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<td class='main'><a href='/cgit/'>index</a> : <a title='systemtap-steved' href='/cgit/steved/public_git/systemtap-steved/'>systemtap-steved</a></td><td class='form'><form method='get'>
<input type='hidden' name='id' value='3dd58c2ac312fc16aa38124987081adbd6697629'/><select name='h' onchange='this.form.submit();'>
<option value='master'>master</option>
<option value='nfsd-update' selected='selected'>nfsd-update</option>
<option value='rpc-update'>rpc-update</option>
</select> <input type='submit' value='switch'/></form></td></tr>
<tr><td class='sub'>Unnamed repository; edit this file to name it for gitweb.</td><td class='sub right'>Steve Dickson</td></tr></table>
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<a href='/cgit/steved/public_git/systemtap-steved/?h=nfsd-update'>summary</a><a href='/cgit/steved/public_git/systemtap-steved/refs/?h=nfsd-update&amp;id=3dd58c2ac312fc16aa38124987081adbd6697629'>refs</a><a href='/cgit/steved/public_git/systemtap-steved/log/includes/sys?h=nfsd-update'>log</a><a href='/cgit/steved/public_git/systemtap-steved/tree/includes/sys?h=nfsd-update&amp;id=3dd58c2ac312fc16aa38124987081adbd6697629'>tree</a><a href='/cgit/steved/public_git/systemtap-steved/commit/includes/sys?h=nfsd-update&amp;id=3dd58c2ac312fc16aa38124987081adbd6697629'>commit</a><a class='active' href='/cgit/steved/public_git/systemtap-steved/diff/includes/sys?h=nfsd-update&amp;id=3dd58c2ac312fc16aa38124987081adbd6697629'>diff</a><a href='/cgit/steved/public_git/systemtap-steved/stats/includes/sys?h=nfsd-update'>stats</a></td><td class='form'><form class='right' method='get' action='/cgit/steved/public_git/systemtap-steved/log/includes/sys'>
<input type='hidden' name='h' value='nfsd-update'/><input type='hidden' name='id' value='3dd58c2ac312fc16aa38124987081adbd6697629'/><select name='qt'>
<option value='grep'>log msg</option>
<option value='author'>author</option>
<option value='committer'>committer</option>
<option value='range'>range</option>
</select>
<input class='txt' type='search' size='10' name='q' value=''/>
<input type='submit' value='search'/>
</form>
</td></tr></table>
<div class='path'>path: <a href='/cgit/steved/public_git/systemtap-steved/diff/?h=nfsd-update&amp;id=3dd58c2ac312fc16aa38124987081adbd6697629'>root</a>/<a href='/cgit/steved/public_git/systemtap-steved/diff/includes?h=nfsd-update&amp;id=3dd58c2ac312fc16aa38124987081adbd6697629'>includes</a>/<a href='/cgit/steved/public_git/systemtap-steved/diff/includes/sys?h=nfsd-update&amp;id=3dd58c2ac312fc16aa38124987081adbd6697629'>sys</a></div><div class='content'><div class='cgit-panel'><b>diff options</b><form method='get'><input type='hidden' name='h' value='nfsd-update'/><input type='hidden' name='id' value='3dd58c2ac312fc16aa38124987081adbd6697629'/><table><tr><td colspan='2'/></tr><tr><td class='label'>context:</td><td class='ctrl'><select name='context' onchange='this.form.submit();'><option value='1'>1</option><option value='2'>2</option><option value='3' selected='selected'>3</option><option value='4'>4</option><option value='5'>5</option><option value='6'>6</option><option value='7'>7</option><option value='8'>8</option><option value='9'>9</option><option value='10'>10</option><option value='15'>15</option><option value='20'>20</option><option value='25'>25</option><option value='30'>30</option><option value='35'>35</option><option value='40'>40</option></select></td></tr><tr><td class='label'>space:</td><td class='ctrl'><select