</mn></msubsup><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow><mo>−</mo><msup><mi>V</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><msub><mi>r</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mspace linebreak="newline"></mspace><mi>B</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>P</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><msub><mi>r</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><msub><mi>K</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>K</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><msub><mi>K</mi><mn>4</mn></msub><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>−</mo><msup><mi>V</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><msub><mi>K</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>K</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><msub><mi>K</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow><mspace linebreak="newline"></mspace><mi>C</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>P</mi><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><msubsup><mi>K</mi><mn>2</mn><mn>2</mn></msubsup><mo>+</mo><msubsup><mi>K</mi><mn>4</mn><mn>2</mn></msubsup><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow><mo>−</mo><msup><mi>V</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><msub><mi>K</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><msub><mi>K</mi><mn>4</mn></msub><mspace linebreak="newline"></mspace><msub><mi>K</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><msub><mi>K</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><mspace linebreak="newline"></mspace><msub><mi>K</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mspace linebreak="newline"></mspace><msub><mi>K</mi><mn>4</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>r</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><msub><mi>K</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">A = P \left( r_1^2 + K_3^2 \right) - V^2 r_1\\ B = 2P(r_1 K_2 + K_3 K_4) - V^2 \left(K_2 + K_1 K_3 \right)\\ C = P \left( K_2^2 + K_4^2 \right) - V^2 K_1 K_4\\ K_2 = -x_1 K_1 -x_2 x_m\\ K_3 = x_m + x_1\\ K_4 = r_1 K_1</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">A</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.2141179999999998em;vertical-align:-0.35001em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">(</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8641079999999999em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07153em">K</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8641079999999999em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.07153em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">3</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">)</span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.0141079999999998em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8641079999999999em"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace newline"></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05017em">B</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em"></span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07153em">K</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.07153em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07153em">K</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.07153em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">3</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07153em">K</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.07153em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">4</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.1141079999999999em;vertical-align:-0.25em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8641079999999999em"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07153em">K</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.07153em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07153em">K</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.07153em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07153em">K</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.07153em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">3</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em">)</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span></span><span class="mspace newline"></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07153em">C</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.2141179999999998em;vertical-align:-0.35001em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">(</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07153em">K</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8641079999999999em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.07153em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07153em">K</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8641079999999999em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.07153em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">4</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">)</span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.0141079999999998em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8641079999999999em"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07153em">K</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.07153em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07153em">K</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.07153em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">4</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace newline"></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07153em">K</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.07153em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord">−</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07153em">K</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.07153em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.58056em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">m</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace newline"></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07153em">K</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.07153em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">3</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.73333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">m</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.58056em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace newline"></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07153em">K</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.07153em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">4</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07153em">K</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.07153em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><p>Esse modelo pode ser inserido na solução do <a href="/PSP/docs/powerFlow">fluxo de carga</a> seguindo os seguintes passos:</p><ol><li>As constantes <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>K</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">K_1</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07153em">K</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.07153em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> a <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>K</mi><mn>4</mn></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">K_4</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07153em">K</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.07153em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">4</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> são inicialmente calculadas . Esses valores são mantidos constantes durante toda a solução;</li><li>Em cada iteração são calculados os coeficientes <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>A</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">A</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">A</span></span></span></span></span>, <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>B</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">B</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05017em">B</span></span></span></span></span> e <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">C</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07153em">C</span></span></span></span></span> utilizando o valor atualizado de <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>V</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">V</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span></span></span></span></span>;</li><li>A equação quadrática é resolvida e dois valores de <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><mfrac><msub><mi>r</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi>s</mi></mfrac><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\left(\frac{r_2}{s} \right)</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.20001em;vertical-align:-0.35001em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">(</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7114919999999999em"><span style="top:-2.6550000000000002em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">s</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.4101em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31731428571428577em"><span style="top:-2.357em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.143em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.345em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span> são obtidos, em que o maior deles é escolhido por estar na região estável da característica toque-escorregamento do motor;</li><li>Utilizando o novo valor de <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><mfrac><msub><mi>r</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi>s</mi></mfrac><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\left(\frac{r_2}{s} \right)</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.20001em;vertical-align:-0.35001em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">(</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7114919999999999em"><span style="top:-2.6550000000000002em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">s</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.4101em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31731428571428577em"><span style="top:-2.357em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.143em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.345em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span>, a potência reativa (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>Q</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">Q</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8777699999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">Q</span></span></span></span></span>) é obtida. O vetor de potências é então atualizado e os procedimentos convencionais de solução do fluxo de potência são realizados.</li></ol><p>Os passos de 2 a 4 são repetidos até que se obtenha a convergência.</p><div class="admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"></path></svg></span>Atenção!</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>No PSP-UFU, os motores de indução não são considerados no cálculo de curto-circuito.</p></div></div><h3><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="motor-de-indução-trifásico-no-estudo-de-estabilidade"></a>Motor de indução trifásico no estudo de estabilidade<a class="hash-link" href="#motor-de-indução-trifásico-no-estudo-de-estabilidade" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h3><p>Uma importante carga dinâmica são os motores de indução, uma vez que correspondem a uma parcela significativa das cargas presentes no sistema elétrico. O <a href="/PSP/docs/indMotor#motor-de-indu%C3%A7%C3%A3o-trif%C3%A1sico-no-c%C3%A1lculo-do-fluxo-de-carga">modelo da máquina de indução apresentado anteriormente</a>, a qual pode ser utilizada tanto como motor quanto como gerador, é bem estabelecida na literatura.</p><p>Como descrito na <a href="/PSP/docs/indMotor#motor-de-indu%C3%A7%C3%A3o-trif%C3%A1sico-no-c%C3%A1lculo-do-fluxo-de-carga">seção anterior</a>, a inicialização dessa máquina é realizada em conjunto com o fluxo de potência, visto que a potência reativa exigida pela máquina de indução é dependente dos parâmetros do motor, assim como a tensão do seu barramento. Essa abordagem é necessária, pois métodos convencionais conduzem a resultados errôneos em sistemas altamente carregados.</p><p>É necessário expressar a equação de movimento da máquina de indução em termos de torque e não potência, como é realizado com as máquinas síncronas. A simetria do rotor também faz com que a posição angular não seja importante e o escorregamento (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">s</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">s</span></span></span></span></span>) é utilizado no lugar da velocidade (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>ω</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\omega</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em">ω</span></span></span></span></span>), em que:</p><div class="math math-display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>f</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>c</mi><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo>−</mo><mi>ω</mi></mrow><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">s = frac{\Omega_0 - \omega}{\Omega_0}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">s</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8888799999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.10764em">f</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="mord mathdefault">a</span><span class="mord mathdefault">c</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord">Ω</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em">ω</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord">Ω</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><p>Desprezando as perdas por atrito e ventilação e a potência no eixo suave, as equações mecânicas do motor são expressas da seguinte forma:</p><div class="math math-display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mi>A</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>B</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>C</mi><msup><mi>s</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mspace linebreak="newline"></mspace><msub><mi>T</mi><mi>e</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>e</mi><mrow><mo fence="true">{</mo><mover accent="true"><mi>E</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><msup><mover accent="true"><mi>I</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mo>∗</mo></msup><mo fence="true">}</mo></mrow></mrow><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi><mi>b</mi></msub></mfrac><mspace linebreak="newline"></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>s</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><msub><mi>T</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>T</mi><mi>e</mi></msub><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mi>H</mi></mrow></mfrac></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">T_m = A -Bs + Cs^2\\ T_e = \frac{Re\left\{ \dot{E}\dot{I}^* \right\}}{\Omega_b}\\ \frac{ds}{dt} = \frac{\left( T_m - T_e \right)}{2H}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">m</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.76666em;vertical-align:-0.08333em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">A</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.76666em;vertical-align:-0.08333em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05017em">B</span><span class="mord mathdefault">s</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8641079999999999em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07153em">C</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">s</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8641079999999999em"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace newline"></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">e</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:3.02602em;vertical-align:-0.8360000000000001em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.19002em"><span style="top:-2.464em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord">Ω</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">b</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.38em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-4.1900200000000005em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.00773em">R</span><span class="mord mathdefault">e</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size2">{</span></span><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05764em">E</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.055550000000000016em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.027780000000000013em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.688696em"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mbin mtight">∗</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size2">}</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8360000000000001em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span><span class="mspace newline"></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.05744em;vertical-align:-0.686em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.37144em"><span style="top:-2.314em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">d</span><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">d</span><span class="mord mathdefault">s</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.686em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.113em;vertical-align:-0.686em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.427em"><span style="top:-2.314em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.08125em">H</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">m</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">e</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.686em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><p>Em que:</p><ul><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mi>m</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">T_m</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">m</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> é o torque mecânico;</li><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mi>e</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">T_e</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">e</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> é o torque elétrico;</li><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">H</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.08125em">H</span></span></span></span></span> é a inércia do conjunto motor - carga mecânica</li></ul><p>Os termos <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>A</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">A</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">A</span></span></span></span></span>, <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>B</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">B</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05017em">B</span></span></span></span></span> e <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">C</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07153em">C</span></span></span></span></span> são termos que definem o comportamento do torque mecânico da carga de acordo com o escorregamento. O torque mecânico normalmente varia com a <strong>velocidade</strong>, podendo ser expressa proporcionalmente com a seguinte equação quadrática:</p><div class="math math-display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><mo>∝</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi><mi>ω</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>c</mi><msup><mi>ω</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">T_m \propto a + b\omega + c\omega^2</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">m</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">∝</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.66666em;vertical-align:-0.08333em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">a</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.77777em;vertical-align:-0.08333em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">b</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em">ω</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8641079999999999em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">c</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em">ω</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8641079999999999em"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><p>Em que:</p><div class="math math-display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo fence="true">{</mo><mtable rowspacing="0.3599999999999999em" columnalign="left left" columnspacing="1em"><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><mi>A</mi><mo>∝</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>c</mi></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><mi>B</mi><mo>∝</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>c</mi></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><mi>C</mi><mo>∝</mo><mi>c</mi></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr></mtable></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{cases} A \propto a + b + c \\ B \propto b + 2c \\ C \propto c \end{cases}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:4.32em;vertical-align:-1.9099999999999997em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen"><span class="delimsizing mult"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.35002em"><span style="top:-2.19999em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎩</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.19499em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎪</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.20499em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎪</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.15001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎨</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.2950099999999996em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎪</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.30501em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎪</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.60002em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎧</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.8500199999999998em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-l"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.41em"><span style="top:-4.41em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.008em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">A</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">∝</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">a</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">b</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">c</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.97em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.008em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05017em">B</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">∝</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">b</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mord mathdefault">c</span></span></span><span style="top:-1.5300000000000002em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.008em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07153em">C</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">∝</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">c</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.9099999999999997em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><p>As equações elétricas do motor de indução de gaiola simples são baseadas no circuito equivalente da <a href="/PSP/docs/indMotor#motor-de-indu%C3%A7%C3%A3o-trif%C3%A1sico-no-c%C3%A1lculo-do-fluxo-de-carga">figura anterior</a>. De forma semelhante ao modelo transitório da máquina síncrona, o motor de indução pode ser modelado pelo circuito equivalente de Thevenin de tensão transitória <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi>E</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">E'</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.751892em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05764em">E</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.751892em"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> atrás de uma resistência do estator <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>r</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">r_1</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.58056em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> e uma reatância transitória <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi>x</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x'</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.751892em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.751892em"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>. A reatância transitória aparente de rotor bloqueado é dada por:</p><div class="math math-display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi>x</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msup><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>+</mo><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>m</mi></msub></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>m</mi></msub></mrow></mfrac></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x' = x_1 + \frac{x_2 x_m}{x_2 + x_m}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.801892em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.801892em"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.73333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.94356em;vertical-align:-0.8360000000000001em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.1075599999999999em"><span style="top:-2.3139999999999996em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">m</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">m</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8360000000000001em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><p>A constante de tempo de circuito aberto do rotor (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>T</mi><mn>0</mn><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msubsup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">T_0'</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.24810799999999997em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.751892em"><span style="top:-2.4518920000000004em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.24810799999999997em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>) é:</p><div class="math math-display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>T</mi><mn>0</mn><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msubsup><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>m</mi></msub></mrow><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi><mi>b</mi></msub><msub><mi>r</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">T_0' = \frac{x_2 + x_m}{\Omega_b r_2}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.048892em;vertical-align:-0.247em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8018919999999999em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.09633em;vertical-align:-0.8360000000000001em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.2603300000000002em"><span style="top:-2.3139999999999996em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord">Ω</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">b</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">m</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8360000000000001em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><p>E a reatância de circuito aberto é:</p><div class="math math-display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>m</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x_0 = x_1 + x_m</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.58056em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.73333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.58056em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">m</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><p>Uma vez que as reatâncias não são afetadas pela posição do rotor, as EADs do motor de indução podem ser expressar diretamente por componentes reais (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>r</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">r</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span></span></span></span></span>) e imaginárias (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">m</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">m</span></span></span></span></span>). Portanto, a descrição completa desse modelo é representada pelo seguinte sistema de equações algébrico-diferenciais:</p><div class="math math-display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>V</mi><mi>r</mi></msub><mo>−</mo><msubsup><mi>E</mi><mi>r</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msubsup><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>r</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><msub><mi>I</mi><mi>r</mi></msub><mo>−</mo><msup><mi>x</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msup><msub><mi>I</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><mspace linebreak="newline"></mspace><msub><mi>V</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><mo>−</mo><msubsup><mi>E</mi><mi>m</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msubsup><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>r</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><msub><mi>I</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><mo>−</mo><msup><mi>x</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msup><msub><mi>I</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><mspace linebreak="newline"></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mi>d</mi><msubsup><mi>E</mi><mi>r</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msubsup></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi><mi>b</mi></msub><mi>s</mi><msubsup><mi>E</mi><mi>m</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msubsup><mo>−</mo><mfrac><mrow><msubsup><mi>E</mi><mi>r</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msubsup><mo>+</mo><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo>−</mo><msup><mi>x</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msup><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow><msub><mi>I</mi><mi>m</mi></msub></mrow><msubsup><mi>T</mi><mn>0</mn><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msubsup></mfrac><mspace linebreak="newline"></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mi>d</mi><msubsup><mi>E</mi><mi>m</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msubsup></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi><mi>b</mi></msub><mi>s</mi><msubsup><mi>E</mi><mi>r</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msubsup><mo>−</mo><mfrac><mrow><msubsup><mi>E</mi><mi>m</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msubsup><mi>i</mi><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo>−</mo><msup><mi>x</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msup><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow><msub><mi>I</mi><mi>r</mi></msub></mrow><msubsup><mi>T</mi><mn>0</mn><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msubsup></mfrac></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">V_r - E_r' = r_1 I_r - x' I_m\\ V_m - E_m' = r_1 I_m - x' I_m\\ \frac{dE_r'}{dt} = \Omega_b s E_m' - \frac{E_r' + \left( x_0 - x' \right) I_m}{T_0'}\\ \frac{dE_m'}{dt} = \Omega_b s E_r' - \frac{E_m' i \left( x_0 - x' \right) I_r}{T_0'}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.048892em;vertical-align:-0.247em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05764em">E</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8018919999999999em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.05764em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.07847em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.9518920000000001em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.801892em"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.07847em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">m</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace newline"></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">m</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.048892em;vertical-align:-0.247em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05764em">E</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8018919999999999em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.05764em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">m</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.07847em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">m</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.9518920000000001em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.801892em"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.07847em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">m</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace newline"></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.114892em;vertical-align:-0.686em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.428892em"><span style="top:-2.314em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">d</span><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">d</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05764em">E</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.751892em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.05764em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.686em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.048892em;vertical-align:-0.247em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">Ω</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">b</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mathdefault">s</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05764em">E</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8018919999999999em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.05764em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">m</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.3811999999999998em;vertical-align:-0.9523079999999999em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.428892em"><span style="top:-2.314em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.733692em"><span style="top:-2.433692em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.0448000000000004em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.26630799999999993em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05764em">E</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.751892em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.05764em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.751892em"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em">)</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.07847em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">m</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9523079999999999em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span><span class="mspace newline"></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.114892em;vertical-align:-0.686em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.428892em"><span style="top:-2.314em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">d</span><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">d</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05764em">E</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.751892em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.05764em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">m</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.686em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.048892em;vertical-align:-0.247em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">Ω</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">b</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mathdefault">s</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05764em">E</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8018919999999999em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.05764em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.3811999999999998em;vertical-align:-0.9523079999999999em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.428892em"><span style="top:-2.314em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.733692em"><span style="top:-2.433692em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.0448000000000004em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.26630799999999993em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05764em">E</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.751892em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.05764em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">m</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mathdefault">i</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.751892em"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em">)</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.07847em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9523079999999999em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="formulário-de-edição-dos-geradores-síncronos"></a>Formulário de edição dos geradores síncronos<a class="hash-link" href="#formulário-de-edição-dos-geradores-síncronos" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>A imagem abaixo apresenta o formulário de inserção/alteração de dados dos motores de indução:</p><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/indMotorForm.png" alt="Formulário dos motores de indução no PSP-UFU" title="Formulário dos motores de indução no PSP-UFU"></center></div><p>No formulário pode ser observado o botão "Chaveamento" na parte inferior esquerda do formulário. Esse formulário, comum a vários outros elementos, permite a inserção e/ou remoção do motor durante o estudo de <a href="/PSP/docs/stability">estabilidade</a>.</p><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/indMotorSw.png" alt="Formulário de chaveamento do motores de indução" title="Formulário de chaveamento do motores de indução"></center></div><div class="tabs-container"><ul role="tablist" aria-orientation="horizontal" class="tabs"><li role="tab" tabindex="0" aria-selected="true" class="tabs__item tabItem_1uMI tabs__item--active">Geral</li><li role="tab" tabindex="-1" aria-selected="false" class="tabs__item tabItem_1uMI">Estabilidade</li><li role="tab" tabindex="-1" aria-selected="false" class="tabs__item tabItem_1uMI">Botão Chaveamento</li></ul><div class="margin-vert--md"><div role="tabpanel"><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="nome"></a>Nome<a class="hash-link" href="#nome" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Identificação do elemento elétrico. Podem ser inseridos quaisquer números de caracteres no padrão <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Unicode</a>.</p><p>Todos os componentes de potência do PSP-UFU possuem esse campo.</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="potência-nominal"></a>Potência nominal<a class="hash-link" href="#potência-nominal" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Potência nominal do gerador, inserida em MVA, kVA ou VA.</p><p>Esse campo é especialmente importante caso a opção "Utilizar a potência nominal como base" esteja marcada.</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="potências-ativa-e-reativa"></a>Potências ativa e reativa<a class="hash-link" href="#potências-ativa-e-reativa" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Potências ativa (inserida em W, kW, MW ou <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p.u.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span>) e reativa (inserida em var, kvar, Mvar ou <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p.u.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span>) do motor.</p><div class="admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"></path></svg></span>Atenção!</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Caso a opção “Calcular a potência reativa no fluxo de carga” esteja ativada, o campo de potência reativa é desativado para edição.</p></div></div><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="calcular-a-potência-reativa-no-fluxo-de-carga"></a>Calcular a potência reativa no fluxo de carga<a class="hash-link" href="#calcular-a-potência-reativa-no-fluxo-de-carga" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Caso essa opção seja marcada, o programa irá utilizar os dados fornecidos no formulário de estabilidade para calcular a potência reativa do motor durante o processo iterativo do fluxo de carga.</p><div class="admonition admonition-warning alert alert--danger"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="16" viewBox="0 0 12 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.05.31c.81 2.17.41 3.38-.52 4.31C3.55 5.67 1.98 6.45.9 7.98c-1.45 2.05-1.7 6.53 3.53 7.7-2.2-1.16-2.67-4.52-.3-6.61-.61 2.03.53 3.33 1.94 2.86 1.39-.47 2.3.53 2.27 1.67-.02.78-.31 1.44-1.13 1.81 3.42-.59 4.78-3.42 4.78-5.56 0-2.84-2.53-3.22-1.25-5.61-1.52.13-2.03 1.13-1.89 2.75.09 1.08-1.02 1.8-1.86 1.33-.67-.41-.66-1.19-.06-1.78C8.18 5.31 8.68 2.45 5.05.32L5.03.3l.02.01z"></path></svg></span>Cuidado!</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Caso essa opção não seja utilizada o motor será considerado uma <a href="/PSP/docs/load">carga de potência constante</a> no estudo de <a href="/PSP/docs/powerFlow">fluxo de carga</a>.</p><p>A não utilização dessa opção poderá gerar erros de regime permamente no estudo de <a href="/PSP/docs/stability">estabilidade</a>.</p></div></div><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="utilizar-potência-nominal-como-base"></a>Utilizar potência nominal como base<a class="hash-link" href="#utilizar-potência-nominal-como-base" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Caso essa opção seja marcada, o programa irá utilizar a potência nominal do gerador como base para a conversão das unidades, inclusive aqueles no formulário de estabilidade, caso contrário será usada a potência base do sistema.</p></div><div role="tabpanel" hidden=""><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="imprimir-dados-da-máquina-de-indução"></a>Imprimir dados da máquina de indução<a class="hash-link" href="#imprimir-dados-da-máquina-de-indução" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Exibe os dados do gerador síncrono nos gráficos no tempo. Os seguintes dados são exibidos:</p><ul><li>tensão terminal</li><li>potências ativa e reativas</li><li>corrente, torque elétrico</li><li>torque mecânico</li><li>velocidade</li><li>escorregamento</li></ul><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="inércia"></a>Inércia<a class="hash-link" href="#inércia" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Inércia do conjunto motor-carga, em s.</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="resistência-e-reatância-do-estator"></a>Resistência e reatância do estator<a class="hash-link" href="#resistência-e-reatância-do-estator" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Resistência e reatância do estator do motor de indução, em <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p.u.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span></p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="resistência-e-reatância-do-rotor"></a>Resistência e reatância do rotor<a class="hash-link" href="#resistência-e-reatância-do-rotor" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Resistência e reatância do rotor do motor de indução, em <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p.u.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span></p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="reatância-de-magnetização"></a>Reatância de magnetização<a class="hash-link" href="#reatância-de-magnetização" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Reatância do ramo de magnetização do motor de indução, em <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p.u.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span></p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="utilizar-fator-de-gaiola"></a>Utilizar fator de gaiola<a class="hash-link" href="#utilizar-fator-de-gaiola" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Permite a inserção de um fator de gaiola (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>K</mi><mi>g</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">K_g</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.969438em;vertical-align:-0.286108em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07153em">K</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15139200000000003em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.07153em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">g</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>) no motor de indução. Tal fator eleva o valor da resistência do rotor em condições de grande escorregamento, como ocorre em motores de gaiola dupla ou gaiola profunda. A resistência do rotor segue a seguinte equação:</p><div class="math math-display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>r</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>r</mi><msub><mn>2</mn><mn>0</mn></msub></msub><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>K</mi><mi>g</mi></msub><mi>s</mi><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">r_2 = r_{2_0} \left( 1+K_g s \right)</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.58056em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.036108em;vertical-align:-0.286108em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31731428571428577em"><span style="top:-2.357em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.143em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2501em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em">(</span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07153em">K</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15139200000000003em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.07153em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">g</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mathdefault">s</span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></div><p>Em que:</p><ul><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>r</mi><msub><mn>2</mn><mn>0</mn></msub></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">r_{2_0}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68066em;vertical-align:-0.2501em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31731428571428577em"><span style="top:-2.357em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.143em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2501em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> é a resistência do rotor inserida no formulário.</li></ul><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="característica-da-carga"></a>Característica da carga<a class="hash-link" href="#característica-da-carga" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Descreve a característica do torque da carga mecânica no eixo do motor seguindo a equação do torque mecânico.</p><div class="math math-display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><mo>∝</mo><mi mathvariant="bold">a</mi><mo>+</mo><mi mathvariant="bold">b</mi><mi>ω</mi><mo>+</mo><mi mathvariant="bold">c</mi><msup><mi>ω</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">T_m \propto \bold{a} + \bold{b}\omega + \bold{c}\omega^2</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">m</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">∝</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.66666em;vertical-align:-0.08333em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathbf">a</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.77777em;vertical-align:-0.08333em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathbf">b</span></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em">ω</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8641079999999999em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathbf">c</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em">ω</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8641079999999999em"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="admonition admonition-warning alert alert--danger"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="16" viewBox="0 0 12 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.05.31c.81 2.17.41 3.38-.52 4.31C3.55 5.67 1.98 6.45.9 7.98c-1.45 2.05-1.7 6.53 3.53 7.7-2.2-1.16-2.67-4.52-.3-6.61-.61 2.03.53 3.33 1.94 2.86 1.39-.47 2.3.53 2.27 1.67-.02.78-.31 1.44-1.13 1.81 3.42-.59 4.78-3.42 4.78-5.56 0-2.84-2.53-3.22-1.25-5.61-1.52.13-2.03 1.13-1.89 2.75.09 1.08-1.02 1.8-1.86 1.33-.67-.41-.66-1.19-.06-1.78C8.18 5.31 8.68 2.45 5.05.32L5.03.3l.02.01z"></path></svg></span>Cuidado!</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>A soma dos coeficientes (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>a</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>c</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">a + b + c</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.66666em;vertical-align:-0.08333em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">a</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.77777em;vertical-align:-0.08333em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">b</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">c</span></span></span></span></span>) deve ser unitária.</p></div></div></div><div role="tabpanel" hidden=""><p>O botão "Chaveamento" irá abrir um formulário, comum a vários outros elementos, que permite a inserção e/ou remoção do gerador durante o estudo de <a href="/PSP/docs/stability">estabilidade</a>.</p><p>Nesse formulário pode ser criada uma lista genérica de inserções e remoções da linha no tempo, personalizada por um contexto de propriedades de chaveamento que são editados o tipo de chaveamento (inserção ou remoção) e o instante (em segundos) do evento. Essas propriedades são atribuídas e retiradas da lista genérica por meio dos botões "Adicionar" e "Remover", respectivamente.</p></div></div></div><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="referências"></a>Referências<a class="hash-link" href="#referências" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><ol><li>SÁNCHEZ, J. C.; OLIVARES, T. I. A.; ORTIZ, G. R.; VEGA, D. R. Induction Motor Static Models for Power Flow and Voltage Stability Studies. In: IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, 2012, San Diego. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/PESGM.2012.6345618" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://doi.org/10.1109/PESGM.2012.6345618</a></li><li>IEEE Std 399-1997. IEEE Recommended Practice for Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Analysis (Brown Book). IEEE, New York, ago. 1998. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/IEEESTD.1998.88568" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://doi.org/10.1109/IEEESTD.1998.88568</a></li><li>MILANO, F. Power System Modelling and Scripting. London: Springer, 2010. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13669-6" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13669-6</a></li><li>ARRILLAGA, J.; WATSON, N. R. Computer Modelling of Electrical Power Systems. Wiley & Sons, New York, 2001. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118878286" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118878286</a></li></ol></div></article><div class="margin-vert--xl"><div class="row"><div class="col"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/tree/master/docusaurus/docs/indMotor.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><svg fill="currentColor" height="1.2em" width="1.2em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" role="img" viewBox="0 0 40 40" class="iconEdit_2_ui" aria-label="Edit page"><g><path d="m34.5 11.7l-3 3.1-6.3-6.3 3.1-3q0.5-0.5 1.2-0.5t1.1 0.5l3.9 3.9q0.5 0.4 0.5 1.1t-0.5 1.2z m-29.5 17.1l18.4-18.5 6.3 6.3-18.4 18.4h-6.3v-6.2z"></path></g></svg>Edit this page</a></div></div></div><div class="margin-vert--lg"><nav class="pagination-nav" aria-label="Docs pages navigation"><div class="pagination-nav__item"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/PSP/docs/syncMotor"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Previous</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">« Compensador Síncrono</div></a></div><div class="pagination-nav__item pagination-nav__item--next"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/PSP/docs/controlEditor"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Next</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">Editor de Controle »</div></a></div></nav></div></div></div><div class="col col--3"><div class="tableOfContents_35-E thin-scrollbar"><ul class="table-of-contents table-of-contents__left-border"><li><a href="#motor-de-indução-trifásico-no-psp-ufu" class="table-of-contents__link">Motor de indução trifásico no PSP-UFU</a><ul><li><a href="#motor-de-indução-trifásico-no-cálculo-do-fluxo-de-carga" class="table-of-contents__link">Motor de indução trifásico no cálculo do fluxo de carga</a></li><li><a href="#motor-de-indução-trifásico-no-estudo-de-estabilidade" class="table-of-contents__link">Motor de indução trifásico no estudo de estabilidade</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#formulário-de-edição-dos-geradores-síncronos" class="table-of-contents__link">Formulário de edição dos geradores síncronos</a></li><li><a href="#referências" class="table-of-contents__link">Referências</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></main></div></div><footer class="footer footer--dark"><div class="container"><div class="row footer__links"><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Guide</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a class="footer__link-item" href="/PSP/docs/">PSP-UFU Guide</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://thales1330.github.io/PSP/doxygen/html/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Code Documentation</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Community</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/issues" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Ask a question</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://twitter.com/PspUfu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Twitter</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Site Image Credit</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a href="http://www.freepik.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Images designed by upklyak / slidesgo / macrovector / Freepik</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="footer__bottom text--center"><div class="footer__copyright">Copyright © 2021 Thales Lima Oliveira. 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Simulação</a></li></ul></li><li class="menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist" href="#!">Data Visualization</a><ul class="menu__list"><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/text">Texto Vinculado</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/tabularReport">Relatórios Tabulares</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/graphViewer">Visualizador de Gráficos</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/heatmap">Mapa de Tensão</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><main class="docMainContainer_3ufF"><div class="container padding-vert--lg docItemWrapper_3FMP"><div class="row"><div class="col docItemCol_3FnS"><div class="docItemContainer_33ec"><article><header><h1 class="docTitle_3a4h">PSP-UFU</h1></header><div class="markdown"><div class="admonition admonition-important alert alert--info"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="16" viewBox="0 0 14 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7 2.3c3.14 0 5.7 2.56 5.7 5.7s-2.56 5.7-5.7 5.7A5.71 5.71 0 0 1 1.3 8c0-3.14 2.56-5.7 5.7-5.7zM7 1C3.14 1 0 4.14 0 8s3.14 7 7 7 7-3.14 7-7-3.14-7-7-7zm1 3H6v5h2V4zm0 6H6v2h2v-2z"></path></svg></span>important</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Most of this user guide was written in Brazilian Portuguese. If you want to help me translate this guide, contact-me on <a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/issues" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">GitHub</a> or <a href="https://twitter.com/PspUfu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Twitter</a>.</p></div></div><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="about-psp-ufu"></a>About PSP-UFU<a class="hash-link" href="#about-psp-ufu" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>PSP-UFU (Power Systems Platform of Federal University of Uberlândia) is a <strong>multi-platform</strong>, <strong>multilingual</strong>, <strong>free and open source (FOSS)</strong> software with <strong>advanced GUI (Graphical User Interface) features</strong> and <strong>CAD (Computer Aided Design) tools</strong> for studies of electrical power systems.</p><p>The software allows the construction of any electrical transmission network and control systems through the deployment of visual elements. For viewing the results, the program offers <strong>linked text elements</strong> on the main screen and also <strong>table and graph editors</strong>.</p><p>The PSP-UFU aims to provide efficient simulation tools for <strong>research</strong> and <strong>education</strong> purposes, in addition to <strong>industrial applications</strong> in electrical power systems.</p><p>Briefly, software can perform the following studies:</p><ul><li>Power flow</li><li>Short circuit calculation</li><li>Harmonics</li><li>Transient and dynamic stability</li></ul><h3><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="papers"></a>Papers<a class="hash-link" href="#papers" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h3><p>The articles below have more details about the PSP-UFU:</p><blockquote><p>Oliveira, T. L., Guimarães, G. C., & Silva, L. R. C. (2019). PSP-UFU: An open-source, graphical, and multiplatform software for power system studies. <em>International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems</em>, e12185. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/2050-7038.12185" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1002/2050-7038.12185</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p>Oliveira, T. L., Guimarães, G. C., Silva, L. R., & Rezende, J. O. (2019). Power system education and research applications using free and open-source, graphical and multiplatform PSP-UFU software. <em>The International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Education</em>, 0020720919879058. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0020720919879058" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1177/0020720919879058</a></p></blockquote><p>The PhD. Thesis below details in depth the calculations involved, software architecture and tools implemented in the PSP-UFU:</p><blockquote><p>Oliveira, T. L. (2019). Desenvolvimento de um programa computacional livre, gráfico, e multiplataforma para analisar sistemas elétricos de potência em regime permanente e dinâmico. doi: <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.14393/ufu.te.2019.2444" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.14393/ufu.te.2019.2444</a></p></blockquote><h3><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="contributing-to-the-project"></a>Contributing to the project<a class="hash-link" href="#contributing-to-the-project" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h3><p>If you are interested in contributing to PSP-UFU in any way (development, criticism, suggestions, etc.), contact us at <a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/issues" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">GitHub</a> or <a href="https://twitter.com/PspUfu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Twitter</a>.</p><h3><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="developers"></a>Developer<del>s</del><a class="hash-link" href="#developers" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h3><p><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Thales Lima Oliveira</a></p></div></article><div class="margin-vert--xl"><div class="row"><div class="col"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/tree/master/docusaurus/docs/aboutPSP.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><svg fill="currentColor" height="1.2em" width="1.2em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" role="img" viewBox="0 0 40 40" class="iconEdit_2_ui" aria-label="Edit page"><g><path d="m34.5 11.7l-3 3.1-6.3-6.3 3.1-3q0.5-0.5 1.2-0.5t1.1 0.5l3.9 3.9q0.5 0.4 0.5 1.1t-0.5 1.2z m-29.5 17.1l18.4-18.5 6.3 6.3-18.4 18.4h-6.3v-6.2z"></path></g></svg>Edit this page</a></div></div></div><div class="margin-vert--lg"><nav class="pagination-nav" aria-label="Docs pages navigation"><div class="pagination-nav__item"></div><div class="pagination-nav__item pagination-nav__item--next"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/PSP/docs/installation"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Next</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">Installation »</div></a></div></nav></div></div></div><div class="col col--3"><div class="tableOfContents_35-E thin-scrollbar"><ul class="table-of-contents table-of-contents__left-border"><li><a href="#about-psp-ufu" class="table-of-contents__link">About PSP-UFU</a><ul><li><a href="#papers" class="table-of-contents__link">Papers</a></li><li><a href="#contributing-to-the-project" class="table-of-contents__link">Contributing to the project</a></li><li><a href="#developers" class="table-of-contents__link">Developer<del>s</del></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div></main></div></div><footer class="footer footer--dark"><div class="container"><div class="row footer__links"><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Guide</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a class="footer__link-item" href="/PSP/docs/">PSP-UFU Guide</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://thales1330.github.io/PSP/doxygen/html/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Code Documentation</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Community</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/issues" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Ask a question</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://twitter.com/PspUfu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Twitter</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Site Image Credit</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a href="http://www.freepik.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Images designed by upklyak / slidesgo / macrovector / Freepik</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="footer__bottom text--center"><div class="footer__copyright">Copyright © 2021 Thales Lima Oliveira. 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Simulação</a></li></ul></li><li class="menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist" href="#!">Data Visualization</a><ul class="menu__list"><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/text">Texto Vinculado</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/tabularReport">Relatórios Tabulares</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/graphViewer">Visualizador de Gráficos</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/heatmap">Mapa de Tensão</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><main class="docMainContainer_3ufF"><div class="container padding-vert--lg docItemWrapper_3FMP"><div class="row"><div class="col docItemCol_3FnS"><div class="docItemContainer_33ec"><article><header><h1 class="docTitle_3a4h">Indutor</h1></header><div class="markdown"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/PSP/katex/katex.min.css"><blockquote><p>Um reator destinado à conexão de derivação em uma rede para compensar a corrente capacitiva. <a href="http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=421-01-03" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>tradução livre</em> - IEC 60050</a>.</p></blockquote><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="indutor-no-psp-ufu"></a>Indutor no PSP-UFU<a class="hash-link" href="#indutor-no-psp-ufu" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>O elemento indutor (ou reator) representa, geralmente, reator <em>shunt</em> no circuito do PSP-UFU.</p><p>Os capacitores e reatores exigem somente sua potência reativa como parâmetro. Esses elementos passivos são somente inseridos na matriz admitância cuja impedância é calculada a partir de sua potência e tensão nominais.</p><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="formulário-de-edição-dos-indutores"></a>Formulário de edição dos indutores<a class="hash-link" href="#formulário-de-edição-dos-indutores" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>A imagem abaixo apresenta o formulário de inserção/alteração de dados dos indutores:</p><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/indForm.png" alt="Formulário dos indutores no PSP-UFU" title="Formulário dos indutores no PSP-UFU"></center></div><p>Além do único contexto geral, pode ser observado o botão "Estabilidade" na parte inferior esquerda do formulário. Esse formulário, comum a vários outros elementos, permite a inserção e/ou remoção do indutor durante o estudo de <a href="/PSP/docs/stability">estabilidade</a>.</p><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/indSw.png" alt="Formulário de chaveamento do indutor" title="Formulário de chaveamento do indutor"></center></div><div class="tabs-container"><ul role="tablist" aria-orientation="horizontal" class="tabs"><li role="tab" tabindex="0" aria-selected="true" class="tabs__item tabItem_1uMI tabs__item--active">Geral</li><li role="tab" tabindex="-1" aria-selected="false" class="tabs__item tabItem_1uMI">Botão Estabilidade</li></ul><div class="margin-vert--md"><div role="tabpanel"><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="nome"></a>Nome<a class="hash-link" href="#nome" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Identificação do elemento elétrico. Podem ser inseridos quaisquer números de caracteres no padrão <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Unicode</a>.</p><p>Todos os componentes de potência do PSP-UFU possuem esse campo.</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="potência-reativa"></a>Potência reativa<a class="hash-link" href="#potência-reativa" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Os capacitores e reatores exigem somente sua potência reativa como parâmetro, inserida em Mvar, kvar, var ou <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p.u.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span> (na base de potência do sistema). </p></div><div role="tabpanel" hidden=""><p>O botão "Estabilidade" irá abrir um formulário, comum a vários outros elementos, que permite a inserção e/ou remoção do transformador durante o estudo de <a href="/PSP/docs/stability">estabilidade</a>.</p><p>Nesse formulário pode ser criada uma lista genérica de inserções e remoções da linha no tempo, personalizada por um contexto de propriedades de chaveamento que são editados o tipo de chaveamento (inserção ou remoção) e o instante (em segundos) do evento. Essas propriedades são atribuídas e retiradas da lista genérica por meio dos botões "Adicionar" e "Remover", respectivamente.</p></div></div></div></div></article><div class="margin-vert--xl"><div class="row"><div class="col"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/tree/master/docusaurus/docs/inductor.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><svg fill="currentColor" height="1.2em" width="1.2em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" role="img" viewBox="0 0 40 40" class="iconEdit_2_ui" aria-label="Edit page"><g><path d="m34.5 11.7l-3 3.1-6.3-6.3 3.1-3q0.5-0.5 1.2-0.5t1.1 0.5l3.9 3.9q0.5 0.4 0.5 1.1t-0.5 1.2z m-29.5 17.1l18.4-18.5 6.3 6.3-18.4 18.4h-6.3v-6.2z"></path></g></svg>Edit this page</a></div></div></div><div class="margin-vert--lg"><nav class="pagination-nav" aria-label="Docs pages navigation"><div class="pagination-nav__item"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/PSP/docs/capacitor"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Previous</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">« Capacitor</div></a></div><div class="pagination-nav__item pagination-nav__item--next"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/PSP/docs/harmSource"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Next</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">Fonte de Corrente Harmônica »</div></a></div></nav></div></div></div><div class="col col--3"><div class="tableOfContents_35-E thin-scrollbar"><ul class="table-of-contents table-of-contents__left-border"><li><a href="#indutor-no-psp-ufu" class="table-of-contents__link">Indutor no PSP-UFU</a></li><li><a href="#formulário-de-edição-dos-indutores" class="table-of-contents__link">Formulário de edição dos indutores</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></main></div></div><footer class="footer footer--dark"><div class="container"><div class="row footer__links"><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Guide</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a class="footer__link-item" href="/PSP/docs/">PSP-UFU Guide</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://thales1330.github.io/PSP/doxygen/html/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Code Documentation</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Community</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/issues" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Ask a question</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://twitter.com/PspUfu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Twitter</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Site Image Credit</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a href="http://www.freepik.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Images designed by upklyak / slidesgo / macrovector / Freepik</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="footer__bottom text--center"><div class="footer__copyright">Copyright © 2021 Thales Lima Oliveira. 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Simulação</a></li></ul></li><li class="menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist" href="#!">Data Visualization</a><ul class="menu__list"><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/text">Texto Vinculado</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/tabularReport">Relatórios Tabulares</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/graphViewer">Visualizador de Gráficos</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/heatmap">Mapa de Tensão</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><main class="docMainContainer_3ufF"><div class="container padding-vert--lg docItemWrapper_3FMP"><div class="row"><div class="col docItemCol_3FnS"><div class="docItemContainer_33ec"><article><header><h1 class="docTitle_3a4h">Installation</h1></header><div class="markdown"><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="download"></a>Download<a class="hash-link" href="#download" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>The PSP-UFU can be downloaded from the <a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/releases/latest" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>last release</em> of the PSP-UFU repository on GitHub</a>.</p><p>When accessing the link, scroll down the page until you find the <em> Assets </em>:</p><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/download.png" alt="Assets download" title="Informações da Figura"></center></div><p>As the PSP-UFU is a multiplatform software, you must download the correct file:</p><ul><li>For the operating system <a href="/PSP/docs/installation#windows">Windows</a> download the files <em>.exe</em> (recommended) or <em>.zip</em>.</li><li>For <a href="/PSP/docs/installation#linux">Linux</a> systems based on Debian (for example, Ubuntu, Mint) <em>64 bits</em> download the installation package <em>.deb</em>.</li></ul><div class="admonition admonition-tip alert alert--success"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="16" viewBox="0 0 12 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M6.5 0C3.48 0 1 2.19 1 5c0 .92.55 2.25 1 3 1.34 2.25 1.78 2.78 2 4v1h5v-1c.22-1.22.66-1.75 2-4 .45-.75 1-2.08 1-3 0-2.81-2.48-5-5.5-5zm3.64 7.48c-.25.44-.47.8-.67 1.11-.86 1.41-1.25 2.06-1.45 3.23-.02.05-.02.11-.02.17H5c0-.06 0-.13-.02-.17-.2-1.17-.59-1.83-1.45-3.23-.2-.31-.42-.67-.67-1.11C2.44 6.78 2 5.65 2 5c0-2.2 2.02-4 4.5-4 1.22 0 2.36.42 3.22 1.19C10.55 2.94 11 3.94 11 5c0 .66-.44 1.78-.86 2.48zM4 14h5c-.23 1.14-1.3 2-2.5 2s-2.27-.86-2.5-2z"></path></svg></span>Tip</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>If you are interested in contributing to PSP-UFU by building it for other operating systems (mainly macOS!) Contact us at <a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/issues" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">GitHub</a> or <a href="https://twitter.com/PspUfu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Twitter</a>.</p></div></div><p>Following are the step-by-step instructions for installing the <a href="/PSP/docs/installation#windows">Windows</a> and <a href="/PSP/docs/installation#linux">Linux</a> OSs. Solutions for the most recurring errors are also presented.</p><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="windows"></a>Windows<a class="hash-link" href="#windows" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>After downloading the <em>.exe</em> file, proceed with each installer step. The executable will automatically request the installation of <strong>Microsoft Visual C ++ Redistributable</strong> and, if it is not installed on your computer, perform the program's procedures.</p><p>If the executable fails to open, download the <em>.zip</em> file and unzip it to a folder on your system. In that case, it is necessary to manually download and install <a href="https://aka.ms/vs/16/release/vc_redist.x86.exe" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><strong>Microsoft Visual C ++ Redistributable 32 bits</strong></a>.</p><p>After the installation is complete, open the PSP-UFU to verify the correct installation. The executable is present in the folder "<em><instalation_path>/PSP-UFU/bin/PSP-UFU.exe</em>".</p><h3><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="recurring-windows-problems"></a>Recurring Windows problems<a class="hash-link" href="#recurring-windows-problems" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h3><ul><li>When downloading the browser you can <strong>falsely</strong> signal that it is a dangerous file, just click on "Keep file";</li><li>When opening the installer, Windows again signals that the file is dangerous, just click "Run anyway";</li><li>When opening the program and changing your language, an error message is displayed. To solve this problem, just run PSP-UFU as an administrator (right click on the program shortcut and then run as administrator). Change the language again and restart the program;</li><li>When creating a new project, the work screen is not displayed or a black screen is displayed. Go to the general options and change the renderer to "Device Context". If an error message appears, run the program as an administrator and repeat the process. Restart the program.</li></ul><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="linux"></a>Linux<a class="hash-link" href="#linux" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>Installation on the Linux system is easily accomplished by the <em> .deb </em> automatic installation package.</p><div class="admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"></path></svg></span>Attention!</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Note that this version for Linux is out of date and some features of the program may not be present.</p><p>If you want to contribute to the project and build the current version on the Linux system based on Debian or other distributions, contact us through <a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/issues" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">GitHub</a> or <a href="https://twitter.com/PspUfu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Twitter</a>.</p></div></div><h3><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="recurring-linux-problems"></a>Recurring Linux problems<a class="hash-link" href="#recurring-linux-problems" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h3><p>It may be necessary to add the <a href="https://wiki.wxwidgets.org/Compiling_and_getting_started#Running_wxWidgets_projects" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">wxWidgets libraries directory</a> in the environment variables. To do this, follow <strong>ONE</strong> of the methods presented below:</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="method-i-recommended"></a><em> Method I (recommended) </em><a class="hash-link" href="#method-i-recommended" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Enter the following command in the <strong>~ / .bashrc</strong> file:</p><div class="codeBlockContainer_K1bP"><div class="codeBlockContent_hGly shell"><div tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-shell codeBlock_23N8 thin-scrollbar"><div class="codeBlockLines_39YC" style="color:#bfc7d5;background-color:#292d3e"><div class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token builtin class-name" style="color:rgb(255, 203, 107)">echo</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">"export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=</span><span class="token string variable" style="color:rgb(191, 199, 213)">$LD_LIBRARY_PATH</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">:/usr/local/lib"</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">>></span><span class="token plain"> ~/.bashrc</span></div></div></div><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" class="copyButton_Ue-o">Copy</button></div></div><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="method-ii-not-recommended"></a><em> Method II (not recommended) </em><a class="hash-link" href="#method-ii-not-recommended" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><div class="admonition admonition-warning alert alert--danger"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="16" viewBox="0 0 12 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.05.31c.81 2.17.41 3.38-.52 4.31C3.55 5.67 1.98 6.45.9 7.98c-1.45 2.05-1.7 6.53 3.53 7.7-2.2-1.16-2.67-4.52-.3-6.61-.61 2.03.53 3.33 1.94 2.86 1.39-.47 2.3.53 2.27 1.67-.02.78-.31 1.44-1.13 1.81 3.42-.59 4.78-3.42 4.78-5.56 0-2.84-2.53-3.22-1.25-5.61-1.52.13-2.03 1.13-1.89 2.75.09 1.08-1.02 1.8-1.86 1.33-.67-.41-.66-1.19-.06-1.78C8.18 5.31 8.68 2.45 5.05.32L5.03.3l.02.01z"></path></svg></span>Watch out!</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Using this method, the steps below should be performed <strong> every time </strong> that you want to open PSP-UFU.</p></div></div><ol><li>Open the terminal and access the directory where the PSP-UFU is installed:</li></ol><div class="codeBlockContainer_K1bP"><div class="codeBlockContent_hGly shell"><div tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-shell codeBlock_23N8 thin-scrollbar"><div class="codeBlockLines_39YC" style="color:#bfc7d5;background-color:#292d3e"><div class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain">cd/usr/local/bin</span></div></div></div><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" class="copyButton_Ue-o">Copy</button></div></div><ol start="2"><li>Insert the shared libraries of wxWidgets in the environment variables:</li></ol><div class="codeBlockContainer_K1bP"><div class="codeBlockContent_hGly shell"><div tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-shell codeBlock_23N8 thin-scrollbar"><div class="codeBlockLines_39YC" style="color:#bfc7d5;background-color:#292d3e"><div class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token builtin class-name" style="color:rgb(255, 203, 107)">export</span><span class="token plain"> LD_LIBRARY_PATH </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">=</span><span class="token plain"> $ LD_LIBRARY_PATH: / usr / </span><span class="token builtin class-name" style="color:rgb(255, 203, 107)">local</span><span class="token plain"> / lib</span></div></div></div><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" class="copyButton_Ue-o">Copy</button></div></div><ol start="3"><li>Then, run PSP-UFU in the <strong> same section </strong> of the terminal:</li></ol><div class="codeBlockContainer_K1bP"><div class="codeBlockContent_hGly shell"><div tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-shell codeBlock_23N8 thin-scrollbar"><div class="codeBlockLines_39YC" style="color:#bfc7d5;background-color:#292d3e"><div class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain">./PSP-UFU</span></div></div></div><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" class="copyButton_Ue-o">Copy</button></div></div><div class="admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"></path></svg></span>Attention!</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Check that the computer has the video units installed correctly, otherwise the program will not display the desktop to create and edit single line diagrams or control block diagrams.</p></div></div></div></article><div class="margin-vert--xl"><div class="row"><div class="col"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/tree/master/docusaurus/docs/installation.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><svg fill="currentColor" height="1.2em" width="1.2em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" role="img" viewBox="0 0 40 40" class="iconEdit_2_ui" aria-label="Edit page"><g><path d="m34.5 11.7l-3 3.1-6.3-6.3 3.1-3q0.5-0.5 1.2-0.5t1.1 0.5l3.9 3.9q0.5 0.4 0.5 1.1t-0.5 1.2z m-29.5 17.1l18.4-18.5 6.3 6.3-18.4 18.4h-6.3v-6.2z"></path></g></svg>Edit this page</a></div></div></div><div class="margin-vert--lg"><nav class="pagination-nav" aria-label="Docs pages navigation"><div class="pagination-nav__item"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/PSP/docs/"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Previous</div><div 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saída são variáveis relacionadas às máquinas síncronas. Cada tipo de entrada e saída está relacionada a um regulador da máquina: <strong>Regulador de Tensão (AVR, do inglês <em>Automatic Voltage Regulator</em>)</strong> e <strong>Regulador de Velocidade (RV)</strong>.</p><div class="admonition admonition-warning alert alert--danger"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="16" viewBox="0 0 12 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.05.31c.81 2.17.41 3.38-.52 4.31C3.55 5.67 1.98 6.45.9 7.98c-1.45 2.05-1.7 6.53 3.53 7.7-2.2-1.16-2.67-4.52-.3-6.61-.61 2.03.53 3.33 1.94 2.86 1.39-.47 2.3.53 2.27 1.67-.02.78-.31 1.44-1.13 1.81 3.42-.59 4.78-3.42 4.78-5.56 0-2.84-2.53-3.22-1.25-5.61-1.52.13-2.03 1.13-1.89 2.75.09 1.08-1.02 1.8-1.86 1.33-.67-.41-.66-1.19-.06-1.78C8.18 5.31 8.68 2.45 5.05.32L5.03.3l.02.01z"></path></svg></span>Cuidado!</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>O sistema de controle deve ter <strong>ao menos uma entrada e uma saída</strong>.</p></div></div><p>As entradas e saídas do sistema de controle são definidas por esses blocos, os quais são distintos para cada tipo de escopo. A figura abaixo apresenta um exemplo de um formulário de edição das entradas e saídas de um AVR:</p><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/ioForm.png" alt="Formulário de edição de entradas e saídas de sistemas de controle de um AVR" title="Formulário de edição de entradas e saídas de sistemas de controle de um AVR"></center></div><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="variáveis-de-entrada-e-saída"></a>Variáveis de entrada e saída<a class="hash-link" href="#variáveis-de-entrada-e-saída" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>O usuário deve sinalizar o tipo de bloco entre entrada e saída e, então, selecionar em uma lista a variável desejada. As seguintes variáveis de controle estão atualmente disponíveis no programa:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Tensão terminal</strong> (<em>entrada: AVR</em>): Módulo da tensão no barramento da máquina síncrona, em <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p.u.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span>, variável no tempo. Essa variável é normalmente utilizada no cálculo do erro da tensão de referência do AVR;</p></li><li><p><strong>Velocidade</strong> (<em>entrada: AVR e RV</em>): Velocidade da máquina síncrona, em rad/s, variável no tempo. Normalmente utilizada no cálculo do erro de velocidade nos reguladores de velocidade, além de entrada do PSS em AVRs;</p></li><li><p><strong>Potência ativa e reativa</strong> (<em>entrada: AVR</em>): Potência ativa fornecida pela máquina síncrona, em <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p.u.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span>, variável no tempo. Normalmente utilizada como entrada do PSS (potência ativa) e controle de sub e sobrecorrente de excitação nos AVRs;</p></li><li><p><strong>Tensão terminal inicial</strong> (<em>entrada: AVR</em>): Módulo da tensão no barramento da máquina síncrona prévia ao estudo dinâmico originado do fluxo de carga, em <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p.u.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span>, fixo no tempo. Essa variável está normalmente associada à referência de tensão do AVR;</p></li><li><p><strong>Velocidade inicial</strong> (<em>entrada: AVR e RV</em>): Velocidade do sistema (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mn>2</mn><mi>π</mi><msub><mi>f</mi><mrow><mi>r</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>f</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">2 \pi f_{ref}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.980548em;vertical-align:-0.286108em"></span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em">π</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.10764em">f</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3361079999999999em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.10764em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">e</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.10764em">f</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>), definida nas <a href="/PSP/docs/simulationConfig">opções de simulação</a>, em rad/s, fixa no tempo. Normalmente utiliza-se essa variável como referência de velocidade em RVs e normalização da velocidade;</p></li><li><p><strong>Potência mecânica inicial</strong> (<em>entrada: RV</em>): Potência mecânica inicial, calculada após a inicialização das máquinas síncronas com os dados originados do fluxo de carga, em <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p.u.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span>, fixa no tempo. Normalmente é utilizada como referência de potência mecânica nos reguladores de velocidade;</p></li><li><p><strong>Variação de velocidade e potência ativa</strong> (<em>entrada: AVR</em>): Cálculo da variação dessas entradas entre os passos de integração normalizada pelo passo de integração, conforme a equação:</p><div class="math math-display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>n</mi></msub><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></mrow><mi>h</mi></mfrac></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\Delta x = \frac{x_n-x_{n-1}}{h}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.9463300000000001em;vertical-align:-0.686em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.26033em"><span style="top:-2.314em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">h</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.301108em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span><span class="mbin mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.686em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><p>Em que:</p><ul><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\Delta x</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span></span></span></span></span> é a variação da entrada (velocidade ou potência ativa);</li><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>n</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x_n</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.58056em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> e <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>x</mi><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x_{n-1}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.638891em;vertical-align:-0.208331em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.301108em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span><span class="mbin mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> é a variável no passo atual e anterior, respectivamente;</li><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>h</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">h</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.69444em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">h</span></span></span></span></span> é o passo de integração.</li></ul><div class="admonition admonition-info alert alert--info"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="16" viewBox="0 0 14 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7 2.3c3.14 0 5.7 2.56 5.7 5.7s-2.56 5.7-5.7 5.7A5.71 5.71 0 0 1 1.3 8c0-3.14 2.56-5.7 5.7-5.7zM7 1C3.14 1 0 4.14 0 8s3.14 7 7 7 7-3.14 7-7-3.14-7-7-7zm1 3H6v5h2V4zm0 6H6v2h2v-2z"></path></svg></span>Informação</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>A normalização é necessária para a correta utilização da razão de passo de controle, definida nas <a href="/PSP/docs/simulationConfig">configurações de simulação</a>.</p></div></div></li><li><p><strong>Tensão de campo</strong> (<em>saída: AVR</em>): Define a tensão aplicada ao campo na máquina síncrona, em <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p.u.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span> Utilizada como saída dos AVRs, controlando principalmente tensão no barramento conectado e/ou fator de potência da máquina;</p></li><li><p><strong>Potência mecânica</strong> (<em>saída: RV</em>): Define qual a potência mecânica aplicada no eixo da máquina síncrona. Utilizada como saída dos reguladores de velocidade, controlando principalmente a potência ativa injetada pela máquina e sua frequência.</p></li></ul></div></article><div class="margin-vert--xl"><div class="row"><div class="col"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/tree/master/docusaurus/docs/io.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><svg fill="currentColor" height="1.2em" width="1.2em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" role="img" viewBox="0 0 40 40" class="iconEdit_2_ui" aria-label="Edit page"><g><path d="m34.5 11.7l-3 3.1-6.3-6.3 3.1-3q0.5-0.5 1.2-0.5t1.1 0.5l3.9 3.9q0.5 0.4 0.5 1.1t-0.5 1.2z m-29.5 17.1l18.4-18.5 6.3 6.3-18.4 18.4h-6.3v-6.2z"></path></g></svg>Edit this page</a></div></div></div><div class="margin-vert--lg"><nav class="pagination-nav" aria-label="Docs pages navigation"><div class="pagination-nav__item"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/PSP/docs/controlEditor"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Previous</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">« Editor de Controle</div></a></div><div class="pagination-nav__item pagination-nav__item--next"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/PSP/docs/transferFunction"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Next</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">Função Transferência »</div></a></div></nav></div></div></div><div class="col col--3"><div class="tableOfContents_35-E thin-scrollbar"><ul class="table-of-contents table-of-contents__left-border"><li><a href="#variáveis-de-entrada-e-saída" class="table-of-contents__link">Variáveis de entrada e saída</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></main></div></div><footer class="footer footer--dark"><div class="container"><div class="row footer__links"><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Guide</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a class="footer__link-item" href="/PSP/docs/">PSP-UFU Guide</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://thales1330.github.io/PSP/doxygen/html/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Code Documentation</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Community</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/issues" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Ask a question</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://twitter.com/PspUfu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Twitter</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Site Image Credit</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a href="http://www.freepik.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Images designed by upklyak / slidesgo / macrovector / Freepik</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="footer__bottom text--center"><div class="footer__copyright">Copyright © 2021 Thales Lima Oliveira. 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class="menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist" href="#!">Data Visualization</a><ul class="menu__list"><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/text">Texto Vinculado</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/tabularReport">Relatórios Tabulares</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/graphViewer">Visualizador de Gráficos</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/heatmap">Mapa de Tensão</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><main class="docMainContainer_3ufF"><div class="container padding-vert--lg docItemWrapper_3FMP"><div class="row"><div class="col docItemCol_3FnS"><div class="docItemContainer_33ec"><article><header><h1 class="docTitle_3a4h">Limitador absoluto</h1></header><div class="markdown"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/PSP/katex/katex.min.css"><p>Os blocos de limite absoluto cumprem a função de restringir os valores de entrada de acordo com os limites máximos e mínimos inseridos pelo usuário. Caso a entrada ultrapasse algum dos limites impostos, a saída será igual a esse valor limite até que a entrada retorne para a faixa permitida.</p><p>As restrições máximas e mínimas de valores dos sistemas de controle são modeladas utilizando um Limitador, cuja implementação é bastante simples e segue a seguinte expressão:</p><div class="math math-display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>y</mi><mi>n</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mrow><mo fence="true">{</mo><mtable rowspacing="0.3599999999999999em" columnalign="left left" columnspacing="1em"><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><msub><mi>L</mi><mrow><mi>s</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>p</mi></mrow></msub><mo separator="true" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">,</mo></mrow></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><mtext>se </mtext><msub><mi>u</mi><mi>n</mi></msub><mo>></mo><msub><mi>L</mi><mrow><mi>s</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>p</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><msub><mi>u</mi><mi>n</mi></msub><mo separator="true" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">,</mo></mrow></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><mtext>se </mtext><msub><mi>L</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>f</mi></mrow></msub><mo>≤</mo><msub><mi>u</mi><mi>n</mi></msub><mo>≤</mo><msub><mi>L</mi><mrow><mi>s</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>p</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><msub><mi>L</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>f</mi></mrow></msub><mo separator="true" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">,</mo></mrow></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><mtext>se </mtext><msub><mi>u</mi><mi>n</mi></msub><mo><</mo><msub><mi>L</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>f</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr></mtable></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">y_n = \begin{cases} L_{sup}{,} & \text{se } u_n > L_{sup} \\ u_n{,} & \text{se } L_{inf} \le u_n \le L_{sup}\\ L_{inf}{,} & \text{se } u_n < L_{inf} \end{cases}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em">y</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:4.32em;vertical-align:-1.9099999999999997em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen"><span class="delimsizing mult"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.35002em"><span style="top:-2.19999em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎩</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.19499em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎪</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.20499em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎪</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.15001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎨</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.2950099999999996em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎪</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.30501em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎪</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.60002em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎧</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.8500199999999998em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-l"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.41em"><span style="top:-4.41em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.008em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">L</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15139200000000003em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">s</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">u</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">p</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mpunct">,</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.97em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.008em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mpunct">,</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-1.5300000000000002em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.008em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">L</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3361079999999999em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.10764em">f</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mpunct">,</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.9099999999999997em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="arraycolsep" style="width:1em"></span><span class="col-align-l"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.41em"><span style="top:-4.41em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.008em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">se </span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">L</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15139200000000003em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">s</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">u</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">p</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.97em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.008em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">se </span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">L</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3361079999999999em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.10764em">f</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">≤</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">≤</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">L</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15139200000000003em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">s</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">u</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">p</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-1.5300000000000002em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.008em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">se </span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel"><</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">L</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3361079999999999em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.10764em">f</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.9099999999999997em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><p>Em que:</p><ul><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>y</mi><mi>n</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">y_n</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em">y</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> Éé o valor de saída atual do bloco</li><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>L</mi><mrow><mi>s</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>p</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">L_{sup}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.969438em;vertical-align:-0.286108em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">L</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15139200000000003em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">s</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">u</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">p</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> e <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>L</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>f</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">L_{inf}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.969438em;vertical-align:-0.286108em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">L</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3361079999999999em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.10764em">f</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> são os limites superior e inferior, respectivamente</li><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>u</mi><mi>n</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">u_n</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.58056em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> é o valor de entrada atual do bloco</li></ul><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="formulário-de-edição-do-bloco-limitador"></a>Formulário de edição do bloco Limitador<a class="hash-link" href="#formulário-de-edição-do-bloco-limitador" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>A figura abaixo apresenta o formulário de edição de dados do bloco limitador.</p><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/limiterForm.png" alt="Formulário de edição de dados do bloco limitador no PSP-UFU" title="Formulário de edição de dados do bloco limitador no PSP-UFU"></center></div><p>Esse bloco não linear é definido pelo <strong>limite superior e inferior</strong>, inseridos pelo usuário.</p><div class="admonition admonition-info alert alert--info"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="16" viewBox="0 0 14 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7 2.3c3.14 0 5.7 2.56 5.7 5.7s-2.56 5.7-5.7 5.7A5.71 5.71 0 0 1 1.3 8c0-3.14 2.56-5.7 5.7-5.7zM7 1C3.14 1 0 4.14 0 8s3.14 7 7 7 7-3.14 7-7-3.14-7-7-7zm1 3H6v5h2V4zm0 6H6v2h2v-2z"></path></svg></span>Informação</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Tais blocos são bastante encontrados nos sistemas de controle para limitar a atuação do controlador, além de representar limites físicos de modelos implementados, como, por exemplo, valores máximos de corrente de excitação ou potência mecânica fornecida pelas turbinas.</p></div></div></div></article><div class="margin-vert--xl"><div class="row"><div class="col"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/tree/master/docusaurus/docs/limiter.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><svg fill="currentColor" height="1.2em" width="1.2em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" role="img" viewBox="0 0 40 40" class="iconEdit_2_ui" aria-label="Edit page"><g><path d="m34.5 11.7l-3 3.1-6.3-6.3 3.1-3q0.5-0.5 1.2-0.5t1.1 0.5l3.9 3.9q0.5 0.4 0.5 1.1t-0.5 1.2z m-29.5 17.1l18.4-18.5 6.3 6.3-18.4 18.4h-6.3v-6.2z"></path></g></svg>Edit this page</a></div></div></div><div class="margin-vert--lg"><nav class="pagination-nav" aria-label="Docs pages navigation"><div class="pagination-nav__item"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/PSP/docs/exponential"><div 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href="/PSP/docs/const">Constante</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/gain">Ganho</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/mathExpression">Expressão Matemática</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist" href="#!">Simulations</a><ul class="menu__list"><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/powerFlow">Fluxo de Potência</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/fault">Curto-Circuito</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/harmonics">Harmônicos</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/stability">Estabilidade</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/simulationConfig">Configurações da Simulação</a></li></ul></li><li class="menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist" href="#!">Data Visualization</a><ul class="menu__list"><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/text">Texto Vinculado</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/tabularReport">Relatórios Tabulares</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/graphViewer">Visualizador de Gráficos</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/heatmap">Mapa de Tensão</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><main class="docMainContainer_3ufF"><div class="container padding-vert--lg docItemWrapper_3FMP"><div class="row"><div class="col docItemCol_3FnS"><div class="docItemContainer_33ec"><article><header><h1 class="docTitle_3a4h">Linha</h1></header><div class="markdown"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/PSP/katex/katex.min.css"><blockquote><p>Um meio de transmissão fabricado usado para transmitir energia eletromagnética entre dois pontos com um mínimo de radiação. <a href="http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=704-02-02" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>tradução livre</em> - IEC 60050</a>.</p></blockquote><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="linha-no-psp-ufu"></a>Linha no PSP-UFU<a class="hash-link" href="#linha-no-psp-ufu" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>As linhas no PSP-UFU são modelos <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>π</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\pi</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em">π</span></span></span></span></span> equilibradas. Podem ser utilizadas como linhas de transmissão e distribuição de sistemas elétricos de potência.</p><p>A figura abaixo mostra o modelo <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>π</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\pi</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em">π</span></span></span></span></span> implementado no PSP-UFU:</p><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/lineModel.svg" alt="Modelo PI da linha" title="Modelo PI da linha"></center></div><p>Em que:</p><ul><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi><mi mathvariant="bold">L</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\bold{r_L}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.59444em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathbf">r</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33027699999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathbf mtight">L</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> é a resistência da linha;</li><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi><mi mathvariant="bold">L</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\bold{x_L}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.59444em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathbf">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33027699999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathbf mtight">L</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> é a reatância indutiva da linha;</li><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi mathvariant="bold">b</mi><mi mathvariant="bold">L</mi><mi mathvariant="bold">d</mi></msubsup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\bold{b_{L}^{d}}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.126385em;vertical-align:-0.277277em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathbf">b</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.849108em"><span style="top:-2.4227230000000004em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathbf mtight">L</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathbf mtight">d</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.277277em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> é a susceptância capacitiva <em>shunt</em> da linha.</li></ul><div class="admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"></path></svg></span>Atenção</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>O modelo utilizado no PSP-UFU é <strong>equilibrado</strong> e <strong>não possui impedâncias mútuas</strong> entre as fases.</p></div></div><p>A linha pode ser inseridas com pontos de ancoragem, ou "nós", para maior personalização gráfica do elemento, como apresentado nas <a href="/PSP/docs/cadTools#linha">Ferramentas CAD</a>.</p><div class="admonition admonition-warning alert alert--danger"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="16" viewBox="0 0 12 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.05.31c.81 2.17.41 3.38-.52 4.31C3.55 5.67 1.98 6.45.9 7.98c-1.45 2.05-1.7 6.53 3.53 7.7-2.2-1.16-2.67-4.52-.3-6.61-.61 2.03.53 3.33 1.94 2.86 1.39-.47 2.3.53 2.27 1.67-.02.78-.31 1.44-1.13 1.81 3.42-.59 4.78-3.42 4.78-5.56 0-2.84-2.53-3.22-1.25-5.61-1.52.13-2.03 1.13-1.89 2.75.09 1.08-1.02 1.8-1.86 1.33-.67-.41-.66-1.19-.06-1.78C8.18 5.31 8.68 2.45 5.05.32L5.03.3l.02.01z"></path></svg></span>Cuidado!</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>A linha deve ser inserida entre duas barras de <strong>mesma tensão nominal</strong>. Caso você tente inseri-la entre barras de tensão diferentes, uma mensagem de erro será exibida.</p></div></div><div class="admonition admonition-tip alert alert--success"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="16" viewBox="0 0 12 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M6.5 0C3.48 0 1 2.19 1 5c0 .92.55 2.25 1 3 1.34 2.25 1.78 2.78 2 4v1h5v-1c.22-1.22.66-1.75 2-4 .45-.75 1-2.08 1-3 0-2.81-2.48-5-5.5-5zm3.64 7.48c-.25.44-.47.8-.67 1.11-.86 1.41-1.25 2.06-1.45 3.23-.02.05-.02.11-.02.17H5c0-.06 0-.13-.02-.17-.2-1.17-.59-1.83-1.45-3.23-.2-.31-.42-.67-.67-1.11C2.44 6.78 2 5.65 2 5c0-2.2 2.02-4 4.5-4 1.22 0 2.36.42 3.22 1.19C10.55 2.94 11 3.94 11 5c0 .66-.44 1.78-.86 2.48zM4 14h5c-.23 1.14-1.3 2-2.5 2s-2.27-.86-2.5-2z"></path></svg></span>Dica</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Um arranjo série de uma <a href="/PSP/docs/line">linha</a> sem as susceptâncias <em>shunt</em>, um <a href="/PSP/docs/bus">barramento</a> e um <a href="/PSP/docs/capacitor">capacitor</a> pode ser utilizado para fabricar um filtro passivo nos <a href="/PSP/docs/harmonics">estudos harmônicos</a>. Em versões futuras, um elemento de filtro passivo será implementado no PSP-UFU.</p></div></div><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="formulário-de-edição-das-linhas"></a>Formulário de edição das linhas<a class="hash-link" href="#formulário-de-edição-das-linhas" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>A imagem abaixo apresenta o formulário de inserção/alteração de dados das linhas de transmissão:</p><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/lineForm.png" alt="Formulário das linhas no PSP-UFU" title="Formulário das linhas no PSP-UFU"></center></div><p>Esse formulário é subdividido em dois contextos distintos:</p><ul><li><strong>Geral</strong>: no qual são inseridas informações gerais da linha e informações do fluxo de carga;</li><li><strong>Falta</strong>: local onde as impedâncias de sequência zero são inseridas.</li></ul><div class="admonition admonition-info alert alert--info"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="16" viewBox="0 0 14 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7 2.3c3.14 0 5.7 2.56 5.7 5.7s-2.56 5.7-5.7 5.7A5.71 5.71 0 0 1 1.3 8c0-3.14 2.56-5.7 5.7-5.7zM7 1C3.14 1 0 4.14 0 8s3.14 7 7 7 7-3.14 7-7-3.14-7-7-7zm1 3H6v5h2V4zm0 6H6v2h2v-2z"></path></svg></span>Informação</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Os parâmetros necessários para construção da linha segundo seu modelo <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>π</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\pi</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em">π</span></span></span></span></span> são inseridos na aba Geral, utilizados para construção da matriz admitância de sequência positiva e negativa.</p><p>Dados adicionais de impedâncias de sequência zero necessário para o cálculo de curtos-circuitos desbalanceados são editados na aba Falta, utilizados na construção da matriz admitância de sequência zero.</p></div></div><p>Além desses dois contextos, pode ser observado o botão "Estabilidade" na parte inferior esquerda do formulário. Esse formulário, comum a vários outros elementos, permite a inserção e/ou remoção da linha durante o estudo de <a href="/PSP/docs/stability">estabilidade</a>.</p><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/lineSw.png" alt="Formulário de chaveamento da linha" title="Formulário de chaveamento da linha"></center></div><div class="tabs-container"><ul role="tablist" aria-orientation="horizontal" class="tabs"><li role="tab" tabindex="0" aria-selected="true" class="tabs__item tabItem_1uMI tabs__item--active">Geral</li><li role="tab" tabindex="-1" aria-selected="false" class="tabs__item tabItem_1uMI">Falta</li><li role="tab" tabindex="-1" aria-selected="false" class="tabs__item tabItem_1uMI">Botão Estabilidade</li></ul><div class="margin-vert--md"><div role="tabpanel"><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="nome"></a>Nome<a class="hash-link" href="#nome" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Identificação do elemento elétrico. Podem ser inseridos quaisquer números de caracteres no padrão <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Unicode</a>.</p><p>Todos os componentes de potência do PSP-UFU possuem esse campo.</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="tensão-nominal"></a>Tensão nominal<a class="hash-link" href="#tensão-nominal" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Campo de informação <em>não editável</em> que apresenta a tensão nominal da linha. Para alterar esse campo é necessário editar o campo correspondente do <a href="/PSP/docs/bus#geral">barramento</a> conectado.</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="potência-nominal"></a>Potência nominal<a class="hash-link" href="#potência-nominal" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Potência nominal da linha, inserida em MVA, kVA ou VA.</p><p>Esse campo é especialmente importante caso a opção "Utilizar a potência nominal como base" esteja marcada.</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="parâmetros-do-modelo-pi"></a>Parâmetros do modelo <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>π</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\pi</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em">π</span></span></span></span></span><a class="hash-link" href="#parâmetros-do-modelo-pi" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Resistência (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>r</mi><mi>L</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">r_L</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.58056em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">L</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>), Reatância indutiva (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>L</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x_L</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.58056em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">L</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>) série e Susceptância capacitiva shunt <strong>total</strong> (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mn>2</mn><msubsup><mi>b</mi><mi>L</mi><mi>d</mi></msubsup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">2b_{L}^{d}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.124439em;vertical-align:-0.275331em"></span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">b</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.849108em"><span style="top:-2.424669em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">L</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.275331em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>) presentes no modelo <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>π</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\pi</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em">π</span></span></span></span></span> da linha.</p><p>Esses parâmetros são inseridos em <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p.u.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span>, <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\Omega</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord">Ω</span></span></span></span></span> ou <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>k</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\Omega/km</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em"></span><span class="mord">Ω</span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03148em">k</span><span class="mord mathdefault">m</span></span></span></span></span> (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>S</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">S</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05764em">S</span></span></span></span></span> ou <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>S</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>k</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">S/km</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05764em">S</span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03148em">k</span><span class="mord mathdefault">m</span></span></span></span></span> para <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>b</mi><mi>L</mi><mi>d</mi></msubsup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">b_{L}^{d}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.124439em;vertical-align:-0.275331em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">b</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.849108em"><span style="top:-2.424669em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">L</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.275331em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>).</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="comprimento-da-linha"></a>Comprimento da linha<a class="hash-link" href="#comprimento-da-linha" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Utilizado para calcular o valor dos parâmetros da linha inseridos em <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>k</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\Omega/km</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em"></span><span class="mord">Ω</span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03148em">k</span><span class="mord mathdefault">m</span></span></span></span></span> (ou <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>S</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>k</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">S/km</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05764em">S</span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03148em">k</span><span class="mord mathdefault">m</span></span></span></span></span>).</p><div class="admonition admonition-info alert alert--info"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="16" viewBox="0 0 14 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7 2.3c3.14 0 5.7 2.56 5.7 5.7s-2.56 5.7-5.7 5.7A5.71 5.71 0 0 1 1.3 8c0-3.14 2.56-5.7 5.7-5.7zM7 1C3.14 1 0 4.14 0 8s3.14 7 7 7 7-3.14 7-7-3.14-7-7-7zm1 3H6v5h2V4zm0 6H6v2h2v-2z"></path></svg></span>Informação</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>O comprimento da linha é ignorado caso não sejam utilizadas as unidades por quilometro.</p></div></div><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="utilizar-potência-nominal-como-base"></a>Utilizar potência nominal como base<a class="hash-link" href="#utilizar-potência-nominal-como-base" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Caso essa opção seja marcada, o programa irá utilizar a potência nominal da linha como base para a conversão das unidades, caso contrário será usada a <a href="/PSP/docs/simulationConfig">potência base do sistema</a>.</p></div><div role="tabpanel" hidden=""><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="parâmetros-do-modelo-pi-de-sequência-zero"></a>Parâmetros do modelo <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>π</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\pi</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em">π</span></span></span></span></span> de sequência zero<a class="hash-link" href="#parâmetros-do-modelo-pi-de-sequência-zero" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Esses parâmetros são necessários para o correto cálculo das correntes de <a href="/PSP/docs/fault">falta desbalanceadas</a> (fase-fase, fase-fase-terra e fase-terra) e devem ser inseridos em <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p.u.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span></p><div class="admonition admonition-warning alert alert--danger"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="16" viewBox="0 0 12 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.05.31c.81 2.17.41 3.38-.52 4.31C3.55 5.67 1.98 6.45.9 7.98c-1.45 2.05-1.7 6.53 3.53 7.7-2.2-1.16-2.67-4.52-.3-6.61-.61 2.03.53 3.33 1.94 2.86 1.39-.47 2.3.53 2.27 1.67-.02.78-.31 1.44-1.13 1.81 3.42-.59 4.78-3.42 4.78-5.56 0-2.84-2.53-3.22-1.25-5.61-1.52.13-2.03 1.13-1.89 2.75.09 1.08-1.02 1.8-1.86 1.33-.67-.41-.66-1.19-.06-1.78C8.18 5.31 8.68 2.45 5.05.32L5.03.3l.02.01z"></path></svg></span>Cuidado!</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>A não inserção desses dados acarretarão em resultados incorretos para <a href="/PSP/docs/fault">faltas desbalanceadas</a>.</p></div></div></div><div role="tabpanel" hidden=""><p>O botão "Estabilidade" irá abrir um formulário, comum a vários outros elementos, que permite a inserção e/ou remoção da linha durante o estudo de <a href="/PSP/docs/stability">estabilidade</a>.</p><p>Nesse formulário pode ser criada uma lista genérica de inserções e remoções da linha no tempo, personalizada por um contexto de propriedades de chaveamento que são editados o tipo de chaveamento (inserção ou remoção) e o instante (em segundos) do evento. 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class="docTitle_3a4h">Carga</h1></header><div class="markdown"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/PSP/katex/katex.min.css"><blockquote><ol><li>a potência ativa, reativa ou aparente gerada, transmitida ou distribuída dentro de um sistema;</li><li>a potência demandada por um grupo de consumidores classificados de acordo com suas particularidades e características, por exemplo, carga de aquecimento, carga reativa diurna, etc. <a href="http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=601-01-15" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>tradução livre</em> - IEC 60050</a>.</li></ol></blockquote><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="carga-no-psp-ufu"></a>Carga no PSP-UFU<a class="hash-link" href="#carga-no-psp-ufu" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>As cargas são os elementos de potência consumidores de potência genéricos. Nos estudos de fluxo de carga é possível modelar a carga como <strong>potência ou impedância constante</strong> e em estabilidade pode-se compor a carga na proporção desejada em três tipos (<strong>carga ZIP</strong>): potência constante, impedância constante e corrente constante.</p><p>As cargas de potência constante nos estudos de fluxo de carga são inseridos no vetor de potências e permanecem fixos durante toda a simulação.</p><p>Os elementos shunt, como reatores, banco de capacitores e cargas de impedância constante, são representados simplesmente por suas admitâncias em derivação. Como os parâmetros de entrada geralmente se constituem de suas potências ativa (P) e reativa (Q) nominais (no caso de reatores e capacitores, P=0), deve-se, portanto, encontrar sua admitância com a equação abaixo para inseri-la na matriz admitância:</p><div class="math math-display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mover accent="true"><mi>y</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>P</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>j</mi><mi>Q</mi></mrow><msup><mover accent="true"><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mn>2</mn></msup></mfrac></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\overline{y} = \frac{P-jQ}{\dot{V}^2}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.825em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.63056em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em">y</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.55056em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.19444em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.17052em;vertical-align:-0.8101900000000001em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.3603299999999998em"><span style="top:-2.18981em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.13889em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.740108em"><span style="top:-2.9890000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05724em">j</span><span class="mord mathdefault">Q</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8101900000000001em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"></path></svg></span>Atenção!</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Para os estudos de <strong>curto-circuito</strong> e <strong>harmônicos</strong> as cargas são modeladas como impedância constante, independentemente da sinalização indicada em seu formulário de edição de dados.</p></div></div><h3><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="carga-no-estudo-de-estabilidade"></a>Carga no estudo de estabilidade<a class="hash-link" href="#carga-no-estudo-de-estabilidade" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h3><p>A modelagem das cargas do sistema de forma exata se torna impraticável em um problemas de estabilidade, visto à grande quantidade e variedade dos componentes envolvidos, além de apresentar modificações em suas composições causado por vários fatores, como tempo, condições climáticas e economia. Portanto várias aproximações devem ser utilizadas na formulação de um modelo de carga nos estudos aqui postos.</p><p>Uma forma interessante de se representar cargas dependentes da tensão são as cargas ZIP, as quais são funções quadráticas, possuindo três parcelas: impedância constante (Z), corrente constante (I) e potência constante (P). As potências ativa e reativa são obtidas pelas seguintes equações:</p><div class="math math-display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>P</mi><mi>L</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>P</mi><mrow><mi>Z</mi><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub><msup><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><mfrac><msub><mi>V</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><msub><mi>V</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub></mfrac><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>P</mi><mrow><mi>I</mi><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><mfrac><msub><mi>V</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mrow><msub><mi>V</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mn>0</mn></mrow></mfrac><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>P</mi><mrow><mi>P</mi><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">P_L=P_{Z0} \left(\frac{V_i}{V_{i0}} \right)^2+P_{I0} \left(\frac{V_i}{V_i0} \right)+P_{P0}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">L</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.604038em;vertical-align:-0.95003em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.07153em">Z</span><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size3">(</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.36033em"><span style="top:-2.3139999999999996em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8360000000000001em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size3">)</span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.6540080000000001em"><span style="top:-3.9029000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.40003em;vertical-align:-0.95003em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size3">(</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.36033em"><span style="top:-2.3139999999999996em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord">0</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8360000000000001em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size3">)</span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="math math-display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>Q</mi><mi>L</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>Q</mi><mrow><mi>Z</mi><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub><msup><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><mfrac><msub><mi>V</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><msub><mi>V</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub></mfrac><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>Q</mi><mrow><mi>I</mi><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><mfrac><msub><mi>V</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mrow><msub><mi>V</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mn>0</mn></mrow></mfrac><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>Q</mi><mrow><mi>P</mi><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">Q_L=Q_{Z0} \left(\frac{V_i}{V_{i0}} \right)^2+Q_{I0} \left(\frac{V_i}{V_i0} \right)+Q_{P0}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8777699999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">Q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">L</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.604038em;vertical-align:-0.95003em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">Q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.07153em">Z</span><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size3">(</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.36033em"><span style="top:-2.3139999999999996em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8360000000000001em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size3">)</span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.6540080000000001em"><span style="top:-3.9029000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.40003em;vertical-align:-0.95003em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">Q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size3">(</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.36033em"><span style="top:-2.3139999999999996em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord">0</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8360000000000001em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size3">)</span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8777699999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">Q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><p>Em que:</p><p><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>P</mi><mi>L</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">P_L</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">L</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> e <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>Q</mi><mi>L</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">Q_L</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8777699999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">Q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">L</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> são as potências ativa e reativa da carga ZIP, respectivamente, conectadas em uma barra genérica i;</p><p><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>V</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">V_i</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> é a tensão atual de uma barra genérica i;</p><p><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>V</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">V_{i0}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> é a tensão inicial de uma barra genérica i, obtida do estudo de fluxo de carga;</p><p><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>P</mi><mrow><mi>Z</mi><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">P_{Z0}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.07153em">Z</span><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> e <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>Q</mi><mrow><mi>Z</mi><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">Q_{Z0}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8777699999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">Q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.07153em">Z</span><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> são as parcelas de impedância constante para potências ativa e reativa, respectivamente;</p><p><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>P</mi><mrow><mi>I</mi><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">P_{I0}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> e <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>Q</mi><mrow><mi>I</mi><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">Q_{I0}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8777699999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">Q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> são as parcelas de corrente constante para potências ativa e reativa, respectivamente;</p><p><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>P</mi><mrow><mi>P</mi><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">P_{P0}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> e <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>Q</mi><mrow><mi>P</mi><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">Q_{P0}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8777699999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">Q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> são as parcelas de potência constante para potências ativa e reativa, respectivamente.</p><p>Os valores das parcelas de potência da carga ZIP são obtidos utilizando as potências da carga após a convergência do cálculo do fluxo de carga (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>P</mi><mrow><mi>L</mi><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">P_{L0}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">L</span><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>, para a potência ativa e <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>Q</mi><mrow><mi>L</mi><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">Q_{L0}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8777699999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">Q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">L</span><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>, para a potência reativa), utilizando as seguintes expressões:</p><div class="math math-display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo fence="true">{</mo><mtable rowspacing="0.3599999999999999em" columnalign="left left" columnspacing="1em"><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><msub><mi>P</mi><mrow><mi>Z</mi><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mfrac><msub><mi>k</mi><mrow><mi>P</mi><mi>Z</mi></mrow></msub><mn>100</mn></mfrac><mfrac><msub><mi>P</mi><mrow><mi>L</mi><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub><msubsup><mi>V</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi><mn>0</mn></mrow><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mfrac></mstyle></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><msub><mi>P</mi><mrow><mi>I</mi><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mfrac><msub><mi>k</mi><mrow><mi>P</mi><mi>I</mi></mrow></msub><mn>100</mn></mfrac><mfrac><msub><mi>P</mi><mrow><mi>L</mi><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub><msub><mi>V</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub></mfrac></mstyle></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><msub><mi>P</mi><mrow><mi>P</mi><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mfrac><msub><mi>k</mi><mrow><mi>P</mi><mi>P</mi></mrow></msub><mn>100</mn></mfrac><msub><mi>P</mi><mrow><mi>L</mi><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub></mstyle></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr></mtable></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{cases} P_{Z0}=\displaystyle \frac{k_{PZ}}{100} \frac{P_{L0}}{V_{i0}^2}\\ P_{I0}=\displaystyle \frac{k_{PI}}{100} \frac{P_{L0}}{V_{i0}}\\ P_{P0}=\displaystyle \frac{k_{PP}}{100} P_{L0} \end{cases}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:6.60004em;vertical-align:-3.05002em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen"><span class="delimsizing mult"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.5500200000000004em"><span style="top:-0.9999899999999999em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎩</span></span></span><span style="top:-0.99499em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎪</span></span></span><span style="top:-1.2899900000000002em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎪</span></span></span><span style="top:-1.5849900000000003em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎪</span></span></span><span style="top:-1.8799900000000005em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎪</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.1749900000000006em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎪</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.2049900000000004em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎪</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.1500100000000004em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎨</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.29501em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎪</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.59001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎪</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.885010000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎪</span></span></span><span style="top:-5.180010000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎪</span></span></span><span style="top:-5.475010000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎪</span></span></span><span style="top:-5.50501em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎪</span></span></span><span style="top:-5.80002em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎧</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.05002em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-l"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.5495919999999996em"><span style="top:-5.549592em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.3714399999999998em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.07153em">Z</span><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.37144em"><span style="top:-2.314em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mord">0</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03148em">k</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03148em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.07153em">Z</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.686em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.36033em"><span style="top:-2.314em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7959080000000001em"><span style="top:-2.4231360000000004em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.0448000000000004em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.27686399999999994em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">L</span><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9628639999999999em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.215288em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.3714399999999998em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.37144em"><span style="top:-2.314em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mord">0</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03148em">k</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03148em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.686em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.36033em"><span style="top:-2.3139999999999996em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">L</span><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8360000000000001em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-1.007848em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.3714399999999998em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.37144em"><span style="top:-2.314em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mord">0</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03148em">k</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03148em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.686em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">L</span><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.0495919999999996em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><p>Os valores de <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>k</mi><mrow><mi>P</mi><mi>Z</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">k_{PZ}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.84444em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03148em">k</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03148em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.07153em">Z</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>, <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>k</mi><mrow><mi>P</mi><mi>I</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">k_{PI}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.84444em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03148em">k</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03148em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> e <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>k</mi><mrow><mi>P</mi><mi>P</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">k_{PP}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.84444em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03148em">k</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03148em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> representam a composição em impedância, corrente e potência constantes, respectivamente, da parcela ativa da carga, os quais são inseridos pelo usuário na forma de porcentagem, sendo a soma desses três valores necessariamente igual a 100%. Os parâmetros <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>k</mi><mrow><mi>Q</mi><mi>Z</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">k_{QZ}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.980548em;vertical-align:-0.286108em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03148em">k</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.328331em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03148em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">Q</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.07153em">Z</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>, <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>k</mi><mrow><mi>Q</mi><mi>I</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">k_{QI}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.980548em;vertical-align:-0.286108em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03148em">k</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.328331em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03148em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">Q</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> e <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>k</mi><mrow><mi>Q</mi><mi>P</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">k_{QP}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.980548em;vertical-align:-0.286108em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03148em">k</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.328331em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03148em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">Q</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> podem ser interpretados de forma análoga, porém compõe a parcela reativa da carga.</p><p>O comportamento das potências, retiradas de simulações no PSP-UFU, de cada parcela que compõe a carga ZIP são evidenciadas na figura abaixo.</p><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/loadModel.svg" alt="Comportamento da carga ZIP implementada no software: (a) curva de Tensão x Potência; (b) Curva de Tensão x Corrente" title="Comportamento da carga ZIP implementada no software: (a) curva de Tensão x Potência; (b) Curva de Tensão x Corrente"></center></div><p>Cargas de corrente e potência constantes possuem problemas em tensões muito baixas. À medida que a tensão diminui as correntes dessas cargas não reduz, como pode ser observado na figura acima, resultando em perda de precisão e problemas na convergência de processos iterativos. Para contornar esse problema utiliza-se uma tensão pré-definida pelo usuário (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>V</mi><mrow><mi>l</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>w</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">V_{low}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.01968em">l</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">o</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.02691em">w</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>), a qual as cargas (ou parcelas) de corrente e potência constantes são modeladas como impedância constante, resultando no comportamento de potência e corrente apresentados na figura acima.</p><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="formulário-de-edição-das-cargas"></a>Formulário de edição das cargas<a class="hash-link" href="#formulário-de-edição-das-cargas" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>A imagem abaixo apresenta o formulário de inserção/alteração de dados das cargas:</p><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/loadForm.png" alt="Formulário das cargas no PSP-UFU" title="Formulário das cargas no PSP-UFU"></center></div><p>Esse formulário é subdividido em dois contextos distintos:</p><ul><li><strong>Geral</strong>: no qual são inseridas informações gerais das cargas, informações e o tipo de carga no fluxo de carga;</li><li><strong>Estabilidade</strong>: contendo opções de visualização de dados da carga em gráficos no tempo e opções de parametrização da carga ZIP.</li></ul><p>Além desses dois contextos, pode ser observado o botão "Chaveamento" na parte inferior esquerda do formulário. Esse formulário, comum a vários outros elementos, permite a inserção e/ou remoção da carga durante o estudo de <a href="/PSP/docs/stability">estabilidade</a>.</p><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/loadSw.png" alt="Formulário de chaveamento da carga" title="Formulário de chaveamento da carga"></center></div><div class="tabs-container"><ul role="tablist" aria-orientation="horizontal" class="tabs"><li role="tab" tabindex="0" aria-selected="true" class="tabs__item tabItem_1uMI tabs__item--active">Geral</li><li role="tab" tabindex="-1" aria-selected="false" class="tabs__item tabItem_1uMI">Estabilidade</li><li role="tab" tabindex="-1" aria-selected="false" class="tabs__item tabItem_1uMI">Botão Chaveamento</li></ul><div class="margin-vert--md"><div role="tabpanel"><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="nome"></a>Nome<a class="hash-link" href="#nome" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Identificação do elemento elétrico. Podem ser inseridos quaisquer números de caracteres no padrão <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Unicode</a>.</p><p>Todos os componentes de potência do PSP-UFU possuem esse campo.</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="potência-ativa"></a>Potência ativa<a class="hash-link" href="#potência-ativa" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Parcela de potência ativa da carga. Pode ser inserido em MW, kW W ou <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p.u.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span> (na base do sistema).</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="potência-reativa"></a>Potência reativa<a class="hash-link" href="#potência-reativa" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Parcela de potência reativa da carga. Pode ser inserido em Mvar, kvar var ou <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p.u.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span> (na base do sistema).</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="tipo-de-carga-fluxo-de-carga"></a>Tipo de carga (fluxo de carga)<a class="hash-link" href="#tipo-de-carga-fluxo-de-carga" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Tipo da carga para o estudo de fluxo de carga, podendo ser selecionado dois tipos: Potência constante e Impedância constante. As cargas de potência constantes são inseridas nos vetores de potência e permanecem invariantes no cálculo, enquanto que para as cargas de impedância constante determina-se o valor da impedância utilizando a potência e tensão nominal, a qual é inserida na matriz admitância.</p></div><div role="tabpanel" hidden=""><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="imprimir-dados"></a>Imprimir dados<a class="hash-link" href="#imprimir-dados" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Exibe os dados da carga nos gráficos no tempo. Os seguintes dados são exibidos:</p><ul><li>módulo da tensão</li><li>corrente</li><li>potências ativa e reativa.</li></ul><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="utilizar-composição-de-carga-zip"></a>Utilizar composição de carga ZIP<a class="hash-link" href="#utilizar-composição-de-carga-zip" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Permite compor a carga ZIP para estudos de estabilidade. Caso essa opção não esteja selecionada é usada a composição global definida nas <a href="/PSP/docs/simulationConfig">configurações de simulação</a>.</p><div class="admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"></path></svg></span>Atenção</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Por padrão, todas as cargas no PSP-UFU são definidas como impedância constante no estudo de estabilidade.</p></div></div><div class="admonition admonition-tip alert alert--success"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="16" viewBox="0 0 12 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M6.5 0C3.48 0 1 2.19 1 5c0 .92.55 2.25 1 3 1.34 2.25 1.78 2.78 2 4v1h5v-1c.22-1.22.66-1.75 2-4 .45-.75 1-2.08 1-3 0-2.81-2.48-5-5.5-5zm3.64 7.48c-.25.44-.47.8-.67 1.11-.86 1.41-1.25 2.06-1.45 3.23-.02.05-.02.11-.02.17H5c0-.06 0-.13-.02-.17-.2-1.17-.59-1.83-1.45-3.23-.2-.31-.42-.67-.67-1.11C2.44 6.78 2 5.65 2 5c0-2.2 2.02-4 4.5-4 1.22 0 2.36.42 3.22 1.19C10.55 2.94 11 3.94 11 5c0 .66-.44 1.78-.86 2.48zM4 14h5c-.23 1.14-1.3 2-2.5 2s-2.27-.86-2.5-2z"></path></svg></span>Dica</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Caso todas as barras possuírem o mesmo comportamento de carga ZIP, a parametrização poderá ser realizada nas <a href="/PSP/docs/simulationConfig">configurações de simulação</a> para todas as cargas, sem a necessidade de parametrização individual.</p></div></div><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="composição-de-potência-ativa-e-reativa"></a>Composição de potência ativa e reativa<a class="hash-link" href="#composição-de-potência-ativa-e-reativa" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Valores da composição da carga ZIP, inseridas para potência ativa e reativa separadamente, em porcentagem. A soma da composição deve ser igual a 100%, caso contrário será exibida uma mensagem de erro ao usuário.</p></div><div role="tabpanel" hidden=""><p>O botão "Chaveamento" irá abrir um formulário, comum a vários outros elementos, que permite a inserção e/ou remoção do transformador durante o estudo de <a href="/PSP/docs/stability">estabilidade</a>.</p><p>Nesse formulário pode ser criada uma lista genérica de inserções e remoções da linha no tempo, personalizada por um contexto de propriedades de chaveamento que são editados o tipo de chaveamento (inserção ou remoção) e o instante (em segundos) do evento. Essas propriedades são atribuídas e retiradas da lista genérica por meio dos botões "Adicionar" e "Remover", respectivamente.</p></div></div></div></div></article><div class="margin-vert--xl"><div class="row"><div class="col"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/tree/master/docusaurus/docs/load.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><svg fill="currentColor" height="1.2em" width="1.2em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" role="img" viewBox="0 0 40 40" class="iconEdit_2_ui" aria-label="Edit page"><g><path d="m34.5 11.7l-3 3.1-6.3-6.3 3.1-3q0.5-0.5 1.2-0.5t1.1 0.5l3.9 3.9q0.5 0.4 0.5 1.1t-0.5 1.2z m-29.5 17.1l18.4-18.5 6.3 6.3-18.4 18.4h-6.3v-6.2z"></path></g></svg>Edit this page</a></div></div></div><div class="margin-vert--lg"><nav class="pagination-nav" aria-label="Docs pages navigation"><div class="pagination-nav__item"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/PSP/docs/transformer"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Previous</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">« Transformador</div></a></div><div class="pagination-nav__item pagination-nav__item--next"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/PSP/docs/capacitor"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Next</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">Capacitor »</div></a></div></nav></div></div></div><div class="col col--3"><div class="tableOfContents_35-E thin-scrollbar"><ul class="table-of-contents table-of-contents__left-border"><li><a href="#carga-no-psp-ufu" class="table-of-contents__link">Carga no PSP-UFU</a><ul><li><a href="#carga-no-estudo-de-estabilidade" class="table-of-contents__link">Carga no estudo de estabilidade</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#formulário-de-edição-das-cargas" class="table-of-contents__link">Formulário de edição das cargas</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></main></div></div><footer class="footer footer--dark"><div class="container"><div class="row footer__links"><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Guide</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a class="footer__link-item" href="/PSP/docs/">PSP-UFU Guide</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://thales1330.github.io/PSP/doxygen/html/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Code Documentation</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Community</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/issues" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Ask a question</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://twitter.com/PspUfu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Twitter</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Site Image Credit</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a href="http://www.freepik.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Images designed by upklyak / slidesgo / macrovector / Freepik</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="footer__bottom text--center"><div class="footer__copyright">Copyright © 2021 Thales Lima Oliveira. 