name='ignorews' onchange='this.form.submit();'><option value='0' selected='selected'>include</option><option value='1'>ignore</option></select></td></tr><tr><td class='label'>mode:</td><td class='ctrl'><select name='dt' onchange='this.form.submit();'><option value='0' selected='selected'>unified</option><option value='1'>ssdiff</option><option value='2'>stat only</option></select></td></tr><tr><td/><td class='ctrl'><noscript><input type='submit' value='reload'/></noscript></td></tr></table></form></div><div class='diffstat-header'><a href='/cgit/steved/public_git/systemtap-steved/diff/?h=nfsd-update&amp;id=3dd58c2ac312fc16aa38124987081adbd6697629'>Diffstat</a> (limited to 'includes/sys')</div><table summary='diffstat' class='diffstat'></table><div class='diffstat-summary'>0 files changed, 0 insertions, 0 deletions</div><table summary='diff' class='diff'><tr><td></td></tr></table></div> <!-- class=content -->
<div class='footer'>generated by <a href='https://git.zx2c4.com/cgit/about/'>cgit </a> (<a href='https://git-scm.com/'>git 2.34.1</a>) at 2025-08-14 23:02:02 +0000</div>
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<a id='n373' href='#n373'>373</a>
<a id='n374' href='#n374'>374</a>
<a id='n375' href='#n375'>375</a>
<a id='n376' href='#n376'>376</a>
<a id='n377' href='#n377'>377</a>
<a id='n378' href='#n378'>378</a>
<a id='n379' href='#n379'>379</a>
<a id='n380' href='#n380'>380</a>
<a id='n381' href='#n381'>381</a>
<a id='n382' href='#n382'>382</a>
<a id='n383' href='#n383'>383</a>
<a id='n384' href='#n384'>384</a>
<a id='n385' href='#n385'>385</a>
<a id='n386' href='#n386'>386</a>
<a id='n387' href='#n387'>387</a>
<a id='n388' href='#n388'>388</a>
<a id='n389' href='#n389'>389</a>
<a id='n390' href='#n390'>390</a>
<a id='n391' href='#n391'>391</a>
<a id='n392' href='#n392'>392</a>
<a id='n393' href='#n393'>393</a>
<a id='n394' href='#n394'>394</a>
<a id='n395' href='#n395'>395</a>
<a id='n396' href='#n396'>396</a>
<a id='n397' href='#n397'>397</a>
<a id='n398' href='#n398'>398</a>
<a id='n399' href='#n399'>399</a>
<a id='n400' href='#n400'>400</a>
<a id='n401' href='#n401'>401</a>
<a id='n402' href='#n402'>402</a>
<a id='n403' href='#n403'>403</a>
<a id='n404' href='#n404'>404</a>
<a id='n405' href='#n405'>405</a>
<a id='n406' href='#n406'>406</a>
<a id='n407' href='#n407'>407</a>
<a id='n408' href='#n408'>408</a>
<a id='n409' href='#n409'>409</a>
<a id='n410' href='#n410'>410</a>
<a id='n411' href='#n411'>411</a>
<a id='n412' href='#n412'>412</a>
<a id='n413' href='#n413'>413</a>
<a id='n414' href='#n414'>414</a>
<a id='n415' href='#n415'>415</a>
<a id='n416' href='#n416'>416</a>
<a id='n417' href='#n417'>417</a>
<a id='n418' href='#n418'>418</a>
<a id='n419' href='#n419'>419</a>
<a id='n420' href='#n420'>420</a>
<a id='n421' href='#n421'>421</a>
<a id='n422' href='#n422'>422</a>
<a id='n423' href='#n423'>423</a>
<a id='n424' href='#n424'>424</a>
<a id='n425' href='#n425'>425</a>
<a id='n426' href='#n426'>426</a>
<a id='n427' href='#n427'>427</a>
<a id='n428' href='#n428'>428</a>
<a id='n429' href='#n429'>429</a>
<a id='n430' href='#n430'>430</a>
<a id='n431' href='#n431'>431</a>
<a id='n432' href='#n432'>432</a>
<a id='n433' href='#n433'>433</a>
<a id='n434' href='#n434'>434</a>
<a id='n435' href='#n435'>435</a>
<a id='n436' href='#n436'>436</a>
<a id='n437' href='#n437'>437</a>
<a id='n438' href='#n438'>438</a>
<a id='n439' href='#n439'>439</a>
<a id='n440' href='#n440'>440</a>
<a id='n441' href='#n441'>441</a>
<a id='n442' href='#n442'>442</a>