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Simulação</a></li></ul></li><li class="menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist" href="#!">Data Visualization</a><ul class="menu__list"><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/text">Texto Vinculado</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/tabularReport">Relatórios Tabulares</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/graphViewer">Visualizador de Gráficos</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/heatmap">Mapa de Tensão</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><main class="docMainContainer_3ufF"><div class="container padding-vert--lg docItemWrapper_3FMP"><div class="row"><div class="col docItemCol_3FnS"><div class="docItemContainer_33ec"><article><header><h1 class="docTitle_3a4h">Main Screen</h1></header><div class="markdown"><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="organization-of-the-main-screen"></a>Organization of the main screen<a class="hash-link" href="#organization-of-the-main-screen" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>The main screen of the PSP-UFU is divided into three sections: <em><a href="/PSP/docs/mainScreen#menu-ribbon">Menu "Ribbon"</a></em>, <em><a href="/PSP/docs/mainScreen#desktop-area">Desktop</a></em> and <em><a href="/PSP/docs/mainScreen#status-bar">Toolbar Status</a></em>.</p><div> <center> <img src="/PSP/images/mainScreen.svg" alt="Main screen" title="PSP-UFU main screen on Windows"> </center> </div><p>Briefly, in the <strong>Ribbon Menu</strong> the PSP-UFU tools are accessed; in <strong>Work Area</strong> single-line power diagrams are created; and the <strong>Status Bar</strong> displays important information about the status of the Work Area.</p><h3><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="ribbon-menu"></a>Ribbon Menu<a class="hash-link" href="#ribbon-menu" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h3><blockquote><p>In computing, the ribbon menu is a GUI-based interface presentation format where the toolbar is shown through a wider bar with larger icons enabling applications to be used by <em>touch screen</em> devices. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribbon_(computing)" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Wikipedia</a></p></blockquote><p>The Ribbon menu consists of three submenus: "File", "Tools" and "Simulation".</p><div> <center> <img src="/PSP/images/menuFile.png" alt="File menu" title="File menu"> </center> </div><p>In <strong>File</strong> are the general tools of the program, which allow the user to create and save new projects, in addition to those that make it possible to load existing projects and import files from other programs. This submenu also has general program options and access to information about the program.</p><div> <center> <img src="/PSP/images/menuTools.png" alt="Tools Menu" title="Tools Menu"> </center> </div><p>In <strong>Tools</strong> there are specific items, which are related to the creation and manipulation of the power grid, tabular data output reports and access to the form for creating graphs over time. Some settings specific to the active project are accessed through this menu.</p><div> <center> <img src="/PSP/images/menuSimulation.png" alt="Simulation Menu" title="Simulation Menu"> </center> </div><p>Finally, the <strong>Simulation</strong> submenu provides user access to the calculations performed by the software and its settings, in addition to the “continuous solution” tool, which solves the static calculations (power flow, short circuit and harmonics) after any changes to the power grid, such as removing a component or changing its data. All simulation settings for the active project are accessed through this menu.</p><h3><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="workspace"></a>Workspace<a class="hash-link" href="#workspace" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h3><p>In the work area are present the projects in execution, which are divided by tabs identified by the name of the project (if already recorded on the disc). It is in this area that the electrical elements are inserted and excluded, whose tools are accessed through the <a href="/PSP/docs/mainScreen#menu-ribbon">Menu Ribbon</a>.</p><p>The graphic edits of the elements, such as position, connection and size of the busbars, are performed through the action drag-and-drop using the mouse. The editing of the electrical data is done through data forms accessed by double clicking on the elements.</p><div> <center> <img src="/PSP/images/workspace.png" alt="Workspace" title="Workspace"> </center> </div><h3><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="status-bar"></a>Status Bar<a class="hash-link" href="#status-bar" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h3><p>The status bar is responsible for interesting information about the current circumstances of the program: mode of operation of the mouse (edit, move, drag), zoom applied and position of the mouse on the desktop, in addition to data on the actions of users, such as : insertion of elements, information about copying and pasting, etc.</p><div class="admonition admonition-tip alert alert--success"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="16" viewBox="0 0 12 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M6.5 0C3.48 0 1 2.19 1 5c0 .92.55 2.25 1 3 1.34 2.25 1.78 2.78 2 4v1h5v-1c.22-1.22.66-1.75 2-4 .45-.75 1-2.08 1-3 0-2.81-2.48-5-5.5-5zm3.64 7.48c-.25.44-.47.8-.67 1.11-.86 1.41-1.25 2.06-1.45 3.23-.02.05-.02.11-.02.17H5c0-.06 0-.13-.02-.17-.2-1.17-.59-1.83-1.45-3.23-.2-.31-.42-.67-.67-1.11C2.44 6.78 2 5.65 2 5c0-2.2 2.02-4 4.5-4 1.22 0 2.36.42 3.22 1.19C10.55 2.94 11 3.94 11 5c0 .66-.44 1.78-.86 2.48zM4 14h5c-.23 1.14-1.3 2-2.5 2s-2.27-.86-2.5-2z"></path></svg></span>Tip</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p><strong>Always keep an eye on the status bar</strong>, as important information about the program's operation is provided. If you have any questions follow the instructions presented in that component.</p></div></div><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="general-settings"></a>General settings<a class="hash-link" href="#general-settings" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>The general settings of the program are accessed in the Ribbon <strong> File </strong> submenu. These settings are applied to all projects and remain recorded on the disc.</p><div> <center> <img src="/PSP/images/generalSettings.png" alt="General settings" title="General settings"> </center> </div><div class="admonition admonition-warning alert alert--danger"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="16" viewBox="0 0 12 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.05.31c.81 2.17.41 3.38-.52 4.31C3.55 5.67 1.98 6.45.9 7.98c-1.45 2.05-1.7 6.53 3.53 7.7-2.2-1.16-2.67-4.52-.3-6.61-.61 2.03.53 3.33 1.94 2.86 1.39-.47 2.3.53 2.27 1.67-.02.78-.31 1.44-1.13 1.81 3.42-.59 4.78-3.42 4.78-5.56 0-2.84-2.53-3.22-1.25-5.61-1.52.13-2.03 1.13-1.89 2.75.09 1.08-1.02 1.8-1.86 1.33-.67-.41-.66-1.19-.06-1.78C8.18 5.31 8.68 2.45 5.05.32L5.03.3l.02.01z"></path></svg></span>Caution</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Some security settings on your computer (especially on Windows systems) may generate an error message when confirming changes to general settings.</p><p>To solve this problem just <strong>run PSP-UFU as an administrator</strong> (right click on the program shortcut and then run as administrator). Change the settings again and restart the program.</p></div></div><h3><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="language"></a>Language<a class="hash-link" href="#language" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h3><p>The following languages are currently available on PSP-UFU:</p><ul><li>English</li><li>Portuguese</li></ul><div class="admonition admonition-info alert alert--info"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="16" viewBox="0 0 14 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7 2.3c3.14 0 5.7 2.56 5.7 5.7s-2.56 5.7-5.7 5.7A5.71 5.71 0 0 1 1.3 8c0-3.14 2.56-5.7 5.7-5.7zM7 1C3.14 1 0 4.14 0 8s3.14 7 7 7 7-3.14 7-7-3.14-7-7-7zm1 3H6v5h2V4zm0 6H6v2h2v-2z"></path></svg></span>Information</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>The program must be restarted to have the effect of changing the language.</p></div></div><h3><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="rendering"></a>Rendering<a class="hash-link" href="#rendering" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h3><p>Defines how the graphic elements of the [power editor] (powerEditor) and [control editor] (controlEditor) are drawn on the screen. Currently two options are available:</p><ul><li><a href="https://www.opengl.org/about/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">OpenGL</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.wxwidgets.org/3.0/classwx_graphics_context.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Device Context</a></li></ul><div class="admonition admonition-warning alert alert--danger"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="16" viewBox="0 0 12 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.05.31c.81 2.17.41 3.38-.52 4.31C3.55 5.67 1.98 6.45.9 7.98c-1.45 2.05-1.7 6.53 3.53 7.7-2.2-1.16-2.67-4.52-.3-6.61-.61 2.03.53 3.33 1.94 2.86 1.39-.47 2.3.53 2.27 1.67-.02.78-.31 1.44-1.13 1.81 3.42-.59 4.78-3.42 4.78-5.56 0-2.84-2.53-3.22-1.25-5.61-1.52.13-2.03 1.13-1.89 2.75.09 1.08-1.02 1.8-1.86 1.33-.67-.41-.66-1.19-.06-1.78C8.18 5.31 8.68 2.45 5.05.32L5.03.3l.02.01z"></path></svg></span>Watch out!</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>OpenGL may not be supported by your computer. In this case, when creating a new project, the work screen is not displayed or a black screen is displayed. The solution is to change the renderer to "Device Context".</p><p>If an error message appears, run the program as an administrator and repeat the process.</p></div></div><div class="admonition admonition-info alert alert--info"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="16" viewBox="0 0 14 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7 2.3c3.14 0 5.7 2.56 5.7 5.7s-2.56 5.7-5.7 5.7A5.71 5.71 0 0 1 1.3 8c0-3.14 2.56-5.7 5.7-5.7zM7 1C3.14 1 0 4.14 0 8s3.14 7 7 7 7-3.14 7-7-3.14-7-7-7zm1 3H6v5h2V4zm0 6H6v2h2v-2z"></path></svg></span>Information</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>The program must be restarted to have the effect of changing the renderer.</p></div></div><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="psp-ufu-project-files"></a>PSP-UFU project files<a class="hash-link" href="#psp-ufu-project-files" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>The options for creating, saving and opening projects on the disk, as well as importing files from other programs are present in the Ribbon <strong>File</strong> submenu.</p><h3><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="new-project"></a>New project<a class="hash-link" href="#new-project" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h3><p>The creation of a new project is done by clicking the <strong>New project</strong> button in the [submenu <strong>File</strong>](mainScreen # menu-ribbon). This action creates a blank system in the work area, where it is possible to insert the electrical elements through the <a href="/PSP/docs/mainScreen#menu-ribbon">submenu <strong>Tools</strong></a> or by the <a href="/PSP/docs/powerEditor#keys-shortcut">shortcut keys</a>.</p><p>This blank system can be created using the <a href="/PSP/docs/powerEditor">Power Editor</a>.</p><h3><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="save-and-save-as-"></a>Save and Save As ...<a class="hash-link" href="#save-and-save-as-" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h3><p>The "Save" option overrides the changes made to the open project and saves it to disk. The "Save as ..." option creates a new file and saves the project to the disk with the help of a folder selection window (and definition of the file name).</p><div class="admonition admonition-info alert alert--info"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="16" viewBox="0 0 14 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7 2.3c3.14 0 5.7 2.56 5.7 5.7s-2.56 5.7-5.7 5.7A5.71 5.71 0 0 1 1.3 8c0-3.14 2.56-5.7 5.7-5.7zM7 1C3.14 1 0 4.14 0 8s3.14 7 7 7 7-3.14 7-7-3.14-7-7-7zm1 3H6v5h2V4zm0 6H6v2h2v-2z"></path></svg></span>Information</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>For projects that are being recorded for the first time, the "Save" option behaves in the same way as the "Save as ..." option.</p></div></div><div class="admonition admonition-tip alert alert--success"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="16" viewBox="0 0 12 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M6.5 0C3.48 0 1 2.19 1 5c0 .92.55 2.25 1 3 1.34 2.25 1.78 2.78 2 4v1h5v-1c.22-1.22.66-1.75 2-4 .45-.75 1-2.08 1-3 0-2.81-2.48-5-5.5-5zm3.64 7.48c-.25.44-.47.8-.67 1.11-.86 1.41-1.25 2.06-1.45 3.23-.02.05-.02.11-.02.17H5c0-.06 0-.13-.02-.17-.2-1.17-.59-1.83-1.45-3.23-.2-.31-.42-.67-.67-1.11C2.44 6.78 2 5.65 2 5c0-2.2 2.02-4 4.5-4 1.22 0 2.36.42 3.22 1.19C10.55 2.94 11 3.94 11 5c0 .66-.44 1.78-.86 2.48zM4 14h5c-.23 1.14-1.3 2-2.5 2s-2.27-.86-2.5-2z"></path></svg></span>Tip</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>PSP-UFU saves files with the extension <em> .psp </em>. These files are nothing more than text files using <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markup_language" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">markup language</a> XML (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">eXtensible Markup Language</a>), which defines a series of rules for formatting data so that it is both human and machine readable.</p><p>Therefore, the electrical data contained in them can be easily identified and changed, if necessary.</p></div></div><h3><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="open-project"></a>Open project<a class="hash-link" href="#open-project" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h3><p>This option opens the projects recorded on the disc through the aid of a file selection window.</p><h3><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="import-project"></a>Import project<a class="hash-link" href="#import-project" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h3><p>PSP-UFU allows the import of files from the following programs:</p><ul><li><a href="http://www.cepel.br/pt_br/produtos/programas-computacionais-por-categoria/menu/anarede-analise-de-redes-eletricas.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">ANAREDE</a></li><li><a href="https://matpower.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Matpower</a></li></ul><p>To import <strong>ANAREDE</strong> files, both the electrical data file (<em>.pwf</em>) and the graphic data of the elements (<em>.lst</em>) are used.</p><p>Since the <strong>Matpower</strong> file (<em>.m</em>) does not have graphic data of the electrical elements, the single-line diagram is automatically generated by PSP-UFU when importing it.</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="automatic-layout-generation-of-single-line-diagrams"></a>Automatic layout generation of single-line diagrams<a class="hash-link" href="#automatic-layout-generation-of-single-line-diagrams" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>To create the automatic layout, we used the theory of graphs based on positioning directed to the force and application of graphs with weighted edges. According to graph theory, the system is modeled as vertices and edges. In this context, the busbars are the vertices and the branches of the system (lines and transformers) are the edges. The locations of branch elements, as well as the nodes of the elements, are automatically controlled by the PSP-UFU.</p><p>The automatic layout tool is composed of an iterative process and the results are more refined with a greater number of iterations. The best results are obtained using the number of iterations equal to or greater than five times the number of buses in the system.</p><div class="admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"></path></svg></span>Attention!</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>The automatic layout is still under development and some improvements can be made to avoid intersections and overlaps, however, in its current state, it is fully functional and satisfactory.</p></div></div><div class="admonition admonition-tip alert alert--success"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="16" viewBox="0 0 12 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M6.5 0C3.48 0 1 2.19 1 5c0 .92.55 2.25 1 3 1.34 2.25 1.78 2.78 2 4v1h5v-1c.22-1.22.66-1.75 2-4 .45-.75 1-2.08 1-3 0-2.81-2.48-5-5.5-5zm3.64 7.48c-.25.44-.47.8-.67 1.11-.86 1.41-1.25 2.06-1.45 3.23-.02.05-.02.11-.02.17H5c0-.06 0-.13-.02-.17-.2-1.17-.59-1.83-1.45-3.23-.2-.31-.42-.67-.67-1.11C2.44 6.78 2 5.65 2 5c0-2.2 2.02-4 4.5-4 1.22 0 2.36.42 3.22 1.19C10.55 2.94 11 3.94 11 5c0 .66-.44 1.78-.86 2.48zM4 14h5c-.23 1.14-1.3 2-2.5 2s-2.27-.86-2.5-2z"></path></svg></span>Tip</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Since Matpower can convert CDF (Common Data Format) and PSS/E RAW formats to <em>.m</em> files, these can be imported indirectly into PSP-UFU.</p></div></div></div></article><div class="margin-vert--xl"><div class="row"><div class="col"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/tree/master/docusaurus/docs/mainScreen.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><svg fill="currentColor" height="1.2em" width="1.2em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" role="img" viewBox="0 0 40 40" class="iconEdit_2_ui" aria-label="Edit page"><g><path d="m34.5 11.7l-3 3.1-6.3-6.3 3.1-3q0.5-0.5 1.2-0.5t1.1 0.5l3.9 3.9q0.5 0.4 0.5 1.1t-0.5 1.2z m-29.5 17.1l18.4-18.5 6.3 6.3-18.4 18.4h-6.3v-6.2z"></path></g></svg>Edit this page</a></div></div></div><div class="margin-vert--lg"><nav class="pagination-nav" aria-label="Docs pages navigation"><div class="pagination-nav__item"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/PSP/docs/installation"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Previous</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">« Installation</div></a></div><div class="pagination-nav__item pagination-nav__item--next"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/PSP/docs/cadTools"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Next</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">CAD Tools »</div></a></div></nav></div></div></div><div class="col col--3"><div class="tableOfContents_35-E thin-scrollbar"><ul class="table-of-contents table-of-contents__left-border"><li><a href="#organization-of-the-main-screen" class="table-of-contents__link">Organization of the main screen</a><ul><li><a href="#ribbon-menu" class="table-of-contents__link">Ribbon Menu</a></li><li><a href="#workspace" class="table-of-contents__link">Workspace</a></li><li><a href="#status-bar" class="table-of-contents__link">Status Bar</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#general-settings" class="table-of-contents__link">General settings</a><ul><li><a href="#language" class="table-of-contents__link">Language</a></li><li><a href="#rendering" class="table-of-contents__link">Rendering</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#psp-ufu-project-files" class="table-of-contents__link">PSP-UFU project files</a><ul><li><a href="#new-project" class="table-of-contents__link">New project</a></li><li><a href="#save-and-save-as-" class="table-of-contents__link">Save and Save As ...</a></li><li><a href="#open-project" class="table-of-contents__link">Open project</a></li><li><a href="#import-project" class="table-of-contents__link">Import project</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div></main></div></div><footer class="footer footer--dark"><div class="container"><div class="row footer__links"><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Guide</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a class="footer__link-item" href="/PSP/docs/">PSP-UFU Guide</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://thales1330.github.io/PSP/doxygen/html/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Code Documentation</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Community</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/issues" target="_blank" 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Built with Docusaurus.</div></div></div></footer></div> <script src="/PSP/assets/js/styles.377b32b2.js"></script> -<script src="/PSP/assets/js/runtime~main.012c59ab.js"></script> +<script src="/PSP/assets/js/runtime~main.72f33913.js"></script> <script src="/PSP/assets/js/main.8cff67aa.js"></script> <script src="/PSP/assets/js/1.678f90a6.js"></script> <script src="/PSP/assets/js/2.10feb4fb.js"></script> diff --git a/docs/docs/mathExpression/index.html b/docs/docs/mathExpression/index.html index 6d83325..da55019 100644 --- a/docs/docs/mathExpression/index.html +++ b/docs/docs/mathExpression/index.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" href="/PSP/blog/atom.xml" title="PSP-UFU Blog Atom Feed"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="PSP-UFU" href="/PSP/opensearch.xml"><title data-react-helmet="true">Expressão Matemática | PSP-UFU</title><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:url" content="https://thales1330.github.io/PSP/docs/mathExpression"><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="docsearch:language" content="en"><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="docsearch:version" content="current"><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="docsearch:docusaurus_tag" content="docs-default-current"><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:title" content="Expressão Matemática | PSP-UFU"><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="description" content="O bloco de expressão matemática utiliza a biblioteca externa fparser e permite ao usuário inserir expressões matemáticas genéricas de qualquer complexidade combinadas a estruturas condicionais em um diagrama de controle, aumentando significativamente a capacidade de generalização do programa."><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:description" content="O bloco de expressão matemática utiliza a biblioteca externa fparser e permite ao usuário inserir expressões matemáticas genéricas de qualquer complexidade combinadas a estruturas condicionais em um diagrama de controle, aumentando significativamente a capacidade de generalização do programa."><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="shortcut icon" href="/PSP/img/favicon.ico"><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="canonical" href="https://thales1330.github.io/PSP/docs/mathExpression"><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="alternate" href="https://thales1330.github.io/PSP/docs/mathExpression" hreflang="en"><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="alternate" href="https://thales1330.github.io/PSP/pt/docs/mathExpression" hreflang="pt"><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="alternate" href="https://thales1330.github.io/PSP/docs/mathExpression" hreflang="x-default"><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="preconnect" href="https://BH4D9OD16A-dsn.algolia.net" crossorigin="anonymous"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/PSP/assets/css/styles.a03f5936.css"> <link rel="preload" href="/PSP/assets/js/styles.377b32b2.js" as="script"> -<link rel="preload" href="/PSP/assets/js/runtime~main.012c59ab.js" 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mathdefault">Q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.751892em"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">Q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.751892em"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em">)</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.751892em"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9559em"><span style="top:-3.2047920000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.73em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><p>Em que:</p><ul><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi>P</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msup><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>q</mi></msub><mo>×</mo><mfrac><mi>P</mi><mi>V</mi></mfrac></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">P' = x_q \times \frac{P}{V}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.751892em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.751892em"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8694379999999999em;vertical-align:-0.286108em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15139200000000003em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">q</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">×</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.217331em;vertical-align:-0.345em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.872331em"><span style="top:-2.6550000000000002em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.394em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.345em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span></span></li><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi>Q</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msup><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>q</mi></msub><mo>×</mo><mfrac><mi>Q</mi><mi>V</mi></mfrac></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">Q' = x_q \times \frac{Q}{V}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.946332em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">Q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.751892em"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8694379999999999em;vertical-align:-0.286108em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15139200000000003em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">q</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">×</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.269439em;vertical-align:-0.345em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.924439em"><span style="top:-2.6550000000000002em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.446108em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">Q</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.345em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span></span></li></ul><p>Primeiramente, deve-se inserir no campo "variáveis de entrada" as grandezas fornecidas pelo PSP-UFU. Nesse caso, como pode ser observado no bloco de <a href="/PSP/docs/io">entrada / saída</a>, todas as variáveis necessárias são fornecidas: <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>P</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">P</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span></span></span></span></span>, <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>Q</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">Q</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8777699999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">Q</span></span></span></span></span> e <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>V</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">V</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span></span></span></span></span>. Essas variáveis devem ser inseridas separadas por espaço: <code>p q v</code>.</p><p>Utilizando três blocos de <a href="/PSP/docs/io">entrada / saída</a> pode-se fornecer tais dados ao conectá-los ao bloco de expressão matemática.</p><p>As reatâncias transitórias de eixo direto (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>d</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x_d</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.58056em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>) e em quadratura (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>q</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x_q</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.716668em;vertical-align:-0.286108em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15139200000000003em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">q</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>) podem ser definidas diretamente na expressão matemática:</p><div class="codeBlockContainer_K1bP"><div class="codeBlockContent_hGly cpp"><div tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-cpp codeBlock_23N8 thin-scrollbar"><div class="codeBlockLines_39YC" style="color:#bfc7d5;background-color:#292d3e"><div class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain">xd </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">:</span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:rgb(247, 140, 108)">0.146</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">;</span><span class="token plain"></span></div><div class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain">xq </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">:</span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:rgb(247, 140, 108)">0.0969</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">;</span></div></div></div><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" class="copyButton_Ue-o">Copy</button></div></div><p>Os valores de <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi>P</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">P'</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.751892em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.751892em"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> e <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi>Q</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">Q'</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.946332em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">Q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.751892em"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> podem ser também calculados:</p><div class="codeBlockContainer_K1bP"><div class="codeBlockContent_hGly cpp"><div tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-cpp codeBlock_23N8 thin-scrollbar"><div class="codeBlockLines_39YC" style="color:#bfc7d5;background-color:#292d3e"><div class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain">yp </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">:</span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">=</span><span class="token plain"> xq </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">*</span><span class="token plain"> p </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">/</span><span class="token plain"> v</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">;</span><span class="token plain"></span></div><div class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain">yq </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">:</span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">=</span><span class="token plain"> xq </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">*</span><span class="token plain"> q </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">/</span><span class="token plain"> v</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">;</span></div></div></div><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" class="copyButton_Ue-o">Copy</button></div></div><p>Com todos os dados necessários pode-se calcular a corrente de campo:</p><div class="codeBlockContainer_K1bP"><div class="codeBlockContent_hGly cpp"><div tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-cpp codeBlock_23N8 thin-scrollbar"><div class="codeBlockLines_39YC" style="color:#bfc7d5;background-color:#292d3e"><div class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain">i_f </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">:</span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token function" style="color:rgb(130, 170, 255)">sqrt</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">(</span><span class="token plain">v </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">+</span><span class="token plain"> yq</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">)</span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">^</span><span class="token number" style="color:rgb(247, 140, 108)">2</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">+</span><span class="token plain"> p</span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">^</span><span class="token number" style="color:rgb(247, 140, 108)">2</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">+</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">(</span><span class="token plain">xd </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">/</span><span class="token plain"> xq </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">+</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:rgb(247, 140, 108)">1.0</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">*</span><span class="token plain"></span></div><div class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">(</span><span class="token plain">yq </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">*</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">(</span><span class="token plain">v </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">+</span><span class="token plain"> yq</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">+</span><span class="token plain"> yp</span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">^</span><span class="token number" style="color:rgb(247, 140, 108)">2</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">/</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token function" style="color:rgb(130, 170, 255)">sqrt</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">(</span><span class="token plain">v </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">+</span><span class="token plain"> yq</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">)</span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">^</span><span class="token number" style="color:rgb(247, 140, 108)">2</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">+</span><span class="token plain"> p</span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">^</span><span class="token number" style="color:rgb(247, 140, 108)">2</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">;</span></div></div></div><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" class="copyButton_Ue-o">Copy</button></div></div><p>Finalmente, pode-se definir a saída do bloco (não inserindo <code>;</code>):</p><div class="codeBlockContainer_K1bP"><div class="codeBlockContent_hGly cpp"><div tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-cpp codeBlock_23N8 thin-scrollbar"><div class="codeBlockLines_39YC" style="color:#bfc7d5;background-color:#292d3e"><div class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain">i_f</span></div></div></div><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" class="copyButton_Ue-o">Copy</button></div></div><p>Portanto, para as entradas definidas como <code>p q v</code>, a expressão matemática total para cálculo da corrente de campo será:</p><div class="codeBlockContainer_K1bP"><div class="codeBlockContent_hGly cpp"><div tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-cpp codeBlock_23N8 thin-scrollbar"><div class="codeBlockLines_39YC" style="color:#bfc7d5;background-color:#292d3e"><div class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain">xd </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">:</span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:rgb(247, 140, 108)">0.146</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">;</span><span class="token plain"></span></div><div class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain">xq </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">:</span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:rgb(247, 140, 108)">0.0969</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">;</span><span class="token plain"></span></div><div class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain">yp </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">:</span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">=</span><span class="token plain"> xq </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">*</span><span class="token plain"> p </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">/</span><span class="token plain"> v</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">;</span><span class="token plain"></span></div><div class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain">yq </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">:</span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">=</span><span class="token plain"> xq </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">*</span><span class="token plain"> q </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">/</span><span class="token plain"> v</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">;</span><span class="token plain"></span></div><div class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain">i_f </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">:</span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">=</span><span 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style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">*</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">(</span><span class="token plain">v </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">+</span><span class="token plain"> yq</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">+</span><span class="token plain"> yp</span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">^</span><span class="token number" style="color:rgb(247, 140, 108)">2</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">/</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token function" style="color:rgb(130, 170, 255)">sqrt</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">(</span><span class="token plain">v </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">+</span><span class="token plain"> yq</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">)</span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">^</span><span class="token number" style="color:rgb(247, 140, 108)">2</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">+</span><span class="token plain"> p</span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">^</span><span class="token number" style="color:rgb(247, 140, 108)">2</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">;</span><span class="token plain"></span></div><div class="token-line" 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Function Parser for C++ v4.5.2. Disponível em: <a href="http://warp.povusers.org/FunctionParser/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">http://warp.povusers.org/FunctionParser/</a>. </li></ul></div></article><div class="margin-vert--xl"><div class="row"><div class="col"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/tree/master/docusaurus/docs/mathExpression.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><svg fill="currentColor" height="1.2em" width="1.2em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" role="img" viewBox="0 0 40 40" class="iconEdit_2_ui" aria-label="Edit page"><g><path d="m34.5 11.7l-3 3.1-6.3-6.3 3.1-3q0.5-0.5 1.2-0.5t1.1 0.5l3.9 3.9q0.5 0.4 0.5 1.1t-0.5 1.2z m-29.5 17.1l18.4-18.5 6.3 6.3-18.4 18.4h-6.3v-6.2z"></path></g></svg>Edit this page</a></div></div></div><div class="margin-vert--lg"><nav class="pagination-nav" aria-label="Docs pages navigation"><div class="pagination-nav__item"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/PSP/docs/gain"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Previous</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">« Ganho</div></a></div><div class="pagination-nav__item pagination-nav__item--next"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/PSP/docs/powerFlow"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Next</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">Fluxo de Potência »</div></a></div></nav></div></div></div><div class="col col--3"><div class="tableOfContents_35-E thin-scrollbar"><ul class="table-of-contents table-of-contents__left-border"><li><a href="#sintaxe-das-expressões-matemáticas" class="table-of-contents__link">Sintaxe das expressões matemáticas</a></li><li><a href="#formulário-de-edição-de-dados-do-bloco-de-expressão-matemática" class="table-of-contents__link">Formulário de edição de dados do bloco de Expressão Matemática</a></li><li><a href="#exemplo-de-expressão-matemática" class="table-of-contents__link">Exemplo de Expressão Matemática</a></li><li><a href="#referências" class="table-of-contents__link">Referências</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></main></div></div><footer class="footer footer--dark"><div class="container"><div class="row footer__links"><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Guide</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a class="footer__link-item" href="/PSP/docs/">PSP-UFU Guide</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://thales1330.github.io/PSP/doxygen/html/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Code Documentation</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Community</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/issues" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Ask a question</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://twitter.com/PspUfu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Twitter</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Site Image Credit</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a href="http://www.freepik.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Images designed by upklyak / slidesgo / macrovector / Freepik</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="footer__bottom text--center"><div class="footer__copyright">Copyright © 2021 Thales Lima Oliveira. 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href="/PSP/docs/const">Constante</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/gain">Ganho</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/mathExpression">Expressão Matemática</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist" href="#!">Simulations</a><ul class="menu__list"><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/powerFlow">Fluxo de Potência</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/fault">Curto-Circuito</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/harmonics">Harmônicos</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/stability">Estabilidade</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/simulationConfig">Configurações da Simulação</a></li></ul></li><li class="menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist" href="#!">Data Visualization</a><ul class="menu__list"><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/text">Texto Vinculado</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/tabularReport">Relatórios Tabulares</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/graphViewer">Visualizador de Gráficos</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/heatmap">Mapa de Tensão</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><main class="docMainContainer_3ufF"><div class="container padding-vert--lg docItemWrapper_3FMP"><div class="row"><div class="col docItemCol_3FnS"><div class="docItemContainer_33ec"><article><header><h1 class="docTitle_3a4h">Editor de Potência</h1></header><div class="markdown"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/PSP/katex/katex.min.css"><p>O Editor de Elementos de Potência no PSP-UFU permite a inserção, manipulação e edição de elementos elétricos de potência por meio de um diagrama unifilar.</p><blockquote><p>(<strong>Diagrama unifilar</strong>) Um diagrama do sistema no qual as linhas polifásicas são representados por sua única linha equivalente. <a href="http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=601-02-04" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>tradução livre</em> - IEC 60050</a>.</p></blockquote><div class="admonition admonition-info alert alert--info"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="16" viewBox="0 0 14 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7 2.3c3.14 0 5.7 2.56 5.7 5.7s-2.56 5.7-5.7 5.7A5.71 5.71 0 0 1 1.3 8c0-3.14 2.56-5.7 5.7-5.7zM7 1C3.14 1 0 4.14 0 8s3.14 7 7 7 7-3.14 7-7-3.14-7-7-7zm1 3H6v5h2V4zm0 6H6v2h2v-2z"></path></svg></span>Informação</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Todos os elementos inseridos pode ser manipulados e editados utilizando as <a href="/PSP/docs/cadTools">Ferramentas CAD</a>.</p></div></div><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="novo-projeto"></a>Novo projeto<a class="hash-link" href="#novo-projeto" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>A criação de um novo projeto é realizada clicando no item <strong>Novo projeto</strong> no <a href="/PSP/docs/mainScreen#menu-ribbon">submenu <strong>Arquivo</strong></a>. Essa ação cria um sistema em branco na área de trabalho, local onde é possível inserir os elementos elétricos por meio do <a href="/PSP/docs/mainScreen#menu-ribbon">submenu <strong>Ferramentas</strong></a> ou pelas <a href="/PSP/docs/powerEditor#teclas-de-atalho">teclas de atalho</a>.</p><p>Abaixo são apresentados os elementos elétricos de potência que podem ser inseridos no PSP-UFU:</p><ul><li><a href="/PSP/docs/bus">Barramento</a></li><li>Elementos de ramo<ul><li><a href="/PSP/docs/line">Linha</a></li><li><a href="/PSP/docs/transformer">Transformador</a></li></ul></li><li>Elementos Shunt<ul><li><a href="/PSP/docs/load">Carga</a></li><li><a href="/PSP/docs/capacitor">Capacitor</a></li><li><a href="/PSP/docs/inductor">Indutor</a></li><li><a href="/PSP/docs/harmSource">Fonte de Corrente Harmônica</a></li></ul></li><li>Máquinas<ul><li><a href="/PSP/docs/syncGenerator">Gerador Síncrono</a></li><li><a href="/PSP/docs/syncMotor">Compensador Síncrono</a></li><li><a href="/PSP/docs/indMotor">Motor de Indução</a></li></ul></li></ul><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/powerElements.svg" alt="Elementos de potência" title="Elementos de potência"></center></div><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="inserindo-elementos"></a>Inserindo elementos<a class="hash-link" href="#inserindo-elementos" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>Por meio do submenu <strong>Ferramentas</strong> pode-se inserir os elementos de potência, como é apresentado na imagem abaixo.</p><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/addPowerElements.png" alt="Adicionar elementos de potência" title="Adicionar elementos de potência"></center></div><p>No caso de inserção de um barramento, o usuário deve apenas clicar na posição desejada, já para os outros componentes será solicitado que o usuário selecione em uma ou duas barras, o qual o novo componente será conectado.</p><p>Sempre que são inseridos novos elementos, um formulário de dados é exibido e pode-se editar os dados elétricos e acessar formulários adicionais, como dados de estabilidade.</p><div class="admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"></path></svg></span>Atenção</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>O primeiro elemento que a ser inserido no projeto <strong>deve</strong> ser um barramento. Os demais elementos elétricos devem ser conectados em uma ou mais barras.</p></div></div><p>Além dos elementos de potência pode-se inserir os elementos de <em><a href="/PSP/docs/text">texto vinculado</a></em>, os quais estão associados a uma grandeza que se deseja vizualizar diretamente na <a href="/PSP/docs/mainScreen#%C3%A1rea-de-trabalho">Área de Trabalho</a>.</p><div class="admonition admonition-warning alert alert--danger"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="16" viewBox="0 0 12 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.05.31c.81 2.17.41 3.38-.52 4.31C3.55 5.67 1.98 6.45.9 7.98c-1.45 2.05-1.7 6.53 3.53 7.7-2.2-1.16-2.67-4.52-.3-6.61-.61 2.03.53 3.33 1.94 2.86 1.39-.47 2.3.53 2.27 1.67-.02.78-.31 1.44-1.13 1.81 3.42-.59 4.78-3.42 4.78-5.56 0-2.84-2.53-3.22-1.25-5.61-1.52.13-2.03 1.13-1.89 2.75.09 1.08-1.02 1.8-1.86 1.33-.67-.41-.66-1.19-.06-1.78C8.18 5.31 8.68 2.45 5.05.32L5.03.3l.02.01z"></path></svg></span>Cuidado!</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Ao inserir um barramento, a mesma irá acompanhar o ponteiro do mouse até que você clique na posição desejada. Para os demais elementos <strong>deve-se clicar em uma mais barras</strong> para exibir o elemento inserido.</p><p><strong>Sempre fique atento às instruções da <a href="/PSP/docs/mainScreen#barra-de-status">Barra de Status</a>.</strong></p></div></div><video autoplay="" loop="" muted="" playsinline="" controls=""><source src="/PSP/videos/timelapseBuild.mp4" type="video/mp4"></video><h3><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="teclas-de-atalho"></a>Teclas de atalho<a class="hash-link" href="#teclas-de-atalho" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h3><p>É possível inserir todos os elementos de potência por meio de teclas de atalho, facilitando e agilizando a criação dos diagramas unifilares no PSP-UFU. A tabela abaixo apresenta tais atalhos:</p><table><thead><tr><th>Elemento</th><th align="center">Atalho</th><th>Elemento</th><th align="center">Atalho</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Barramento</td><td align="center">B</td><td>Carga</td><td align="center">Shift + L</td></tr><tr><td>Linha</td><td align="center">L</td><td>Capacitor</td><td align="center">Shift + C</td></tr><tr><td>Transformador</td><td align="center">T</td><td>Indutor</td><td align="center">Shift + I</td></tr><tr><td>Gerador</td><td align="center">G</td><td>Corrente harmônica</td><td align="center">Shift + H</td></tr><tr><td>Motor de indução</td><td align="center">I</td><td>Texto</td><td align="center">A</td></tr><tr><td>Compensador síncrono</td><td align="center">K</td><td></td><td align="center"></td></tr></tbody></table><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="editando-dados-elétricos"></a>Editando dados elétricos<a class="hash-link" href="#editando-dados-elétricos" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>Ao inserir um elemento, seu respectivo formulário de edição é exibido para inserção dos dados elétricos d elemento. Todos os dados podem ser <strong>alterados</strong> ao <strong>clicar duas vezes sobre o elemento</strong> ou por opção do <strong>menu de contexto</strong> exibido ao clicar com o botão direito sobre o elemento.</p><p>Cada formulário de edição de dados elétricos dos elementos possuem suas particularidades e são descritos em documentação específica: <a href="/PSP/docs/bus">Barramento</a>, <a href="/PSP/docs/line">Linha</a>, <a href="/PSP/docs/transformer">Transformador</a>, <a href="/PSP/docs/load">Carga</a>, <a href="/PSP/docs/capacitor">Capacitor</a>, <a href="/PSP/docs/inductor">Indutor</a>, <a href="/PSP/docs/harmSource">Fonte de Corrente Harmônica</a>, <a href="/PSP/docs/syncGenerator">Gerador Síncrono</a>, <a href="/PSP/docs/syncMotor">Compensador Síncrono</a>, <a href="/PSP/docs/indMotor">Motor de Indução</a>.</p></div></article><div class="margin-vert--xl"><div class="row"><div class="col"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/tree/master/docusaurus/docs/powerEditor.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><svg fill="currentColor" height="1.2em" width="1.2em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" role="img" viewBox="0 0 40 40" class="iconEdit_2_ui" aria-label="Edit page"><g><path d="m34.5 11.7l-3 3.1-6.3-6.3 3.1-3q0.5-0.5 1.2-0.5t1.1 0.5l3.9 3.9q0.5 0.4 0.5 1.1t-0.5 1.2z m-29.5 17.1l18.4-18.5 6.3 6.3-18.4 18.4h-6.3v-6.2z"></path></g></svg>Edit this page</a></div></div></div><div class="margin-vert--lg"><nav class="pagination-nav" aria-label="Docs pages navigation"><div class="pagination-nav__item"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/PSP/docs/cadTools"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Previous</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">« CAD Tools</div></a></div><div class="pagination-nav__item pagination-nav__item--next"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/PSP/docs/bus"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Next</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">Barramento »</div></a></div></nav></div></div></div><div class="col col--3"><div class="tableOfContents_35-E thin-scrollbar"><ul class="table-of-contents table-of-contents__left-border"><li><a href="#novo-projeto" class="table-of-contents__link">Novo projeto</a></li><li><a href="#inserindo-elementos" class="table-of-contents__link">Inserindo elementos</a><ul><li><a href="#teclas-de-atalho" class="table-of-contents__link">Teclas de atalho</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#editando-dados-elétricos" class="table-of-contents__link">Editando dados elétricos</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></main></div></div><footer class="footer footer--dark"><div class="container"><div class="row footer__links"><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Guide</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a class="footer__link-item" href="/PSP/docs/">PSP-UFU Guide</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://thales1330.github.io/PSP/doxygen/html/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Code Documentation</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Community</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/issues" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Ask a question</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://twitter.com/PspUfu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Twitter</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Site Image Credit</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a href="http://www.freepik.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Images designed by upklyak / slidesgo / macrovector / Freepik</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="footer__bottom text--center"><div class="footer__copyright">Copyright © 2021 Thales Lima Oliveira. Built with Docusaurus.</div></div></div></footer></div> <script src="/PSP/assets/js/styles.377b32b2.js"></script> -<script src="/PSP/assets/js/runtime~main.012c59ab.js"></script> +<script src="/PSP/assets/js/runtime~main.72f33913.js"></script> <script src="/PSP/assets/js/main.8cff67aa.js"></script> <script src="/PSP/assets/js/1.678f90a6.js"></script> <script src="/PSP/assets/js/2.10feb4fb.js"></script> diff --git a/docs/docs/powerFlow/index.html b/docs/docs/powerFlow/index.html index ee6651d..2787ea6 100644 --- a/docs/docs/powerFlow/index.html +++ b/docs/docs/powerFlow/index.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" href="/PSP/blog/atom.xml" title="PSP-UFU Blog Atom Feed"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="PSP-UFU" href="/PSP/opensearch.xml"><title data-react-helmet="true">Fluxo de Potência | PSP-UFU</title><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:url" content="https://thales1330.github.io/PSP/docs/powerFlow"><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="docsearch:language" content="en"><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="docsearch:version" content="current"><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="docsearch:docusaurus_tag" content="docs-default-current"><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:title" content="Fluxo de Potência | PSP-UFU"><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="description" content="Um estudo fundamental no planejamento da expansão e operação de um sistema elétrico é o fluxo de potência (ou fluxo de carga) uma vez que a operação satisfatória desse sistema depende do conhecimento dos efeitos da interligação, de novas cargas, de novas centrais geradoras e de novas linhas antes que elas sejam instaladas. 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Esse estudo tem como objetivo encontrar o fluxo de potência nos ramos e as tensões nodais do Sistema Elétrico de Potência (SEP) impostas pela geração e a carga."><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="shortcut icon" href="/PSP/img/favicon.ico"><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="canonical" href="https://thales1330.github.io/PSP/docs/powerFlow"><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="alternate" href="https://thales1330.github.io/PSP/docs/powerFlow" hreflang="en"><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="alternate" href="https://thales1330.github.io/PSP/pt/docs/powerFlow" hreflang="pt"><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="alternate" href="https://thales1330.github.io/PSP/docs/powerFlow" hreflang="x-default"><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="preconnect" href="https://BH4D9OD16A-dsn.algolia.net" crossorigin="anonymous"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/PSP/assets/css/styles.a03f5936.css"> <link rel="preload" href="/PSP/assets/js/styles.377b32b2.js" as="script"> -<link rel="preload" 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Matemática</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--active" href="#!">Simulations</a><ul class="menu__list"><li class="menu__list-item"><a aria-current="page" class="menu__link menu__link--active active" tabindex="0" href="/PSP/docs/powerFlow">Fluxo de Potência</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="/PSP/docs/fault">Curto-Circuito</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="/PSP/docs/harmonics">Harmônicos</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="/PSP/docs/stability">Estabilidade</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="/PSP/docs/simulationConfig">Configurações da Simulação</a></li></ul></li><li class="menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist" href="#!">Data Visualization</a><ul class="menu__list"><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/text">Texto Vinculado</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/tabularReport">Relatórios Tabulares</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/graphViewer">Visualizador de Gráficos</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/heatmap">Mapa de Tensão</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><main class="docMainContainer_3ufF"><div class="container padding-vert--lg docItemWrapper_3FMP"><div class="row"><div class="col docItemCol_3FnS"><div class="docItemContainer_33ec"><article><header><h1 class="docTitle_3a4h">Fluxo de Potência</h1></header><div class="markdown"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/PSP/katex/katex.min.css"><p>Um estudo fundamental no planejamento da expansão e operação de um sistema elétrico é o <strong>fluxo de potência (ou fluxo de carga)</strong> uma vez que a operação satisfatória desse sistema depende do conhecimento dos efeitos da interligação, de novas cargas, de novas centrais geradoras e de novas linhas antes que elas sejam instaladas. Esse estudo tem como objetivo encontrar o fluxo de potência nos ramos e as tensões nodais do Sistema Elétrico de Potência (SEP) impostas pela geração e a carga.</p><p>As equações formuladas a partir dos modelos dos elementos presentes no estudo de fluxo de carga são não lineares e não possuem solução analítica explícita. Portanto é necessária a utilização de métodos numéricos iterativos para solução do problema de fluxo de carga.</p><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="formulação-do-problema-de-fluxo-de-carga"></a>Formulação do problema de fluxo de carga<a class="hash-link" href="#formulação-do-problema-de-fluxo-de-carga" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>O problema de fluxo de carga pode ser representado por um sistema de equações e inequações algébricas não-lineares que correspondem às leis de Kirchhoff e a um conjunto de restrições de operação impostos pelos componentes de uma rede elétrica. Na formulação do problema a cada barra da rede são associadas quatro variáveis, sendo que duas delas surgem como dados e duas como incógnitas (em uma barra de índice <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">i</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.65952em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">i</span></span></span></span></span>):</p><ul><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>V</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">V_i</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> é a magnitude da tensão na barra <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">i</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.65952em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">i</span></span></span></span></span>;</li><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>θ</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">θ_i</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.84444em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> é o ângulo da tensão na barra <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">i</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.65952em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">i</span></span></span></span></span>;</li><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>P</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">P_i</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> é a injeção líquida de potência ativa na barra <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">i</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.65952em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">i</span></span></span></span></span>;</li><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>Q</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">Q_i</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8777699999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">Q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> é a injeção líquida de potência reativa na barra <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">i</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.65952em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">i</span></span></span></span></span>.</li></ul><p>Relativo às variáveis que são incógnitas e os dados do sistema, podem ser definidos <strong>três tipos de barras</strong>:</p><ul><li><strong>Barra PQ</strong>: <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>P</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">P_i</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> e <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>Q</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">Q_i</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8777699999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">Q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> são dados, <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>V</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">V_i</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> e <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>θ</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">θ_i</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.84444em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> são calculados;</li><li><strong>Barra PV</strong>: <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>P</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">P_i</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> e <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>V</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">V_i</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> são dados, <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>Q</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">Q_i</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8777699999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">Q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> e <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>θ</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">θ_i</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.84444em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> são calculados;</li><li><strong>Barra de Referência</strong> <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>V</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">V_i</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> e <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>θ</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">θ_i</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.84444em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> são dados, <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>P</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">P_i</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> e <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>Q</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">Q_i</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8777699999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">Q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> são calculados.</li></ul><div class="admonition admonition-info alert alert--info"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="16" viewBox="0 0 14 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7 2.3c3.14 0 5.7 2.56 5.7 5.7s-2.56 5.7-5.7 5.7A5.71 5.71 0 0 1 1.3 8c0-3.14 2.56-5.7 5.7-5.7zM7 1C3.14 1 0 4.14 0 8s3.14 7 7 7 7-3.14 7-7-3.14-7-7-7zm1 3H6v5h2V4zm0 6H6v2h2v-2z"></path></svg></span>Informação</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>As <strong>barras PQ</strong> geralmente são representadas pelos barramentos de carga, os quais não há geração e controle de tensão.</p><p>As <strong>barras PV</strong> se caracterizam pelo controle de tensão mediante a injeção ou absorção de potência reativa por meio do controle da excitação de uma máquina síncrona.</p><p>A <strong>barra de Referência</strong> (ou de folga, de oscilação) tem como função, assim como o próprio nome diz, servir de referência de tensão e ângulo do sistema. Essa barra é necessariamente geradora, uma vez que ela é responsável pelo equilíbrio do balanço de potência do sistema.</p></div></div><div class="admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"></path></svg></span>Atenção!</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>O tipo de barra deve ser definido no <a href="/PSP/docs/bus">elemento barramento</a>.</p><p>Note que <strong>o sistema deve possuir somente uma barra de referência</strong>.</p></div></div><p>Como mencionado anteriormente, as equações são não-lineares e a solução analítica não é prática. As soluções dessas equações seguem <strong><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterative_method" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">processos iterativos</a></strong>, em que são atribuídos valores estimados (ou iniciais) para as barras com tensões desconhecidas e, baseado na potência ativa e reativa e módulo da tensão especificados, calcula-se por meio das equações previamente apresentadas as novas tensões complexas em cada nó do sistema.</p><p>Na sequência, esse conjunto de valores para as tensões em cada barra é utilizado para novamente calcular outro grupo de tensões. Cada cálculo de um novo conjunto de tensões é chamado iteração. O processo iterativo é repetido até que as mudanças em todas as barras sejam menores do que um valor pré-estipulado, obtendo assim a convergência.</p><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="execução-do-fluxo-de-carga-no-psp-ufu"></a>Execução do fluxo de carga no PSP-UFU<a class="hash-link" href="#execução-do-fluxo-de-carga-no-psp-ufu" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>Após a construção do diagrama unifilar no <a href="/PSP/docs/powerEditor">editor de potência</a>, a execução do fluxo de carga é realizada no <a href="/PSP/docs/mainScreen#menu-ribbon">menu Simulação</a> clicando no botão <strong>Fluxo de carga</strong>.</p><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/menuSimulationPF.svg" alt="Menu Simulação" title="Menu Simulação"></center></div><div class="admonition admonition-tip alert alert--success"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="16" viewBox="0 0 12 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M6.5 0C3.48 0 1 2.19 1 5c0 .92.55 2.25 1 3 1.34 2.25 1.78 2.78 2 4v1h5v-1c.22-1.22.66-1.75 2-4 .45-.75 1-2.08 1-3 0-2.81-2.48-5-5.5-5zm3.64 7.48c-.25.44-.47.8-.67 1.11-.86 1.41-1.25 2.06-1.45 3.23-.02.05-.02.11-.02.17H5c0-.06 0-.13-.02-.17-.2-1.17-.59-1.83-1.45-3.23-.2-.31-.42-.67-.67-1.11C2.44 6.78 2 5.65 2 5c0-2.2 2.02-4 4.5-4 1.22 0 2.36.42 3.22 1.19C10.55 2.94 11 3.94 11 5c0 .66-.44 1.78-.86 2.48zM4 14h5c-.23 1.14-1.3 2-2.5 2s-2.27-.86-2.5-2z"></path></svg></span>Dica</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Caso o fluxo de carga tenha sido executado com sucesso, as setas de potência serão exibidas, a barra de status indicará sucesso na operação e os <a href="/PSP/docs/text">elementos de texto</a> serão atualizados.</p></div></div><p><strong>Outra possibilidade</strong> é a execução por meio do cálculo contínuo, também presente no <a href="/PSP/docs/mainScreen#menu-ribbon">menu Simulação</a> e seu acionamento é realizado co clicar no botão <strong>Habilitar solução</strong>. Com essa opção, os cálculos estáticos selecionados nas <a href="/PSP/docs/simulationConfig">configurações de simulação</a> são automaticamente realizados ao modificar quaisquer parâmetros da rede, como dados elétricos e acionamento dos disjuntores dos elementos (remoção ou inserção).</p><div class="admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"></path></svg></span>Atenção!</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Evite construir o circuito com o cálculo contínuo habilitado, uma vez que configurações temporárias podem levar a erros de execução da simulação.</p><p>Para desabilitar o cálculo contínuo clique no botão <strong>Desabilitar solução</strong>.</p></div></div><p>Os resultados do fluxo de carga são exibidos nos <a href="/PSP/docs/text">elementos de texto vinculado</a>, ao posicionar o mouse sobre os elementos e em <a href="/PSP/docs/tabularReport">relatórios tabulares</a>.</p><h3><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="erros-comuns-na-execução-do-fluxo-de-carga"></a>Erros comuns na execução do fluxo de carga<a class="hash-link" href="#erros-comuns-na-execução-do-fluxo-de-carga" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h3><p>A seguir são apresentados os erros mais comuns relacionados ao fluxo de carga.</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="a-seguinte-mensagem-de-erro-é-exibida-o-número-máximo-de-iterações-foi-alcançado"></a>A seguinte mensagem de erro é exibida: "O número máximo de iterações foi alcançado"<a class="hash-link" href="#a-seguinte-mensagem-de-erro-é-exibida-o-número-máximo-de-iterações-foi-alcançado" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Essa mensagem de erro é exibida quando o método de solução numérica selecionado nas <a href="/PSP/docs/simulationConfig">configurações de simulação</a> atinge o número máximo de iterações inserido. As seguintes situações podem ocasionar esse erro:</p><ul><li><strong>Os parâmetros do circuito estão incorretos</strong>. caso parâmetros muito fora dos valores padrão dos elementos elétricos sejam inseridos, o cálculo de fluxo de carga pode divergir. Verifique se os dados foram inseridos corretamente.</li><li><strong>Algum elemento possui parâmetros discrepantes dos demais</strong>. Caso um dos elementos inseridos possua um valor de impedância muito distinto dos demais, como por exemplo uma linha com impedância muito elevada ou uma carga muito pequena, pode levar à divergência do método numérico. Nesse caso, reconsidere a necessidade de representação desses elementos no circuito e alterne entre os métodos numéricos de solução disponíveis.</li><li><strong>O número máximo de iterações está muito baixo</strong>. Alguns circuitos exigem um número maior de iterações, portanto altere o valor do máximo de iterações nas <a href="/PSP/docs/simulationConfig">configurações de simulação</a>. Também tente alternar entre os métodos numéricos de solução disponíveis.</li><li><strong>Os parâmetros de simulação estão inadequados</strong>. Caso um parâmetro do método de solução esteja inadequado, como fator de aceleração ou tolerância, o cálculo pode não alcançar a convergência. Altere esses parâmetros nas <a href="/PSP/docs/simulationConfig">configurações de simulação</a>.</li></ul><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="os-dados-de-saída-são-exibidos-como-nan-ou-nan"></a>Os dados de saída são exibidos como "NaN" ou "nan"<a class="hash-link" href="#os-dados-de-saída-são-exibidos-como-nan-ou-nan" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Isso ocorre devido a erros de operações matemáticas nos cálculos de fluxo de carga. "NaN" significa <em>Not a Number</em>.</p><ul><li><strong>Algum barramento está isolado</strong>. Esse erro é bastante comum e pode ocorrer ao inserir um barramento sem conectá-lo ao sistema ou ao remover os elementos de ramo que conectam uma barra ao sistema. A solução é eliminar essa barra do diagrama.</li><li><strong>Os parâmetros do circuito estão incorretos</strong>. caso parâmetros muito fora dos valores padrão dos elementos elétricos sejam inseridos, o cálculo de fluxo de carga pode divergir. Verifique se os dados foram inseridos corretamente.</li><li><strong>Algum elemento possui parâmetros discrepantes dos demais</strong>. Caso um dos elementos inseridos possua um valor de impedância muito distinto dos demais, como por exemplo uma linha com impedância muito elevada ou uma carga muito pequena, pode levar à divergência do método numérico. Nesse caso, reconsidere a necessidade de representação desses elementos no circuito e alterne entre os métodos numéricos de solução disponíveis.</li></ul><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="métodos-de-solução-numérica-do-fluxo-de-carga-no-psp-ufu"></a>Métodos de solução numérica do fluxo de carga no PSP-UFU<a class="hash-link" href="#métodos-de-solução-numérica-do-fluxo-de-carga-no-psp-ufu" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>Os métodos implementados no programa para solução do problema de fluxo de carga no PSP-UFU são <strong>Gauss-Seidel (GS)</strong> e <strong>Newton-Raphson (NR)</strong>. Além desses métodos clássicos, um método híbrido pode ser utilizado (definido nas <a href="/PSP/docs/simulationConfig">configurações de simulação</a>), em que é utilizado inicialmente o GS e na sequência o NR, aumentando a chance de convergência do NR.</p><h3><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="gauss-seidel"></a>Gauss-Seidel<a class="hash-link" href="#gauss-seidel" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h3><p>O método de Gauss-Seidel tem sido bastante utilizado nas últimas décadas para solução do problema de fluxo de carga, uma vez que não há a necessidade de fatorar a matrizes, reduzindo o esforço computacional. Atualmente, restrições computacionais são menos problemáticas e outros métodos são normalmente escolhidos, porém o Gauss-Seidel ainda possui valor didático e, visto que o PSP-UFU também possui fins educacionais, optou-se pela implementação desse método.</p><p>Para iniciar as iterações do método são necessários valores iniciais para as tensões (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mover accent="true"><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mi>i</mi><mn>0</mn></msubsup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\dot{V}_i^0</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.178854em;vertical-align:-0.258664em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.13889em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141079999999999em"><span style="top:-2.441336em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.258664em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>) que devem ser calculadas. Normalmente para barras do tipo PQ tem-se <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mover accent="true"><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mi>i</mi><mn>0</mn></msubsup><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><mo separator="true" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">,</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>+</mo><mi>j</mi><mn>0</mn><mo separator="true" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">,</mo><mn>0</mn><mtext> </mtext><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\dot{V}_i^0=1{,}0+j0{,}0~p.u.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.178854em;vertical-align:-0.258664em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.13889em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141079999999999em"><span style="top:-2.441336em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.258664em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8388800000000001em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mord"><span class="mpunct">,</span></span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.85396em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05724em">j</span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mord"><span class="mpunct">,</span></span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mspace nobreak"> </span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span> e para barras do tipo PV <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mover accent="true"><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mi>i</mi><mn>0</mn></msubsup><mo>=</mo><msubsup><mi>V</mi><mi>i</mi><mrow><mi>e</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi></mrow></msubsup><mo>+</mo><mi>j</mi><mn>0</mn><mo separator="true" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">,</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\dot{V}_i^0=V_i^{esp}+j0{,}0</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.178854em;vertical-align:-0.258664em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.13889em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141079999999999em"><span style="top:-2.441336em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.258664em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.059164em;vertical-align:-0.276864em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7823em"><span style="top:-2.4231360000000004em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.1809080000000005em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">e</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">s</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">p</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.276864em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.85396em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05724em">j</span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mord"><span class="mpunct">,</span></span><span class="mord">0</span></span></span></span></span> [p.u.], em que <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>V</mi><mi>i</mi><mrow><mi>e</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi></mrow></msubsup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">V_i^{esp}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.059164em;vertical-align:-0.276864em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7823em"><span style="top:-2.4231360000000004em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.1809080000000005em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">e</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">s</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">p</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.276864em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> é o módulo da tensão especificada para a barra PV. A barra de referência tem o módulo e ângulo de tensão fixos e não participam no processo iterativo.</p><p>O método de Gauss-Seidel mostra um <strong>número excessivo de iterações</strong> e, com o intuito reduzi-los, multiplicam-se as correções de tensões por uma constante. Essa operação amplia o valor da correção, trazendo a tensão para mais perto do valor do valor final. Os multiplicadores que realizam essa convergência melhorada são chamados de fatores de aceleração. Para qualquer sistema existem valores ótimos para os fatores de aceleração e uma escolha inadequada pode resultar em uma convergência mais lenta ou torná-la impossível. Normalmente é utilizado um fator de aceleração igual a 1,6, valor definido como padrão no programa. A utilização do fator de aceleração é realizada por meio da equação:</p><div class="math math-display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mover accent="true"><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><msub><mi>i</mi><mrow><mi>A</mi><mi>C</mi></mrow></msub><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>v</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></msubsup><mo>=</mo><mi>α</mi><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><msubsup><mover accent="true"><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mi>i</mi><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>v</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></msubsup><mo>−</mo><msubsup><mover accent="true"><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><msub><mi>i</mi><mrow><mi>A</mi><mi>C</mi></mrow></msub><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>v</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></msubsup><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow><mo>+</mo><msubsup><mover accent="true"><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><msub><mi>i</mi><mrow><mi>A</mi><mi>C</mi></mrow></msub><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>v</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\dot{V}_{i_{AC}}^{(v + 1)} = \alpha \left( \dot{V}_{i}^{(v + 1)}- \dot{V}_{i_{AC}}^{(v)} \right) + \dot{V}_{i_{AC}}^{(v)}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.4219689999999998em;vertical-align:-0.377169em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.13889em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0448em"><span style="top:-2.4231360000000004em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3448em"><span style="top:-2.3567071428571427em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">A</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.07153em">C</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.14329285714285717em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2198em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mopen mtight">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">v</span><span class="mbin mtight">+</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span><span class="mclose mtight">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.377169em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.80002em;vertical-align:-0.65002em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.0037em">α</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size2">(</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.13889em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0448em"><span style="top:-2.4231360000000004em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2198em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mopen mtight">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">v</span><span class="mbin mtight">+</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span><span class="mclose mtight">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.276864em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.13889em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0448em"><span style="top:-2.4231360000000004em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3448em"><span style="top:-2.3567071428571427em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">A</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.07153em">C</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.14329285714285717em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2198em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mopen mtight">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">v</span><span class="mclose mtight">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.377169em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size2">)</span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.4219689999999998em;vertical-align:-0.377169em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.13889em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0448em"><span style="top:-2.4231360000000004em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3448em"><span style="top:-2.3567071428571427em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">A</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.07153em">C</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.14329285714285717em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2198em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mopen mtight">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">v</span><span class="mclose mtight">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.377169em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><p>Em que:</p><ul><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mover accent="true"><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><msub><mi>i</mi><mrow><mi>A</mi><mi>C</mi></mrow></msub><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>v</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\dot{V}_{i_{AC}}^{(v + 1)}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.4219689999999998em;vertical-align:-0.377169em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.13889em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0448em"><span style="top:-2.4231360000000004em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3448em"><span style="top:-2.3567071428571427em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">A</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.07153em">C</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.14329285714285717em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2198em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mopen mtight">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">v</span><span class="mbin mtight">+</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span><span class="mclose mtight">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.377169em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> é a tensão complexa da iteração atual com fator de aceleração aplicado</li><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mover accent="true"><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mi>i</mi><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>v</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\dot{V}_{i}^{(v + 1)}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.321664em;vertical-align:-0.27686399999999994em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.13889em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0448em"><span style="top:-2.4231360000000004em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2198em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mopen mtight">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">v</span><span class="mbin mtight">+</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span><span class="mclose mtight">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.27686399999999994em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> é a tensão complexa da iteração atual</li><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mover accent="true"><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><msub><mi>i</mi><mrow><mi>A</mi><mi>C</mi></mrow></msub><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>v</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\dot{V}_{i_{AC}}^{(v)}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.4219689999999998em;vertical-align:-0.377169em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.13889em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0448em"><span style="top:-2.4231360000000004em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3448em"><span style="top:-2.3567071428571427em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">A</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.07153em">C</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.14329285714285717em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2198em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mopen mtight">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">v</span><span class="mclose mtight">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.377169em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> é a tensão complexa da iteração anterior com fator de aceleração aplicado</li><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\alpha</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.0037em">α</span></span></span></span></span> é o fator de aceleração</li></ul><p>O fluxograma abaixo demonstra como o método de Gauss-Seidel foi implementado no PSP-UFU:</p><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/gaussSeidel.svg" alt="Método numérico de Gauss-Seidel para fluxo de carga" title="Método numérico de Gauss-Seidel para fluxo de carga"></center></div><h3><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="newton-raphson"></a>Newton-Raphson<a class="hash-link" href="#newton-raphson" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h3><p>O método de Newton-Raphson (também conhecido como método de Newton ou Newton-Fourier) para solução do fluxo de carga é descrito em vários livros e artigos. Atualmente é o algoritmo mais utilizado para solução do fluxo de carga. Para casos bem condicionados, esse método geralmente converge em 4 a 5 iterações, porém existe a possibilidade da técnica contornar o ponto da solução sem nunca atingi-la, o que também justifica implementação do método de Gauss-Seidel no <em>software</em>.</p><p>A expansão da <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_series" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">série de Taylor</a> para uma função de duas ou mais variáveis é a base do método de Newton-Raphson para resolver o problema do fluxo de carga. Fazendo a expansão em série de Taylor, para duas equações e duas incógnitas (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>f</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo separator="true">,</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">f_1\left( x_{1}, x_{2} \right)</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.10764em">f</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.10764em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em">)</span></span></span></span></span></span> e <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>f</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo separator="true">,</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">f_2\left( x_{1}, x_{2} \right)</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.10764em">f</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.10764em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em">)</span></span></span></span></span></span>), sem listar as derivadas parciais maiores que 1 na forma matricial, obtêm-se:</p><div class="math math-display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mo fence="true">[</mo><mtable rowspacing="0.15999999999999992em" columnspacing="1em"><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><msub><mi>K</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>f</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><msubsup><mi>x</mi><mn>1</mn><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></msubsup><mo separator="true">,</mo><msubsup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></msubsup><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><msub><mi>K</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>f</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><msubsup><mi>x</mi><mn>1</mn><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></msubsup><mo separator="true">,</mo><msubsup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></msubsup><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr></mtable><mo fence="true">]</mo></mrow><mo>=</mo><mrow><mo fence="true">[</mo><mtable rowspacing="0.15999999999999992em" columnspacing="1em"><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mfrac><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi><msub><mi>f</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac></mstyle></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mfrac><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi><msub><mi>f</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac></mstyle></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mfrac><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi><msub><mi>f</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac></mstyle></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mfrac><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi><msub><mi>f</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac></mstyle></mstyle></mtd></mtr></mtable><mo fence="true">]</mo></mrow><mrow><mo fence="true">[</mo><mtable rowspacing="0.15999999999999992em" columnspacing="1em"><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><msubsup><mi>x</mi><mn>1</mn><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><msubsup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr></mtable><mo fence="true">]</mo></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{bmatrix} K_1 - f_1\left( x_{1}^{(0)}, x_{2}^{(0)} \right)\\ K_2 - f_2\left( x_{1}^{(0)}, x_{2}^{(0)} \right) \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} \displaystyle\frac{\partial f_1}{\partial x_1} & \displaystyle\frac{\partial f_1}{\partial x_2}\\ \displaystyle\frac{\partial f_2}{\partial x_1} & \displaystyle\frac{\partial f_2}{\partial x_2} \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} \Delta x_{1}^{(0)}\\ \Delta x_{2}^{(0)} \end{bmatrix}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:3.6010299999999997em;vertical-align:-1.55002em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen"><span class="delimsizing mult"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.0510099999999998em"><span style="top:-2.2500000000000004em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎣</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.8099900000000004em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.05101em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎡</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.55002em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-c"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.05002em"><span style="top:-4.05002em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07153em">K</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.07153em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.10764em">f</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.10764em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size2">(</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0448em"><span style="top:-2.433692em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2198em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mopen mtight">(</span><span class="mord mtight">0</span><span class="mclose mtight">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.26630799999999993em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0448em"><span style="top:-2.433692em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2198em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mopen mtight">(</span><span class="mord mtight">0</span><span class="mclose mtight">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.26630799999999993em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size2">)</span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.25em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07153em">K</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.07153em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.10764em">f</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.10764em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size2">(</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0448em"><span style="top:-2.433692em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2198em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mopen mtight">(</span><span class="mord mtight">0</span><span class="mclose mtight">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.26630799999999993em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0448em"><span style="top:-2.433692em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2198em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mopen mtight">(</span><span class="mord mtight">0</span><span class="mclose mtight">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.26630799999999993em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size2">)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.55002em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose"><span class="delimsizing mult"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.0510099999999998em"><span style="top:-2.2500000000000004em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎦</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.8099900000000004em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.05101em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎤</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.55002em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:4.41488em;vertical-align:-1.95744em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen"><span class="delimsizing mult"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.352005em"><span style="top:-1.9499950000000004em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎣</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.0999950000000003em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.1109850000000003em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.352005em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎡</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.850025em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-c"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.45744em"><span style="top:-4.45744em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.3714399999999998em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.3714399999999998em"><span style="top:-2.3139999999999996em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.05556em">∂</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.05556em">∂</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.10764em">f</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.10764em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8360000000000001em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.25em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.3714399999999998em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.3714399999999998em"><span style="top:-2.3139999999999996em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.05556em">∂</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.05556em">∂</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.10764em">f</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.10764em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8360000000000001em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.95744em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="arraycolsep" style="width:0.5em"></span><span class="arraycolsep" style="width:0.5em"></span><span class="col-align-c"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.45744em"><span style="top:-4.45744em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.3714399999999998em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.3714399999999998em"><span style="top:-2.3139999999999996em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.05556em">∂</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.05556em">∂</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.10764em">f</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.10764em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8360000000000001em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.25em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.3714399999999998em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.3714399999999998em"><span style="top:-2.3139999999999996em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.05556em">∂</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.05556em">∂</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.10764em">f</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.10764em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8360000000000001em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.95744em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose"><span class="delimsizing mult"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.352005em"><span style="top:-1.9499950000000004em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎦</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.0999950000000003em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.1109850000000003em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.352005em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎤</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.850025em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size4">[</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-c"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.6548em"><span style="top:-3.6548em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.0448em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0448em"><span style="top:-2.433692em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2198em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mopen mtight">(</span><span class="mord mtight">0</span><span class="mclose mtight">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.26630799999999993em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.2499999999999996em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.0448em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0448em"><span style="top:-2.433692em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2198em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mopen mtight">(</span><span class="mord mtight">0</span><span class="mclose mtight">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.26630799999999993em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.1548000000000005em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size4">]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><p>Em que:</p><ul><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">K</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07153em">K</span></span></span></span></span> é o resultado da equação <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>f</mi><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo separator="true">,</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">f\left( x_{1}, x_{2} \right)</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.10764em">f</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></li><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi>x</mi><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x^{(0)}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8879999999999999em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8879999999999999em"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mopen mtight">(</span><span class="mord mtight">0</span><span class="mclose mtight">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> é a estimativa iniciais de <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>x</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span></span></span></span></span></li><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\Delta x</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span></span></span></span></span> é o valor acrescido de <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi>x</mi><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x^{(0)}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8879999999999999em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8879999999999999em"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mopen mtight">(</span><span class="mord mtight">0</span><span class="mclose mtight">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> que resulta em <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>x</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span></span></span></span></span>, ou seja: <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>f</mi><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo separator="true">,</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>f</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><msubsup><mi>x</mi><mn>1</mn><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></msubsup><mo>+</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo separator="true">,</mo><msubsup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></msubsup><mo>+</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">f\left( x_{1}, x_{2} \right) = f_1\left( x_{1}^{(0)} + \Delta x_1, x_{2}^{(0)} + \Delta x_2 \right)</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.10764em">f</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em">)</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.80002em;vertical-align:-0.65002em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.10764em">f</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.10764em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size2">(</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0448em"><span style="top:-2.433692em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2198em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mopen mtight">(</span><span class="mord mtight">0</span><span class="mclose mtight">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.26630799999999993em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0448em"><span style="top:-2.433692em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2198em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mopen mtight">(</span><span class="mord mtight">0</span><span class="mclose mtight">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.26630799999999993em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size2">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li></ul><p>Essa expressão pode ser resumida em:</p><div class="math math-display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mo fence="true">[</mo><mtable rowspacing="0.15999999999999992em" columnspacing="1em"><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><msubsup><mi>K</mi><mn>1</mn><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><msubsup><mi>K</mi><mn>2</mn><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr></mtable><mo fence="true">]</mo></mrow><mo>=</mo><msup><mrow><mo fence="true">[</mo><mtable rowspacing="0.15999999999999992em" columnspacing="1em"><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mi>J</mi></mstyle></mtd></mtr></mtable><mo fence="true">]</mo></mrow><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></msup><mrow><mo fence="true">[</mo><mtable rowspacing="0.15999999999999992em" columnspacing="1em"><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><msubsup><mi>x</mi><mn>1</mn><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><msubsup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr></mtable><mo fence="true">]</mo></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{bmatrix} \Delta K_1^{(0)}\\ \Delta K_2^{(0)} \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} J \end{bmatrix}^{(0)} \begin{bmatrix} \Delta x_{1}^{(0)}\\ \Delta x_{2}^{(0)} \end{bmatrix}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:3.0000299999999998em;vertical-align:-1.25003em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size4">[</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-c"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.6548em"><span style="top:-3.6548em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.0448em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07153em">K</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0448em"><span style="top:-2.433692em;margin-left:-0.07153em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2198em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mopen mtight">(</span><span class="mord mtight">0</span><span class="mclose mtight">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.26630799999999993em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.2499999999999996em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.0448em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07153em">K</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0448em"><span style="top:-2.433692em;margin-left:-0.07153em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2198em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mopen mtight">(</span><span class="mord mtight">0</span><span class="mclose mtight">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.26630799999999993em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.1548000000000005em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size4">]</span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:3.0000299999999998em;vertical-align:-1.25003em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">[</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-c"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8500000000000001em"><span style="top:-3.01em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.09618em">J</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.35000000000000003em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">]</span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.1279000000000001em"><span style="top:-3.3029em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mopen mtight">(</span><span class="mord mtight">0</span><span class="mclose mtight">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size4">[</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-c"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.6548em"><span style="top:-3.6548em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.0448em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0448em"><span style="top:-2.433692em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2198em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mopen mtight">(</span><span class="mord mtight">0</span><span class="mclose mtight">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.26630799999999993em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.2499999999999996em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.0448em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0448em"><span style="top:-2.433692em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2198em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mopen mtight">(</span><span class="mord mtight">0</span><span class="mclose mtight">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.26630799999999993em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.1548000000000005em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size4">]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><p>Em que <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mi>J</mi><mo stretchy="false">]</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">[J]</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em"></span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.09618em">J</span><span class="mclose">]</span></span></span></span></span> é a <strong>Matriz Jacobiana</strong></p><p>Com a equação acima é possível calcular os valores de <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><msubsup><mi>x</mi><mn>1</mn><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\Delta x_{1}^{(0)}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.311108em;vertical-align:-0.26630799999999993em"></span><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0448em"><span style="top:-2.433692em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2198em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mopen mtight">(</span><span class="mord mtight">0</span><span class="mclose mtight">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.26630799999999993em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> e <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><msubsup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\Delta x_{2}^{(0)}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.311108em;vertical-align:-0.26630799999999993em"></span><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0448em"><span style="top:-2.433692em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2198em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mopen mtight">(</span><span class="mord mtight">0</span><span class="mclose mtight">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.26630799999999993em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>. Entretanto, esses valores somados às estimativas iniciais não determinam a solução correta, sendo necessário repetir o processo de determinação das constantes, formação da matriz jacobiana e solução da equação acima, o qual será refeito determinando novas estimativas <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><msubsup><mi>x</mi><mn>1</mn><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\Delta x_{1}^{(1)}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.311108em;vertical-align:-0.26630799999999993em"></span><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0448em"><span style="top:-2.433692em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2198em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mopen mtight">(</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span><span class="mclose mtight">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.26630799999999993em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> e <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><msubsup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\Delta x_{2}^{(1)}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.311108em;vertical-align:-0.26630799999999993em"></span><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0448em"><span style="top:-2.433692em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2198em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mopen mtight">(</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span><span class="mclose mtight">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.26630799999999993em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>.</p><p>Esse processo é repetido até que as correções se tornem tão pequenas que satisfaçam uma precisão escolhida.</p><p>Para aplicar o método de Newton-Raphson à solução das equações do fluxo de carga, utiliza-se as equações que representam as potências ativa e reativa injetadas em uma barra.</p><p>Assim como no método de Gauss-Seidel, a barra de referência é omitida da solução iterativa para determinar as tensões, pois a tensão complexa dessa barra é especificada. Como é conhecido o valor da potência ativa injetada (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>P</mi><mi>i</mi><mrow><mi>e</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi></mrow></msubsup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">P_i^{esp}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.059164em;vertical-align:-0.276864em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7823em"><span style="top:-2.4231360000000004em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.1809080000000005em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">e</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">s</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">p</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.276864em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>) nas barras do tipo PQ e PV, além da potência reativa injetada (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>Q</mi><mi>i</mi><mrow><mi>e</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi></mrow></msubsup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">Q_i^{esp}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.059164em;vertical-align:-0.276864em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">Q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7823em"><span style="top:-2.4231360000000004em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.1809080000000005em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">e</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">s</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">p</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.276864em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>) nas barras PQ pode-se definir <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>P</mi><mi>i</mi><mrow><mi>e</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi></mrow></msubsup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">P_i^{esp}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.059164em;vertical-align:-0.276864em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7823em"><span style="top:-2.4231360000000004em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.1809080000000005em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">e</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">s</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">p</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.276864em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> e <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>Q</mi><mi>i</mi><mrow><mi>e</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi></mrow></msubsup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">Q_i^{esp}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.059164em;vertical-align:-0.276864em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">Q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7823em"><span style="top:-2.4231360000000004em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.1809080000000005em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">e</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">s</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">p</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.276864em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> como os valores de <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">K</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07153em">K</span></span></span></span></span>. Os valores estimados do módulo e ângulo da tensão correspondem aos valores estimados para <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x_1</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.58056em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> e <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x_2</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.58056em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>.</p><p>O jacobiano consiste nas derivadas parciais de <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>P</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">P_i</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> e <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>Q</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">Q_i</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8777699999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">Q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> em relação a cada uma das variáveis das equações injeção de potência líquida na barra <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">i</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.65952em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">i</span></span></span></span></span>. A matriz coluna formada por <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\Delta x_{1}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> e <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\Delta x_{2}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> corresponde às correções de ângulo (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><msub><mi>θ</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\Delta \theta_i</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.84444em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>) e módulo (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><msub><mi>V</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\Delta V_i</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>) das tensões de barra.</p><p>Com isso pode-se escrever a equação matricial de um sistema de <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>n</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">n</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">n</span></span></span></span></span> barras, em que a barra número 1 corresponde à barra de referência e as barras de número 2 a n são barras do tipo PQ:</p><div class="math math-display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mtable rowspacing="0.15999999999999992em" columnalign="right" columnspacing="1em"><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><mtext>NPQ</mtext><mo>+</mo><mtext>NPV</mtext><mrow><mo fence="true">{</mo><mtable rowspacing="0.3599999999999999em" columnalign="left left" columnspacing="1em"><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mtext> </mtext></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mtext> </mtext></mstyle></mtd></mtr></mtable></mrow></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mtext> </mtext></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><mtext>NPQ</mtext><mrow><mo fence="true">{</mo><mtable rowspacing="0.3599999999999999em" columnalign="left left" columnspacing="1em"><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mtext> </mtext></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mtext> </mtext></mstyle></mtd></mtr></mtable></mrow></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr></mtable><mrow><mo fence="true">[</mo><mtable rowspacing="0.15999999999999992em" columnspacing="1em"><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><msub><mi>P</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mi><mi mathvariant="normal">⋮</mi><mpadded height="+0em" voffset="0em"><mspace mathbackground="black" width="0em" height="1.5em"></mspace></mpadded></mi></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><msub><mi>P</mi><mi>n</mi></msub></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><msub><mi>Q</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mi><mi mathvariant="normal">⋮</mi><mpadded height="+0em" voffset="0em"><mspace mathbackground="black" width="0em" height="1.5em"></mspace></mpadded></mi></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><msub><mi>Q</mi><mi>n</mi></msub></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr></mtable><mo fence="true">]</mo></mrow><mo>=</mo><mrow><mo fence="true">[</mo><mtable rowspacing="0.15999999999999992em" columnspacing="1em"><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mfrac><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi><msub><mi>P</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi><msub><mi>θ</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac></mstyle></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mo lspace="0em" rspace="0em">…</mo></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mfrac><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi><msub><mi>P</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi><msub><mi>θ</mi><mi>n</mi></msub></mrow></mfrac></mstyle></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mfrac><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi><msub><mi>P</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi><msub><mi>V</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac></mstyle></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mo lspace="0em" rspace="0em">…</mo></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mfrac><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi><msub><mi>P</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi><msub><mi>V</mi><mi>n</mi></msub></mrow></mfrac></mstyle></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mi><mi mathvariant="normal">⋮</mi><mpadded height="+0em" voffset="0em"><mspace mathbackground="black" width="0em" height="1.5em"></mspace></mpadded></mi></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mo lspace="0em" rspace="0em">⋱</mo></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mi><mi mathvariant="normal">⋮</mi><mpadded height="+0em" voffset="0em"><mspace mathbackground="black" width="0em" height="1.5em"></mspace></mpadded></mi></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mi><mi mathvariant="normal">⋮</mi><mpadded height="+0em" voffset="0em"><mspace mathbackground="black" width="0em" height="1.5em"></mspace></mpadded></mi></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mo lspace="0em" rspace="0em">⋱</mo></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mi><mi mathvariant="normal">⋮</mi><mpadded height="+0em" voffset="0em"><mspace mathbackground="black" width="0em" height="1.5em"></mspace></mpadded></mi></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mfrac><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi><msub><mi>P</mi><mi>n</mi></msub></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi><msub><mi>θ</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac></mstyle></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mo lspace="0em" rspace="0em">…</mo></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mfrac><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi><msub><mi>P</mi><mi>n</mi></msub></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi><msub><mi>θ</mi><mi>n</mi></msub></mrow></mfrac></mstyle></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mfrac><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi><msub><mi>P</mi><mi>n</mi></msub></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi><msub><mi>V</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac></mstyle></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mo lspace="0em" rspace="0em">…</mo></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mfrac><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi><msub><mi>P</mi><mi>n</mi></msub></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi><msub><mi>V</mi><mi>n</mi></msub></mrow></mfrac></mstyle></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mfrac><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi><msub><mi>Q</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi><msub><mi>θ</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac></mstyle></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mo lspace="0em" rspace="0em">…</mo></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mfrac><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi><msub><mi>Q</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi><msub><mi>θ</mi><mi>n</mi></msub></mrow></mfrac></mstyle></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mfrac><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi><msub><mi>Q</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi><msub><mi>V</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac></mstyle></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mo lspace="0em" rspace="0em">…</mo></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mfrac><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi><msub><mi>Q</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi><msub><mi>V</mi><mi>n</mi></msub></mrow></mfrac></mstyle></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mi><mi mathvariant="normal">⋮</mi><mpadded height="+0em" voffset="0em"><mspace mathbackground="black" width="0em" height="1.5em"></mspace></mpadded></mi></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mo lspace="0em" rspace="0em">⋱</mo></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mi><mi mathvariant="normal">⋮</mi><mpadded height="+0em" voffset="0em"><mspace mathbackground="black" width="0em" height="1.5em"></mspace></mpadded></mi></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mi><mi mathvariant="normal">⋮</mi><mpadded height="+0em" voffset="0em"><mspace mathbackground="black" width="0em" height="1.5em"></mspace></mpadded></mi></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mo lspace="0em" rspace="0em">⋱</mo></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mi><mi mathvariant="normal">⋮</mi><mpadded height="+0em" voffset="0em"><mspace mathbackground="black" width="0em" height="1.5em"></mspace></mpadded></mi></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mfrac><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi><msub><mi>Q</mi><mi>n</mi></msub></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi><msub><mi>θ</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac></mstyle></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mo lspace="0em" rspace="0em">…</mo></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mfrac><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi><msub><mi>Q</mi><mi>n</mi></msub></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi><msub><mi>θ</mi><mi>n</mi></msub></mrow></mfrac></mstyle></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mfrac><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi><msub><mi>Q</mi><mi>n</mi></msub></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi><msub><mi>V</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac></mstyle></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mo lspace="0em" rspace="0em">…</mo></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mfrac><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi><msub><mi>Q</mi><mi>n</mi></msub></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi><msub><mi>V</mi><mi>n</mi></msub></mrow></mfrac></mstyle></mstyle></mtd></mtr></mtable><mo fence="true">]</mo></mrow><mrow><mo fence="true">[</mo><mtable rowspacing="0.15999999999999992em" columnspacing="1em"><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><msub><mi>θ</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mi><mi mathvariant="normal">⋮</mi><mpadded height="+0em" voffset="0em"><mspace mathbackground="black" width="0em" height="1.5em"></mspace></mpadded></mi></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><msub><mi>θ</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><msub><mi>V</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mi><mi mathvariant="normal">⋮</mi><mpadded height="+0em" voffset="0em"><mspace mathbackground="black" width="0em" height="1.5em"></mspace></mpadded></mi></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><msub><mi>V</mi><mi>n</mi></msub></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr></mtable><mo fence="true">]</mo></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{array}{r} \text{NPQ} + \text{NPV} \begin{cases} ~\\ ~ \end{cases}\\ ~\\ \text{NPQ} \begin{cases} ~\\ ~ \end{cases} \end{array} \begin{bmatrix} \Delta P_2\\ \vdots\\ \Delta P_n\\ \Delta Q_2\\ \vdots\\ \Delta Q_n\\ \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} \displaystyle\frac{\partial P_2}{\partial \theta_2} & \dots & \displaystyle\frac{\partial P_2}{\partial \theta_n} & \displaystyle\frac{\partial P_2}{\partial V_2} & \dots & \displaystyle\frac{\partial P_2}{\partial V_n}\\ \vdots & \ddots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots\\ \displaystyle\frac{\partial P_n}{\partial \theta_2} & \dots & \displaystyle\frac{\partial P_n}{\partial \theta_n} & \displaystyle\frac{\partial P_n}{\partial V_2} & \dots & \displaystyle\frac{\partial P_n}{\partial V_n}\\ \displaystyle\frac{\partial Q_2}{\partial \theta_2} & \dots & \displaystyle\frac{\partial Q_2}{\partial \theta_n} & \displaystyle\frac{\partial Q_2}{\partial V_2} & \dots & \displaystyle\frac{\partial Q_2}{\partial V_n}\\ \vdots & \ddots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots\\ \displaystyle\frac{\partial Q_n}{\partial \theta_2} & \dots & \displaystyle\frac{\partial Q_n}{\partial \theta_n} & \displaystyle\frac{\partial Q_n}{\partial V_2} & \dots & \displaystyle\frac{\partial Q_n}{\partial V_n} \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} \Delta \theta_2\\ \vdots\\ \Delta \theta_2\\ \Delta V_2\\ \vdots\\ \Delta V_n\\ \end{bmatrix}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:8.520000000000003em;vertical-align:-4.010000000000001em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="arraycolsep" style="width:0.5em"></span><span class="col-align-r"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.8500299999999994em"><span style="top:-5.850029999999999em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.75em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">NPQ</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">NPV</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size4">{</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-l"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.69em"><span style="top:-3.69em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.008em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mspace nobreak"> </span></span></span><span style="top:-2.25em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.008em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mspace nobreak"> </span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.19em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.7599999999999993em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.75em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mspace nobreak"> </span></span></span><span style="top:-1.6499999999999997em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.75em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">NPQ</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size4">{</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-l"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.69em"><span style="top:-3.69em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.008em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mspace nobreak"> </span></span></span><span style="top:-2.25em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.008em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mspace nobreak"> </span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.19em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.3500300000000003em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="arraycolsep" style="width:0.5em"></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen"><span class="delimsizing mult"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:4.458970000000001em"><span style="top:0.1500399999999994em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎣</span></span></span><span style="top:-0.9999600000000006em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-1.5959600000000007em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.191960000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.787960000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.3839600000000005em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.9799600000000006em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.57596em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-5.17196em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-5.217950000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-6.458970000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎡</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.9500599999999997em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-c"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:4.510000000000002em"><span style="top:-7.357500000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-5.497500000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord">⋮</span><span class="mord rule" style="border-right-width:0em;border-top-width:1.5em;bottom:0em"></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-4.297500000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.0975000000000006em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">Q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-1.2375000000000005em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord">⋮</span><span class="mord rule" style="border-right-width:0em;border-top-width:1.5em;bottom:0em"></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-0.03749999999999937em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">Q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:4.010000000000001em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose"><span class="delimsizing mult"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:4.458970000000001em"><span style="top:0.1500399999999994em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎦</span></span></span><span style="top:-0.9999600000000006em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-1.5959600000000007em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.191960000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.787960000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.3839600000000005em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.9799600000000006em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.57596em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-5.17196em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-5.217950000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-6.458970000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎤</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.9500599999999997em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:12.61603em;vertical-align:-6.050095em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen"><span class="delimsizing mult"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:6.5659350000000005em"><span style="top:2.2500749999999994em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎣</span></span></span><span style="top:1.1000749999999995em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:0.5040749999999994em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-0.0919250000000007em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-0.6879250000000008em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-1.2839250000000009em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-1.879925000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.475925000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.071925000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.6679250000000008em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.263925em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.8599250000000005em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-5.455925000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-6.051925000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-6.647925000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-7.243925000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-7.324915000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-8.565935000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎡</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:6.050095em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-c"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:6.52488em"><span style="top:-8.84094em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.37144em"><span style="top:-2.3139999999999996em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.05556em">∂</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.05556em">∂</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8360000000000001em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-6.5049399999999995em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord">⋮</span><span class="mord rule" style="border-right-width:0em;border-top-width:1.5em;bottom:0em"></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-4.773499999999999em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.37144em"><span style="top:-2.3139999999999996em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.05556em">∂</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.05556em">∂</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8360000000000001em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.5660599999999993em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.3714399999999998em"><span style="top:-2.3139999999999996em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.05556em">∂</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.05556em">∂</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">Q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8360000000000001em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-0.23005999999999965em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord">⋮</span><span class="mord rule" style="border-right-width:0em;border-top-width:1.5em;bottom:0em"></span></span></span></span><span style="top:1.5013799999999995em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.3714399999999998em"><span style="top:-2.3139999999999996em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.05556em">∂</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.05556em">∂</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">Q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8360000000000001em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:6.02488em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="arraycolsep" style="width:0.5em"></span><span class="arraycolsep" style="width:0.5em"></span><span class="col-align-c"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:6.52488em"><span style="top:-8.65344em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.5em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="minner">…</span></span></span><span style="top:-6.3174399999999995em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.5em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="minner">⋱</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.585999999999999em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.5em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="minner">…</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.3785599999999993em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.5em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="minner">…</span></span></span><span style="top:-0.042559999999999654em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.5em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="minner">⋱</span></span></span><span style="top:1.6888799999999995em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.5em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="minner">…</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:6.02488em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="arraycolsep" style="width:0.5em"></span><span class="arraycolsep" style="width:0.5em"></span><span class="col-align-c"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:6.52488em"><span style="top:-8.84094em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.37144em"><span style="top:-2.3139999999999996em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.05556em">∂</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.05556em">∂</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8360000000000001em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-6.5049399999999995em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord">⋮</span><span class="mord rule" style="border-right-width:0em;border-top-width:1.5em;bottom:0em"></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-4.773499999999999em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.37144em"><span style="top:-2.3139999999999996em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.05556em">∂</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.05556em">∂</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8360000000000001em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.5660599999999993em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.3714399999999998em"><span style="top:-2.3139999999999996em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.05556em">∂</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.05556em">∂</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">Q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8360000000000001em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-0.23005999999999965em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord">⋮</span><span class="mord rule" style="border-right-width:0em;border-top-width:1.5em;bottom:0em"></span></span></span></span><span style="top:1.5013799999999995em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.3714399999999998em"><span style="top:-2.3139999999999996em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.05556em">∂</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.05556em">∂</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">Q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8360000000000001em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:6.02488em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="arraycolsep" style="width:0.5em"></span><span class="arraycolsep" style="width:0.5em"></span><span class="col-align-c"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:6.52488em"><span style="top:-8.84094em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.37144em"><span style="top:-2.3139999999999996em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.05556em">∂</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.05556em">∂</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8360000000000001em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-6.5049399999999995em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord">⋮</span><span class="mord rule" style="border-right-width:0em;border-top-width:1.5em;bottom:0em"></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-4.773499999999999em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.37144em"><span style="top:-2.3139999999999996em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.05556em">∂</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.05556em">∂</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8360000000000001em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.5660599999999993em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.3714399999999998em"><span style="top:-2.3139999999999996em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.05556em">∂</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.05556em">∂</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">Q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8360000000000001em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-0.23005999999999965em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord">⋮</span><span class="mord rule" style="border-right-width:0em;border-top-width:1.5em;bottom:0em"></span></span></span></span><span style="top:1.5013799999999995em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.3714399999999998em"><span style="top:-2.3139999999999996em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.05556em">∂</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.05556em">∂</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">Q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8360000000000001em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:6.02488em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="arraycolsep" style="width:0.5em"></span><span class="arraycolsep" style="width:0.5em"></span><span class="col-align-c"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:6.52488em"><span style="top:-8.65344em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.5em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="minner">…</span></span></span><span style="top:-6.3174399999999995em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.5em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="minner">⋱</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.585999999999999em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.5em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="minner">…</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.3785599999999993em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.5em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="minner">…</span></span></span><span style="top:-0.042559999999999654em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.5em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="minner">⋱</span></span></span><span style="top:1.6888799999999995em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.5em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="minner">…</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:6.02488em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="arraycolsep" style="width:0.5em"></span><span class="arraycolsep" style="width:0.5em"></span><span class="col-align-c"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:6.52488em"><span style="top:-8.84094em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.37144em"><span style="top:-2.3139999999999996em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.05556em">∂</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.05556em">∂</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8360000000000001em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-6.5049399999999995em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord">⋮</span><span class="mord rule" style="border-right-width:0em;border-top-width:1.5em;bottom:0em"></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-4.773499999999999em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.37144em"><span style="top:-2.3139999999999996em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.05556em">∂</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.05556em">∂</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8360000000000001em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.5660599999999993em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.3714399999999998em"><span style="top:-2.3139999999999996em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.05556em">∂</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.05556em">∂</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">Q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8360000000000001em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-0.23005999999999965em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord">⋮</span><span class="mord rule" style="border-right-width:0em;border-top-width:1.5em;bottom:0em"></span></span></span></span><span style="top:1.5013799999999995em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.3714399999999998em"><span style="top:-2.3139999999999996em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.05556em">∂</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.05556em">∂</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">Q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8360000000000001em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:6.02488em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose"><span class="delimsizing mult"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:6.5659350000000005em"><span style="top:2.2500749999999994em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎦</span></span></span><span style="top:1.1000749999999995em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:0.5040749999999994em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-0.0919250000000007em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-0.6879250000000008em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-1.2839250000000009em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-1.879925000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.475925000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.071925000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.6679250000000008em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.263925em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.8599250000000005em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-5.455925000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-6.051925000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-6.647925000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-7.243925000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-7.324915000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-8.565935000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎤</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:6.050095em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen"><span class="delimsizing mult"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:4.458970000000001em"><span style="top:0.1500399999999994em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎣</span></span></span><span style="top:-0.9999600000000006em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-1.5959600000000007em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.191960000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.787960000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.3839600000000005em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.9799600000000006em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.57596em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-5.17196em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-5.217950000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-6.458970000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎡</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.9500599999999997em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-c"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:4.510000000000002em"><span style="top:-7.357500000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-5.497500000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord">⋮</span><span class="mord rule" style="border-right-width:0em;border-top-width:1.5em;bottom:0em"></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-4.297500000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.0975000000000006em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-1.2375000000000005em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord">⋮</span><span class="mord rule" style="border-right-width:0em;border-top-width:1.5em;bottom:0em"></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-0.03749999999999937em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:4.010000000000001em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose"><span class="delimsizing mult"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:4.458970000000001em"><span style="top:0.1500399999999994em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎦</span></span></span><span style="top:-0.9999600000000006em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-1.5959600000000007em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.191960000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.787960000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.3839600000000005em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.9799600000000006em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.57596em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-5.17196em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-5.217950000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-6.458970000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎤</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.9500599999999997em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><p>Em que:</p><ul><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mtext>NPQ</mtext></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\text{NPQ}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8777699999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">NPQ</span></span></span></span></span></span> é o número de barras PQ</li><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mtext>NPV</mtext></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\text{NPV}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">NPV</span></span></span></span></span></span> é o número de barras PV</li></ul><p>O processo iterativo se inicia calculando as potências ativas (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>P</mi><mi>i</mi><mrow><mi>c</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow></msubsup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">P_i^{calc}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.107772em;vertical-align:-0.258664em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.849108em"><span style="top:-2.441336em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">c</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">a</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.01968em">l</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">c</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.258664em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>) para as barras PQ e PV e as potências reativas (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>Q</mi><mi>i</mi><mrow><mi>c</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow></msubsup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">Q_i^{calc}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.107772em;vertical-align:-0.258664em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">Q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.849108em"><span style="top:-2.441336em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">c</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">a</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.01968em">l</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">c</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.258664em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>) para as barras PQ, ambas as equações utilizando as estimativas iniciais das tensões complexas. Calcula-se, então, as correções de potência (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><mi>P</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\Delta P</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span></span></span></span></span> e <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><mi>Q</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\Delta Q</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8777699999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord mathdefault">Q</span></span></span></span></span>):</p><div class="math math-display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><mi>P</mi><mo>=</mo><msubsup><mi>P</mi><mi>i</mi><mrow><mi>e</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi></mrow></msubsup><mo>−</mo><msubsup><mi>P</mi><mi>i</mi><mrow><mi>c</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow></msubsup><mspace linebreak="newline"></mspace><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><mi>Q</mi><mo>=</mo><msubsup><mi>Q</mi><mi>i</mi><mrow><mi>e</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi></mrow></msubsup><mo>−</mo><msubsup><mi>Q</mi><mi>i</mi><mrow><mi>c</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow></msubsup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\Delta P = P_i^{esp} - P_i^{calc}\\ \Delta Q = Q_i^{esp} - Q_i^{calc}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.059164em;vertical-align:-0.276864em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7822999999999999em"><span style="top:-2.4231360000000004em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.180908em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">e</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">s</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">p</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.276864em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.146108em;vertical-align:-0.247em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8991079999999998em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">c</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">a</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.01968em">l</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">c</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace newline"></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8777699999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord mathdefault">Q</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.059164em;vertical-align:-0.276864em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">Q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7822999999999999em"><span style="top:-2.4231360000000004em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.180908em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">e</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">s</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">p</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.276864em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.146108em;vertical-align:-0.247em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">Q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8991079999999998em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">c</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">a</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.01968em">l</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">c</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><p>O passo seguinte é a formação da matriz jacobiana. Com isso é possível calcular as correções de módulo e ângulo das tensões de todas as barras (com exceção da barra de referência). Para tanto, no PSP-UFU utiliza-se o método de <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_elimination" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Eliminação Gaussiana</a> e em sequência a substituição regressiva. Esse procedimento diminui o esforço computacional, uma vez que a inversão da matriz jacobiana em todas as iterações é evitada.