<a id='n443' href='#n443'>443</a>
<a id='n444' href='#n444'>444</a>
<a id='n445' href='#n445'>445</a>
<a id='n446' href='#n446'>446</a>
<a id='n447' href='#n447'>447</a>
<a id='n448' href='#n448'>448</a>
<a id='n449' href='#n449'>449</a>
<a id='n450' href='#n450'>450</a>
<a id='n451' href='#n451'>451</a>
<a id='n452' href='#n452'>452</a>
<a id='n453' href='#n453'>453</a>
<a id='n454' href='#n454'>454</a>
<a id='n455' href='#n455'>455</a>
<a id='n456' href='#n456'>456</a>
<a id='n457' href='#n457'>457</a>
<a id='n458' href='#n458'>458</a>
<a id='n459' href='#n459'>459</a>
<a id='n460' href='#n460'>460</a>
<a id='n461' href='#n461'>461</a>
<a id='n462' href='#n462'>462</a>
<a id='n463' href='#n463'>463</a>
<a id='n464' href='#n464'>464</a>
<a id='n465' href='#n465'>465</a>
<a id='n466' href='#n466'>466</a>
<a id='n467' href='#n467'>467</a>
<a id='n468' href='#n468'>468</a>
<a id='n469' href='#n469'>469</a>
<a id='n470' href='#n470'>470</a>
<a id='n471' href='#n471'>471</a>
<a id='n472' href='#n472'>472</a>
<a id='n473' href='#n473'>473</a>
<a id='n474' href='#n474'>474</a>
<a id='n475' href='#n475'>475</a>
<a id='n476' href='#n476'>476</a>
<a id='n477' href='#n477'>477</a>
<a id='n478' href='#n478'>478</a>
<a id='n479' href='#n479'>479</a>
<a id='n480' href='#n480'>480</a>
<a id='n481' href='#n481'>481</a>
<a id='n482' href='#n482'>482</a>
<a id='n483' href='#n483'>483</a>
<a id='n484' href='#n484'>484</a>
<a id='n485' href='#n485'>485</a>
<a id='n486' href='#n486'>486</a>
<a id='n487' href='#n487'>487</a>
<a id='n488' href='#n488'>488</a>
<a id='n489' href='#n489'>489</a>
<a id='n490' href='#n490'>490</a>
<a id='n491' href='#n491'>491</a>
<a id='n492' href='#n492'>492</a>
<a id='n493' href='#n493'>493</a>
<a id='n494' href='#n494'>494</a>
<a id='n495' href='#n495'>495</a>
<a id='n496' href='#n496'>496</a>
<a id='n497' href='#n497'>497</a>
<a id='n498' href='#n498'>498</a>
<a id='n499' href='#n499'>499</a>
<a id='n500' href='#n500'>500</a>
<a id='n501' href='#n501'>501</a>
<a id='n502' href='#n502'>502</a>
<a id='n503' href='#n503'>503</a>
<a id='n504' href='#n504'>504</a>
<a id='n505' href='#n505'>505</a>
<a id='n506' href='#n506'>506</a>
<a id='n507' href='#n507'>507</a>
<a id='n508' href='#n508'>508</a>
<a id='n509' href='#n509'>509</a>
<a id='n510' href='#n510'>510</a>
<a id='n511' href='#n511'>511</a>
<a id='n512' href='#n512'>512</a>
<a id='n513' href='#n513'>513</a>
<a id='n514' href='#n514'>514</a>
<a id='n515' href='#n515'>515</a>
<a id='n516' href='#n516'>516</a>
<a id='n517' href='#n517'>517</a>
<a id='n518' href='#n518'>518</a>
<a id='n519' href='#n519'>519</a>
<a id='n520' href='#n520'>520</a>
<a id='n521' href='#n521'>521</a>
<a id='n522' href='#n522'>522</a>
<a id='n523' href='#n523'>523</a>
<a id='n524' href='#n524'>524</a>
<a id='n525' href='#n525'>525</a>
<a id='n526' href='#n526'>526</a>
<a id='n527' href='#n527'>527</a>
<a id='n528' href='#n528'>528</a>
<a id='n529' href='#n529'>529</a>
<a id='n530' href='#n530'>530</a>
<a id='n531' href='#n531'>531</a>
<a id='n532' href='#n532'>532</a>
<a id='n533' href='#n533'>533</a>
<a id='n534' href='#n534'>534</a>
<a id='n535' href='#n535'>535</a>
<a id='n536' href='#n536'>536</a>
<a id='n537' href='#n537'>537</a>
<a id='n538' href='#n538'>538</a>
<a id='n539' href='#n539'>539</a>
<a id='n540' href='#n540'>540</a>
<a id='n541' href='#n541'>541</a>
<a id='n542' href='#n542'>542</a>
<a id='n543' href='#n543'>543</a>
<a id='n544' href='#n544'>544</a>
<a id='n545' href='#n545'>545</a>