</p><p>Com as correções de módulo e ângulo das tensões das barras calculados, aplicam-se as seguintes equações:</p><div class="math math-display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>θ</mi><mi>i</mi><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>v</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></msubsup><mo>=</mo><msubsup><mi>θ</mi><mi>i</mi><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>v</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></msubsup><mo>+</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><msubsup><mi>θ</mi><mi>i</mi><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>v</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></msubsup><mspace linebreak="newline"></mspace><msubsup><mi>V</mi><mi>i</mi><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>v</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></msubsup><mo>=</mo><msubsup><mi>V</mi><mi>i</mi><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>v</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></msubsup><mo>+</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><msubsup><mi>V</mi><mi>i</mi><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>v</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\theta_i^{(v+1)}=\theta_i^{(v)}+\Delta \theta_i^{(v)}\\ V_i^{(v+1)}=V_i^{(v)}+\Delta V_i^{(v)}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.321664em;vertical-align:-0.276864em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0448em"><span style="top:-2.4231360000000004em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2198em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mopen mtight">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">v</span><span class="mbin mtight">+</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span><span class="mclose mtight">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.276864em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.321664em;vertical-align:-0.276864em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0448em"><span style="top:-2.4231360000000004em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2198em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mopen mtight">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">v</span><span class="mclose mtight">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.276864em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.321664em;vertical-align:-0.276864em"></span><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0448em"><span style="top:-2.4231360000000004em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2198em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mopen mtight">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">v</span><span class="mclose mtight">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.276864em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace newline"></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.321664em;vertical-align:-0.276864em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0448em"><span style="top:-2.4231360000000004em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2198em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mopen mtight">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">v</span><span class="mbin mtight">+</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span><span class="mclose mtight">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.276864em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.321664em;vertical-align:-0.276864em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0448em"><span style="top:-2.4231360000000004em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2198em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mopen mtight">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">v</span><span class="mclose mtight">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.276864em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.321664em;vertical-align:-0.276864em"></span><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0448em"><span style="top:-2.4231360000000004em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2198em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mopen mtight">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">v</span><span class="mclose mtight">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.276864em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><p>O processo é então reiniciado e será repetido até que se obtenha a convergência, quando as correções se tornam tão pequenas que satisfaçam uma tolerância pré-estipulada.</p><p>O fluxograma abaixo mostra o método de Newton-Raphson para solução do fluxo de carga implementado.</p><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/newtonRaphson.svg" alt="Método numérico de Newton-Raphson para fluxo de carga" title="Método numérico de Newton-Raphson para fluxo de carga"></center></div><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="controles-e-limites-em-um-problema-de-fluxo-de-carga"></a>Controles e limites em um problema de fluxo de carga<a class="hash-link" href="#controles-e-limites-em-um-problema-de-fluxo-de-carga" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>Nas barras de <a href="/PSP/docs/syncGenerator">geração</a> e também naquelas em que se encontra um <a href="/PSP/docs/syncMotor">compensador síncrono</a> conectado, o controle da magnitude da tensão no barramento é realizado por meio do ajuste da corrente de campo das máquinas síncronas, as quais podem operar sobrexcitadas (injetando reativos) ou subexcitadas (absorvendo reativos). Os valores limites de potência reativa que podem ser injetadas ou absorvidas dependem da máquina síncrona em estudo. Esses limites são incluídos no fluxo de carga com a criação de dois novos parâmetros, a potência reativa máxima (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>Q</mi><mi>i</mi><mrow><mi>m</mi><mover accent="true"><mi>a</mi><mo>ˊ</mo></mover><mi>x</mi></mrow></msubsup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">Q_i^{máx}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.107772em;vertical-align:-0.258664em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">Q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.849108em"><span style="top:-2.441336em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">m</span><span class="mord accent mtight"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.69444em"><span style="top:-2.7em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">a</span></span><span style="top:-2.7em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.25em"><span class="mord mtight">ˊ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">x</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.258664em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>) e potência reativa mínima (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>Q</mi><mi>i</mi><mrow><mi>m</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>n</mi></mrow></msubsup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">Q_i^{min}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.0833279999999998em;vertical-align:-0.258664em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">Q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.824664em"><span style="top:-2.441336em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">m</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.258664em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>), sendo esses valores a soma dos limites individuais das máquinas em uma mesma barra genérica <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">i</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.65952em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">i</span></span></span></span></span>.</p><p>A manutenção da potência reativa dentro dos limites é realizada pela troca do tipo de barra, ou seja, as barras violadoras que controlam a tensão (PV), passam a ser barras de carga (PQ), cuja potência é fixada como o limite que seria ultrapassado (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>Q</mi><mi>i</mi><mrow><mi>m</mi><mover accent="true"><mi>a</mi><mo>ˊ</mo></mover><mi>x</mi></mrow></msubsup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">Q_i^{máx}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.107772em;vertical-align:-0.258664em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">Q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.849108em"><span style="top:-2.441336em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">m</span><span class="mord accent mtight"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.69444em"><span style="top:-2.7em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">a</span></span><span style="top:-2.7em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.25em"><span class="mord mtight">ˊ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">x</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.258664em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> ou <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>Q</mi><mi>i</mi><mrow><mi>m</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>n</mi></mrow></msubsup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">Q_i^{min}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.0833279999999998em;vertical-align:-0.258664em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">Q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.824664em"><span style="top:-2.441336em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">m</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.258664em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>) e a tensão deixa de ser controlada partir de então.</p><p>A verificação de violação e troca de tipo de barra pode ser realizada a cada iteração ou ao final da convergência do cálculo. No PSP-UFU foi implementada a última estratégia, uma vez que separa os conceitos de cálculo e de verificação de limites, tornando mais fácil o desenvolvimento de novos métodos numéricos e limites. Nessa abordagem, ao ajustar o sistema para a nova situação não violadora o cálculo iterativo deve ser retomado até que obtenha novamente a convergência.</p><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="referências"></a>Referências<a class="hash-link" href="#referências" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><ol><li>MONTICELLI, A. J. Fluxo de Carga em Redes de Energia Elétrica. São Paulo: Edgar Blücher, 1983.</li><li>STEVENSON JR.; WILLIAN, D. Elementos de Análise de Sistemas de Potência. 2ª ed. São Paulo: McGraw-Hill, 1986.</li><li>MILANO, F. Power System Modelling and Scripting. London: Springer, 2010. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13669-6" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13669-6</a></li><li>ARRILLAGA, J.; WATSON, N. R. Computer Modelling of Electrical Power Systems. Wiley & Sons, New York, 2001. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118878286" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118878286</a></li><li>TINNEY, W. F.; HART, C. E. Power Flow Solution by Newton’s Method. IEEE Transaction on Power Apparatus and Systems, v. PAS-86, n. 11, nov. 1967. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAS.1967.291823" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAS.1967.291823</a></li></ol></div></article><div class="margin-vert--xl"><div class="row"><div class="col"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/tree/master/docusaurus/docs/powerFlow.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><svg fill="currentColor" height="1.2em" width="1.2em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" role="img" viewBox="0 0 40 40" class="iconEdit_2_ui" aria-label="Edit page"><g><path d="m34.5 11.7l-3 3.1-6.3-6.3 3.1-3q0.5-0.5 1.2-0.5t1.1 0.5l3.9 3.9q0.5 0.4 0.5 1.1t-0.5 1.2z m-29.5 17.1l18.4-18.5 6.3 6.3-18.4 18.4h-6.3v-6.2z"></path></g></svg>Edit this page</a></div></div></div><div class="margin-vert--lg"><nav class="pagination-nav" aria-label="Docs pages navigation"><div class="pagination-nav__item"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/PSP/docs/mathExpression"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Previous</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">« Expressão Matemática</div></a></div><div class="pagination-nav__item pagination-nav__item--next"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/PSP/docs/fault"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Next</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">Curto-Circuito »</div></a></div></nav></div></div></div><div class="col col--3"><div class="tableOfContents_35-E thin-scrollbar"><ul class="table-of-contents table-of-contents__left-border"><li><a href="#formulação-do-problema-de-fluxo-de-carga" class="table-of-contents__link">Formulação do problema de fluxo de carga</a></li><li><a href="#execução-do-fluxo-de-carga-no-psp-ufu" class="table-of-contents__link">Execução do fluxo de carga no PSP-UFU</a><ul><li><a href="#erros-comuns-na-execução-do-fluxo-de-carga" class="table-of-contents__link">Erros comuns na execução do fluxo de carga</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#métodos-de-solução-numérica-do-fluxo-de-carga-no-psp-ufu" class="table-of-contents__link">Métodos de solução numérica do fluxo de carga no PSP-UFU</a><ul><li><a href="#gauss-seidel" class="table-of-contents__link">Gauss-Seidel</a></li><li><a href="#newton-raphson" class="table-of-contents__link">Newton-Raphson</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#controles-e-limites-em-um-problema-de-fluxo-de-carga" class="table-of-contents__link">Controles e limites em um problema de fluxo de carga</a></li><li><a href="#referências" class="table-of-contents__link">Referências</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></main></div></div><footer class="footer footer--dark"><div class="container"><div class="row footer__links"><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Guide</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a class="footer__link-item" href="/PSP/docs/">PSP-UFU Guide</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://thales1330.github.io/PSP/doxygen/html/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Code Documentation</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Community</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/issues" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Ask a question</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://twitter.com/PspUfu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Twitter</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Site Image Credit</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a href="http://www.freepik.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Images designed by upklyak / slidesgo / macrovector / Freepik</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="footer__bottom text--center"><div class="footer__copyright">Copyright © 2021 Thales Lima Oliveira. 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class="markdown"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/PSP/katex/katex.min.css"><p>Os blocos de limite de taxa têm como objetivo conter a taxa de crescimento ou decrescimento da sua entrada a valores inseridos pelo usuário. A taxa de variação é calculada a partir dos valores de entrada atual e passado e, caso seja violada, será definida uma saída que respeite essas taxas (de crescimento ou decrescimento).</p><p>A taxa (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>r</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">r</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span></span></span></span></span>) é calculada de acordo com a equação:</p><div class="math math-display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>r</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>u</mi><mi>n</mi></msub><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>y</mi><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></mrow><mi>h</mi></mfrac></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">r = \frac{u_n - y_{n-1}}{h}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.9463300000000001em;vertical-align:-0.686em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.26033em"><span style="top:-2.314em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">h</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em">y</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.301108em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span><span class="mbin mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.686em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><p>Em que:</p><ul><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>u</mi><mi>n</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">u_n</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.58056em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> é a entrada atual do bloco</li><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>y</mi><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">y_{n-1}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.638891em;vertical-align:-0.208331em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em">y</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.301108em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span><span class="mbin mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> é o valor de saída anterior do bloco</li><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>h</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">h</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.69444em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">h</span></span></span></span></span> é o passo de integração</li></ul><p>Obtida a taxa, o bloco irá resultar em um valor calculado pelas seguintes condições:</p><div class="math math-display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo fence="true">{</mo><mtable rowspacing="0.3599999999999999em" columnalign="left left" columnspacing="1em"><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><mi>h</mi><mo>×</mo><msub><mi>R</mi><mrow><mi>c</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub><mo separator="true" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">,</mo></mrow></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><mtext>se </mtext><mi>r</mi><mo>></mo><msub><mi>R</mi><mrow><mi>c</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><msub><mi>u</mi><mi>n</mi></msub><mo separator="true" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">,</mo></mrow></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><mtext>se </mtext><msub><mi>R</mi><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub><mo>≤</mo><mi>r</mi><mo>≤</mo><msub><mi>R</mi><mrow><mi>c</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><mi>h</mi><mo>×</mo><msub><mi>R</mi><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub><mo separator="true" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">,</mo></mrow></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><mtext>se </mtext><mi>r</mi><mo><</mo><msub><mi>R</mi><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr></mtable></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{cases} h \times R_{cre}{,} & \text{se } r > R_{cre} \\ u_n{,} & \text{se } R_{dec} \le r \le R_{cre}\\ h \times R_{dec}{,} & \text{se } r < R_{dec} \end{cases}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:4.32em;vertical-align:-1.9099999999999997em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen"><span class="delimsizing mult"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.35002em"><span style="top:-2.19999em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎩</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.19499em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎪</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.20499em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎪</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.15001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎨</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.2950099999999996em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎪</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.30501em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎪</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.60002em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎧</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.8500199999999998em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-l"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.41em"><span style="top:-4.41em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.008em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">h</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">×</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.00773em">R</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.00773em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">c</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">e</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mpunct">,</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.97em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.008em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mpunct">,</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-1.5300000000000002em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.008em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">h</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">×</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.00773em">R</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.00773em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">e</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">c</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mpunct">,</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.9099999999999997em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="arraycolsep" style="width:1em"></span><span class="col-align-l"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.41em"><span style="top:-4.41em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.008em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">se </span></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.00773em">R</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.00773em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">c</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">e</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.97em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.008em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">se </span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.00773em">R</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.00773em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">e</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">c</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">≤</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">≤</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.00773em">R</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.00773em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">c</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">e</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-1.5300000000000002em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.008em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">se </span></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel"><</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.00773em">R</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.00773em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">e</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">c</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.9099999999999997em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><p>Em que:</p><ul><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>R</mi><mrow><mi>c</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">R_{cre}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.00773em">R</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.00773em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">c</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">e</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> e <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>R</mi><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">R_{dec}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.00773em">R</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.00773em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">e</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">c</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> são as taxas de crescimento e decaimento, respectivamente</li></ul><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="formulário-de-edição-de-dados-do-limitador-de-taxa"></a>Formulário de edição de dados do Limitador de taxa<a class="hash-link" href="#formulário-de-edição-de-dados-do-limitador-de-taxa" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>A figura abaixo apresenta o formulário de edição de dados do bloco limitador de taxa.</p><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/rateLimitForm.png" alt="Formulário de edição de dados do bloco limitador de taxa no PSP-UFU" title="Formulário de edição de dados do bloco limitador de taxa no PSP-UFU"></center></div><p>Esse bloco é definido pelo <strong>limite superior (taxa de crescimento máxima) e inferior 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href="/PSP/docs/simulationConfig">Configurações da Simulação</a></li></ul></li><li class="menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist" href="#!">Data Visualization</a><ul class="menu__list"><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/text">Texto Vinculado</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/tabularReport">Relatórios Tabulares</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/graphViewer">Visualizador de Gráficos</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/heatmap">Mapa de Tensão</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><main class="docMainContainer_3ufF"><div class="container padding-vert--lg docItemWrapper_3FMP"><div class="row"><div class="col docItemCol_3FnS"><div class="docItemContainer_33ec"><article><header><h1 class="docTitle_3a4h">Configurações da Simulação</h1></header><div class="markdown"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/PSP/katex/katex.min.css"><p>As parametrizações e configurações das simulações são acessadas no <a href="/PSP/docs/mainScreen#menu-ribbon">menu Simulação</a> clicando no ícone do botão <strong>Configurações de simulação</strong>.</p><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/menuSimulationSettings.svg" alt="Menu Simulação" title="Menu Simulação"></center></div><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="formulário-de-edição-das-configurações-de-simulação"></a>Formulário de edição das configurações de simulação<a class="hash-link" href="#formulário-de-edição-das-configurações-de-simulação" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>A imagem abaixo apresenta o formulário de edição das configurações de simulação:</p><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/simulationConfigForm.png" alt="Configurações de simulação" title="Configurações de simulação"></center></div><p>Esse formulário é subdividido em quatro contextos distintos:</p><ul><li><strong>Geral</strong>: no qual são inseridas informações gerais e comuns a várias simulações;</li><li><strong>Fluxo de carga</strong>: local onde é selecionado o <a href="/PSP/docs/powerFlow#m%C3%A9todos-de-solu%C3%A7%C3%A3o-num%C3%A9rica-do-fluxo-de-carga-no-psp-ufu">método de solução numérica</a>, assim como seus parâmetros;</li><li><strong>Estabilidade</strong>: contendo opções de simulação no tempo e parâmetros do <a href="/PSP/docs/stability#integra%C3%A7%C3%A3o-num%C3%A9rica">método de integração</a>;</li><li><strong>Carga ZIP</strong>: contém as opções gerais das <a href="/PSP/docs/load#carga-no-estudo-de-estabilidade">cargas do tipo ZIP</a> no estudo de <a href="/PSP/docs/stability">estabilidade</a>.</li></ul><hr><div class="tabs-container"><ul role="tablist" aria-orientation="horizontal" class="tabs"><li role="tab" tabindex="0" aria-selected="true" class="tabs__item tabItem_1uMI tabs__item--active">Geral</li><li role="tab" tabindex="-1" aria-selected="false" class="tabs__item tabItem_1uMI">Fluxo de carga</li><li role="tab" tabindex="-1" aria-selected="false" class="tabs__item tabItem_1uMI">Estabilidade</li><li role="tab" tabindex="-1" aria-selected="false" class="tabs__item tabItem_1uMI">Carga ZIP</li></ul><div class="margin-vert--md"><div role="tabpanel"><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="potência-base"></a>Potência base<a class="hash-link" href="#potência-base" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Potência base do sistema utilizada para conversão dos dados reais em <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p.u.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span> e vice-versa. Pode ser inserido em VA, kVA ou MVA.</p><div class="admonition admonition-tip alert alert--success"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="16" viewBox="0 0 12 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M6.5 0C3.48 0 1 2.19 1 5c0 .92.55 2.25 1 3 1.34 2.25 1.78 2.78 2 4v1h5v-1c.22-1.22.66-1.75 2-4 .45-.75 1-2.08 1-3 0-2.81-2.48-5-5.5-5zm3.64 7.48c-.25.44-.47.8-.67 1.11-.86 1.41-1.25 2.06-1.45 3.23-.02.05-.02.11-.02.17H5c0-.06 0-.13-.02-.17-.2-1.17-.59-1.83-1.45-3.23-.2-.31-.42-.67-.67-1.11C2.44 6.78 2 5.65 2 5c0-2.2 2.02-4 4.5-4 1.22 0 2.36.42 3.22 1.19C10.55 2.94 11 3.94 11 5c0 .66-.44 1.78-.86 2.48zM4 14h5c-.23 1.14-1.3 2-2.5 2s-2.27-.86-2.5-2z"></path></svg></span>Dica</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>A potência base de cada elemento pode ser distinta da potência base do sistema. Para isso, basta marcar a opção "Utilizar potência nominal [<em>do elemento</em>] como base", presente em seus respectivos <a href="/PSP/docs/powerEditor">formulários de edição da dados</a>.</p></div></div><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="frequência-do-sistema"></a>Frequência do sistema<a class="hash-link" href="#frequência-do-sistema" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Define a frequência nominal do sistema.</p><div class="admonition admonition-warning alert alert--danger"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="16" viewBox="0 0 12 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.05.31c.81 2.17.41 3.38-.52 4.31C3.55 5.67 1.98 6.45.9 7.98c-1.45 2.05-1.7 6.53 3.53 7.7-2.2-1.16-2.67-4.52-.3-6.61-.61 2.03.53 3.33 1.94 2.86 1.39-.47 2.3.53 2.27 1.67-.02.78-.31 1.44-1.13 1.81 3.42-.59 4.78-3.42 4.78-5.56 0-2.84-2.53-3.22-1.25-5.61-1.52.13-2.03 1.13-1.89 2.75.09 1.08-1.02 1.8-1.86 1.33-.67-.41-.66-1.19-.06-1.78C8.18 5.31 8.68 2.45 5.05.32L5.03.3l.02.01z"></path></svg></span>Cuidado!</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Ao alterar a frequência nominal atente-se ao campo "<a href="/PSP/docs/syncGenerator#frequ%C3%AAncia-de-circuito-aberto">Frequência de circuito aberto</a>" das máquinas síncronas.</p></div></div><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="cálculo-contínuo"></a>Cálculo contínuo<a class="hash-link" href="#cálculo-contínuo" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Habilita ou desabilita o cálculo contínuo para os cálculos de <a href="/PSP/docs/fault">curto-circuito</a>, <a href="/PSP/docs/fault">nível de curto-circuito</a> e <a href="/PSP/docs/harmonics">distorções harmônicas</a>. O cálculo contínuo para o <a href="/PSP/docs/powerFlow">fluxo de carga</a> é sempre habilitado.</p><div class="admonition admonition-tip alert alert--success"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="16" viewBox="0 0 12 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M6.5 0C3.48 0 1 2.19 1 5c0 .92.55 2.25 1 3 1.34 2.25 1.78 2.78 2 4v1h5v-1c.22-1.22.66-1.75 2-4 .45-.75 1-2.08 1-3 0-2.81-2.48-5-5.5-5zm3.64 7.48c-.25.44-.47.8-.67 1.11-.86 1.41-1.25 2.06-1.45 3.23-.02.05-.02.11-.02.17H5c0-.06 0-.13-.02-.17-.2-1.17-.59-1.83-1.45-3.23-.2-.31-.42-.67-.67-1.11C2.44 6.78 2 5.65 2 5c0-2.2 2.02-4 4.5-4 1.22 0 2.36.42 3.22 1.19C10.55 2.94 11 3.94 11 5c0 .66-.44 1.78-.86 2.48zM4 14h5c-.23 1.14-1.3 2-2.5 2s-2.27-.86-2.5-2z"></path></svg></span>Dica</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Para habilitar o cálculo contínuo aperte o botão <strong>Habilitar solução</strong> presente no <a href="/PSP/docs/mainScreen#menu-ribbon">menu Simulação</a>.</p><p>Com essa opção, os cálculos estáticos selecionados são automaticamente realizados ao modificar quaisquer parâmetros da rede, como dados elétricos e acionamento dos disjuntores dos elementos (remoção ou inserção).</p></div></div></div><div role="tabpanel" hidden=""><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="método-de-solução"></a>Método de solução<a class="hash-link" href="#método-de-solução" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Define o método de solução numérica para o estudo de <a href="/PSP/docs/powerFlow">fluxo de carga</a>. Na versão atual, está presente no PSP-UFU os seguintes métodos:</p><ul><li><a href="/PSP/docs/powerFlow#gauss-seidel">Gauss-Seidel</a></li><li><a href="/PSP/docs/powerFlow#newton-raphson">Newton-Raphson</a></li><li><a href="/PSP/docs/powerFlow#m%C3%A9todos-de-solu%C3%A7%C3%A3o-num%C3%A9rica-do-fluxo-de-carga-no-psp-ufu">Gauss-Newton híbrido</a></li></ul><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="fator-de-aceleração"></a>Fator de aceleração<a class="hash-link" href="#fator-de-aceleração" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Fator utilizado para acelerar a convergência nos métodos de Gauss. A utilização do fator de aceleração é realizada por meio da equação:</p><div class="math math-display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mover accent="true"><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><msub><mi>i</mi><mrow><mi>A</mi><mi>C</mi></mrow></msub><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>v</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></msubsup><mo>=</mo><mi>α</mi><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><msubsup><mover accent="true"><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mi>i</mi><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>v</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></msubsup><mo>−</mo><msubsup><mover accent="true"><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><msub><mi>i</mi><mrow><mi>A</mi><mi>C</mi></mrow></msub><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>v</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></msubsup><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow><mo>+</mo><msubsup><mover accent="true"><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><msub><mi>i</mi><mrow><mi>A</mi><mi>C</mi></mrow></msub><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>v</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\dot{V}_{i_{AC}}^{(v + 1)} = \alpha \left( \dot{V}_{i}^{(v + 1)}- \dot{V}_{i_{AC}}^{(v)} \right) + \dot{V}_{i_{AC}}^{(v)}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.4219689999999998em;vertical-align:-0.377169em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.13889em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0448em"><span style="top:-2.4231360000000004em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3448em"><span style="top:-2.3567071428571427em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">A</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.07153em">C</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.14329285714285717em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2198em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mopen mtight">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">v</span><span class="mbin mtight">+</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span><span class="mclose mtight">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.377169em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.80002em;vertical-align:-0.65002em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.0037em">α</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size2">(</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.13889em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0448em"><span style="top:-2.4231360000000004em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2198em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mopen mtight">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">v</span><span class="mbin mtight">+</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span><span class="mclose mtight">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.276864em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.13889em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0448em"><span style="top:-2.4231360000000004em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3448em"><span style="top:-2.3567071428571427em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">A</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.07153em">C</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.14329285714285717em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2198em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mopen mtight">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">v</span><span class="mclose mtight">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.377169em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size2">)</span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.4219689999999998em;vertical-align:-0.377169em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.13889em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0448em"><span style="top:-2.4231360000000004em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3448em"><span style="top:-2.3567071428571427em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">A</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.07153em">C</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.14329285714285717em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2198em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mopen mtight">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">v</span><span class="mclose mtight">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.377169em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><p>Em que:</p><ul><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mover accent="true"><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><msub><mi>i</mi><mrow><mi>A</mi><mi>C</mi></mrow></msub><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>v</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\dot{V}_{i_{AC}}^{(v + 1)}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.4219689999999998em;vertical-align:-0.377169em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.13889em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0448em"><span style="top:-2.4231360000000004em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3448em"><span style="top:-2.3567071428571427em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">A</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.07153em">C</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.14329285714285717em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2198em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mopen mtight">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">v</span><span class="mbin mtight">+</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span><span class="mclose mtight">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.377169em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> é a tensão complexa da iteração atual com fator de aceleração aplicado</li><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mover accent="true"><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mi>i</mi><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>v</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\dot{V}_{i}^{(v + 1)}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.321664em;vertical-align:-0.27686399999999994em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.13889em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0448em"><span style="top:-2.4231360000000004em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2198em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mopen mtight">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">v</span><span class="mbin mtight">+</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span><span class="mclose mtight">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.27686399999999994em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> é a tensão complexa da iteração atual</li><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mover accent="true"><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><msub><mi>i</mi><mrow><mi>A</mi><mi>C</mi></mrow></msub><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>v</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\dot{V}_{i_{AC}}^{(v)}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.4219689999999998em;vertical-align:-0.377169em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.13889em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0448em"><span style="top:-2.4231360000000004em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3448em"><span style="top:-2.3567071428571427em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">A</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.07153em">C</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.14329285714285717em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2198em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mopen mtight">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">v</span><span class="mclose mtight">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.377169em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> é a tensão complexa da iteração anterior com fator de aceleração aplicado</li><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\alpha</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.0037em">α</span></span></span></span></span> é o fator de aceleração</li></ul><p>Essa opção é habilitada somente para os métodos de <a href="/PSP/docs/powerFlow#gauss-seidel">Gauss-Seidel</a> e <a href="/PSP/docs/powerFlow#m%C3%A9todos-de-solu%C3%A7%C3%A3o-num%C3%A9rica-do-fluxo-de-carga-no-psp-ufu">Gauss-Newton híbrido</a>.</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="tolerância"></a>Tolerância<a class="hash-link" href="#tolerância" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>É o valor de erro entre as iterações (em <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p.u.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span>) no qual é obtida a convergência do método numérico.</p><p>Para o método de <a href="/PSP/docs/powerFlow#gauss-seidel">Gauss-Seidel</a> o erro é calculado pelo maior valor do módulo da diferença entre a tensão na iteração anterior e atual (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>e</mi><mo>=</mo><mrow><mo fence="true">∣</mo><msubsup><mi>V</mi><mi>i</mi><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>v</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></msubsup><mo>−</mo><msubsup><mi>V</mi><mi>i</mi><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>v</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></msubsup><mo fence="true">∣</mo></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">e = \left| V_{i}^{(v + 1)} - V_{i}^{(v)} \right|</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">e</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.8239899999999998em;vertical-align:-0.6500149999999999em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen"><span class="delimsizing mult"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.173975em"><span style="top:-1.955985em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.606em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size1"><span>∣</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.556985em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.606em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size1"><span>∣</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.572975em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.606em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size1"><span>∣</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.173975em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.606em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size1"><span>∣</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6500149999999999em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0448em"><span style="top:-2.4231360000000004em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2198em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mopen mtight">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">v</span><span class="mbin mtight">+</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span><span class="mclose mtight">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.27686399999999994em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0448em"><span style="top:-2.4231360000000004em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2198em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mopen mtight">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">v</span><span class="mclose mtight">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.27686399999999994em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose"><span class="delimsizing mult"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.173975em"><span style="top:-1.955985em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.606em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size1"><span>∣</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.556985em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.606em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size1"><span>∣</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.572975em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.606em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size1"><span>∣</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.173975em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.606em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size1"><span>∣</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6500149999999999em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>); enquanto que no método de <a href="/PSP/docs/powerFlow#newton-raphson">Newton-Raphson</a> esse erro é o módulo do maior valor de ajuste de potência (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">∣</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><mi>P</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">∣</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">|\Delta P|</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em"></span><span class="mord">∣</span><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="mord">∣</span></span></span></span></span> ou <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">∣</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><mi>Q</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">∣</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">|\Delta Q|</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em"></span><span class="mord">∣</span><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord mathdefault">Q</span><span class="mord">∣</span></span></span></span></span>).</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="iterações-máx"></a>Iterações máx<a class="hash-link" href="#iterações-máx" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>É o número máximo de iterações que um método poderá alcançar. Caso esse valor seja alcançado, o cálculo de <a href="/PSP/docs/powerFlow">fluxo de carga</a> é interrompido com erro.</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="ângulo-da-barra-de-referência"></a>Ângulo da barra de referência<a class="hash-link" href="#ângulo-da-barra-de-referência" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>É o valor do ângulo da <a href="/PSP/docs/powerFlow">barra de referência</a>, em graus.</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="inércia-do-newton"></a>Inércia do Newton<a class="hash-link" href="#inércia-do-newton" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>É o valor que multiplica as correções de potência. Valores maiores que <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo separator="true" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">,</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">1{,}0</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8388800000000001em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mord"><span class="mpunct">,</span></span><span class="mord">0</span></span></span></span></span> incrementam a correção e menores que <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo separator="true" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">,</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">1{,}0</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8388800000000001em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mord"><span class="mpunct">,</span></span><span class="mord">0</span></span></span></span></span> diminuem a correção.</p><div class="admonition admonition-info alert alert--info"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="16" viewBox="0 0 14 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7 2.3c3.14 0 5.7 2.56 5.7 5.7s-2.56 5.7-5.7 5.7A5.71 5.71 0 0 1 1.3 8c0-3.14 2.56-5.7 5.7-5.7zM7 1C3.14 1 0 4.14 0 8s3.14 7 7 7 7-3.14 7-7-3.14-7-7-7zm1 3H6v5h2V4zm0 6H6v2h2v-2z"></path></svg></span>Informação</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Valores menores que <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo separator="true" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">,</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">1{,}0</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8388800000000001em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mord"><span class="mpunct">,</span></span><span class="mord">0</span></span></span></span></span> <em>podem</em> auxiliar na convergência, porém aumentam o número de iterações e consequentemente o tempo de processamento do método.</p></div></div><p>Essa opção é habilitada somente para o método de <a href="/PSP/docs/powerFlow#newton-raphson">Newton-Raphson</a>.</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="tolerância-do-gauss"></a>Tolerância do Gauss<a class="hash-link" href="#tolerância-do-gauss" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Define a tolerância do Gauss-Seidel para o método híbrido. Essa opção é habilitada somente para o método de <a href="/PSP/docs/powerFlow#m%C3%A9todos-de-solu%C3%A7%C3%A3o-num%C3%A9rica-do-fluxo-de-carga-no-psp-ufu">Gauss-Newton híbrido</a>.</p><p>Uma vez que o Newton-Raphson é consideravelmente sensível às condições iniciais, as primeiras iterações são calculadas utilizado o Gauss-Seidel até que o erro fique menor que a tolerância especificada no campo “Tolerância do Gauss”. A partir desse ponto o cálculo é realizado utilizando o método de Newton-Raphson até que se obtenha a convergência com um erro menor que a tolerância estipulada no campo “Tolerância”.</p><div class="admonition admonition-info alert alert--info"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="16" viewBox="0 0 14 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7 2.3c3.14 0 5.7 2.56 5.7 5.7s-2.56 5.7-5.7 5.7A5.71 5.71 0 0 1 1.3 8c0-3.14 2.56-5.7 5.7-5.7zM7 1C3.14 1 0 4.14 0 8s3.14 7 7 7 7-3.14 7-7-3.14-7-7-7zm1 3H6v5h2V4zm0 6H6v2h2v-2z"></path></svg></span>Informação</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Tal opção auxilia na convergência de sistemas impossíveis de resolver utilizando Newton-Raphson convencional.</p></div></div></div><div role="tabpanel" hidden=""><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="passo-de-integração"></a>Passo de integração<a class="hash-link" href="#passo-de-integração" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Define o passo de integração para o método de integração <a href="/PSP/docs/stability#integra%C3%A7%C3%A3o-num%C3%A9rica">Trapezoidal Implícito</a>.</p><div class="admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"></path></svg></span>Atenção!</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Valores muito elevados poderão gerar erros de simulação, enquanto valores muito pequenos aumentarão significativamente o tempo de processamento do cálculo de estabilidade.</p></div></div><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="tempo-de-simulação"></a>Tempo de simulação<a class="hash-link" href="#tempo-de-simulação" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Define o tempo total de simulação, em segundos.</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="tolerância-1"></a>Tolerância<a class="hash-link" href="#tolerância-1" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Tolerância do processo iterativo (em <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p.u.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span>) do método de integração <a href="/PSP/docs/stability#integra%C3%A7%C3%A3o-num%C3%A9rica">Trapezoidal Implícito</a>.</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="iterações-máx-1"></a>Iterações máx<a class="hash-link" href="#iterações-máx-1" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Número máximo de iterações do processo iterativo do método de integração <a href="/PSP/docs/stability#integra%C3%A7%C3%A3o-num%C3%A9rica">Trapezoidal Implícito</a>. Caso o número de iterações ultrapasse esse valor, o cálculo de estabilidade será encerrado com erro.</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="razão-de-passo-dos-controles"></a>Razão de passo dos controles<a class="hash-link" href="#razão-de-passo-dos-controles" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Define a quantidade passos de integração que o sistema de controle será submetido para <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">1</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.64444em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord">1</span></span></span></span></span> passo de integração do sistema de potência.</p><p>Por exemplo, se o passo de integração for definido em <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo separator="true" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">,</mo><mn>01</mn><mtext> </mtext><mi>s</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">0{,}01~s</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8388800000000001em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mord"><span class="mpunct">,</span></span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mspace nobreak"> </span><span class="mord mathdefault">s</span></span></span></span></span> e a razão de passo como <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">10</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.64444em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mord">0</span></span></span></span></span>, o valor efetivo do passo de integração para os sistemas de controle será de <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo separator="true" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">,</mo><mn>001</mn><mtext> </mtext><mi>s</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">0{,}001~s</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8388800000000001em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mord"><span class="mpunct">,</span></span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mspace nobreak"> </span><span class="mord mathdefault">s</span></span></span></span></span> (10 vezes menor).</p><div class="admonition admonition-info alert alert--info"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="16" viewBox="0 0 14 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7 2.3c3.14 0 5.7 2.56 5.7 5.7s-2.56 5.7-5.7 5.7A5.71 5.71 0 0 1 1.3 8c0-3.14 2.56-5.7 5.7-5.7zM7 1C3.14 1 0 4.14 0 8s3.14 7 7 7 7-3.14 7-7-3.14-7-7-7zm1 3H6v5h2V4zm0 6H6v2h2v-2z"></path></svg></span>Informação</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>A utilização desse campo se justifica em situações de grandes diferenças nas constantes de tempo das máquinas síncronas (geralmente maiores) e dos sistemas de controle (geralmente menores).</p></div></div><div class="admonition admonition-tip alert alert--success"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="16" viewBox="0 0 12 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M6.5 0C3.48 0 1 2.19 1 5c0 .92.55 2.25 1 3 1.34 2.25 1.78 2.78 2 4v1h5v-1c.22-1.22.66-1.75 2-4 .45-.75 1-2.08 1-3 0-2.81-2.48-5-5.5-5zm3.64 7.48c-.25.44-.47.8-.67 1.11-.86 1.41-1.25 2.06-1.45 3.23-.02.05-.02.11-.02.17H5c0-.06 0-.13-.02-.17-.2-1.17-.59-1.83-1.45-3.23-.2-.31-.42-.67-.67-1.11C2.44 6.78 2 5.65 2 5c0-2.2 2.02-4 4.5-4 1.22 0 2.36.42 3.22 1.19C10.55 2.94 11 3.94 11 5c0 .66-.44 1.78-.86 2.48zM4 14h5c-.23 1.14-1.3 2-2.5 2s-2.27-.86-2.5-2z"></path></svg></span>Dica</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Um valor de razão de passo de controles igual a <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">1</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.64444em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord">1</span></span></span></span></span> não irá alterar o passo de integração do sistema de controle.</p></div></div><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="tempo-de-impressão"></a>Tempo de impressão<a class="hash-link" href="#tempo-de-impressão" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>É o intervalo de tempo o qual o programa irá armazenar os dados para impressão em <a href="/PSP/docs/graphViewer">gráficos no tempo</a>.</p><div class="admonition admonition-warning alert alert--danger"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="16" viewBox="0 0 12 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.05.31c.81 2.17.41 3.38-.52 4.31C3.55 5.67 1.98 6.45.9 7.98c-1.45 2.05-1.7 6.53 3.53 7.7-2.2-1.16-2.67-4.52-.3-6.61-.61 2.03.53 3.33 1.94 2.86 1.39-.47 2.3.53 2.27 1.67-.02.78-.31 1.44-1.13 1.81 3.42-.59 4.78-3.42 4.78-5.56 0-2.84-2.53-3.22-1.25-5.61-1.52.13-2.03 1.13-1.89 2.75.09 1.08-1.02 1.8-1.86 1.33-.67-.41-.66-1.19-.06-1.78C8.18 5.31 8.68 2.45 5.05.32L5.03.3l.02.01z"></path></svg></span>Cuidado!</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Valores muito pequenos (menores que <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo separator="true" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">,</mo><mn>001</mn><mtext> </mtext><mi>s</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">0{,}001~s</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8388800000000001em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mord"><span class="mpunct">,</span></span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mspace nobreak"> </span><span class="mord mathdefault">s</span></span></span></span></span>) podem aumentar significativamente o tempo de processamento do cálculo de estabilidade.</p><p>O tempo de impressão <strong>deve ser maior ou igual</strong> ao passo de integração.</p></div></div></div><div role="tabpanel" hidden=""><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="utilizar-composição-geral-para-todas-as-cargas-do-sistema"></a>Utilizar composição geral para todas as cargas do sistema<a class="hash-link" href="#utilizar-composição-geral-para-todas-as-cargas-do-sistema" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Habilita a composição da <a href="/PSP/docs/load#carga-no-estudo-de-estabilidade">carga ZIP</a> para todas as cargas que <strong>não</strong> possuem parametrização individual.</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="composição-da-carga-potências-ativa-e-reativa"></a>Composição da carga (potências ativa e reativa)<a class="hash-link" href="#composição-da-carga-potências-ativa-e-reativa" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Define a composição, em porcentagem, das parcelas de Impedância, Corrente e Potência constantes da carga. Essa composição pode ser implementada individualmente para a potência ativa e reativa.</p><div class="admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"></path></svg></span>Atenção!</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>A soma das parcelas da carga ZIP para uma potência deve ser 100%, caso contrário será exibida uma mensagem de erro.</p></div></div><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="subtensão-a-qual-as-cargas-serão-modeladas-como-impedância-constante"></a>Subtensão a qual as cargas serão modeladas como impedância constante<a class="hash-link" href="#subtensão-a-qual-as-cargas-serão-modeladas-como-impedância-constante" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Define o valor percentual da tensão (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>V</mi><mrow><mi>l</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>w</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">V_{low}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.01968em">l</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">o</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.02691em">w</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>) que, para valores inferiores a esse, a carga passa a ser considerada como impedância constante pura.</p><div class="admonition admonition-info alert alert--info"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="16" viewBox="0 0 14 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7 2.3c3.14 0 5.7 2.56 5.7 5.7s-2.56 5.7-5.7 5.7A5.71 5.71 0 0 1 1.3 8c0-3.14 2.56-5.7 5.7-5.7zM7 1C3.14 1 0 4.14 0 8s3.14 7 7 7 7-3.14 7-7-3.14-7-7-7zm1 3H6v5h2V4zm0 6H6v2h2v-2z"></path></svg></span>Informação</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Cargas de corrente e potência constantes possuem problemas em tensões muito baixas. À medida que a tensão diminui as correntes dessas cargas não reduz, resultando em perda de precisão e problemas na convergência de processos iterativos. Para contornar esse problema utiliza-se uma tensão pré-definida (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>V</mi><mrow><mi>l</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>w</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">V_{low}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.01968em">l</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">o</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.02691em">w</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>), a qual as cargas (ou parcelas) de corrente e potência constantes são modeladas como impedância constante.</p></div></div></div></div></div><hr></div></article><div class="margin-vert--xl"><div class="row"><div class="col"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/tree/master/docusaurus/docs/simulationConfig.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><svg fill="currentColor" height="1.2em" width="1.2em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" role="img" viewBox="0 0 40 40" class="iconEdit_2_ui" aria-label="Edit page"><g><path d="m34.5 11.7l-3 3.1-6.3-6.3 3.1-3q0.5-0.5 1.2-0.5t1.1 0.5l3.9 3.9q0.5 0.4 0.5 1.1t-0.5 1.2z m-29.5 17.1l18.4-18.5 6.3 6.3-18.4 18.4h-6.3v-6.2z"></path></g></svg>Edit this page</a></div></div></div><div class="margin-vert--lg"><nav class="pagination-nav" aria-label="Docs pages navigation"><div class="pagination-nav__item"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/PSP/docs/stability"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Previous</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">« Estabilidade</div></a></div><div class="pagination-nav__item pagination-nav__item--next"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/PSP/docs/text"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Next</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">Texto Vinculado »</div></a></div></nav></div></div></div><div class="col col--3"><div class="tableOfContents_35-E thin-scrollbar"><ul class="table-of-contents table-of-contents__left-border"><li><a href="#formulário-de-edição-das-configurações-de-simulação" class="table-of-contents__link">Formulário de edição das configurações de simulação</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></main></div></div><footer class="footer footer--dark"><div class="container"><div class="row footer__links"><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Guide</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a class="footer__link-item" href="/PSP/docs/">PSP-UFU Guide</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://thales1330.github.io/PSP/doxygen/html/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Code Documentation</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Community</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/issues" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Ask a question</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://twitter.com/PspUfu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Twitter</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Site Image Credit</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a href="http://www.freepik.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Images designed by upklyak / slidesgo / macrovector / Freepik</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="footer__bottom text--center"><div class="footer__copyright">Copyright © 2021 Thales Lima Oliveira. Built with Docusaurus.</div></div></div></footer></div> <script src="/PSP/assets/js/styles.377b32b2.js"></script> -<script src="/PSP/assets/js/runtime~main.012c59ab.js"></script> +<script src="/PSP/assets/js/runtime~main.72f33913.js"></script> <script src="/PSP/assets/js/main.8cff67aa.js"></script> <script src="/PSP/assets/js/1.678f90a6.js"></script> <script src="/PSP/assets/js/2.10feb4fb.js"></script> diff --git a/docs/docs/stability/index.html b/docs/docs/stability/index.html index bd88894..1605313 100644 --- a/docs/docs/stability/index.html +++ b/docs/docs/stability/index.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" href="/PSP/blog/atom.xml" title="PSP-UFU Blog Atom Feed"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="PSP-UFU" href="/PSP/opensearch.xml"><title data-react-helmet="true">Estabilidade | PSP-UFU</title><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:url" content="https://thales1330.github.io/PSP/docs/stability"><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="docsearch:language" content="en"><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="docsearch:version" content="current"><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="docsearch:docusaurus_tag" content="docs-default-current"><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:title" content="Estabilidade | PSP-UFU"><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="description" content="Estabilidade de sistemas de potência é a habilidade de um Sistema Elétrico de Potência (SEP), para uma certa condição de operação, de reestabelecer um estado de operação de equilíbrio após ser submetido a um distúrbio físico. A estabilidade é reconhecida como um importante problema para a segurança da operação desde a década de 1920. Muitos blackouts de grande porte causados pela instabilidade do SEP têm ilustrado a importância desse fenômeno."><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:description" content="Estabilidade de sistemas de potência é a habilidade de um Sistema Elétrico de Potência (SEP), para uma certa condição de operação, de reestabelecer um estado de operação de equilíbrio após ser submetido a um distúrbio físico. A estabilidade é reconhecida como um importante problema para a segurança da operação desde a década de 1920. Muitos blackouts de grande porte causados pela instabilidade do SEP têm ilustrado a importância desse fenômeno."><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="shortcut icon" href="/PSP/img/favicon.ico"><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="canonical" href="https://thales1330.github.io/PSP/docs/stability"><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="alternate" href="https://thales1330.github.io/PSP/docs/stability" hreflang="en"><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="alternate" href="https://thales1330.github.io/PSP/pt/docs/stability" hreflang="pt"><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="alternate" href="https://thales1330.github.io/PSP/docs/stability" hreflang="x-default"><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="preconnect" href="https://BH4D9OD16A-dsn.algolia.net" crossorigin="anonymous"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/PSP/assets/css/styles.a03f5936.css"> <link rel="preload" href="/PSP/assets/js/styles.377b32b2.js" as="script"> -<link rel="preload" href="/PSP/assets/js/runtime~main.012c59ab.js" as="script"> +<link rel="preload" href="/PSP/assets/js/runtime~main.72f33913.js" as="script"> <link rel="preload" href="/PSP/assets/js/main.8cff67aa.js" as="script"> <link rel="preload" href="/PSP/assets/js/1.678f90a6.js" as="script"> <link rel="preload" href="/PSP/assets/js/2.10feb4fb.js" as="script"> @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ Cada <a href="/PSP/docs/powerEditor">elemento de potência</a> possui um botão de "Chaveamento" ou "Estabilidade", em que pode ser inserido os tempos de remoção e/ou inserção do componente.</p></li><li><p><strong>Chaveamento de máquinas</strong>: A remoção de uma máquina síncrona é efetivada com a retirada de sua participação no vetor de correntes, além da remoção de sua admitância fictícia. Assim como os <a href="/PSP/docs/powerEditor">elementos de potência</a>, as <a href="/PSP/docs/syncGenerator">máquinas síncronas</a> possui um botão "Chaveamento", em que pode ser inserido os tempos de remoção e/ou inserção do componente.</p><div class="admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"></path></svg></span>Atenção!</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Mesmo que removida da barra, os parâmetros das <a href="/PSP/docs/syncGenerator">máquinas síncronas</a> continuam a ser calculados com a corrente do estator nula, podendo fornecer resultados em uma eventual reconexão.</p></div></div></li></ul><div class="admonition admonition-tip alert alert--success"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="16" viewBox="0 0 12 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M6.5 0C3.48 0 1 2.19 1 5c0 .92.55 2.25 1 3 1.34 2.25 1.78 2.78 2 4v1h5v-1c.22-1.22.66-1.75 2-4 .45-.75 1-2.08 1-3 0-2.81-2.48-5-5.5-5zm3.64 7.48c-.25.44-.47.8-.67 1.11-.86 1.41-1.25 2.06-1.45 3.23-.02.05-.02.11-.02.17H5c0-.06 0-.13-.02-.17-.2-1.17-.59-1.83-1.45-3.23-.2-.31-.42-.67-.67-1.11C2.44 6.78 2 5.65 2 5c0-2.2 2.02-4 4.5-4 1.22 0 2.36.42 3.22 1.19C10.55 2.94 11 3.94 11 5c0 .66-.44 1.78-.86 2.48zM4 14h5c-.23 1.14-1.3 2-2.5 2s-2.27-.86-2.5-2z"></path></svg></span>Dica</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Eventos nos <strong>sistemas de controle</strong> podem ser facilmente introduzidos com o bloco de <a href="/PSP/docs/mathExpression">expressão matemática</a>. Nesse caso, tais eventos <strong>não</strong> serão exibidos na lista de eventos de estabilidade.</p></div></div><h3><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="erros-comuns-na-execução-do-estudo-de-estabilidade"></a>Erros comuns na execução do estudo de estabilidade<a class="hash-link" href="#erros-comuns-na-execução-do-estudo-de-estabilidade" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h3><p>A seguir são apresentados os erros mais comuns relacionados ao estudo de estabilidade.</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="a-seguinte-mensagem-de-erro-é-exibida-não-foi-possível-construir-a-matriz-admitância"></a>A seguinte mensagem de erro é exibida: "Não foi possível construir a matriz admitância"<a class="hash-link" href="#a-seguinte-mensagem-de-erro-é-exibida-não-foi-possível-construir-a-matriz-admitância" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Essa mensagem de erro é exibida quando não é possível construir a matriz admitância de barras. As seguintes situações podem ocasionar esse erro:</p><ul><li><strong>Os parâmetros do circuito estão incorretos</strong>. Caso parâmetros muito fora dos valores padrão dos elementos elétricos sejam inseridos, o cálculo de fluxo de carga pode divergir. Verifique se os dados foram inseridos corretamente.</li><li><strong>Algum barramento está isolado</strong>. Esse erro é bastante comum e pode ocorrer ao inserir um barramento sem conectá-lo ao sistema ou ao remover os elementos de ramo que conectam uma barra ao sistema. A solução é eliminar essa barra do diagrama.</li><li><strong>Algum elemento possui parâmetros discrepantes dos demais</strong>. Caso um dos elementos inseridos possua um valor de impedância muito distinto dos demais, como por exemplo uma linha com impedância muito elevada ou uma carga muito pequena, pode levar à divergência do método numérico. Nesse caso, reconsidere a necessidade de representação desses elementos no circuito e alterne entre os métodos numéricos de solução disponíveis.</li></ul><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="a-seguinte-mensagem-de-erro-é-exibida-erro-ao-inicializar-os-valores-de-saturação-do"></a>A seguinte mensagem de erro é exibida: "Erro ao inicializar os valores de saturação do..."<a class="hash-link" href="#a-seguinte-mensagem-de-erro-é-exibida-erro-ao-inicializar-os-valores-de-saturação-do" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Essa mensagem de erro é exibida quando não é possível calcular os fatores de saturação da <a href="/PSP/docs/syncGenerator">máquina síncrona</a>. As seguintes situações podem ocasionar esse erro:</p><ul><li><strong>O fator de saturação é menor que 1,2</strong>. Esse valor deve ser maior que 1,2, ou irá gerar erros na simulação. Caso não seja informado, a saturação da máquina não é considerada nos cálculos.</li><li><strong>Os parâmetros da máquina síncrona estão incorretos</strong>. Caso parâmetros muito fora dos valores padrão das máquinas síncronas sejam inseridos, o cálculo dos fatores de saturação pode divergir. Verifique se os dados foram inseridos corretamente.</li></ul><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="a-seguinte-mensagem-de-erro-é-exibida-erro-ao-inicializar-o-avr--regulador-de-velocidade"></a>A seguinte mensagem de erro é exibida: "Erro ao inicializar o AVR / regulador de velocidade..."<a class="hash-link" href="#a-seguinte-mensagem-de-erro-é-exibida-erro-ao-inicializar-o-avr--regulador-de-velocidade" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Essa mensagem de erro é exibida quando não é possível <a href="/PSP/docs/controlEditor#inicializa%C3%A7%C3%A3o-do-sistema-de-controle">inicializar o sistema de controle</a> de uma <a href="/PSP/docs/syncGenerator">máquina síncrona</a>. As seguintes situações podem ocasionar esse erro:</p><ul><li><strong>O sistema de controle está vazio</strong>. Caso esteja habilitado o AVR e/ou o regulador de velocidade e o controle não foi inserido, esse erro pode ser acionado. Insira o controle da máquina ou desmarque a opção de utilização do AVR e/ou regulador de velocidade.</li><li><strong>O sistema de controle não possui ao menos uma entrada e uma saída</strong>. O sistema de controle deve ter ao menos uma <a href="/PSP/docs/io">entrada e uma saída</a>, caso contrário apresentará erro de execução.</li><li><strong>O passo de integração está muito pequeno</strong>. Caso o passo de integração esteja muito pequeno, os cálculos gerarão erros e irão divergir. Reduza o passo de integração nas <a href="/PSP/docs/simulationConfig">configurações de simulação</a>.</li></ul><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="a-seguinte-mensagem-de-erro-é-exibida-impossível-resolver-as-máquinas-do-sistema"></a>A seguinte mensagem de erro é exibida: "Impossível resolver as máquinas do sistema"<a class="hash-link" href="#a-seguinte-mensagem-de-erro-é-exibida-impossível-resolver-as-máquinas-do-sistema" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Essa mensagem de erro é exibida quando não é possível resolver as EADs das máquinas síncronas inseridas no sistemas. As seguintes situações podem ocasionar esse erro:</p><ul><li><strong>Os parâmetros da máquina síncrona estão incorretos</strong>. Caso parâmetros muito fora dos valores padrão das máquinas síncronas sejam inseridos, o cálculo das EADs pode se tornar impossível. Verifique se os dados foram inseridos corretamente.</li><li><strong>O passo de integração está muito pequeno</strong>. Caso o passo de integração esteja muito pequeno, os cálculos gerarão erros e irão divergir. Reduza o passo de integração nas <a href="/PSP/docs/simulationConfig">configurações de simulação</a>.</li><li><strong>Os parâmetros do circuito estão incorretos</strong>. Caso parâmetros muito fora dos valores padrão dos elementos elétricos sejam inseridos, o cálculo de fluxo de carga pode divergir. Verifique se os dados foram inseridos corretamente.</li><li><strong>Algum barramento está isolado</strong>. Esse erro é bastante comum e pode ocorrer ao inserir um barramento sem conectá-lo ao sistema ou ao remover os elementos de ramo que conectam uma barra ao sistema. A solução é eliminar essa barra do diagrama.</li><li><strong>Algum elemento possui parâmetros discrepantes dos demais</strong>. Caso um dos elementos inseridos possua um valor de impedância muito distinto dos demais, como por exemplo uma linha com impedância muito elevada ou uma carga muito pequena, pode levar à divergência do método numérico. Nesse caso, reconsidere a necessidade de representação desses elementos no circuito e alterne entre os métodos numéricos de solução disponíveis.</li></ul><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="a-seguinte-mensagem-de-erro-é-exibida-erro-ao-inicializar-o-escorregamento-do-motor"></a>A seguinte mensagem de erro é exibida: "Erro ao inicializar o escorregamento do motor..."<a class="hash-link" href="#a-seguinte-mensagem-de-erro-é-exibida-erro-ao-inicializar-o-escorregamento-do-motor" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Essa mensagem de erro é exibida quando não é possível calcular o valor de escorregamento inicial do motor de indução. As seguintes situações podem ocasionar esse erro:</p><ul><li><strong>Os parâmetros de estabilidade do motor estão incorretos</strong>. Caso parâmetros muito fora dos valores padrão dos motores de indução sejam inseridos, o cálculo do escorregamento pode se tornar impossível. Verifique se os dados foram inseridos corretamente.</li></ul><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="estrutura-da-ferramenta-de-estabilidade"></a>Estrutura da ferramenta de estabilidade<a class="hash-link" href="#estrutura-da-ferramenta-de-estabilidade" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>A estabilidade de um SEP é um problema dinâmico e necessita de modelos mais elaborados de elementos de potência comparados àqueles apresentados nos outros estudos. Esses modelos são descritos individualmente, com destaque às <a href="/PSP/docs/syncGenerator#gerador-s%C3%ADncrono-no-estudo-de-estabilidade">máquinas síncronas</a>, <a href="/PSP/docs/load#carga-no-estudo-de-estabilidade">cargas ZIP</a> e <a href="/PSP/docs/indMotor#motor-de-indu%C3%A7%C3%A3o-trif%C3%A1sico-no-estudo-de-estabilidade">motores de indução</a>.</p><p>A representação dos demais componentes do sistema elétrico: <a href="/PSP/docs/line">linhas de transmissão</a>, <a href="/PSP/docs/transformer">transformadores</a> e elementos <em>shunt</em> (com exceção de cargas ZIP), que formam a rede de transmissão ou distribuição balanceada, é realizada utilizando os mesmos modelos do <a href="/PSP/docs/powerFlow">fluxo de carga</a>.</p><p>Os modelos dinâmicos para a análise no domínio do tempo são na forma de um sistema de equações algébrico-diferenciais (EADs), descritas a seguir:</p><div class="math math-display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mfrac><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo separator="true">,</mo><mi>y</mi><mo separator="true">,</mo><mi>u</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mspace linebreak="newline"></mspace><mi>g</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo separator="true">,</mo><mi>y</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\dfrac{dx}{dt}= f(x,y,u)\\ g = f(x,y)</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.05744em;vertical-align:-0.686em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.37144em"><span style="top:-2.314em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">d</span><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">d</span><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.686em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.10764em">f</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em">y</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span><span class="mspace newline"></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em">g</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.10764em">f</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em">y</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span></span></div><p>Em que:</p><ul><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>x</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span></span></span></span></span> são as variáveis de estado</li><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>y</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">y</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em">y</span></span></span></span></span> são as variáveis de algébricas</li><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>u</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">u</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span></span></span></span></span> são as variáveis de entrada</li></ul><p>As variáveis de entrada são inseridas pelo usuário e permanecem constantes durante todo o processo de cálculo. Para o problema de estabilidade, as variáveis algébricas iniciais correspondem às tensões e ângulos das barras calculadas no <a href="/PSP/docs/powerFlow">fluxo de carga</a>. As variáveis de estado iniciais são estimadas após a convergência do fluxo de potência (inicialização dos elementos dinâmicos).</p><p>Na sequência é apresentado, na forma de fluxogramas, a estrutura do módulo de estabilidade implementado no PSP-UFU. O fluxograma abaixo mostra a estrutura geral da ferramenta de estabilidade.</p><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/stabGeneral.svg" alt="Estrutura geral da ferramenta de estabilidade" title="Estrutura geral da ferramenta de estabilidade"></center></div><p>A inicialização da rede elétrica e dos elementos dinâmicos, assim como o precesso iterativo para solução das EADs são apresentados nos dois fluxogramas conseguintes.</p><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/stabInit.svg" alt="Inicialização da ferramenta de estabilidade" title="Inicialização da ferramenta de estabilidade"></center></div><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/stabIterative.svg" alt="Processo iterativo para cálculo dos elementos dinâmicos" title="Estrutura geral da ferramenta de estabilidade"></center></div><h3><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="integração-numérica"></a>Integração numérica<a class="hash-link" href="#integração-numérica" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h3><p>Para resolver as equações diferenciais da máquina é necessário um método de integração numérica. Tais métodos são classificados em dois grupos: métodos explícitos e métodos implícitos. Os métodos explícitos, devido à sua formulação, calculam diretamente o estado do sistema em um instante de tempo posterior, enquanto métodos implícitos envolvem estados atuais e posteriores em suas equações, exigindo, portanto, um processo iterativo.</p><p>As constantes de tempo presentes no estudo de estabilidade têm uma grande variação em seu valor (podem variar de <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mn>1</mn><msup><mn>0</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mtext> </mtext><mi>s</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">10^{-3}~s</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8141079999999999em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">0</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141079999999999em"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight">3</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace nobreak"> </span><span class="mord mathdefault">s</span></span></span></span></span> a <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mn>10</mn><mtext> </mtext><mi>s</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">10~s</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.64444em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mspace nobreak"> </span><span class="mord mathdefault">s</span></span></span></span></span>). Isso torna o sistema de equações diferenciais da máquina síncrona como um sistema rígido (<em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiff_equation" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">stiff equation</a></em>). Caso a análise da estabilidade numérica tanto das equações diferenciais rígidas quanto do método de integração obtenham o mesmo comportamento, o método é chamado de absolutamente estável, ou A-estável.</p><p>Métodos de integração numérica explícitos, como por exemplo o <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runge%E2%80%93Kutta_methods" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Runge-Kutta</a> de quarta ordem, não podem ser A-estáveis e, portanto, normalmente possuem comportamento ruim em problemas com equações diferenciais rígidas. Por outro lado, métodos implícitos podem ser A-estáveis. Um método implícito adequado para solução do comportamento dinâmico de sistemas elétricos é o <strong>Trapezoidal Implícito</strong>, por possuir as seguintes vantagens:</p><ul><li>É numericamente estável (A-estável);</li><li>É bastante rápida;</li><li>Possui boa precisão (dependendo somente do passo de integração utilizado).</li></ul><p>Tal método foi implementado no PSP-UFU tanto para solução das equações diferenciais da máquina síncrona quanto nas <a href="/PSP/docs/transferFunction">funções transferência</a> do <a href="/PSP/docs/controlEditor">sistema de controle</a>. Sua formulação é dada pela seguinte expressão:</p><div class="math math-display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>y</mi><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>y</mi><mi>n</mi></msub><mo>+</mo><mn>0</mn><mo separator="true" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">,</mo><mn>5</mn><mi>h</mi><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><msubsup><mi>y</mi><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msubsup><mo>+</mo><msubsup><mi>y</mi><mi>n</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msubsup><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">y_{n+1}=y_n + 0{,}5 h \left(y_{n+1}' + y_{n}' \right)</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.638891em;vertical-align:-0.208331em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em">y</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.301108em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span><span class="mbin mtight">+</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7777700000000001em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em">y</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.20001em;vertical-align:-0.35001em"></span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mord"><span class="mpunct">,</span></span><span class="mord">5</span><span class="mord mathdefault">h</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">(</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em">y</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.801892em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span><span class="mbin mtight">+</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.1130000000000004em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.305331em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em">y</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8018919999999999em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><p>Em que:</p><ul><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>h</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">h</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.69444em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">h</span></span></span></span></span> é o passo de integração</li><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>y</mi><mi>n</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">y_n</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em">y</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> é o valor do estado no passo anterior (instante <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>t</mi><mi>n</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">t_n</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.76508em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>)</li><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>y</mi><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">y_{n+1}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.638891em;vertical-align:-0.208331em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em">y</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.301108em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span><span class="mbin mtight">+</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> é o valor do estado no passo atual (instante <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>t</mi><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">t_{n+1}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8234109999999999em;vertical-align:-0.208331em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.301108em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span><span class="mbin mtight">+</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>)</li><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>y</mi><mi>n</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msubsup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">y_{n}'</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.998892em;vertical-align:-0.247em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em">y</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.751892em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> é a equação diferencial no passo anterior</li><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>y</mi><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msubsup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">y_{n+1}'</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.058331em;vertical-align:-0.30643899999999996em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em">y</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.751892em"><span style="top:-2.451892em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span><span class="mbin mtight">+</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30643899999999996em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> é a equação diferencial no passo atual</li></ul><p>Nota-se nessa equação que o método é implícito devido ao termo <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">n+1</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.66666em;vertical-align:-0.08333em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">n</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.64444em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord">1</span></span></span></span></span> aparecer em ambos os lados da equação, por isso é necessário um processo iterativo para sua solução.</p><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="referências"></a>Referências<a class="hash-link" href="#referências" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><ol><li>MILANO, F. Power System Modelling and Scripting. London: Springer, 2010. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13669-6" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13669-6</a></li><li>KUNDUR, P.; et al. Definition and classification of power system stability. IEEE Transactions Power Systems, v. 19, n. 2, mai 2004, p. 1387-1401. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2004.825981" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2004.825981</a></li><li>ARRILLAGA, J.; WATSON, N. R. Computer Modelling of Electrical Power Systems. Wiley & Sons, New York, 2001. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118878286" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118878286</a></li><li>PARK, R. H. Two-reactions Theory of Synchronous Machine. Generalized Method of Analysis – Part I. AIEE Transactions, v. 48, n. 3, jul 1929. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/T-AIEE.1929.5055275" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://doi.org/10.1109/T-AIEE.1929.5055275</a></li><li>ANDERSON, P. M.; FOUAD, A. A. Power System Control and Stability. Wiley-IEEE Press, New York, 2002. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/9780470545577" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://doi.org/10.1109/9780470545577</a></li><li>SAUER, P. W.; PAI, M. A. Power System Dynamics and Stability. Pretience Hall, Upper Saddle River, 1998.</li><li>KUNDUR, P. Power System Stability and Control. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1994.</li><li>DOMMEL, H. W.; SATO, N. Fast Transient Stability Solutions. IEEE Transactions on Power Aparatus and Systems, v. PAS-91, n. 4, jul 1972, p. 1643-1650. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAS.1972.293341" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAS.1972.293341</a></li></ol></div></article><div class="margin-vert--xl"><div class="row"><div class="col"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/tree/master/docusaurus/docs/stability.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><svg fill="currentColor" height="1.2em" width="1.2em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" role="img" viewBox="0 0 40 40" class="iconEdit_2_ui" aria-label="Edit page"><g><path d="m34.5 11.7l-3 3.1-6.3-6.3 3.1-3q0.5-0.5 1.2-0.5t1.1 0.5l3.9 3.9q0.5 0.4 0.5 1.1t-0.5 1.2z m-29.5 17.1l18.4-18.5 6.3 6.3-18.4 18.4h-6.3v-6.2z"></path></g></svg>Edit this page</a></div></div></div><div class="margin-vert--lg"><nav class="pagination-nav" aria-label="Docs pages navigation"><div class="pagination-nav__item"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/PSP/docs/harmonics"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Previous</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">« Harmônicos</div></a></div><div class="pagination-nav__item pagination-nav__item--next"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/PSP/docs/simulationConfig"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Next</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">Configurações da Simulação »</div></a></div></nav></div></div></div><div class="col col--3"><div class="tableOfContents_35-E thin-scrollbar"><ul class="table-of-contents table-of-contents__left-border"><li><a href="#execução-do-estudo-de-estabilidade-no-psp-ufu" class="table-of-contents__link">Execução do estudo de estabilidade no PSP-UFU</a><ul><li><a href="#inserindo-um-evento-de-estabilidade" class="table-of-contents__link">Inserindo um evento de estabilidade</a></li><li><a href="#erros-comuns-na-execução-do-estudo-de-estabilidade" class="table-of-contents__link">Erros comuns na execução do estudo de estabilidade</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#estrutura-da-ferramenta-de-estabilidade" class="table-of-contents__link">Estrutura da ferramenta de estabilidade</a><ul><li><a href="#integração-numérica" class="table-of-contents__link">Integração numérica</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#referências" class="table-of-contents__link">Referências</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></main></div></div><footer class="footer footer--dark"><div class="container"><div class="row footer__links"><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Guide</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a class="footer__link-item" href="/PSP/docs/">PSP-UFU Guide</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://thales1330.github.io/PSP/doxygen/html/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Code Documentation</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Community</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/issues" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Ask a question</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://twitter.com/PspUfu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Twitter</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Site Image Credit</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a href="http://www.freepik.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Images designed by upklyak / slidesgo / macrovector / Freepik</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="footer__bottom text--center"><div class="footer__copyright">Copyright © 2021 Thales Lima Oliveira. 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class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/graphViewer">Visualizador de Gráficos</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/heatmap">Mapa de Tensão</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><main class="docMainContainer_3ufF"><div class="container padding-vert--lg docItemWrapper_3FMP"><div class="row"><div class="col docItemCol_3FnS"><div class="docItemContainer_33ec"><article><header><h1 class="docTitle_3a4h">Somador</h1></header><div class="markdown"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/PSP/katex/katex.min.css"><p>Como o próprio nome sugere, os somadores são elementos de controle capazes de somar qualquer quantidade de valores reais.</p><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="formulário-de-edição-de-dados-do-somador"></a>Formulário de edição de dados do somador<a class="hash-link" href="#formulário-de-edição-de-dados-do-somador" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>A quantidade de entradas, assim como seus sinais são definidas pelo usuário, como mostra a figura abaixo.</p><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/sumForm.png" alt="Formulário de edição de dados do somador no PSP-UFU" title="Formulário de edição de dados do somador no PSP-UFU"></center></div><p>No seu único campo “<strong>Sinais</strong>” é inserida uma lista de sinais <strong>separados por espaços</strong> contendo os símbolos “+” para uma entrada positiva e “-” para negativa.</p><div class="admonition admonition-info alert alert--info"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="16" viewBox="0 0 14 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7 2.3c3.14 0 5.7 2.56 5.7 5.7s-2.56 5.7-5.7 5.7A5.71 5.71 0 0 1 1.3 8c0-3.14 2.56-5.7 5.7-5.7zM7 1C3.14 1 0 4.14 0 8s3.14 7 7 7 7-3.14 7-7-3.14-7-7-7zm1 3H6v5h2V4zm0 6H6v2h2v-2z"></path></svg></span>Informação</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>O usuário pode inserir duas ou mais entradas de sinais no bloco.</p></div></div><p>Uma vez inseridas novas entradas, nós correspondentes serão incluídos no elemento gráfico do somador, o qual poderá ser conectado por meio das linhas de conexão.</p><p>De forma semelhante, o usuário poderá excluir entradas de sinais pré-existentes, as quais serão removidas no ícone gráfico pela remoção do nó e da linha (caso exista alguma conectada).</p></div></article><div class="margin-vert--xl"><div class="row"><div class="col"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/tree/master/docusaurus/docs/sum.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><svg fill="currentColor" height="1.2em" width="1.2em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" role="img" viewBox="0 0 40 40" class="iconEdit_2_ui" aria-label="Edit page"><g><path d="m34.5 11.7l-3 3.1-6.3-6.3 3.1-3q0.5-0.5 1.2-0.5t1.1 0.5l3.9 3.9q0.5 0.4 0.5 1.1t-0.5 1.2z m-29.5 17.1l18.4-18.5 6.3 6.3-18.4 18.4h-6.3v-6.2z"></path></g></svg>Edit this page</a></div></div></div><div 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href="/PSP/docs/powerFlow">Fluxo de Potência</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/fault">Curto-Circuito</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/harmonics">Harmônicos</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/stability">Estabilidade</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/simulationConfig">Configurações da Simulação</a></li></ul></li><li class="menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist" href="#!">Data Visualization</a><ul class="menu__list"><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/text">Texto Vinculado</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/tabularReport">Relatórios Tabulares</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/graphViewer">Visualizador de Gráficos</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/heatmap">Mapa de Tensão</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><main class="docMainContainer_3ufF"><div class="container padding-vert--lg docItemWrapper_3FMP"><div class="row"><div class="col docItemCol_3FnS"><div class="docItemContainer_33ec"><article><header><h1 class="docTitle_3a4h">Gerador Síncrono</h1></header><div class="markdown"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/PSP/katex/katex.min.css"><blockquote><p>Uma máquina de corrente alternada na qual a frequência das tensões geradas e a velocidade da máquina estão em uma proporção constante. <a href="http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=411-31-08" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>tradução livre</em> - IEC 60050</a>.</p></blockquote><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="gerador-síncrono-no-psp-ufu"></a>Gerador Síncrono no PSP-UFU<a class="hash-link" href="#gerador-síncrono-no-psp-ufu" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>Os geradores síncronos são a fonte de potência para o cálculo do fluxo de carga e estabilidade, além de serem um dos principais contribuintes para as correntes de falta.</p><div class="admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"></path></svg></span>Atenção!</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Somente barramentos que possuem esse elemento conectado podem ser considerados <a href="/PSP/docs/powerFlow">barras de referência</a>. <a href="/PSP/docs/powerFlow">Barras do tipo PV</a> devem conter um gerador síncrono ou um <a href="/PSP/docs/syncMotor">motor síncrono (compensador síncrono)</a>.</p></div></div><p>O formulário de dados é dividido em dois, sendo o primeiro responsável pelos dados gerais, de <a href="/PSP/docs/powerFlow">fluxo de carga</a> e de <a href="/PSP/docs/fault">falta</a> e um segundo pelos dados de <a href="/PSP/docs/stability">estabilidade</a> . Esse último também permite o acesso aos controles das máquinas síncronas manipulados pelo editor de controle.</p><div class="admonition admonition-info alert alert--info"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="16" viewBox="0 0 14 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7 2.3c3.14 0 5.7 2.56 5.7 5.7s-2.56 5.7-5.7 5.7A5.71 5.71 0 0 1 1.3 8c0-3.14 2.56-5.7 5.7-5.7zM7 1C3.14 1 0 4.14 0 8s3.14 7 7 7 7-3.14 7-7-3.14-7-7-7zm1 3H6v5h2V4zm0 6H6v2h2v-2z"></path></svg></span>Informação</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Os dados referentes às <strong>impedâncias de sequência positiva do gerador síncrono</strong> inseridas no <a href="/PSP/docs/syncGenerator#falta">contexto (aba) "Falta"</a> são utilizados <strong>tanto para os estudos de <a href="/PSP/docs/fault">curto-circuito</a> quanto para os estudos de <a href="/PSP/docs/harmonics">harmônicos</a></strong>.</p><p>Esses dados são ignorados nos estudos de <a href="/PSP/docs/powerFlow">fluxo de carga</a> (<em>não são utilizado nesse estudo</em>) e <a href="/PSP/docs/stability">estabilidade</a> (<em>são utilizados dados inseridos em formulário específico</em>).</p></div></div><h3><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="gerador-síncrono-no-fluxo-de-carga"></a>Gerador Síncrono no fluxo de carga<a class="hash-link" href="#gerador-síncrono-no-fluxo-de-carga" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h3><p>O gerador síncrono é a fonte de potência do PSP-UFU no estudo de fluxo de carga. Seu comportamento difere de acordo com o tipo de barra conectada:</p><ul><li><a href="/PSP/docs/powerFlow">Barra de referência</a>: Os dados de potência ativa e reativa inseridos são desprezados, uma vez que esse elemento será utilizado para completar o balanço de potência do estudo de fluxo d carga;</li><li><a href="/PSP/docs/powerFlow">Barra PV</a>: O dado de potência ativa é considerado, porém o dados de potência reativa são desprezados. O valor da potência reativa é utilizado para manter o módulo da tensão constante no barramento conectado;</li><li><a href="/PSP/docs/powerFlow">Barra PQ</a>: Para os geradores conectados a essa barra tanto a potência ativa quanto reativa inseridas são consideradas.</li></ul><div class="admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"></path></svg></span>Atenção</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Caso o limite de potência reativa seja excedido, o programa automaticamente transforma a <a href="/PSP/docs/powerFlow">Barra PV</a> conectada em uma <a href="/PSP/docs/powerFlow">Barra PQ</a>, utilizando o valor limite de potência reativa que seria ultrapassado.</p></div></div><h3><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="gerador-síncrono-no-estudo-de-curto-circuito"></a>Gerador Síncrono no estudo de curto-circuito<a class="hash-link" href="#gerador-síncrono-no-estudo-de-curto-circuito" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h3><p>Enquanto os geradores no estudo de fluxo de carga são modelados somente por correntes injetadas nas barras, para o curto-circuito utiliza-se uma tensão atrás de uma impedância. A figura abaixo mostra o caminho da corrente e o circuito equivalente de cada sequência nos geradores.</p><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/sycGeneratorSeq.svg" alt="Caminho das correntes e circuito equivalente: (a) sequência positiva; (b) sequência negativa; (c) sequência zero" title="Caminho das correntes e circuito equivalente: (a) sequência positiva; (b) sequência negativa; (c) sequência zero"></center></div><p>As tensões geradas são somente de sequência positiva, uma vez que o gerador fornece sempre tensões trifásicas equilibradas. Portanto a rede de sequência positiva é composta de uma tensão pré-falta atrás de uma impedância de sequência positiva. As redes de sequência negativa e zero não contêm forças eletromotrizes, porém incluem as impedâncias do gerador de sequência negativa e zero.</p><p>A corrente que circula na impedância <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>z</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mi>n</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\overline{z}_n</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.78056em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.63056em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.55056em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> entre o neutro e a terra é <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mn>3</mn><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>I</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mrow><mi>a</mi><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">3\dot{I}_{a0}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.07019em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord">3</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.027780000000000013em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">a</span><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>. Pela figura acima (c), observa-se que a queda de tensão de sequência zero do ponto a para terra (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mrow><mi>a</mi><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\dot{V}_{a0}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.07019em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.13889em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">a</span><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>) é:</p><div class="math math-display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mrow><mi>a</mi><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mo>−</mo><mn>3</mn><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>I</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mrow><mi>a</mi><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>z</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mi>n</mi></msub><mo>−</mo><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>I</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mrow><mi>a</mi><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>z</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mrow><mi>g</mi><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\dot{V}_{a0} = -3\dot{I}_{a0}\overline{z}_n - \dot{I}_{a0}\overline{z}_{g0}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.07019em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.13889em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">a</span><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.07019em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord">−</span><span class="mord">3</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.027780000000000013em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">a</span><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.63056em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.55056em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.206298em;vertical-align:-0.286108em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.027780000000000013em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">a</span><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.63056em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.55056em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.301108em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">g</span><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><p>A rede de sequência zero, que é um circuito monofásico pelo qual se supõe que circule apenas corrente de sequência zero e deve, portanto, ter uma impedância definida pela seguinte equação:</p><div class="math math-display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>z</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mn>0</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>3</mn><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>z</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mi>n</mi></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>z</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mrow><mi>g</mi><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\overline{z}_{0} = 3\overline{z}_n + \overline{z}_{g0}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.78056em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.63056em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.55056em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.79444em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord">3</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.63056em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.55056em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.916668em;vertical-align:-0.286108em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.63056em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.55056em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.301108em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">g</span><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="admonition admonition-tip alert alert--success"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="16" viewBox="0 0 12 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M6.5 0C3.48 0 1 2.19 1 5c0 .92.55 2.25 1 3 1.34 2.25 1.78 2.78 2 4v1h5v-1c.22-1.22.66-1.75 2-4 .45-.75 1-2.08 1-3 0-2.81-2.48-5-5.5-5zm3.64 7.48c-.25.44-.47.8-.67 1.11-.86 1.41-1.25 2.06-1.45 3.23-.02.05-.02.11-.02.17H5c0-.06 0-.13-.02-.17-.2-1.17-.59-1.83-1.45-3.23-.2-.31-.42-.67-.67-1.11C2.44 6.78 2 5.65 2 5c0-2.2 2.02-4 4.5-4 1.22 0 2.36.42 3.22 1.19C10.55 2.94 11 3.94 11 5c0 .66-.44 1.78-.86 2.48zM4 14h5c-.23 1.14-1.3 2-2.5 2s-2.27-.86-2.5-2z"></path></svg></span>Dica</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Caso o gerador não seja aterrado, não circulará corrente de sequência zero por ele. Nesse caso, dependendo da conexão do transformador próximo ao gerador sem aterramento, a seguinte mensagem de erro pode ser exibida:</p><p><center>"<i>Falha ao inverter a matriz admitância de sequência zero</i>"</center></p><p>Isso ocorre porque a matriz admitância de sequência zero é singular. Para contornar esse problema escolha <strong>uma</strong> das duas soluções abaixo:</p><ol><li>Marque a opção "Neutro aterrado" e insira um alto valor de reatância de aterramento (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>j</mi><mn>9999</mn><mtext> </mtext><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">j9999~p.u.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.85396em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05724em">j</span><span class="mord">9</span><span class="mord">9</span><span class="mord">9</span><span class="mord">9</span><span class="mspace nobreak"> </span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span>, por exemplo);</li><li><strong>Ou</strong>, na barra do gerador, insira um <a href="/PSP/docs/inductor">reator</a> de baixo valor de potência reativa (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo separator="true">,</mo><mn>0</mn><mtext> </mtext><mi>v</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>r</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">1,0~var</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8388800000000001em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mspace nobreak"> </span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em">v</span><span class="mord mathdefault">a</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span></span></span></span></span>, por exemplo).</li></ol></div></div><h3><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="gerador-síncrono-no-estudo-de-estabilidade"></a>Gerador Síncrono no estudo de estabilidade<a class="hash-link" href="#gerador-síncrono-no-estudo-de-estabilidade" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h3><p>A relação de valores observados em testes adequados (definidos na <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/IEEESTD.2020.9050934" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">IEEE Std. 115-2019</a>), denominados parâmetros padrões, são utilizados para modelar a máquina síncrona no estudo de estabilidade do PSP-UFU.</p><p>Os parâmetros da máquina síncrona que influenciam rapidamente no decaimento de valores são chamados <strong>subtransitórios</strong> (indicados por <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mo mathvariant="normal">′</mo><mo mathvariant="normal">′</mo></mrow></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">''</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.751892em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord"><span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.751892em"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>), aqueles que influenciam mais lentamente são chamados <strong>transitórios</strong> (indicados por <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msup><mrow></mrow><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">'</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.751892em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord"><span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.751892em"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>) e, finalmente, aqueles que influenciam continuamente são chamados de parâmetros <strong>síncronos</strong> (sem indicação de sobrescrito).</p><p>Um conjunto de equações algébrico-diferenciais determinam o comportamento da máquina síncrona no estudo de estabilidade:</p><div class="math math-display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>E</mi><mi>q</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msubsup><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>V</mi><mi>q</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>r</mi><mi>a</mi></msub><msub><mi>I</mi><mi>q</mi></msub><mo>−</mo><msubsup><mi>x</mi><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>s</mi></mrow><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msubsup><mi>I</mi><mi>d</mi><mspace linebreak="newline"></mspace><msubsup><mi>E</mi><mi>d</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msubsup><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>V</mi><mi>d</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>r</mi><mi>a</mi></msub><msub><mi>I</mi><mi>d</mi></msub><mo>−</mo><msubsup><mi>x</mi><mrow><mi>q</mi><mi>s</mi></mrow><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msubsup><mi>I</mi><mi>q</mi><mspace linebreak="newline"></mspace><msubsup><mi>E</mi><mi>q</mi><mrow><mo mathvariant="normal">′</mo><mo mathvariant="normal">′</mo></mrow></msubsup><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>V</mi><mi>q</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>r</mi><mi>a</mi></msub><msub><mi>I</mi><mi>q</mi></msub><mo>−</mo><msubsup><mi>x</mi><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>s</mi></mrow><mrow><mo mathvariant="normal">′</mo><mo mathvariant="normal">′</mo></mrow></msubsup><mi>I</mi><mi>d</mi><mspace linebreak="newline"></mspace><msubsup><mi>E</mi><mi>d</mi><mrow><mo mathvariant="normal">′</mo><mo mathvariant="normal">′</mo></mrow></msubsup><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>V</mi><mi>d</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>r</mi><mi>a</mi></msub><msub><mi>I</mi><mi>d</mi></msub><mo>−</mo><msubsup><mi>x</mi><mrow><mi>q</mi><mi>s</mi></mrow><mrow><mo mathvariant="normal">′</mo><mo mathvariant="normal">′</mo></mrow></msubsup><mi>I</mi><mi>q</mi><mspace linebreak="newline"></mspace><mtext> </mtext><mspace linebreak="newline"></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mi>d</mi><msubsup><mi>E</mi><mi>q</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msubsup></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>V</mi><mrow><mi>f</mi><mi>d</mi></mrow></msub><mo>+</mo><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>d</mi></msub><mo>−</mo><msubsup><mi>x</mi><mi>d</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msubsup><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow><msub><mi>I</mi><mi>d</mi></msub><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>s</mi><mi>d</mi></msub><msubsup><mi>E</mi><mi>q</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msubsup></mrow><msubsup><mi>T</mi><mrow><mi>d</mi><mn>0</mn></mrow><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msubsup></mfrac><mspace linebreak="newline"></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mi>d</mi><msubsup><mi>E</mi><mi>d</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msubsup></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mo>−</mo><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>q</mi></msub><mo>−</mo><msubsup><mi>x</mi><mi>q</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msubsup><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow><msub><mi>I</mi><mi>q</mi></msub><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>s</mi><mi>q</mi></msub><msubsup><mi>E</mi><mi>d</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msubsup></mrow><msubsup><mi>T</mi><mrow><mi>q</mi><mn>0</mn></mrow><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msubsup></mfrac><mspace linebreak="newline"></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mi>d</mi><msubsup><mi>E</mi><mi>q</mi><mrow><mo mathvariant="normal">′</mo><mo mathvariant="normal">′</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>s</mi><mi>d</mi></msub><msubsup><mi>E</mi><mi>q</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msubsup><mo>+</mo><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><msubsup><mi>x</mi><mi>d</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msubsup><mo>−</mo><msubsup><mi>x</mi><mi>d</mi><mrow><mo mathvariant="normal">′</mo><mo mathvariant="normal">′</mo></mrow></msubsup><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow><msub><mi>I</mi><mi>d</mi></msub><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>s</mi><mi>d</mi></msub><msubsup><mi>E</mi><mi>q</mi><mrow><mo mathvariant="normal">′</mo><mo mathvariant="normal">′</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow><msubsup><mi>T</mi><mrow><mi>d</mi><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mo mathvariant="normal">′</mo><mo mathvariant="normal">′</mo></mrow></msubsup></mfrac><mspace linebreak="newline"></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mi>d</mi><msubsup><mi>E</mi><mi>d</mi><mrow><mo mathvariant="normal">′</mo><mo mathvariant="normal">′</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>s</mi><mi>d</mi></msub><msubsup><mi>E</mi><mi>d</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msubsup><mo>+</mo><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><msubsup><mi>x</mi><mi>q</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msubsup><mo>−</mo><msubsup><mi>x</mi><mi>q</mi><mrow><mo mathvariant="normal">′</mo><mo mathvariant="normal">′</mo></mrow></msubsup><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow><msub><mi>I</mi><mi>q</mi></msub><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>s</mi><mi>d</mi></msub><msubsup><mi>E</mi><mi>d</mi><mrow><mo mathvariant="normal">′</mo><mo mathvariant="normal">′</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow><msubsup><mi>T</mi><mrow><mi>q</mi><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mo mathvariant="normal">′</mo><mo mathvariant="normal">′</mo></mrow></msubsup></mfrac><mspace linebreak="newline"></mspace><mtext> </mtext><mspace linebreak="newline"></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>ω</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mfrac><msub><mi>ω</mi><mi>r</mi></msub><mrow><mn>2</mn><mi>H</mi></mrow></mfrac><mrow><mo fence="true">[</mo><msub><mi>P</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>P</mi><mi>e</mi></msub><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>D</mi><mi>a</mi></msub><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><mi>ω</mi><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>ω</mi><mi>r</mi></msub><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow><mo fence="true">]</mo></mrow><mspace linebreak="newline"></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>δ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi><mi>b</mi></msub><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><mi>ω</mi><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>ω</mi><mi>r</mi></msub><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">E_{q}' - V_q = r_aI_q - x_{ds}'Id\\ E_{d}' - V_d = r_aI_d - x_{qs}'Iq\\ E_{q}'' - V_q = r_aI_q - x_{ds}''Id\\ E_{d}'' - V_d = r_aI_d - x_{qs}''Iq\\ ~\\ \frac{dE_{q}'}{dt} = \frac{V_{fd} + \left( x_d - x_{d}' \right)I_d - s_d E_{q}'}{T_{d0}'}\\ \frac{dE_{d}'}{dt} = \frac{- \left( x_q - x_{q}' \right)I_q - s_q E_{d}'}{T_{q0}'}\\ \frac{dE_{q}''}{dt} = \frac{s_dE_{q}' + \left( x_{d}' - x_{d}'' \right)I_d - s_d E_{q}''}{T_{d0}''}\\ \frac{dE_{d}''}{dt} = \frac{s_dE_{d}' + \left( x_{q}' - x_{q}'' \right)I_q - s_d E_{d}''}{T_{q0}''}\\ ~\\ \frac{d\omega}{dt} = \frac{\omega_r}{2H} \left[ P_m - P_e - D_a \left( \omega - \omega_r \right) \right]\\ \frac{d\delta}{dt} = \Omega_b\left( \omega - \omega_r \right)</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.185em;vertical-align:-0.383108em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05764em">E</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.801892em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.05764em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">q</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.1130000000000004em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.383108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.969438em;vertical-align:-0.286108em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15139200000000003em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">q</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.969438em;vertical-align:-0.286108em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">a</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15139200000000003em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.07847em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">q</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.048892em;vertical-align:-0.247em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8018919999999999em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">s</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span><span class="mord mathdefault">d</span></span><span class="mspace newline"></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.048892em;vertical-align:-0.247em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05764em">E</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8018919999999999em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.05764em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">a</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.07847em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.185em;vertical-align:-0.383108em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.801892em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">q</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">s</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.1130000000000004em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.383108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em">q</span></span><span class="mspace newline"></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.185em;vertical-align:-0.383108em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05764em">E</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.801892em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.05764em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">q</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.1130000000000004em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.383108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.969438em;vertical-align:-0.286108em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15139200000000003em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">q</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.969438em;vertical-align:-0.286108em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">a</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15139200000000003em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.07847em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">q</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.048892em;vertical-align:-0.247em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8018919999999999em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">s</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span><span class="mord mathdefault">d</span></span><span class="mspace newline"></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.048892em;vertical-align:-0.247em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05764em">E</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8018919999999999em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.05764em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">a</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.07847em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.185em;vertical-align:-0.383108em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.801892em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">q</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">s</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.1130000000000004em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.383108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em">q</span></span><span class="mspace newline"></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mspace nobreak"> </span></span><span class="mspace newline"></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.211em;vertical-align:-0.686em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.525em"><span style="top:-2.314em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">d</span><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.773108em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">d</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05764em">E</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.751892em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.05764em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">q</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.383108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.686em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.512308em;vertical-align:-0.9873080000000001em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.525em"><span style="top:-2.314em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.733692em"><span style="top:-2.398692em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.0448em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30130799999999996em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.773108em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3361079999999999em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.10764em">f</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.751892em"><span style="top:-2.4168920000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2831079999999999em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em">)</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.07847em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">s</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05764em">E</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.751892em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.05764em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">q</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.383108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9873080000000001em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span><span class="mspace newline"></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.114892em;vertical-align:-0.686em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.428892em"><span style="top:-2.314em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">d</span><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">d</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05764em">E</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.751892em"><span style="top:-2.4168920000000003em;margin-left:-0.05764em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2831079999999999em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.686em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.7115240000000003em;vertical-align:-1.088416em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.6231080000000002em"><span style="top:-2.314em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.733692em"><span style="top:-2.4336920000000006em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">q</span><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.0448000000000004em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.4024159999999999em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.773108em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">(</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15139200000000003em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">q</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.751892em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">q</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.383108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">)</span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15139200000000003em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.07847em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">q</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">s</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15139200000000003em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">q</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05764em">E</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.751892em"><span style="top:-2.4168920000000003em;margin-left:-0.05764em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2831079999999999em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.088416em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span><span class="mspace newline"></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.211em;vertical-align:-0.686em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.525em"><span style="top:-2.314em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">d</span><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.773108em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">d</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05764em">E</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.751892em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.05764em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">q</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.383108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.686em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.512308em;vertical-align:-0.9873080000000001em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.525em"><span style="top:-2.314em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.733692em"><span style="top:-2.398692em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.0448em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30130799999999996em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.773108em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">s</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05764em">E</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.751892em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.05764em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">q</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.383108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.751892em"><span style="top:-2.4168920000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2831079999999999em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.751892em"><span style="top:-2.4168920000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2831079999999999em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em">)</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.07847em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">s</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05764em">E</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.751892em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.05764em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">q</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.383108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9873080000000001em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span><span class="mspace newline"></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.114892em;vertical-align:-0.686em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.428892em"><span style="top:-2.314em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">d</span><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">d</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05764em">E</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.751892em"><span style="top:-2.4168920000000003em;margin-left:-0.05764em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2831079999999999em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.686em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.7115240000000003em;vertical-align:-1.088416em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.6231080000000002em"><span style="top:-2.314em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.733692em"><span style="top:-2.4336920000000006em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">q</span><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.0448000000000004em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.4024159999999999em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.773108em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">s</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05764em">E</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.751892em"><span style="top:-2.4168920000000003em;margin-left:-0.05764em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2831079999999999em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">(</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.751892em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">q</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.383108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.751892em"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">q</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.383108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">)</span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15139200000000003em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.07847em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">q</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">s</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05764em">E</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.751892em"><span style="top:-2.4168920000000003em;margin-left:-0.05764em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2831079999999999em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.088416em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span><span class="mspace newline"></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mspace nobreak"> </span></span><span class="mspace newline"></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.05744em;vertical-align:-0.686em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.37144em"><span style="top:-2.314em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">d</span><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">d</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em">ω</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.686em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.7935599999999998em;vertical-align:-0.686em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.1075599999999999em"><span style="top:-2.314em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.08125em">H</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em">ω</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.686em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em">[</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">m</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">e</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.02778em">D</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">a</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em">ω</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em">ω</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em">)</span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em">]</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span></span><span class="mspace newline"></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.05744em;vertical-align:-0.686em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.37144em"><span style="top:-2.314em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">d</span><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">d</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03785em">δ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.686em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">Ω</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">b</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em">ω</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em">ω</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></div><p>As duas últimas equações diferenciais são as equações mecânicas da máquina; e as demais são equações elétricas (consulte essa <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.14393/ufu.te.2019.2444" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">tese</a> para maiores detalhes acerca dos parâmetros dessas equações).</p><p>Utilizando as equações transitórias e subtransitórias podem-se definir cinco modelos de distintas complexidades.</p><div class="admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"></path></svg></span>Atenção!</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>O modelo da máquina síncrona é <strong>selecionado automaticamente</strong> de acordo com os dados fornecidos ao programa.</p></div></div><p>Na sequência são apresentados tais modelos, incluídos os efeitos da saturação magnética, em conjunto com seus diagramas de blocos:</p><ul><li><strong>Modelo 1</strong>: Corresponde a uma tensão constante atrás de uma reatância transitória de eixo direto (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>x</mi><mi>d</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msubsup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x_{d}'</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.035em;vertical-align:-0.2831079999999999em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.751892em"><span style="top:-2.4168920000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2831079999999999em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>), não exigindo equações diferenciais;</li><li><strong>Modelo 2</strong>: São representados os efeitos transitórios de eixo direto, sendo necessária a solução de uma equação diferencial (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mfrac><mrow><mi>d</mi><msubsup><mi>E</mi><mi>q</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msubsup></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow></mfrac></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\frac{dE_{q}'}{dt}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.5319em;vertical-align:-0.345em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.1869em"><span style="top:-2.6550000000000002em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">t</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.60742em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.05764em">E</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8278285714285715em"><span style="top:-2.214em;margin-left:-0.05764em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">q</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.931em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.42488571428571426em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.345em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span></span>), cujo diagrama de blocos é apresentado na figura abaixo:</li></ul><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/model2SyncGenerator.svg" alt="Diagrama de blocos do Modelo 2 das máquinas síncronas" title="Diagrama de blocos do Modelo 2 das máquinas síncronas"></center></div><ul><li><strong>Modelo 3</strong>: São representados os efeitos transitórios de eixo direto e em quadratura, exigindo duas equações diferenciais (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mfrac><mrow><mi>d</mi><msubsup><mi>E</mi><mi>q</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msubsup></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow></mfrac></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\frac{dE_{q}'}{dt}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.5319em;vertical-align:-0.345em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.1869em"><span style="top:-2.6550000000000002em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">t</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.60742em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.05764em">E</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8278285714285715em"><span style="top:-2.214em;margin-left:-0.05764em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">q</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.931em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.42488571428571426em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.345em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span></span> e <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mfrac><mrow><mi>d</mi><msubsup><mi>E</mi><mi>d</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msubsup></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow></mfrac></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\frac{dE_{d}'}{dt}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.43468em;vertical-align:-0.345em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.08968em"><span style="top:-2.6550000000000002em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">t</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.5102em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.05764em">E</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8278285714285715em"><span style="top:-2.214em;margin-left:-0.05764em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.931em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.345em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span></span>), cujo diagrama de blocos é apresentado na figura abaixo:</li></ul><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/model3SyncGenerator.svg" alt="Diagrama de blocos do Modelo 3 das máquinas síncronas" title="Diagrama de blocos do Modelo 3 das máquinas síncronas"></center></div><ul><li><strong>Modelo 4</strong>: São representados os efeitos subtransitórios de eixo direto e em quadratura, sendo necessária a solução de três equações diferenciais (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mfrac><mrow><mi>d</mi><msubsup><mi>E</mi><mi>q</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msubsup></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow></mfrac></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\frac{dE_{q}'}{dt}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.5319em;vertical-align:-0.345em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.1869em"><span style="top:-2.6550000000000002em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">t</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.60742em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.05764em">E</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8278285714285715em"><span style="top:-2.214em;margin-left:-0.05764em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">q</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.931em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.42488571428571426em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.345em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span></span>, <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mfrac><mrow><mi>d</mi><msubsup><mi>E</mi><mi>q</mi><mrow><mo mathvariant="normal">′</mo><mo mathvariant="normal">′</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow></mfrac></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\frac{dE_{q}''}{dt}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.5319em;vertical-align:-0.345em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.1869em"><span style="top:-2.6550000000000002em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">t</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.60742em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.05764em">E</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8278285714285715em"><span style="top:-2.214em;margin-left:-0.05764em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">q</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.931em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.42488571428571426em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.345em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span></span> e <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mfrac><mrow><mi>d</mi><msubsup><mi>E</mi><mi>d</mi><mrow><mo mathvariant="normal">′</mo><mo mathvariant="normal">′</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow></mfrac></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\frac{dE_{d}''}{dt}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.43468em;vertical-align:-0.345em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.08968em"><span style="top:-2.6550000000000002em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">t</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.5102em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.05764em">E</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8278285714285715em"><span style="top:-2.214em;margin-left:-0.05764em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.931em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.345em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span></span>), cujo diagrama de blocos é apresentado na figura abaixo:</li></ul><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/model4SyncGenerator.svg" alt="Diagrama de blocos do Modelo 4 das máquinas síncronas" title="Diagrama de blocos do Modelo 4 das máquinas síncronas"></center></div><ul><li><strong>Modelo 5</strong>: São representados os efeitos subtransitórios de eixo direto e em quadratura, sendo necessária a solução de quatro equações diferenciais (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mfrac><mrow><mi>d</mi><msubsup><mi>E</mi><mi>q</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msubsup></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow></mfrac></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\frac{dE_{q}'}{dt}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.5319em;vertical-align:-0.345em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.1869em"><span style="top:-2.6550000000000002em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">t</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.60742em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.05764em">E</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8278285714285715em"><span style="top:-2.214em;margin-left:-0.05764em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">q</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.931em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.42488571428571426em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.345em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span></span>, <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mfrac><mrow><mi>d</mi><msubsup><mi>E</mi><mi>d</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msubsup></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow></mfrac></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\frac{dE_{d}'}{dt}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.43468em;vertical-align:-0.345em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.08968em"><span style="top:-2.6550000000000002em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">t</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.5102em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.05764em">E</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8278285714285715em"><span style="top:-2.214em;margin-left:-0.05764em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.931em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.345em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span></span>, <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mfrac><mrow><mi>d</mi><msubsup><mi>E</mi><mi>q</mi><mrow><mo mathvariant="normal">′</mo><mo mathvariant="normal">′</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow></mfrac></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\frac{dE_{q}''}{dt}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.5319em;vertical-align:-0.345em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.1869em"><span style="top:-2.6550000000000002em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">t</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.60742em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.05764em">E</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8278285714285715em"><span style="top:-2.214em;margin-left:-0.05764em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">q</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.931em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.42488571428571426em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.345em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span></span> e <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mfrac><mrow><mi>d</mi><msubsup><mi>E</mi><mi>d</mi><mrow><mo mathvariant="normal">′</mo><mo mathvariant="normal">′</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow></mfrac></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\frac{dE_{d}''}{dt}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.43468em;vertical-align:-0.345em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.08968em"><span style="top:-2.6550000000000002em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">t</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.5102em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.05764em">E</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8278285714285715em"><span style="top:-2.214em;margin-left:-0.05764em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.931em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.345em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span></span>), cujo diagrama de blocos é apresentado na figura abaixo:</li></ul><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/model5SyncGenerator.svg" alt="Diagrama de blocos do Modelo 4 das máquinas síncronas" title="Diagrama de blocos do Modelo 4 das máquinas síncronas"></center></div><div class="admonition admonition-info alert alert--info"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="16" viewBox="0 0 14 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7 2.3c3.14 0 5.7 2.56 5.7 5.7s-2.56 5.7-5.7 5.7A5.71 5.71 0 0 1 1.3 8c0-3.14 2.56-5.7 5.7-5.7zM7 1C3.14 1 0 4.14 0 8s3.14 7 7 7 7-3.14 7-7-3.14-7-7-7zm1 3H6v5h2V4zm0 6H6v2h2v-2z"></path></svg></span>Informação</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Em todos os modelos as equações diferenciais mecânicas são solucionadas.</p></div></div><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="saturação"></a>Saturação<a class="hash-link" href="#saturação" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Para representar matematicamente o efeito da saturação nas equações das máquinas síncronas são introduzidos “fatores de saturação” que modificam as impedâncias do circuito equivalente, os quais dependem de uma reatância de dispersão efetiva, chamada de reatância de Potier (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>p</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x_p</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.716668em;vertical-align:-0.286108em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15139200000000003em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">p</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>).</p><p>Tal reatância pode ser obtida por meio de ensaios (utilizando curvas de saturação de circuito aberto e carga de fator de potência zero) ou estimadas de forma aproximada por outros parâmetros da máquina. A reatância de dispersão (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>l</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x_l</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.58056em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.01968em">l</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>), aqui substituída de forma aproximada por <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>p</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x_p</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.716668em;vertical-align:-0.286108em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15139200000000003em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">p</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>, representa a parcela da reatância da máquina originados do fluxo magnético que percorrem o ar na maioria de seu caminho e, portanto, é independente da saturação.</p><p>O método implementado no programa permite reproduzir a saturação em ambos os eixos (direto e em quadratura), diferindo entre si devido à divergência no tamanho do entreferro. É assumido que a soma vetorial das duas componentes do fluxo magnético saturado está em fase com a f.m.m. e proporcional à Tensão de Potier (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>p</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">E_p</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.969438em;vertical-align:-0.286108em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05764em">E</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15139200000000003em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.05764em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">p</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>, a qual é a tensão atrás da reatância de Potier).</p><p>Para isso, são utilizados internamente dois fatores de saturação, sendo um no eixo direto (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>s</mi><mi>d</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">s_d</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.58056em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">s</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>) e outro no eixo em quadratura (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>s</mi><mi>q</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">s_q</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.716668em;vertical-align:-0.286108em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">s</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15139200000000003em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">q</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>). Esses fatores de saturação são <strong>automaticamente calculados</strong> a cada passo de integração e dependem da curva de saturação da máquina definida pelo <a href="/PSP/docs/syncGenerator#fator-de-satura%C3%A7%C3%A3o">fator de saturação inserido no formulário de edição de dados</a>.</p><p>Portanto as reatâncias saturadas, que devem ser inseridas nas equações algébricas da máquina, são definidas pelas seguintes equações:</p><div class="math math-display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>x</mi><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>s</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>d</mi></msub><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>p</mi></msub></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>s</mi><mi>d</mi></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>p</mi></msub></mrow></mfrac><mspace linebreak="newline"></mspace><msub><mi>x</mi><mrow><mi>q</mi><mi>s</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>q</mi></msub><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>p</mi></msub></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>s</mi><mi>q</mi></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>p</mi></msub></mrow></mfrac></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x_{ds}=\frac{x_d-x_p}{s_d +x_p}\\ x_{qs}=\frac{x_q-x_p}{s_q +x_p}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.58056em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">s</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.232438em;vertical-align:-0.972108em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.26033em"><span style="top:-2.314em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">s</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15139200000000003em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">p</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15139200000000003em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">p</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.972108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span><span class="mspace newline"></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.716668em;vertical-align:-0.286108em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15139200000000003em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">q</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">s</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.232438em;vertical-align:-0.972108em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.26033em"><span style="top:-2.314em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">s</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15139200000000003em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">q</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15139200000000003em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">p</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15139200000000003em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">q</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15139200000000003em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">p</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.972108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><p>Essas equações também são utilizadas para as reatâncias transitórias e subtransitórias, visto que o valor da reatância de Potier (ou de dispersão) não é alterada.</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="barramento-infinito"></a>Barramento infinito<a class="hash-link" href="#barramento-infinito" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Algumas referências incluem um modelo sem equações diferenciais, em que a máquina é somente representada por uma tensão constante atrás de uma reatância transitória de eixo direto. Tal é utilizado na representação de um <strong>barramento infinito</strong>, o qual é normalmente constituído de um subsistema muito maior àquele simulado.</p><p>No PSP-UFU a <strong>representação de um barramento infinito</strong> pode ser obtido por meio da utilização de uma máquina representada pelo Modelo 1 cujo valor da constante de inércia (H) é infinito ou muito grande (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mn>9999</mn><mtext> </mtext><mi>s</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">9999~s</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.64444em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord">9</span><span class="mord">9</span><span class="mord">9</span><span class="mord">9</span><span class="mspace nobreak"> </span><span class="mord mathdefault">s</span></span></span></span></span>, por exemplo) em relação às demais máquinas do sistema, e o valor de <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>x</mi><mi>d</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msubsup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x_{d}'</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.035em;vertical-align:-0.2831079999999999em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.751892em"><span style="top:-2.4168920000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2831079999999999em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> deve ser um valor muito pequeno (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mn>1</mn><msup><mn>0</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mtext> </mtext><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">10^{-3}~p.u.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.008548em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">0</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141079999999999em"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight">3</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace nobreak"> </span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span>, por exemplo).</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="centro-de-inércia"></a>Centro de inércia<a class="hash-link" href="#centro-de-inércia" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Normalmente utiliza-se a velocidade de referência como sendo a síncrona e portanto, nesse caso, <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>ω</mi><mi>r</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>ω</mi><mi>b</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><mo separator="true">,</mo><mn>0</mn><mtext> </mtext><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\omega_r = \omega_b = 1,0~p.u.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.58056em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em">ω</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.58056em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em">ω</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">b</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8388800000000001em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mspace nobreak"> </span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span> Essa abordagem, adotada por vários livros de estabilidade, considera como referência uma máquina fictícia girando sempre na velocidade síncrona independente das perturbações aplicadas no sistema. No PSP-UFU foi implementado o conceito de centro de inércia (COI, do inglês, <em>Center of Inertia</em>), que constitui uma soma ponderada das velocidades das máquinas presentes no sistema:</p><div class="math math-display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>ω</mi><mi>r</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><munderover><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mi>n</mi></munderover><msub><mi>H</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><msub><mi>ω</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><munderover><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mi>n</mi></munderover><msub><mi>H</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow></mfrac></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\omega_r=\frac{\left( \sum_{i=1}^{n} H_i \omega_i \right)}{\left( \sum_{i=1}^{n} H_i \right)}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.58056em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em">ω</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.488004em;vertical-align:-0.994002em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.494002em"><span style="top:-2.305708em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em">(</span><span class="mop"><span class="mop op-symbol small-op" style="position:relative;top:-0.0000050000000000050004em">∑</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.804292em"><span style="top:-2.40029em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="mrel mtight">=</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2029em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.29971000000000003em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.08125em">H</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.08125em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em">)</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.6897100000000003em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em">(</span><span class="mop"><span class="mop op-symbol small-op" style="position:relative;top:-0.0000050000000000050004em">∑</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.804292em"><span style="top:-2.40029em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="mrel mtight">=</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2029em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.29971000000000003em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.08125em">H</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.08125em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em">ω</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.994002em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><p>Em que: <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>n</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">n</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">n</span></span></span></span></span> é o número de máquinas síncronas <strong>conectadas</strong> no sistema.</p><p>A aplicação do COI resulta em dados de saída, como o ângulo do rotor, mais fáceis de serem analisados. Na implementação realizada no programa a utilização ou não desse recurso é opcional e pode ser <a href="/PSP/docs/simulationConfig">definida pelo usuário</a>.</p><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="formulário-de-edição-dos-geradores-síncronos"></a>Formulário de edição dos geradores síncronos<a class="hash-link" href="#formulário-de-edição-dos-geradores-síncronos" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>A imagem abaixo apresenta o formulário de inserção/alteração de dados dos geradores síncronos:</p><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/syncGeneratorForm.png" alt="Formulário dos geradores síncronos no PSP-UFU" title="Formulário dos geradores síncronos no PSP-UFU"></center></div><p>Um segundo pelos dados de estabilidade, como mostra a figura abaixo, acessado ao clicar no botão "Estabilidade" do formulário principal. Nele é possível também acessar aos controles das máquinas síncronas manipulados pelo <a href="/PSP/docs/controlEditor">editor de controle</a>.</p><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/syncGeneratorStabForm.png" alt="Formulário de estabilidade dos geradores síncronos no PSP-UFU" title="Formulário de estabilidade dos geradores síncronos no PSP-UFU"></center></div><p>No formulário de estabilidade pode ser observado o botão "Chaveamento" na parte inferior esquerda do formulário. Esse formulário, comum a vários outros elementos, permite a inserção e/ou remoção do gerador durante o estudo de <a href="/PSP/docs/stability">estabilidade</a>.</p><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/syncGeneratorSw.png" alt="Formulário de chaveamento do gerador síncrono" title="Formulário de chaveamento do gerador síncrono"></center></div><div class="tabs-container"><ul role="tablist" aria-orientation="horizontal" class="tabs"><li role="tab" tabindex="0" aria-selected="true" class="tabs__item tabItem_1uMI tabs__item--active">Geral</li><li role="tab" tabindex="-1" aria-selected="false" class="tabs__item tabItem_1uMI">Falta</li><li role="tab" tabindex="-1" aria-selected="false" class="tabs__item tabItem_1uMI">Botão Estabilidade</li><li role="tab" tabindex="-1" aria-selected="false" class="tabs__item tabItem_1uMI">Botão Chaveamento</li></ul><div class="margin-vert--md"><div role="tabpanel"><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="nome"></a>Nome<a class="hash-link" href="#nome" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Identificação do elemento elétrico. Podem ser inseridos quaisquer números de caracteres no padrão <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Unicode</a>.</p><p>Todos os componentes de potência do PSP-UFU possuem esse campo.</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="potência-nominal"></a>Potência nominal<a class="hash-link" href="#potência-nominal" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Potência nominal do gerador, inserida em MVA, kVA ou VA.</p><p>Esse campo é especialmente importante caso a opção "Utilizar a potência nominal como base" esteja marcada.</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="potências-ativa-e-reativa"></a>Potências ativa e reativa<a class="hash-link" href="#potências-ativa-e-reativa" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Potências ativa (inserida em W, kW, MW ou p.u.) e reativa (inserida em var, kvar, Mvar ou p.u.) do gerador.</p><p>Caso a barra conectada seja PV o valor de potência reativa será ignorado e caso seja de referência ambos os valores inseridos serão desprezados.</p><div class="admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"></path></svg></span>Atenção!</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Caso mais de um gerador esteja conectado na mesma barra, os valores de potência reativa (nas barras de referência e PV) e ativa (nas barras de referência) são igualmente distribuídas, respeitando os limites individuais de potência reativa.</p></div></div><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="potências-reativas-máxima-e-mínima"></a>Potências reativas máxima e mínima<a class="hash-link" href="#potências-reativas-máxima-e-mínima" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Limites de potência reativa máxima e mínima do gerador para controle de tensão em barras PV. Caso esses valores sejam ultrapassados, o reativo gerado pela unidade será limitado ao valor inserido e a barra conectada será transformada em PQ, não controlando a tensão estabelecida.</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="utilizar-potência-nominal-como-base"></a>Utilizar potência nominal como base<a class="hash-link" href="#utilizar-potência-nominal-como-base" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Caso essa opção seja marcada, o programa irá utilizar a potência nominal do gerador como base para a conversão das unidades, inclusive aqueles no formulário de estabilidade, caso contrário será usada a <a href="/PSP/docs/simulationConfig">potência base do sistema</a>.</p></div><div role="tabpanel" hidden=""><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="impedâncias-de-sequência"></a>Impedâncias de sequência<a class="hash-link" href="#impedâncias-de-sequência" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Valores de resistência e reatância para cálculo das correntes de falta. São inseridos dados de sequência positiva, negativa e zero.</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="impedância-de-aterramento"></a>Impedância de aterramento<a class="hash-link" href="#impedância-de-aterramento" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Valores utilizados para o cálculo das correntes de falta do tipo fase-terra e fase-fase-terra. Caso o neutro do gerador não seja aterrado, o valor inserido nesse campo é ignorado.</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="neutro-aterrado"></a>Neutro aterrado<a class="hash-link" href="#neutro-aterrado" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Indica se o neutro do gerador é aterrado.</p></div><div role="tabpanel" hidden=""><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="imprimir-dados-da-máquina-síncrona"></a>Imprimir dados da máquina síncrona<a class="hash-link" href="#imprimir-dados-da-máquina-síncrona" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Exibe os dados do gerador síncrono nos gráficos no tempo. Os seguintes dados são exibidos:</p><ul><li>tensão terminal</li><li>potências ativa e reativas</li><li>potência mecânica</li><li>frequência</li><li>tensão de campo</li><li>ângulo <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>δ</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\delta</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.69444em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03785em">δ</span></span></span></span></span>.</li></ul><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="utilizar-avr-e-regulador-de-velocidade"></a>Utilizar AVR e regulador de velocidade<a class="hash-link" href="#utilizar-avr-e-regulador-de-velocidade" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Esses campos acionam ou inibem os controles da máquina síncrona, assim como modelos de turbina e excitatrizes.</p><p>Caso selecionadas os controles podem ser inseridos e modificados pelos botões “Editar AVR” e “Editar regulador de velocidade”, os quais acessam o <a href="/PSP/docs/controlEditor">editor de controle do PSP-UFU</a>.</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="resistência-de-armadura"></a>Resistência de armadura<a class="hash-link" href="#resistência-de-armadura" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Resistência de armadura da máquina síncrona, em <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p.u.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span></p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="reatância-de-potier"></a>Reatância de Potier<a class="hash-link" href="#reatância-de-potier" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Reatância de Potier para cálculo da saturação da máquina, em <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p.u.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span></p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="fator-de-saturação"></a>Fator de saturação<a class="hash-link" href="#fator-de-saturação" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Valor utilizado no cálculo da curva de saturação.</p><p>Representa o valor (em <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p.u.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span>) de corrente de campo necessária para atingir 1,2 p.u. de tensão terminal.</p><div class="admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"></path></svg></span>Atenção!</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Esse valor deve ser <strong>maior que 1,2</strong>, ou irá gerar erros na simulação. Caso não seja informado, a saturação da máquina não é considerada nos cálculos.</p></div></div><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="frequência-de-circuito-aberto"></a>Frequência de circuito aberto<a class="hash-link" href="#frequência-de-circuito-aberto" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Indica a velocidade da máquina no caso de início da simulação desconectada da rede.</p><div class="admonition admonition-info alert alert--info"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="16" viewBox="0 0 14 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7 2.3c3.14 0 5.7 2.56 5.7 5.7s-2.56 5.7-5.7 5.7A5.71 5.71 0 0 1 1.3 8c0-3.14 2.56-5.7 5.7-5.7zM7 1C3.14 1 0 4.14 0 8s3.14 7 7 7 7-3.14 7-7-3.14-7-7-7zm1 3H6v5h2V4zm0 6H6v2h2v-2z"></path></svg></span>Informação</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Essa informação é particularmente útil na análise de conexão de geradores dessincronizados na rede.</p></div></div><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="reatâncias-síncronas"></a>Reatâncias síncronas<a class="hash-link" href="#reatâncias-síncronas" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Valores de reatância síncrona (regime permanente) da máquina. Os valores de eixo direto e em quadratura devem ser iguais ou muito próximos para representação de uma máquina de polos lisos, enquanto para polos salientes esses valores são distintos.</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="reatâncias-e-constantes-de-tempo-transitórias"></a>Reatâncias e constantes de tempo transitórias<a class="hash-link" href="#reatâncias-e-constantes-de-tempo-transitórias" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Parâmetros transitórios da máquina síncrona em <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p.u.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span> ou segundos.</p><div class="admonition admonition-warning alert alert--danger"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="16" viewBox="0 0 12 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.05.31c.81 2.17.41 3.38-.52 4.31C3.55 5.67 1.98 6.45.9 7.98c-1.45 2.05-1.7 6.53 3.53 7.7-2.2-1.16-2.67-4.52-.3-6.61-.61 2.03.53 3.33 1.94 2.86 1.39-.47 2.3.53 2.27 1.67-.02.78-.31 1.44-1.13 1.81 3.42-.59 4.78-3.42 4.78-5.56 0-2.84-2.53-3.22-1.25-5.61-1.52.13-2.03 1.13-1.89 2.75.09 1.08-1.02 1.8-1.86 1.33-.67-.41-.66-1.19-.06-1.78C8.18 5.31 8.68 2.45 5.05.32L5.03.3l.02.01z"></path></svg></span>Cuidado!</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>O valor da reatância transitória de eixo direto deve ser diferente de zero ou levará o programa a erro.</p></div></div><p>De acordo com a quantidade de parâmetros inseridos é definido internamente pelo programa qual o modelo a ser utilizado.</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="reatâncias-e-constantes-de-tempo-subtransitórias"></a>Reatâncias e constantes de tempo subtransitórias<a class="hash-link" href="#reatâncias-e-constantes-de-tempo-subtransitórias" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Parâmetros subtransitórios da máquina síncrona em <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p.u.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span> ou segundos, representando em detalhes a presença de enrolamentos amortecedores. Assim como os dados transitórios, esses parâmetros definem o modelo da máquina.</p></div><div role="tabpanel" hidden=""><p>O botão "Chaveamento" irá abrir um formulário, comum a vários outros elementos, que permite a inserção e/ou remoção do gerador durante o estudo de <a href="/PSP/docs/stability">estabilidade</a>.</p><p>Nesse formulário pode ser criada uma lista genérica de inserções e remoções da linha no tempo, personalizada por um contexto de propriedades de chaveamento que são editados o tipo de chaveamento (inserção ou remoção) e o instante (em segundos) do evento. Essas propriedades são atribuídas e retiradas da lista genérica por meio dos botões "Adicionar" e "Remover", respectivamente.</p></div></div></div><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="acesso-aos-controles-da-máquina-síncrona"></a>Acesso aos controles da máquina síncrona<a class="hash-link" href="#acesso-aos-controles-da-máquina-síncrona" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>Como já <a href="/PSP/docs/syncGenerator#utilizar-avr-e-regulador-de-velocidade">mencionado anteriormente</a>, os reguladores de velocidade e tensão da máquina síncrona podem ser acionados ou inibidos por meio das caixas de seleção "<a href="/PSP/docs/syncGenerator#utilizar-avr-e-regulador-de-velocidade">Utilizar AVR e regulador de velocidade</a>". Ambas as opções irão acessar o <a href="/PSP/docs/controlEditor">editor de controles</a>.</p><p>O acesso aos controles do <strong>AVR</strong> poderão então ser criados e manipulados ao clicar no botão "Editar AVR", assim como o <strong>Regulador de Velocidade</strong> é acessado no botão "Editar regulador de velocidade".</p><div class="admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"></path></svg></span>Atenção!</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>No PSP-UFU a opção de editar o <strong>AVR</strong> engloba mais que somente o controle de tensão da máquina. Nele <strong>deve</strong> ser inserida a malha de controle da máquina assim como a <strong>excitatriz da máquina síncrona</strong>. Outras estratégias de controle (opcionais), como PSS (<em>Power System Stabilizer</em>) e/ou controles de sobre e sub excitação, são também implementadas em conjunto.</p></div></div><div class="admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"></path></svg></span>Atenção!</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Assim como no AVR, o <strong>Regulador de Velocidade</strong> engloba mais que a regulação primária da máquina. Nessa opção <strong>deve</strong> ser inserida ao menos a malha de controle da regulação primária de velocidade, assim como o <strong>modelo da turbina</strong>. Estratégias opcionais de controle da velocidade também são inseridas nessa opção.</p></div></div><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="referências"></a>Referências<a class="hash-link" href="#referências" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><ol><li>MILANO, F. Power System Modelling and Scripting. London: Springer, 2010. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13669-6" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13669-6</a></li><li>ARRILLAGA, J.; WATSON, N. R. Computer Modelling of Electrical Power Systems. Wiley & Sons, New York, 2001. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118878286" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118878286</a></li><li>KUNDUR, P. Power System Stability and Control. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1994.</li><li>DOMMEL, H. W.; SATO, N. Fast Transient Stability Solutions. IEEE Transactions on Power Aparatus and Systems, v. PAS-91, n. 4, jul 1972, p. 1643-1650. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAS.1972.293341" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAS.1972.293341</a></li><li>IEEE Std 1110-2002 IEEE Guide for Synchronous Generator Modeling Practices and Applications in Power System Stability Analyses. IEEE, New York, nov. 2003. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/IEEESTD.2003.94408" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://doi.org/10.1109/IEEESTD.2003.94408</a></li><li>KIMBARK, E. W. Power System Stability: Volume III – Synchronous Machine. New York: Wiley-IEEE Press, 1995.</li></ol></div></article><div class="margin-vert--xl"><div class="row"><div class="col"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/tree/master/docusaurus/docs/syncGenerator.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><svg fill="currentColor" height="1.2em" width="1.2em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" role="img" viewBox="0 0 40 40" class="iconEdit_2_ui" aria-label="Edit page"><g><path d="m34.5 11.7l-3 3.1-6.3-6.3 3.1-3q0.5-0.5 1.2-0.5t1.1 0.5l3.9 3.9q0.5 0.4 0.5 1.1t-0.5 1.2z m-29.5 17.1l18.4-18.5 6.3 6.3-18.4 18.4h-6.3v-6.2z"></path></g></svg>Edit this page</a></div></div></div><div class="margin-vert--lg"><nav class="pagination-nav" aria-label="Docs pages navigation"><div class="pagination-nav__item"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/PSP/docs/harmSource"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Previous</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">« Fonte de Corrente Harmônica</div></a></div><div class="pagination-nav__item pagination-nav__item--next"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/PSP/docs/syncMotor"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Next</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">Compensador Síncrono »</div></a></div></nav></div></div></div><div class="col col--3"><div class="tableOfContents_35-E thin-scrollbar"><ul class="table-of-contents table-of-contents__left-border"><li><a href="#gerador-síncrono-no-psp-ufu" class="table-of-contents__link">Gerador Síncrono no PSP-UFU</a><ul><li><a href="#gerador-síncrono-no-fluxo-de-carga" class="table-of-contents__link">Gerador Síncrono no fluxo de carga</a></li><li><a href="#gerador-síncrono-no-estudo-de-curto-circuito" class="table-of-contents__link">Gerador Síncrono no estudo de curto-circuito</a></li><li><a href="#gerador-síncrono-no-estudo-de-estabilidade" class="table-of-contents__link">Gerador Síncrono no estudo de estabilidade</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#formulário-de-edição-dos-geradores-síncronos" class="table-of-contents__link">Formulário de edição dos geradores síncronos</a></li><li><a href="#acesso-aos-controles-da-máquina-síncrona" class="table-of-contents__link">Acesso aos controles da máquina síncrona</a></li><li><a href="#referências" class="table-of-contents__link">Referências</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></main></div></div><footer class="footer footer--dark"><div class="container"><div class="row footer__links"><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Guide</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a class="footer__link-item" href="/PSP/docs/">PSP-UFU Guide</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://thales1330.github.io/PSP/doxygen/html/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Code Documentation</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Community</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/issues" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Ask a question</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://twitter.com/PspUfu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Twitter</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Site Image Credit</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a href="http://www.freepik.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Images designed by upklyak / slidesgo / macrovector / Freepik</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="footer__bottom text--center"><div class="footer__copyright">Copyright © 2021 Thales Lima Oliveira. 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Simulação</a></li></ul></li><li class="menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist" href="#!">Data Visualization</a><ul class="menu__list"><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/text">Texto Vinculado</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/tabularReport">Relatórios Tabulares</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/graphViewer">Visualizador de Gráficos</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/heatmap">Mapa de Tensão</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><main class="docMainContainer_3ufF"><div class="container padding-vert--lg docItemWrapper_3FMP"><div class="row"><div class="col docItemCol_3FnS"><div class="docItemContainer_33ec"><article><header><h1 class="docTitle_3a4h">Compensador Síncrono</h1></header><div class="markdown"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/PSP/katex/katex.min.css"><blockquote><p>Uma máquina síncrona operando sem carga mecânica e fornecendo ou absorvendo energia reativa. <a href="http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=411-34-03" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>tradução livre</em> - IEC 60050</a>.</p></blockquote><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="compensador-síncrono-no-psp-ufu"></a>Compensador Síncrono no PSP-UFU<a class="hash-link" href="#compensador-síncrono-no-psp-ufu" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>O compensador síncrono nada mais é que um motor síncrono operando sem carga em seu eixo com o intuito de fornecer ou absorver potência reativa na rede. Em relação ao <a href="/PSP/docs/powerFlow">fluxo de carga</a>, no PSP-UFU esse elemento tem comportamento idêntico ao <a href="/PSP/docs/syncGenerator">gerador síncrono</a>, porém a sua potência ativa é inserida nos algoritmos de solução com sinal negativo.</p><p>Sua parametrização para o estudo de <a href="/PSP/docs/powerFlow">fluxo de carga</a>, <a href="/PSP/docs/fault">falta</a> e <a href="/PSP/docs/harmonics">harmônicos</a> é idêntica ao <a href="/PSP/docs/syncGenerator">gerador síncrono</a>.</p><div class="admonition admonition-warning alert alert--danger"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="16" viewBox="0 0 12 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.05.31c.81 2.17.41 3.38-.52 4.31C3.55 5.67 1.98 6.45.9 7.98c-1.45 2.05-1.7 6.53 3.53 7.7-2.2-1.16-2.67-4.52-.3-6.61-.61 2.03.53 3.33 1.94 2.86 1.39-.47 2.3.53 2.27 1.67-.02.78-.31 1.44-1.13 1.81 3.42-.59 4.78-3.42 4.78-5.56 0-2.84-2.53-3.22-1.25-5.61-1.52.13-2.03 1.13-1.89 2.75.09 1.08-1.02 1.8-1.86 1.33-.67-.41-.66-1.19-.06-1.78C8.18 5.31 8.68 2.45 5.05.32L5.03.3l.02.01z"></path></svg></span>Cuidado!</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>O compensador síncrono <strong>não foi implementado no estudo de <a href="/PSP/docs/stability">estabilidade</a></strong> e sua presença no circuito pode causar erros durante os cálculos.</p><p>Não inclua esse elemento para os estudos de <a href="/PSP/docs/stability">estabilidade</a>. Versões futuras do PSP-UFU irão contemplar esse elemento para esse estudo.</p></div></div><div class="admonition admonition-tip alert alert--success"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="16" viewBox="0 0 12 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M6.5 0C3.48 0 1 2.19 1 5c0 .92.55 2.25 1 3 1.34 2.25 1.78 2.78 2 4v1h5v-1c.22-1.22.66-1.75 2-4 .45-.75 1-2.08 1-3 0-2.81-2.48-5-5.5-5zm3.64 7.48c-.25.44-.47.8-.67 1.11-.86 1.41-1.25 2.06-1.45 3.23-.02.05-.02.11-.02.17H5c0-.06 0-.13-.02-.17-.2-1.17-.59-1.83-1.45-3.23-.2-.31-.42-.67-.67-1.11C2.44 6.78 2 5.65 2 5c0-2.2 2.02-4 4.5-4 1.22 0 2.36.42 3.22 1.19C10.55 2.94 11 3.94 11 5c0 .66-.44 1.78-.86 2.48zM4 14h5c-.23 1.14-1.3 2-2.5 2s-2.27-.86-2.5-2z"></path></svg></span>Dica</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>É possível utilizar um <a href="/PSP/docs/syncGenerator">gerador síncrono</a> com potência ativa <em>nula</em> ou <em>negativa</em> para representar o compensador síncrono nos estudos de <a href="/PSP/docs/stability">estabilidade</a>.</p></div></div><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="formulário-de-edição-dos-compensadores-síncronos"></a>Formulário de edição dos compensadores síncronos<a class="hash-link" href="#formulário-de-edição-dos-compensadores-síncronos" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>A imagem abaixo apresenta o formulário de inserção/alteração de dados dos compensadores síncronos:</p><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/syncMotorForm.png" alt="Formulário dos compensadores síncronos no PSP-UFU" title="Formulário dos compensadores síncronos no PSP-UFU"></center></div><div class="tabs-container"><ul role="tablist" aria-orientation="horizontal" class="tabs"><li role="tab" tabindex="0" aria-selected="true" class="tabs__item tabItem_1uMI tabs__item--active">Geral</li><li role="tab" tabindex="-1" aria-selected="false" class="tabs__item tabItem_1uMI">Falta</li></ul><div class="margin-vert--md"><div role="tabpanel"><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="nome"></a>Nome<a class="hash-link" href="#nome" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Identificação do elemento elétrico. Podem ser inseridos quaisquer números de caracteres no padrão <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Unicode</a>.</p><p>Todos os componentes de potência do PSP-UFU possuem esse campo.</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="potência-nominal"></a>Potência nominal<a class="hash-link" href="#potência-nominal" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Potência nominal do compensador, inserida em MVA, kVA ou VA.</p><p>Esse campo é especialmente importante caso a opção "Utilizar a potência nominal como base" esteja marcada.</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="potências-ativa-e-reativa"></a>Potências ativa e reativa<a class="hash-link" href="#potências-ativa-e-reativa" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Potências ativa (inserida em W, kW, MW ou p.u.) e reativa (inserida em var, kvar, Mvar ou p.u.) do compensador.</p><p>Caso a barra conectada seja PV o valor de potência reativa será ignorado e caso seja de referência ambos os valores inseridos serão desprezados.</p><div class="admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"></path></svg></span>Atenção!</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Caso mais de um compensador esteja conectado na mesma barra, os valores de potência reativa (nas barras de referência e PV) e ativa (nas barras de referência) são igualmente distribuídas, respeitando os limites individuais de potência reativa.</p></div></div><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="potências-reativas-máxima-e-mínima"></a>Potências reativas máxima e mínima<a class="hash-link" href="#potências-reativas-máxima-e-mínima" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Limites de potência reativa máxima e mínima do compensador para controle de tensão em barras PV. Caso esses valores sejam ultrapassados, o reativo gerado pela unidade será limitado ao valor inserido e a barra conectada será transformada em PQ, não controlando a tensão estabelecida.</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="utilizar-potência-nominal-como-base"></a>Utilizar potência nominal como base<a class="hash-link" href="#utilizar-potência-nominal-como-base" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Caso essa opção seja marcada, o programa irá utilizar a potência nominal do compensador como base para a conversão das unidades, inclusive aqueles no formulário de estabilidade, caso contrário será usada a <a href="/PSP/docs/simulationConfig">potência base do sistema</a>.</p></div><div role="tabpanel" hidden=""><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="impedâncias-de-sequência"></a>Impedâncias de sequência<a class="hash-link" href="#impedâncias-de-sequência" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Valores de resistência e reatância para cálculo das correntes de falta. São inseridos dados de sequência positiva, negativa e zero.</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="impedância-de-aterramento"></a>Impedância de aterramento<a class="hash-link" href="#impedância-de-aterramento" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Valores utilizados para o cálculo das correntes de falta do tipo fase-terra e fase-fase-terra. Caso o neutro do gerador não seja aterrado, o valor inserido nesse campo é ignorado.</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="neutro-aterrado"></a>Neutro aterrado<a class="hash-link" href="#neutro-aterrado" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Indica se o neutro do gerador é aterrado.</p></div></div></div></div></article><div class="margin-vert--xl"><div class="row"><div class="col"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/tree/master/docusaurus/docs/syncMotor.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><svg fill="currentColor" height="1.2em" width="1.2em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" role="img" viewBox="0 0 40 40" class="iconEdit_2_ui" aria-label="Edit page"><g><path d="m34.5 11.7l-3 3.1-6.3-6.3 3.1-3q0.5-0.5 1.2-0.5t1.1 0.5l3.9 3.9q0.5 0.4 0.5 1.1t-0.5 1.2z m-29.5 17.1l18.4-18.5 6.3 6.3-18.4 18.4h-6.3v-6.2z"></path></g></svg>Edit this page</a></div></div></div><div class="margin-vert--lg"><nav class="pagination-nav" aria-label="Docs pages navigation"><div class="pagination-nav__item"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/PSP/docs/syncGenerator"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Previous</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">« Gerador Síncrono</div></a></div><div class="pagination-nav__item pagination-nav__item--next"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/PSP/docs/indMotor"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Next</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">Motor de Indução »</div></a></div></nav></div></div></div><div class="col col--3"><div class="tableOfContents_35-E thin-scrollbar"><ul class="table-of-contents table-of-contents__left-border"><li><a href="#compensador-síncrono-no-psp-ufu" class="table-of-contents__link">Compensador Síncrono no PSP-UFU</a></li><li><a href="#formulário-de-edição-dos-compensadores-síncronos" class="table-of-contents__link">Formulário de edição dos compensadores síncronos</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></main></div></div><footer class="footer footer--dark"><div class="container"><div class="row footer__links"><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Guide</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a class="footer__link-item" href="/PSP/docs/">PSP-UFU Guide</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://thales1330.github.io/PSP/doxygen/html/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Code Documentation</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Community</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/issues" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Ask a question</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://twitter.com/PspUfu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Twitter</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Site Image Credit</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a href="http://www.freepik.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Images designed by upklyak / slidesgo / macrovector / Freepik</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="footer__bottom text--center"><div class="footer__copyright">Copyright © 2021 Thales Lima Oliveira. 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Simulação</a></li></ul></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--active" href="#!">Data Visualization</a><ul class="menu__list"><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="/PSP/docs/text">Texto Vinculado</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a aria-current="page" class="menu__link menu__link--active active" tabindex="0" href="/PSP/docs/tabularReport">Relatórios Tabulares</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="/PSP/docs/graphViewer">Visualizador de Gráficos</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="/PSP/docs/heatmap">Mapa de Tensão</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><main class="docMainContainer_3ufF"><div class="container padding-vert--lg docItemWrapper_3FMP"><div class="row"><div class="col docItemCol_3FnS"><div class="docItemContainer_33ec"><article><header><h1 class="docTitle_3a4h">Relatórios Tabulares</h1></header><div class="markdown"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/PSP/katex/katex.min.css"><p>Para visualização de todos os resultados dos cálculos de <a href="/PSP/docs/powerFlow">fluxo de carga</a> e <a href="/PSP/docs/fault">curto-circuito</a>, desenvolveu-se um visualizador de relatórios tabulares:</p><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/tabReport.png" alt="Visualizador de dados tabulados no PSP-UFU" title="Visualizador de dados tabulados no PSP-UFU"></center></div><p>Tal visualizador pode ser acessado no <a href="/PSP/docs/mainScreen#menu-ribbon">submenu Ribbon</a> <strong>Ferramentas</strong> e então no botão <strong>Relatório de dados</strong>, sendo exibido o formulário organizado em abas.</p><p>As grandezas de alguns dados desse relatório podem ser modificadas, sendo selecionadas no cabeçalho da tabela, como mostra a figura acima.</p><div class="admonition admonition-tip alert alert--success"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="16" viewBox="0 0 12 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M6.5 0C3.48 0 1 2.19 1 5c0 .92.55 2.25 1 3 1.34 2.25 1.78 2.78 2 4v1h5v-1c.22-1.22.66-1.75 2-4 .45-.75 1-2.08 1-3 0-2.81-2.48-5-5.5-5zm3.64 7.48c-.25.44-.47.8-.67 1.11-.86 1.41-1.25 2.06-1.45 3.23-.02.05-.02.11-.02.17H5c0-.06 0-.13-.02-.17-.2-1.17-.59-1.83-1.45-3.23-.2-.31-.42-.67-.67-1.11C2.44 6.78 2 5.65 2 5c0-2.2 2.02-4 4.5-4 1.22 0 2.36.42 3.22 1.19C10.55 2.94 11 3.94 11 5c0 .66-.44 1.78-.86 2.48zM4 14h5c-.23 1.14-1.3 2-2.5 2s-2.27-.86-2.5-2z"></path></svg></span>Dica</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Os valores podem ser exportados para editores de texto e tabelas externos, selecionando e copiando (Ctrl+C) para a área de transferência.</p></div></div></div></article><div class="margin-vert--xl"><div class="row"><div class="col"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/tree/master/docusaurus/docs/tabularReport.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><svg fill="currentColor" height="1.2em" 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Built with Docusaurus.</div></div></div></footer></div> <script src="/PSP/assets/js/styles.377b32b2.js"></script> -<script src="/PSP/assets/js/runtime~main.012c59ab.js"></script> +<script src="/PSP/assets/js/runtime~main.72f33913.js"></script> <script src="/PSP/assets/js/main.8cff67aa.js"></script> <script src="/PSP/assets/js/1.678f90a6.js"></script> <script src="/PSP/assets/js/2.10feb4fb.js"></script> diff --git a/docs/docs/text/index.html b/docs/docs/text/index.html index f4d8a90..4e0ccaf 100644 --- a/docs/docs/text/index.html +++ b/docs/docs/text/index.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" href="/PSP/blog/atom.xml" title="PSP-UFU Blog Atom Feed"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="PSP-UFU" href="/PSP/opensearch.xml"><title data-react-helmet="true">Texto Vinculado | PSP-UFU</title><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:url" content="https://thales1330.github.io/PSP/docs/text"><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="docsearch:language" content="en"><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="docsearch:version" content="current"><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="docsearch:docusaurus_tag" content="docs-default-current"><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:title" content="Texto Vinculado | PSP-UFU"><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="description" content="O elemento de texto vinculado (ao elemento de potência) pode ser inserido no editor de elementos de potência. 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menu__link--sublist menu__link--active" href="#!">Data Visualization</a><ul class="menu__list"><li class="menu__list-item"><a aria-current="page" class="menu__link menu__link--active active" tabindex="0" href="/PSP/docs/text">Texto Vinculado</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="/PSP/docs/tabularReport">Relatórios Tabulares</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="/PSP/docs/graphViewer">Visualizador de Gráficos</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="/PSP/docs/heatmap">Mapa de Tensão</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><main class="docMainContainer_3ufF"><div class="container padding-vert--lg docItemWrapper_3FMP"><div class="row"><div class="col docItemCol_3FnS"><div class="docItemContainer_33ec"><article><header><h1 class="docTitle_3a4h">Texto Vinculado</h1></header><div class="markdown"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/PSP/katex/katex.min.css"><p>O elemento de texto vinculado (ao elemento de potência) pode ser inserido no editor de <a href="/PSP/docs/powerEditor">elementos de potência</a>. Esse elemento de texto pode ser vinculado a inúmeros resultados e parâmetros do sistema de potência.</p><p>Esse elemento é útil para identificação e análise dos resultados de elementos de potência.</p><div class="admonition admonition-tip alert alert--success"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="16" viewBox="0 0 12 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M6.5 0C3.48 0 1 2.19 1 5c0 .92.55 2.25 1 3 1.34 2.25 1.78 2.78 2 4v1h5v-1c.22-1.22.66-1.75 2-4 .45-.75 1-2.08 1-3 0-2.81-2.48-5-5.5-5zm3.64 7.48c-.25.44-.47.8-.67 1.11-.86 1.41-1.25 2.06-1.45 3.23-.02.05-.02.11-.02.17H5c0-.06 0-.13-.02-.17-.2-1.17-.59-1.83-1.45-3.23-.2-.31-.42-.67-.67-1.11C2.44 6.78 2 5.65 2 5c0-2.2 2.02-4 4.5-4 1.22 0 2.36.42 3.22 1.19C10.55 2.94 11 3.94 11 5c0 .66-.44 1.78-.86 2.48zM4 14h5c-.23 1.14-1.3 2-2.5 2s-2.27-.86-2.5-2z"></path></svg></span>Dica</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Outra aplicação importante é a atualização de seu valor ao aplicar a “solução contínua” no projeto, auxiliando na visualização das mudanças de estado da rede elétrica.</p><p>Também pode-se utilizar os resultados apresentados por esses elementos juntamente com o diagrama unifilar na criação de relatórios do projeto.</p></div></div><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/textExp.png" alt="Exemplo do elemento de texto no PSP-UFU" title="Exemplo de elemento de texto no PSP-UFU"></center></div><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="inserindo-elementos-de-texto-no-psp-ufu"></a>Inserindo elementos de texto no PSP-UFU<a class="hash-link" href="#inserindo-elementos-de-texto-no-psp-ufu" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>Por meio do submenu <strong>Ferramentas</strong> pode-se inserir os elementos de texto, como é apresentado na imagem abaixo.</p><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/addTextElement.svg" alt="Adicionar elementos de texto" title="Adicionar elementos de texto"></center></div><p>Ao selecionar o botão "Texto" ou utilizar a <strong>tecla de atalho "A"</strong>, o usuário deve clicar na posição desejada da <a href="/PSP/docs/powerEditor">área de trabalho</a>. Com isso, será adicionado um elemento temporário com o valor "Texto". Para parametrizar esse elemento clique duas vezes sobre ele.</p><div class="admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"></path></svg></span>Atenção</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>O elemento de texto, assim como os <a href="/PSP/docs/controlEditor">elementos de controle</a> não exibem automaticamente o formulário de edição de dados ao inseri-lo pela primeira vez.</p></div></div><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="formulário-de-edição-de-dados-do-elemento-de-texto"></a>Formulário de edição de dados do elemento de texto<a class="hash-link" href="#formulário-de-edição-de-dados-do-elemento-de-texto" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>A figura abaixo apresenta o formulário de edição de dados desse componente gráfico.</p><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/textForm.png" alt="Formulário do elemento de texto no PSP-UFU" title="Formulário do elemento de texto no PSP-UFU"></center></div><p>Sua parametrização é realizada por campos que associam o componente aos elementos elétricos de potência, além do formato dos resultados numéricos. Os campos são liberados a medida que os dados anteriores são inseridos e uma mensagem de erro é apresentada ao usuário caso algum parâmetro necessário não seja preenchido.</p><p>O processo de associação se inicia na escolha do tipo de elemento de potência será vinculado ao texto. Em seguida é exibida uma lista com o nome de todos os componentes previamente inseridos no editor de elementos de potência do tipo definido no campo anterior, associando, assim, o texto ao elemento.</p><p>Em “Tipo de texto” define-se qual será a saída apresentada. Tal campo depende do tipo de elemento selecionado, como mostra a tabela abaixo. Alguns outros dados são necessários para os elementos de ramo, como barra de origem e destino, com o intuito de representar o fluxo correto de potência e corrente. Finalmente o usuário deve inserir a quantidade de casas decimais para dados numéricos. A pré-visualização pode ser observada no formulário.</p><table><thead><tr><th align="center">Elemento de potência</th><th>Tipo de texto</th><th>Unidades disponíveis</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center"><a href="/PSP/docs/bus">Barra</a></td><td>Nome<br>Tensão<br>Ângulo<br>Corrente de falta<br>Tensão de falta<br>Nível de curto-circuito<br>THD de tensão</td><td>-<br><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p.u.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span>, V, kV<br>Graus, Radianos<br><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p.u.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span>, A, kA<br><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p.u.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span>, V, kV<br><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p.u.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span>, VA, kVA, MVA<br>%</td></tr><tr><td align="center"><a href="/PSP/docs/syncGenerator">Gerador</a></td><td>Nome<br>Potência ativa<br>Potência reativa<br>Corrente de falta</td><td>-<br><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p.u.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span>, W, kW, MW<br><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p.u.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span>, var, kvar, Mvar<br><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p.u.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span>, A, kA</td></tr><tr><td align="center"><a href="/PSP/docs/line">Linha</a> e <a href="/PSP/docs/transformer">transformador</a></td><td>Nome<br>Fluxo de potência ativo<br>Fluxo de potência reativo<br>Perdas<br>Corrente<br>Corrente de falta</td><td>-<br><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p.u.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span>, W, kW, MW<br><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p.u.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span>, var, kvar, Mvar<br><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p.u.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span>, W, kW, MW<br><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p.u.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span>, A, kA<br><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p.u.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span>, A, kA</td></tr><tr><td align="center"><a href="/PSP/docs/load">Carga</a>, <a href="/PSP/docs/indMotor">Motor de indução</a><br>e <a href="/PSP/docs/syncMotor">Compensador síncrono</a></td><td>Nome<br>Potência ativa<br>Potência reativa</td><td>-<br><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p.u.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span>, W, kW, MW<br><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p.u.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span>, var, kvar, Mvar</td></tr><tr><td align="center"><a href="/PSP/docs/capacitor">Capacitor</a> e <a href="/PSP/docs/inductor">Indutor</a></td><td>Nome<br>Potência reativa</td><td>-<br><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p.u.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span>, var, kvar, Mvar</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="admonition admonition-info alert alert--info"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="16" viewBox="0 0 14 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7 2.3c3.14 0 5.7 2.56 5.7 5.7s-2.56 5.7-5.7 5.7A5.71 5.71 0 0 1 1.3 8c0-3.14 2.56-5.7 5.7-5.7zM7 1C3.14 1 0 4.14 0 8s3.14 7 7 7 7-3.14 7-7-3.14-7-7-7zm1 3H6v5h2V4zm0 6H6v2h2v-2z"></path></svg></span>Informação</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Uma vez inseridos, esses elementos de texto podem ser manipulados da <a href="/PSP/docs/cadTools">mesma forma que os elementos de potência</a>.</p></div></div></div></article><div class="margin-vert--xl"><div class="row"><div class="col"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/tree/master/docusaurus/docs/text.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><svg fill="currentColor" height="1.2em" width="1.2em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" role="img" viewBox="0 0 40 40" class="iconEdit_2_ui" aria-label="Edit page"><g><path d="m34.5 11.7l-3 3.1-6.3-6.3 3.1-3q0.5-0.5 1.2-0.5t1.1 0.5l3.9 3.9q0.5 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Simulação</a></li></ul></li><li class="menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist" href="#!">Data Visualization</a><ul class="menu__list"><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/text">Texto Vinculado</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/tabularReport">Relatórios Tabulares</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/graphViewer">Visualizador de Gráficos</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/heatmap">Mapa de Tensão</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><main class="docMainContainer_3ufF"><div class="container padding-vert--lg docItemWrapper_3FMP"><div class="row"><div class="col docItemCol_3FnS"><div class="docItemContainer_33ec"><article><header><h1 class="docTitle_3a4h">Função Transferência</h1></header><div class="markdown"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/PSP/katex/katex.min.css"><p>A Função Transferência é um importante bloco elementar e essencial em um sistema de controle, visto que esse componente possibilita a representação de sistemas dinâmicos por meio de equações algébricas no domínio da frequência.</p><div class="admonition admonition-info alert alert--info"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="16" viewBox="0 0 14 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7 2.3c3.14 0 5.7 2.56 5.7 5.7s-2.56 5.7-5.7 5.7A5.71 5.71 0 0 1 1.3 8c0-3.14 2.56-5.7 5.7-5.7zM7 1C3.14 1 0 4.14 0 8s3.14 7 7 7 7-3.14 7-7-3.14-7-7-7zm1 3H6v5h2V4zm0 6H6v2h2v-2z"></path></svg></span>Informação</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Nesses blocos é utilizado a letra “<strong>s</strong>” para representação no domínio da frequência, pois essa é a terminologia mais utilizada em sistemas de controle.</p></div></div><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="função-transferência-no-psp-ufu"></a>Função Transferência no PSP-UFU<a class="hash-link" href="#função-transferência-no-psp-ufu" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>Após a inserção da função transferência, o programa a transforma na representação em espaço de estado, visto que sua solução é sistemática tornando-a, assim, mais eficiente computacionalmente.</p><p>Dada uma função transferência genérica abaixo:</p><div class="math math-display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mfrac><mrow><mi>Y</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi mathvariant="bold">s</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><mrow><mi>U</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi mathvariant="bold">s</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>b</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><msup><mi mathvariant="bold">s</mi><mi>k</mi></msup><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>b</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><msup><mi mathvariant="bold">s</mi><mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mo>+</mo><mo>⋯</mo><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>b</mi><mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mi mathvariant="bold">s</mi><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>b</mi><mi>k</mi></msub></mrow><mrow><msup><mi mathvariant="bold">s</mi><mi>k</mi></msup><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><msup><mi mathvariant="bold">s</mi><mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mo>+</mo><mo>⋯</mo><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>a</mi><mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mi mathvariant="bold">s</mi><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>a</mi><mi>k</mi></msub></mrow></mfrac></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\frac{Y(\bold{s})}{U(\bold{s})} = \frac{b_0 \bold{s}^k + b_1 \bold{s}^{k-1} + \cdots + b_{k-1} \bold{s} + b_k}{\bold{s}^k + a_1 \bold{s}^{k-1} + \cdots + a_{k-1} \bold{s} + a_k}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.363em;vertical-align:-0.936em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.427em"><span style="top:-2.314em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.10903em">U</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathbf">s</span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">Y</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathbf">s</span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.936em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.420439em;vertical-align:-0.894331em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.526108em"><span style="top:-2.3139999999999996em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathbf">s</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7751079999999999em"><span style="top:-2.9890000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03148em">k</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">a</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathbf">s</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7751079999999999em"><span style="top:-2.989em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03148em">k</span><span class="mbin mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="minner">⋯</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">a</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3361079999999999em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03148em">k</span><span class="mbin mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathbf">s</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">a</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03148em">k</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">b</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathbf">s</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.849108em"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03148em">k</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">b</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathbf">s</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8491079999999999em"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03148em">k</span><span class="mbin mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="minner">⋯</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">b</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3361079999999999em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03148em">k</span><span class="mbin mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathbf">s</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">b</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03148em">k</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.894331em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><p>A transformação em espaço de estado na <em>forma canônica controlável</em> ficará da seguinte forma:</p><div class="math math-display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mo fence="true">[</mo><mtable rowspacing="0.15999999999999992em" columnspacing="1em"><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><mi mathvariant="bold">s</mi><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><mi mathvariant="bold">s</mi><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mi><mi mathvariant="normal">⋮</mi><mpadded height="+0em" voffset="0em"><mspace mathbackground="black" width="0em" height="1.5em"></mspace></mpadded></mi></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><mi mathvariant="bold">s</mi><msub><mi>x</mi><mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><mi mathvariant="bold">s</mi><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>k</mi></msub></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr></mtable><mo fence="true">]</mo></mrow><mo>=</mo><mrow><mo fence="true">[</mo><mtable rowspacing="0.15999999999999992em" columnspacing="1em"><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mn>0</mn></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mn>1</mn></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mn>0</mn></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mo lspace="0em" rspace="0em">⋯</mo></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mn>0</mn></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mn>0</mn></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mn>0</mn></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mn>1</mn></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mo lspace="0em" rspace="0em">⋯</mo></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mn>0</mn></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mi><mi mathvariant="normal">⋮</mi><mpadded height="+0em" voffset="0em"><mspace mathbackground="black" width="0em" height="1.5em"></mspace></mpadded></mi></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mi><mi mathvariant="normal">⋮</mi><mpadded height="+0em" voffset="0em"><mspace mathbackground="black" width="0em" height="1.5em"></mspace></mpadded></mi></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mi><mi mathvariant="normal">⋮</mi><mpadded height="+0em" voffset="0em"><mspace mathbackground="black" width="0em" height="1.5em"></mspace></mpadded></mi></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mo lspace="0em" rspace="0em">⋱</mo></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mi><mi mathvariant="normal">⋮</mi><mpadded height="+0em" voffset="0em"><mspace mathbackground="black" width="0em" height="1.5em"></mspace></mpadded></mi></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mn>0</mn></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mn>0</mn></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mn>0</mn></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mo lspace="0em" rspace="0em">⋯</mo></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mn>1</mn></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>a</mi><mi>k</mi></msub></mrow></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>a</mi><mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>a</mi><mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mo lspace="0em" rspace="0em">⋯</mo></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr></mtable><mo fence="true">]</mo></mrow><mrow><mo fence="true">[</mo><mtable rowspacing="0.15999999999999992em" columnspacing="1em"><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mi><mi mathvariant="normal">⋮</mi><mpadded height="+0em" voffset="0em"><mspace mathbackground="black" width="0em" height="1.5em"></mspace></mpadded></mi></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><msub><mi>x</mi><mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>k</mi></msub></mstyle></mtd></mtr></mtable><mo fence="true">]</mo></mrow><mo>+</mo><mrow><mo fence="true">[</mo><mtable rowspacing="0.15999999999999992em" columnspacing="1em"><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mn>0</mn></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mn>0</mn></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mi><mi mathvariant="normal">⋮</mi><mpadded height="+0em" voffset="0em"><mspace mathbackground="black" width="0em" height="1.5em"></mspace></mpadded></mi></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mn>0</mn></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mn>1</mn></mstyle></mtd></mtr></mtable><mo fence="true">]</mo></mrow><msub><mi>u</mi><mi>n</mi></msub><mspace linebreak="newline"></mspace><msub><mi>y</mi><mi>n</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mrow><mo fence="true">[</mo><mtable rowspacing="0.15999999999999992em" columnspacing="1em"><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><msub><mi>b</mi><mi>n</mi></msub><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi></msub><msub><mi>b</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><msub><mi>b</mi><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>a</mi><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><msub><mi>b</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mo lspace="0em" rspace="0em">⋯</mo></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><msub><mi>b</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><msub><mi>b</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr></mtable><mo fence="true">]</mo></mrow><mrow><mo fence="true">[</mo><mtable rowspacing="0.15999999999999992em" columnspacing="1em"><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mi><mi mathvariant="normal">⋮</mi><mpadded height="+0em" voffset="0em"><mspace mathbackground="black" width="0em" height="1.5em"></mspace></mpadded></mi></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>k</mi></msub></mstyle></mtd></mtr></mtable><mo fence="true">]</mo></mrow><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>b</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><msub><mi>u</mi><mi>n</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{bmatrix} \bold{s}x_1\\ \bold{s}x_2\\ \vdots\\ \bold{s}x_{k-1}\\ \bold{s}x_k \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 1 & 0 & \cdots & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 1 & \cdots & 0\\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & 1\\ -a_k & -a_{k-1} & -a_{k-2} & \cdots & -a_1 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} x_1\\ x_2\\ \vdots\\ x_{k-1}\\ x_k \end{bmatrix} + \begin{bmatrix} 0\\ 0\\ \vdots\\ 0\\ 1 \end{bmatrix} u_n\\ y_n = \begin{bmatrix} \left( b_n - a_n b_0 \right) & \left( b_{n-1} - a_{n-1} b_0 \right) & \cdots & \left( b_1 - a_1 b_0 \right) \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} x_1\\ x_2\\ \vdots\\ x_k \end{bmatrix} + b_0 u_n</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:6.66em;vertical-align:-3.079999999999999em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen"><span class="delimsizing mult"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.555985em"><span style="top:-0.7499750000000004em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎣</span></span></span><span style="top:-1.8999750000000004em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.4959750000000005em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.0919750000000006em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.6879750000000002em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.283975em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.314965000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-5.555985000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎡</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.050045em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-c"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.5800000000000005em"><span style="top:-6.427500000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathbf">s</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-5.2275em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathbf">s</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.3675em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord">⋮</span><span class="mord rule" style="border-right-width:0em;border-top-width:1.5em;bottom:0em"></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.167500000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathbf">s</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3361079999999999em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03148em">k</span><span class="mbin mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-0.9675000000000009em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathbf">s</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03148em">k</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.079999999999999em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose"><span class="delimsizing mult"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.555985em"><span style="top:-0.7499750000000004em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎦</span></span></span><span style="top:-1.8999750000000004em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.4959750000000005em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.0919750000000006em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.6879750000000002em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.283975em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.314965000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-5.555985000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎤</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.050045em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:6.66em;vertical-align:-3.079999999999999em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen"><span class="delimsizing mult"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.555985em"><span style="top:-0.7499750000000004em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎣</span></span></span><span style="top:-1.8999750000000004em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.4959750000000005em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.0919750000000006em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.6879750000000002em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.283975em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.314965000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-5.555985000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎡</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.050045em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-c"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.5800000000000005em"><span style="top:-6.427500000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">0</span></span></span><span style="top:-5.2275em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">0</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.3675em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord">⋮</span><span class="mord rule" style="border-right-width:0em;border-top-width:1.5em;bottom:0em"></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.167500000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">0</span></span></span><span style="top:-0.9675000000000009em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">−</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">a</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03148em">k</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.079999999999999em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="arraycolsep" style="width:0.5em"></span><span class="arraycolsep" style="width:0.5em"></span><span class="col-align-c"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.5800000000000005em"><span style="top:-6.427500000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">1</span></span></span><span style="top:-5.2275em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">0</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.3675em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord">⋮</span><span class="mord rule" style="border-right-width:0em;border-top-width:1.5em;bottom:0em"></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.167500000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">0</span></span></span><span style="top:-0.9675000000000009em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">−</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">a</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3361079999999999em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03148em">k</span><span class="mbin mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.079999999999999em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="arraycolsep" style="width:0.5em"></span><span class="arraycolsep" style="width:0.5em"></span><span class="col-align-c"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.5800000000000005em"><span style="top:-6.427500000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">0</span></span></span><span style="top:-5.2275em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">1</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.3675em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord">⋮</span><span class="mord rule" style="border-right-width:0em;border-top-width:1.5em;bottom:0em"></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.167500000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">0</span></span></span><span style="top:-0.9675000000000009em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">−</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">a</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3361079999999999em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03148em">k</span><span class="mbin mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.079999999999999em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="arraycolsep" style="width:0.5em"></span><span class="arraycolsep" style="width:0.5em"></span><span class="col-align-c"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.5800000000000005em"><span style="top:-6.240000000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.5em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="minner">⋯</span></span></span><span style="top:-5.04em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.5em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="minner">⋯</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.18em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.5em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="minner">⋱</span></span></span><span style="top:-1.9800000000000009em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.5em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="minner">⋯</span></span></span><span style="top:-0.7800000000000009em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.5em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="minner">⋯</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.079999999999999em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="arraycolsep" style="width:0.5em"></span><span class="arraycolsep" style="width:0.5em"></span><span class="col-align-c"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.5800000000000005em"><span style="top:-6.427500000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">0</span></span></span><span style="top:-5.2275em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">0</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.3675em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord">⋮</span><span class="mord rule" style="border-right-width:0em;border-top-width:1.5em;bottom:0em"></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.167500000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">1</span></span></span><span style="top:-0.9675000000000009em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">−</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">a</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.079999999999999em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose"><span class="delimsizing mult"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.555985em"><span style="top:-0.7499750000000004em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎦</span></span></span><span style="top:-1.8999750000000004em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.4959750000000005em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.0919750000000006em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.6879750000000002em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.283975em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.314965000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-5.555985000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎤</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.050045em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen"><span class="delimsizing mult"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.555985em"><span style="top:-0.7499750000000004em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎣</span></span></span><span style="top:-1.8999750000000004em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.4959750000000005em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.0919750000000006em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.6879750000000002em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.283975em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.314965000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-5.555985000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎡</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.050045em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-c"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.5800000000000005em"><span style="top:-6.427500000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-5.2275em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.3675em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord">⋮</span><span class="mord rule" style="border-right-width:0em;border-top-width:1.5em;bottom:0em"></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.167500000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3361079999999999em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03148em">k</span><span class="mbin mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-0.9675000000000009em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03148em">k</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.079999999999999em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose"><span class="delimsizing mult"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.555985em"><span style="top:-0.7499750000000004em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎦</span></span></span><span style="top:-1.8999750000000004em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.4959750000000005em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.0919750000000006em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.6879750000000002em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.283975em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.314965000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-5.555985000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎤</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.050045em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:6.66em;vertical-align:-3.079999999999999em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen"><span class="delimsizing mult"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.555985em"><span style="top:-0.7499750000000004em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎣</span></span></span><span style="top:-1.8999750000000004em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.4959750000000005em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.0919750000000006em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.6879750000000002em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.283975em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.314965000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-5.555985000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎡</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.050045em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-c"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.5800000000000005em"><span style="top:-6.427500000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">0</span></span></span><span style="top:-5.2275em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">0</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.3675em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord">⋮</span><span class="mord rule" style="border-right-width:0em;border-top-width:1.5em;bottom:0em"></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.167500000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">0</span></span></span><span style="top:-0.9675000000000009em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.079999999999999em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose"><span class="delimsizing mult"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.555985em"><span style="top:-0.7499750000000004em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎦</span></span></span><span style="top:-1.8999750000000004em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.4959750000000005em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.0919750000000006em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.6879750000000002em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.283975em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.314965000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-5.555985000000001em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎤</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.050045em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace newline"></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em">y</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:5.459999999999999em;vertical-align:-2.4799999999999995em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">[</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-c"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8500000000000001em"><span style="top:-3.01em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">b</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">a</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">b</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.35000000000000003em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="arraycolsep" style="width:0.5em"></span><span class="arraycolsep" style="width:0.5em"></span><span class="col-align-c"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8500000000000001em"><span style="top:-3.01em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">b</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.301108em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span><span class="mbin mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">a</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.301108em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span><span class="mbin mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">b</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.35000000000000003em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="arraycolsep" style="width:0.5em"></span><span class="arraycolsep" style="width:0.5em"></span><span class="col-align-c"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8500000000000001em"><span style="top:-3.01em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="minner">⋯</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.35000000000000003em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="arraycolsep" style="width:0.5em"></span><span class="arraycolsep" style="width:0.5em"></span><span class="col-align-c"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8500000000000001em"><span style="top:-3.01em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">b</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">a</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">b</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.35000000000000003em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size1">]</span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen"><span class="delimsizing mult"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.953995em"><span style="top:-1.3499850000000007em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎣</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.4999850000000006em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.0959850000000007em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.6919850000000003em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.712975em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.953995em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎡</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.4500349999999997em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-c"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.9799999999999995em"><span style="top:-5.8275em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-4.6275em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.7674999999999996em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord">⋮</span><span class="mord rule" style="border-right-width:0em;border-top-width:1.5em;bottom:0em"></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-1.5675000000000006em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.6875em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.03148em">k</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.4799999999999995em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose"><span class="delimsizing mult"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.953995em"><span style="top:-1.3499850000000007em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎦</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.4999850000000006em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.0959850000000007em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.6919850000000003em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.712975em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.953995em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎤</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.4500349999999997em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.84444em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">b</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><p>A equação diferencial matricial é resolvida pelo método <strong>Trapezoidal Implícito</strong>. Um processo iterativo é realizado até que o erro entre os cálculos se torne menor que uma tolerância pré-estipulada e caso as iterações se tornem excessivas, ultrapassando um número máximo definido pelo usuário, o processo é interrompido com erro. Com os valores do vetor de estado (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>x</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span></span></span></span></span>) calculados obtém-se o valor da saída do bloco (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>y</mi><mi>n</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">y_n</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em">y</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>).</p><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="formulário-de-edição-de-dados-da-função-transferência"></a>Formulário de edição de dados da Função Transferência<a class="hash-link" href="#formulário-de-edição-de-dados-da-função-transferência" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>A figura abaixo apresenta o formulário de edição de dados da função transferência.</p><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/transferFunctionForm.png" alt="Formulário de edição de dados da função transferência no PSP-UFU" title="Formulário de edição de dados da função transferência no PSP-UFU"></center></div><p>A função transferência é definida pelos coeficientes do numerador e denominador, <strong>separados por espaço</strong>.</p><div class="admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"></path></svg></span>Atenção!</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Os elementos não presentes são representados como coeficientes de valor zero.</p><p>Por exemplo, um parâmetro inserido igual a “<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mtable rowspacing="0.15999999999999992em" columnspacing="1em"><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mn>1</mn></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo separator="true" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">,</mo><mn>5</mn></mrow></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mn>0</mn></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mn>2</mn></mstyle></mtd></mtr></mtable><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{matrix} 1 & 0{,}5 & 0 & 2 \end{matrix}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.2000000000000002em;vertical-align:-0.35000000000000003em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-c"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8500000000000001em"><span style="top:-3.01em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.35000000000000003em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="arraycolsep" style="width:0.5em"></span><span class="arraycolsep" style="width:0.5em"></span><span class="col-align-c"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8500000000000001em"><span style="top:-3.01em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mord"><span class="mpunct">,</span></span><span class="mord">5</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.35000000000000003em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="arraycolsep" style="width:0.5em"></span><span class="arraycolsep" style="width:0.5em"></span><span class="col-align-c"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8500000000000001em"><span style="top:-3.01em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.35000000000000003em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="arraycolsep" style="width:0.5em"></span><span class="arraycolsep" style="width:0.5em"></span><span class="col-align-c"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8500000000000001em"><span style="top:-3.01em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.35000000000000003em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>” irá gerar: “<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi>s</mi><mn>3</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><mn>0</mn><mo separator="true" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">,</mo><mn>5</mn><msup><mi>s</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">s^3+0{,}5s^2+2</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.897438em;vertical-align:-0.08333em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">s</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141079999999999em"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">3</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.008548em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mord"><span class="mpunct">,</span></span><span class="mord">5</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">s</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141079999999999em"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.64444em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord">2</span></span></span></span></span>”.</p></div></div><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="referências"></a>Referências<a class="hash-link" href="#referências" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><ol><li>OGATA, K. Modern Control Engineering. Prentice Hall Inc., New Jersey, 2004.</li></ol></div></article><div class="margin-vert--xl"><div class="row"><div class="col"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/tree/master/docusaurus/docs/transferFunction.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><svg fill="currentColor" height="1.2em" width="1.2em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" role="img" viewBox="0 0 40 40" class="iconEdit_2_ui" aria-label="Edit page"><g><path d="m34.5 11.7l-3 3.1-6.3-6.3 3.1-3q0.5-0.5 1.2-0.5t1.1 0.5l3.9 3.9q0.5 0.4 0.5 1.1t-0.5 1.2z m-29.5 17.1l18.4-18.5 6.3 6.3-18.4 18.4h-6.3v-6.2z"></path></g></svg>Edit this page</a></div></div></div><div class="margin-vert--lg"><nav class="pagination-nav" aria-label="Docs pages navigation"><div class="pagination-nav__item"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/PSP/docs/io"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Previous</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">« Entrada / Saída</div></a></div><div class="pagination-nav__item pagination-nav__item--next"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/PSP/docs/sum"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Next</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">Somador »</div></a></div></nav></div></div></div><div class="col col--3"><div class="tableOfContents_35-E thin-scrollbar"><ul class="table-of-contents table-of-contents__left-border"><li><a href="#função-transferência-no-psp-ufu" class="table-of-contents__link">Função Transferência no PSP-UFU</a></li><li><a href="#formulário-de-edição-de-dados-da-função-transferência" class="table-of-contents__link">Formulário de edição de dados da Função Transferência</a></li><li><a href="#referências" class="table-of-contents__link">Referências</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></main></div></div><footer class="footer footer--dark"><div class="container"><div class="row footer__links"><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Guide</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a class="footer__link-item" href="/PSP/docs/">PSP-UFU Guide</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://thales1330.github.io/PSP/doxygen/html/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Code Documentation</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Community</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/issues" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Ask a question</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://twitter.com/PspUfu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Twitter</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Site Image Credit</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a href="http://www.freepik.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Images designed by upklyak / slidesgo / macrovector / Freepik</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="footer__bottom text--center"><div class="footer__copyright">Copyright © 2021 Thales Lima Oliveira. 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Simulação</a></li></ul></li><li class="menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist" href="#!">Data Visualization</a><ul class="menu__list"><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/text">Texto Vinculado</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/tabularReport">Relatórios Tabulares</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/graphViewer">Visualizador de Gráficos</a></li><li class="menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="-1" href="/PSP/docs/heatmap">Mapa de Tensão</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><main class="docMainContainer_3ufF"><div class="container padding-vert--lg docItemWrapper_3FMP"><div class="row"><div class="col docItemCol_3FnS"><div class="docItemContainer_33ec"><article><header><h1 class="docTitle_3a4h">Transformador</h1></header><div class="markdown"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/PSP/katex/katex.min.css"><blockquote><p>Aparelho estático com dois ou mais enrolamentos que, por indução eletromagnética, transforma um sistema de tensão e corrente alternada em outro sistema de tensão e corrente geralmente de valores diferentes e na mesma frequência com o objetivo de transmitir energia elétrica. <a href="http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=421-01-01" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>tradução livre</em> - IEC 60050</a>.</p></blockquote><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="transformador-no-psp-ufu"></a>Transformador no PSP-UFU<a class="hash-link" href="#transformador-no-psp-ufu" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>Transformadores com quaisquer conexões e defasagens entre as tensões primárias e secundárias podem ser inseridos no PSP-UFU. Para isso, os transformadores devem ser modelados representando seu tape (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>t</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">t</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.61508em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span></span></span></span></span>) e defasagem (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>ϕ</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\phi</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8888799999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">ϕ</span></span></span></span></span>), utilizando um transformador ideal de relação de transformação <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mover accent="true"><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mo>:</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\overline{t}:1</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.81508em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.81508em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.73508em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.64444em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord">1</span></span></span></span></span> em série com sua impedância (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>y</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mi>T</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>r</mi><mi>T</mi></msub><mo>+</mo><mi>j</mi><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>T</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\overline{y}_T = r_T + jx_T</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8747em;vertical-align:-0.24414em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.63056em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em">y</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.55056em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.19444em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.23419099999999995em"><span style="top:-2.4558600000000004em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.24414em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.73333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.85396em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05724em">j</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>), em que <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mover accent="true"><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\overline{t}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.81508em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.81508em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.73508em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> é um número complexo (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>t</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">∠</mi><mi>ϕ</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">t\angle\phi</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8888799999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span><span class="mord">∠</span><span class="mord mathdefault">ϕ</span></span></span></span></span>)</p><div class="admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"></path></svg></span>Atenção</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>O modelo utilizado no PSP-UFU <strong>não considera</strong> o ramo magnetizante ou impedâncias mútuas entre as fases.</p></div></div><p>A figura abaixo mostra o modelo do transformador implementado no PSP-UFU:</p><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/transformerModel.svg" alt="Modelo PI da linha" title="Modelo PI da linha"></center></div><p>Em que:</p><ul><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi><mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\bold{r_T}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.59444em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathbf">r</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33027699999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathbf mtight">T</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> é a resistência total do transformador;</li><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi><mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\bold{x_T}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.59444em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathbf">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33027699999999993em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathbf mtight">T</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> é a reatância indutiva total do transformador;</li><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mover accent="true"><mi mathvariant="bold">t</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\bold{\overline{t}}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8349200000000001em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8349200000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathbf">t</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.7549200000000003em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> é a o tape complexo do transformador.</li></ul><p>A relação entre as tensões e correntes das barras genéricas <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">i</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.65952em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">i</span></span></span></span></span> e <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>j</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">j</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.85396em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05724em">j</span></span></span></span></span> é obtida pela equação matricial:</p><div class="math math-display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mo fence="true">[</mo><mtable rowspacing="0.15999999999999992em" columnspacing="1em"><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>I</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mrow><mi>i</mi><mi>j</mi></mrow></msub></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>I</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mrow><mi>j</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub></mstyle></mtd></mtr></mtable><mo fence="true">]</mo></mrow><mo>=</mo><mrow><mo fence="true">[</mo><mtable rowspacing="0.15999999999999992em" columnspacing="1em"><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mfrac><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>y</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mi>T</mi></msub><msup><mi>t</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mfrac></mstyle></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><mo>−</mo><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mfrac><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>y</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mi>T</mi></msub><msup><mover accent="true"><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mo>∗</mo></msup></mfrac></mstyle></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><mo>−</mo><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mfrac><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>y</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mi>T</mi></msub><mover accent="true"><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover></mfrac></mstyle></mrow></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>y</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mi>T</mi></msub></mstyle></mtd></mtr></mtable><mo fence="true">]</mo></mrow><mo>×</mo><mrow><mo fence="true">[</mo><mtable rowspacing="0.15999999999999992em" columnspacing="1em"><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mi>i</mi></msub></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mi>j</mi></msub></mstyle></mtd></mtr></mtable><mo fence="true">]</mo></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{bmatrix} \dot{I}_{ij}\\ \dot{I}_{ji} \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} \displaystyle \frac{\overline{y}_T}{t^2} & -\displaystyle \frac{\overline{y}_T}{\overline{t}^*}\\ -\displaystyle \frac{\overline{y}_T}{\overline{t}} & \overline{y}_T \end{bmatrix} \times \begin{bmatrix} \dot{V}_{i}\\ \dot{V}_{j} \end{bmatrix}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.5603800000000003em;vertical-align:-1.0301900000000004em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size3">[</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-c"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.53019em"><span style="top:-3.61em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.027780000000000013em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.311664em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.05724em">j</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.3298099999999997em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.027780000000000013em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.311664em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.05724em">j</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0301900000000004em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size3">]</span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:4.202030000000001em;vertical-align:-1.850025em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen"><span class="delimsizing mult"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.352005em"><span style="top:-1.9499950000000004em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎣</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.0999950000000003em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.1109850000000003em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.352005em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎡</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.850025em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-c"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.3019380000000007em"><span style="top:-4.301938em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.30756em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.30756em"><span style="top:-2.314em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.740108em"><span style="top:-2.9890000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.6769999999999996em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.63056em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em">y</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.55056em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.19444em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.23419099999999995em"><span style="top:-2.4558600000000004em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.24414em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.686em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.2107020000000004em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.30756em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">−</span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.30756em"><span style="top:-2.29492em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.81508em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.73508em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.6769999999999996em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.63056em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em">y</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.55056em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.19444em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.23419099999999995em"><span style="top:-2.4558600000000004em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.24414em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.70508em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.8019379999999998em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="arraycolsep" style="width:0.5em"></span><span class="arraycolsep" style="width:0.5em"></span><span class="col-align-c"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.3019380000000007em"><span style="top:-4.301938em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.30756em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">−</span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.30756em"><span style="top:-2.216324em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.81508em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.73508em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.893676em"><span style="top:-3.26798em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mbin mtight">∗</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.6769999999999996em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.63056em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em">y</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.55056em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.19444em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.23419099999999995em"><span style="top:-2.4558600000000004em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.24414em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.783676em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.2107020000000004em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.30756em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.63056em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em">y</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.55056em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.19444em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.23419099999999995em"><span style="top:-2.4558600000000004em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.24414em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.8019379999999998em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose"><span class="delimsizing mult"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.352005em"><span style="top:-1.9499950000000004em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎦</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.0999950000000003em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.1109850000000003em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.352005em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎤</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.850025em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">×</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.5603800000000003em;vertical-align:-1.0301900000000004em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size3">[</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-c"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.53019em"><span style="top:-3.61em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.13889em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.3298099999999997em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9201900000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.25233em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.13889em"><span class="mord">˙</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.311664em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.05724em">j</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0301900000000004em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size3">]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><p>Assim como nas <a href="/PSP/docs/line">linhas</a>, o transformador de dois enrolamentos deve ser inserido entre barras, porém não há a necessidade das tensões nominais desses barramentos serem idênticas.</p><div class="admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"></path></svg></span>Atenção!</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>A primeira barra selecionada será o lado <strong>primário</strong>, o qual é indicado por um círculo. Para alterar o lado primário após a inserção basta desconectar os nós dos transformadores e reconectá-los alternando as barras, utilizando as <a href="/PSP/docs/cadTools#conex%C3%A3o-e-desconex%C3%A3o-de-elemetos-na-barra">ferramentas CAD</a>.</p></div></div><h3><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="transformadores-no-estudo-de-curto-circuito"></a>Transformadores no estudo de curto-circuito<a class="hash-link" href="#transformadores-no-estudo-de-curto-circuito" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h3><p>Da mesma forma que no estudo de fluxo de carga, a representação dos elementos do sistema para o estudo de curto-circuito é realizada por meio de circuitos equivalentes inseridos na matriz admitância de barras. Nas <a href="/PSP/docs/fault">faltas desbalanceadas</a> é necessário formar três matrizes admitância de sequência: positiva, negativa e zero.</p><p>A matriz admitância de sequência positiva é construída da mesma forma que os estudos de fluxo de carga. Na sequência negativa o ângulo de defasagem entre tensões primária e secundária (<span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>ϕ</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\phi</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8888799999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">ϕ</span></span></span></span></span>) deve ser invertido, uma vez que os fasores da sequência negativa <strong>são deslocados na direção oposta</strong>. Com isso, a matriz que representa as admitâncias da equação anterior deve ser substituída pela seguinte expressão:</p><div class="math math-display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mo fence="true">[</mo><mtable rowspacing="0.15999999999999992em" columnspacing="1em"><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>Y</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mrow><mi>i</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>Y</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mrow><mi>i</mi><mi>j</mi></mrow></msub></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>Y</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mrow><mi>j</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>Y</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mrow><mi>j</mi><mi>j</mi></mrow></msub></mstyle></mtd></mtr></mtable><mo fence="true">]</mo></mrow><mo>=</mo><mrow><mo fence="true">[</mo><mtable rowspacing="0.15999999999999992em" columnspacing="1em"><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mfrac><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>y</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mi>T</mi></msub><msup><mi>t</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mfrac></mstyle></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><mo>−</mo><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mfrac><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>y</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mi>T</mi></msub><mover accent="true"><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover></mfrac></mstyle></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><mo>−</mo><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mfrac><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>y</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mi>T</mi></msub><msup><mover accent="true"><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mo>∗</mo></msup></mfrac></mstyle></mrow></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>y</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mi>T</mi></msub></mstyle></mtd></mtr></mtable><mo fence="true">]</mo></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{bmatrix} \overline{Y}_{ii} & \overline{Y}_{ij}\\ \overline{Y}_{ji} & \overline{Y}_{jj} \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} \displaystyle \frac{\overline{y}_T}{t^2} & -\displaystyle \frac{\overline{y}_T}{\overline{t}}\\ -\displaystyle \frac{\overline{y}_T}{\overline{t}^*} & \overline{y}_T \end{bmatrix}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.4866600000000005em;vertical-align:-0.9933300000000005em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size3">[</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-c"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.49333em"><span style="top:-3.61em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8833300000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">Y</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.80333em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.3666699999999996em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8833300000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">Y</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.80333em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.311664em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.05724em">j</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9933300000000005em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="arraycolsep" style="width:0.5em"></span><span class="arraycolsep" style="width:0.5em"></span><span class="col-align-c"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.49333em"><span style="top:-3.61em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8833300000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">Y</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.80333em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.311664em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.05724em">j</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.3666699999999996em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8833300000000001em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">Y</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.80333em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.311664em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.05724em">j</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.05724em">j</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9933300000000005em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size3">]</span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:4.202030000000001em;vertical-align:-1.850025em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen"><span class="delimsizing mult"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.352005em"><span style="top:-1.9499950000000004em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎣</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.0999950000000003em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.1109850000000003em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎢</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.352005em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎡</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.850025em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-c"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.3019380000000003em"><span style="top:-4.301938em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.30756em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.30756em"><span style="top:-2.314em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.740108em"><span style="top:-2.9890000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.6769999999999996em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.63056em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em">y</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.55056em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.19444em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.23419099999999995em"><span style="top:-2.4558600000000004em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.24414em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.686em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.2892979999999996em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.30756em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">−</span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.30756em"><span style="top:-2.216324em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.81508em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.73508em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.893676em"><span style="top:-3.26798em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mbin mtight">∗</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.6769999999999996em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.63056em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em">y</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.55056em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.19444em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.23419099999999995em"><span style="top:-2.4558600000000004em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.24414em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.783676em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.8019380000000003em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="arraycolsep" style="width:0.5em"></span><span class="arraycolsep" style="width:0.5em"></span><span class="col-align-c"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.3019380000000003em"><span style="top:-4.301938em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.30756em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">−</span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.30756em"><span style="top:-2.29492em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.81508em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">t</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.73508em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.6769999999999996em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.63056em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em">y</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.55056em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.19444em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.23419099999999995em"><span style="top:-2.4558600000000004em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.24414em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.70508em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.2892979999999996em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.30756em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.63056em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em">y</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.55056em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.19444em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.23419099999999995em"><span style="top:-2.4558600000000004em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.24414em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.8019380000000003em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose"><span class="delimsizing mult"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.352005em"><span style="top:-1.9499950000000004em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎦</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.0999950000000003em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.1109850000000003em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎥</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.352005em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.1550000000000002em"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎤</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.850025em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><p>A impedância de sequência negativa nos transformadores deve ser tratada de maneira específica devido aos diferentes tipos de conexão. Na figura abaixo são mostrados os circuitos equivalentes para cada tipo de conexão de transformadores de dois enrolamentos. As setas indicam os caminhos possíveis para circulação da corrente de sequência zero.</p><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/seqZeroTrafo.svg" alt="Circuitos equivalentes de sequência zero dos transformadores" title="Circuitos equivalentes de sequência zero dos transformadores"></center></div><p>Para os transformadores com conexão estrela aterrado, se a ligação do neutro para a terra apresentar uma impedância <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>z</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mi>n</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\overline{z}_n</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.78056em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.63056em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.55056em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>, o circuito equivalente de sequência zero deve ter impedância de <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mn>3</mn><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>z</mi><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mi>n</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">3\overline{z}_n</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.79444em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord">3</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.63056em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.55056em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> em série com a resistência e reatância equivalentes do transformador.</p><h2><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="formulário-de-edição-dos-transformadores"></a>Formulário de edição dos transformadores<a class="hash-link" href="#formulário-de-edição-dos-transformadores" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h2><p>A imagem abaixo apresenta o formulário de inserção/alteração de dados dos transformadores:</p><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/trafoForm.png" alt="Formulário dos transformadores no PSP-UFU" title="Formulário dos transformadores no PSP-UFU"></center></div><p>Esse formulário é subdividido em dois contextos distintos:</p><ul><li><strong>Geral</strong>: no qual são inseridas informações gerais dos transformadores, informações do fluxo de carga, sua conexão e defasagem;</li><li><strong>Falta</strong>: local onde as impedâncias de sequência zero e impedâncias de aterramento são inseridas.</li></ul><p>Além desses dois contextos, pode ser observado o botão "Estabilidade" na parte inferior esquerda do formulário. Esse formulário, comum a vários outros elementos, permite a inserção e/ou remoção do transformador durante o estudo de <a href="/PSP/docs/stability">estabilidade</a>.</p><div><center><img src="/PSP/images/trafoSw.png" alt="Formulário de chaveamento do transformador" title="Formulário de chaveamento do transformador"></center></div><div class="tabs-container"><ul role="tablist" aria-orientation="horizontal" class="tabs"><li role="tab" tabindex="0" aria-selected="true" class="tabs__item tabItem_1uMI tabs__item--active">Geral</li><li role="tab" tabindex="-1" aria-selected="false" class="tabs__item tabItem_1uMI">Falta</li><li role="tab" tabindex="-1" aria-selected="false" class="tabs__item tabItem_1uMI">Botão Estabilidade</li></ul><div class="margin-vert--md"><div role="tabpanel"><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="nome"></a>Nome<a class="hash-link" href="#nome" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Identificação do elemento elétrico. Podem ser inseridos quaisquer números de caracteres no padrão <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Unicode</a>.</p><p>Todos os componentes de potência do PSP-UFU possuem esse campo.</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="tensão-nominal"></a>Tensão nominal<a class="hash-link" href="#tensão-nominal" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Campo de informação <em>não editável</em> que apresenta a tensão primária e secundária do transformador. Para alterar esse campo é necessário editar o campo correspondente dos <a href="/PSP/docs/bus#geral">barramento</a> conectados.</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="tensão-base"></a>Tensão base<a class="hash-link" href="#tensão-base" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Tensão utilizada para converter os parâmetros de impedância inseridos em <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\Omega</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord">Ω</span></span></span></span></span> para <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p.u.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span> As tensões selecionadas por uma caixa de escolha são editadas nos formulários dos <a href="/PSP/docs/bus#geral">barramentos</a> conectados.</p><div class="admonition admonition-info alert alert--info"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="16" viewBox="0 0 14 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7 2.3c3.14 0 5.7 2.56 5.7 5.7s-2.56 5.7-5.7 5.7A5.71 5.71 0 0 1 1.3 8c0-3.14 2.56-5.7 5.7-5.7zM7 1C3.14 1 0 4.14 0 8s3.14 7 7 7 7-3.14 7-7-3.14-7-7-7zm1 3H6v5h2V4zm0 6H6v2h2v-2z"></path></svg></span>Informação</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>A tensão base é ignorada caso os dados inseridos estejam em <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p.u.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span></p></div></div><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="potência-nominal"></a>Potência nominal<a class="hash-link" href="#potência-nominal" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Potência nominal do transformador, inserida em MVA, kVA ou VA.</p><p>Esse campo é especialmente importante caso a opção "Utilizar a potência nominal como base" esteja marcada.</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="impedância-do-transformador"></a>Impedância do transformador<a class="hash-link" href="#impedância-do-transformador" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Impedância série do transformador (resistência e reatância indutiva), inserida em <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p.u.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span> ou <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\Omega</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord">Ω</span></span></span></span></span>. Caso as impedâncias sejam inseridas em <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\Omega</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord">Ω</span></span></span></span></span> será utilizada a tensão base selecionada para conversão para <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p.u.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span></p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="conexão"></a>Conexão<a class="hash-link" href="#conexão" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Conexão do transformador utilizada para cálculo das correntes de sequência zero nas faltas desbalanceadas com presença de terra (fase-terra e fase-fase-terra).</p><p>As seguintes conexões estão disponíveis:</p><ol><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>Y</mi><mrow><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>o</mi></mrow></msub><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>Y</mi><mrow><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>o</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">Y_{aterrado}-Y_{aterrado}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">Y</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">a</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">t</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">e</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">a</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">o</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">Y</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">a</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">t</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">e</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">a</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">o</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>Y</mi><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>Y</mi><mrow><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>o</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">Y-Y_{aterrado}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.76666em;vertical-align:-0.08333em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">Y</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">Y</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">a</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">t</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">e</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">a</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">o</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>Y</mi><mrow><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>o</mi></mrow></msub><mo>−</mo><mi>Y</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">Y_{aterrado}-Y</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">Y</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">a</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">t</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">e</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">a</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">o</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">Y</span></span></span></span></span></li><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>Y</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>Y</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">Y-Y</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.76666em;vertical-align:-0.08333em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">Y</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">Y</span></span></span></span></span></li><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>Y</mi><mrow><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>o</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\Delta-Y_{aterrado}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.76666em;vertical-align:-0.08333em"></span><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">Y</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">a</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">t</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">e</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">a</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">o</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>Y</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\Delta-Y</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.76666em;vertical-align:-0.08333em"></span><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">Y</span></span></span></span></span></li><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>Y</mi><mrow><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>o</mi></mrow></msub><mo>−</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">Y_{aterrado}-\Delta</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">Y</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">a</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">t</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">e</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">a</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">o</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord">Δ</span></span></span></span></span></li><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>Y</mi><mo>−</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">Y-\Delta</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.76666em;vertical-align:-0.08333em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">Y</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord">Δ</span></span></span></span></span></li><li><span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><mo>−</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\Delta-\Delta</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.76666em;vertical-align:-0.08333em"></span><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord">Δ</span></span></span></span></span></li></ol><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="tap"></a>TAP<a class="hash-link" href="#tap" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Tape do transformador <strong>em relação ao primário</strong>.</p><div class="admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"></path></svg></span>Atenção!</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>O tape no PSP-UFU deve ser inserido pela relação entre a tensão primária nominal e a tensão de tape <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><mtext>TAP</mtext><mo>=</mo><mfrac><msub><mi>V</mi><mrow><mi>n</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>l</mi></mrow></msub><msub><mi>V</mi><mrow><mi>t</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub></mfrac><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\left(\text{TAP} = \frac{V_{nominal}}{V_{tape}}\right)</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.80002em;vertical-align:-0.65002em"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size2">(</span></span><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">TAP</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.894191em"><span style="top:-2.655em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.29634285714285713em"><span style="top:-2.357em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">t</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">a</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">p</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">e</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2818857142857143em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.41586em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.22222em">V</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3448em"><span style="top:-2.3487714285714287em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">o</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">m</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">a</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.01968em">l</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15122857142857138em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.5423199999999999em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em"><span class="delimsizing size2">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span>.</p></div></div><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="defasagem"></a>Defasagem<a class="hash-link" href="#defasagem" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Defasagem do transformador em relação ao primário, em graus. Esse valor independe do tipo de conexão, portanto para conexões diferentes de <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>Y</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>Y</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">Y-Y</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.76666em;vertical-align:-0.08333em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">Y</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">Y</span></span></span></span></span>(aterrado ou não) e <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><mo>−</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\Delta-\Delta</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.76666em;vertical-align:-0.08333em"></span><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em"></span><span class="mord">Δ</span></span></span></span></span>, deve-se inserir o ângulo de defasagem correto.</p><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="utilizar-potência-nominal-como-base"></a>Utilizar potência nominal como base<a class="hash-link" href="#utilizar-potência-nominal-como-base" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Caso essa opção seja marcada, o programa irá utilizar a potência nominal do transformador como base para a conversão das unidades, caso contrário será usada a <a href="/PSP/docs/simulationConfig">potência base do sistema</a>.</p></div><div role="tabpanel" hidden=""><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="impedância-de-sequência-zero-do-transformador"></a>Impedância de sequência zero do transformador<a class="hash-link" href="#impedância-de-sequência-zero-do-transformador" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>Esses parâmetros são necessários para o correto cálculo das correntes de <a href="/PSP/docs/fault">falta desbalanceadas</a> (fase-fase, fase-fase-terra e fase-terra) e devem ser inseridos em <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p.u.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span></p><div class="admonition admonition-warning alert alert--danger"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="16" viewBox="0 0 12 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.05.31c.81 2.17.41 3.38-.52 4.31C3.55 5.67 1.98 6.45.9 7.98c-1.45 2.05-1.7 6.53 3.53 7.7-2.2-1.16-2.67-4.52-.3-6.61-.61 2.03.53 3.33 1.94 2.86 1.39-.47 2.3.53 2.27 1.67-.02.78-.31 1.44-1.13 1.81 3.42-.59 4.78-3.42 4.78-5.56 0-2.84-2.53-3.22-1.25-5.61-1.52.13-2.03 1.13-1.89 2.75.09 1.08-1.02 1.8-1.86 1.33-.67-.41-.66-1.19-.06-1.78C8.18 5.31 8.68 2.45 5.05.32L5.03.3l.02.01z"></path></svg></span>Cuidado!</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>A não inserção desses dados acarretarão em resultados incorretos para <a href="/PSP/docs/fault">faltas desbalanceadas</a>.</p></div></div><h4><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="anchor enhancedAnchor_2LWZ" id="impedâncias-de-aterramento"></a>Impedâncias de aterramento<a class="hash-link" href="#impedâncias-de-aterramento" title="Direct link to heading">#</a></h4><p>As impedâncias de aterramento são somente utilizadas para conexão <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>Y</mi><mrow><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>o</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">Y_{aterrado}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.22222em">Y</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.22222em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">a</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">t</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">e</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">a</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">d</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">o</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> e devem ser inseridas em <span class="math math-inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p.u.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathdefault">u</span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span></p></div><div role="tabpanel" hidden=""><p>O botão "Estabilidade" irá abrir um formulário, comum a vários outros elementos, que permite a inserção e/ou remoção do transformador durante o estudo de <a href="/PSP/docs/stability">estabilidade</a>.</p><p>Nesse formulário pode ser criada uma lista genérica de inserções e remoções da linha no tempo, personalizada por um contexto de propriedades de chaveamento que são editados o tipo de chaveamento (inserção ou remoção) e o instante (em segundos) do evento. Essas propriedades são atribuídas e retiradas da lista genérica por meio dos botões "Adicionar" e "Remover", respectivamente.</p></div></div></div></div></article><div class="margin-vert--xl"><div class="row"><div class="col"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/tree/master/docusaurus/docs/transformer.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><svg fill="currentColor" height="1.2em" width="1.2em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" role="img" viewBox="0 0 40 40" class="iconEdit_2_ui" aria-label="Edit page"><g><path d="m34.5 11.7l-3 3.1-6.3-6.3 3.1-3q0.5-0.5 1.2-0.5t1.1 0.5l3.9 3.9q0.5 0.4 0.5 1.1t-0.5 1.2z m-29.5 17.1l18.4-18.5 6.3 6.3-18.4 18.4h-6.3v-6.2z"></path></g></svg>Edit this page</a></div></div></div><div class="margin-vert--lg"><nav class="pagination-nav" aria-label="Docs pages navigation"><div class="pagination-nav__item"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/PSP/docs/line"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Previous</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">« Linha</div></a></div><div class="pagination-nav__item pagination-nav__item--next"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/PSP/docs/load"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Next</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">Carga »</div></a></div></nav></div></div></div><div class="col col--3"><div class="tableOfContents_35-E thin-scrollbar"><ul class="table-of-contents table-of-contents__left-border"><li><a href="#transformador-no-psp-ufu" class="table-of-contents__link">Transformador no PSP-UFU</a><ul><li><a href="#transformadores-no-estudo-de-curto-circuito" class="table-of-contents__link">Transformadores no estudo de curto-circuito</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#formulário-de-edição-dos-transformadores" class="table-of-contents__link">Formulário de edição dos transformadores</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></main></div></div><footer class="footer footer--dark"><div class="container"><div class="row footer__links"><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Guide</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a class="footer__link-item" href="/PSP/docs/">PSP-UFU Guide</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://thales1330.github.io/PSP/doxygen/html/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Code Documentation</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Community</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/issues" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Ask a question</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://twitter.com/PspUfu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Twitter</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Site Image Credit</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a href="http://www.freepik.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Images designed by upklyak / slidesgo / macrovector / Freepik</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="footer__bottom text--center"><div class="footer__copyright">Copyright © 2021 Thales Lima Oliveira. 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href="https://minhaskamal.github.io/DownGit/#/home?url=https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/tree/master/Project/data/samples" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="button button--outline button--secondary button--lg">Samples</a></div></div></header><main><section class="features_3azU"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col col--4"><div class="text--center"><img class="featureImage_ZtzX" src="/PSP/img/complete-platform.svg" alt="[object Object]"></div><h3>Complete Platform</h3><p>PSP-UFU is a <b>cross-platform, multilingual, Free and Open-Source Software (FOSS)</b> with <b>advanced GUI (Graphical User Interface) features</b> and <b>CAD (Computer-Aided Design) tools</b> for electrical power system studies.</p></div><div class="col col--4"><div class="text--center"><img class="featureImage_ZtzX" src="/PSP/img/advanced-cad.svg" alt="[object Object]"></div><h3>Advanced CAD Features</h3><p>The software allows the construction of any <b>electric transmission network</b> and <b>control systems</b> through the deployment of visual elements.</p></div><div class="col col--4"><div class="text--center"><img class="featureImage_ZtzX" src="/PSP/img/visualization.svg" alt="[object Object]"></div><h3>Easy Visualization</h3><p>For the visualization of results, the program offers linked text elements in the main screen, voltage heatmap display, and also table and graph editors.</p></div><div class="col col--4"><div class="text--center"><img class="featureImage_ZtzX" src="/PSP/img/application.svg" alt="[object Object]"></div><h3>Application</h3><p>The PSP-UFU aims to provide efficient computer simulation tools for <b>research and education purposes</b>, in addition to <b>industrial applications</b> in electrical power systems.</p></div></div></div></section><div class="container"><h2>Studies Performed</h2></div><section class="features_3azU"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col col--4"><h3>Power Flow</h3><ul><li>Newton-Raphson</li><li>Gauss-Seidel</li><li>Hybrid Newton-Gauss</li><li>Three-phase induction motors included</li></ul></div><div class="col col--4"><h3>Short-Circuit calculation</h3><ul><li>Balanced</li><li>Unbalanced</li><li>Short-Circuit power in all system buses</li></ul></div><div class="col col--4"><h3>Harmonics</h3><ul><li>Harmonic voltages and THD (Total Harmonic Distortion) calculation</li><li>Frequency scan</li></ul></div><div class="col col--4"><h3>Transient and Dynamic Stability</h3><ul><li>Several synchronous machine models automatically selected</li><li>Three-phase induction motors</li><li>User-defined machine controls, exciters and prime moves created using block diagrams (Exciters, AVR, PSS, Hydro and Thermal turbines, Speed Governor, etc.)</li></ul></div></div></div></section><div class="container"><h2>Published Papers</h2>Further details can be found in the published papers:<blockquote cite="https://doi.org/10.1002/2050-7038.12185">Oliveira, T. L., Guimarães, G. C., & Silva, L. R. C. (2019). PSP-UFU: An open-source, graphical, and multiplatform software for power system studies. <i>International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems</i>, e12185. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/2050-7038.12185">10.1002/2050-7038.12185</a></blockquote><blockquote cite="https://doi.org/10.1177/0020720919879058">Oliveira, T. L., Guimarães, G. C., Silva, L. R., & Rezende, J. O. (2019). Power system education and research applications using free and open-source, graphical and multiplatform PSP-UFU software. <i>The International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Education</i>, 0020720919879058. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0020720919879058">10.1177/0020720919879058</a></blockquote></div><div class="container"><h2>Code Documentation</h2><p>All detailed descriptions of the source-code can be found at <b><a href="https://thales1330.github.io/PSP/doxygen/html/index.html">Online Documentation</a></b>, generated by <a href="http://www.doxygen.org/">Doxygen</a>.</p></div><div class="container"><h2>Screenshots</h2><center><iframe src="gallery.html" style="position:relative;width:100%;height:56.25vw;display:block;overflow:hidden;border:none">Your browser doesn’t support the this feature.</iframe></center></div></main></div><footer class="footer footer--dark"><div class="container"><div class="row footer__links"><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Guide</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a class="footer__link-item" href="/PSP/docs/">PSP-UFU Guide</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://thales1330.github.io/PSP/doxygen/html/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Code Documentation</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Community</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://github.com/Thales1330/PSP/issues" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Ask a question</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://twitter.com/PspUfu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Twitter</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><h4 class="footer__title">Site Image Credit</h4><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a href="http://www.freepik.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Images designed by upklyak / slidesgo / macrovector / Freepik</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="footer__bottom text--center"><div class="footer__copyright">Copyright © 2021 Thales Lima Oliveira. 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