<a id='n546' href='#n546'>546</a>
<a id='n547' href='#n547'>547</a>
<a id='n548' href='#n548'>548</a>
<a id='n549' href='#n549'>549</a>
<a id='n550' href='#n550'>550</a>
<a id='n551' href='#n551'>551</a>
<a id='n552' href='#n552'>552</a>
<a id='n553' href='#n553'>553</a>
<a id='n554' href='#n554'>554</a>
<a id='n555' href='#n555'>555</a>
<a id='n556' href='#n556'>556</a>
<a id='n557' href='#n557'>557</a>
<a id='n558' href='#n558'>558</a>
<a id='n559' href='#n559'>559</a>
<a id='n560' href='#n560'>560</a>
<a id='n561' href='#n561'>561</a>
<a id='n562' href='#n562'>562</a>
<a id='n563' href='#n563'>563</a>
<a id='n564' href='#n564'>564</a>
<a id='n565' href='#n565'>565</a>
<a id='n566' href='#n566'>566</a>
<a id='n567' href='#n567'>567</a>
<a id='n568' href='#n568'>568</a>
<a id='n569' href='#n569'>569</a>
<a id='n570' href='#n570'>570</a>
<a id='n571' href='#n571'>571</a>
<a id='n572' href='#n572'>572</a>
<a id='n573' href='#n573'>573</a>
<a id='n574' href='#n574'>574</a>
<a id='n575' href='#n575'>575</a>
<a id='n576' href='#n576'>576</a>
<a id='n577' href='#n577'>577</a>
<a id='n578' href='#n578'>578</a>
<a id='n579' href='#n579'>579</a>
<a id='n580' href='#n580'>580</a>
<a id='n581' href='#n581'>581</a>
<a id='n582' href='#n582'>582</a>
<a id='n583' href='#n583'>583</a>
<a id='n584' href='#n584'>584</a>
<a id='n585' href='#n585'>585</a>
<a id='n586' href='#n586'>586</a>
<a id='n587' href='#n587'>587</a>
<a id='n588' href='#n588'>588</a>
<a id='n589' href='#n589'>589</a>
<a id='n590' href='#n590'>590</a>
<a id='n591' href='#n591'>591</a>
<a id='n592' href='#n592'>592</a>
<a id='n593' href='#n593'>593</a>
<a id='n594' href='#n594'>594</a>
<a id='n595' href='#n595'>595</a>
<a id='n596' href='#n596'>596</a>
<a id='n597' href='#n597'>597</a>
<a id='n598' href='#n598'>598</a>
<a id='n599' href='#n599'>599</a>
<a id='n600' href='#n600'>600</a>
<a id='n601' href='#n601'>601</a>
<a id='n602' href='#n602'>602</a>
<a id='n603' href='#n603'>603</a>
<a id='n604' href='#n604'>604</a>
<a id='n605' href='#n605'>605</a>
<a id='n606' href='#n606'>606</a>
<a id='n607' href='#n607'>607</a>
<a id='n608' href='#n608'>608</a>
<a id='n609' href='#n609'>609</a>
<a id='n610' href='#n610'>610</a>
<a id='n611' href='#n611'>611</a>
<a id='n612' href='#n612'>612</a>
<a id='n613' href='#n613'>613</a>
<a id='n614' href='#n614'>614</a>
<a id='n615' href='#n615'>615</a>
<a id='n616' href='#n616'>616</a>
<a id='n617' href='#n617'>617</a>
<a id='n618' href='#n618'>618</a>
<a id='n619' href='#n619'>619</a>
<a id='n620' href='#n620'>620</a>
<a id='n621' href='#n621'>621</a>
<a id='n622' href='#n622'>622</a>
<a id='n623' href='#n623'>623</a>
<a id='n624' href='#n624'>624</a>
<a id='n625' href='#n625'>625</a>
<a id='n626' href='#n626'>626</a>
<a id='n627' href='#n627'>627</a>
<a id='n628' href='#n628'>628</a>
<a id='n629' href='#n629'>629</a>
<a id='n630' href='#n630'>630</a>
<a id='n631' href='#n631'>631</a>
<a id='n632' href='#n632'>632</a>
<a id='n633' href='#n633'>633</a>
<a id='n634' href='#n634'>634</a>
<a id='n635' href='#n635'>635</a>
<a id='n636' href='#n636'>636</a>
<a id='n637' href='#n637'>637</a>
<a id='n638' href='#n638'>638</a>
<a id='n639' href='#n639'>639</a>
<a id='n640' href='#n640'>640</a>
<a id='n641' href='#n641'>641</a>
<a id='n642' href='#n642'>642</a>
<a id='n643' href='#n643'>643</a>
<a id='n644' href='#n644'>644</a>
<a id='n645' href='#n645'>645</a>
<a id='n646' href='#n646'>646</a>
<a id='n647' href='#n647'>647</a>
<a id='n648' href='#n648'>648</a>
<a id='n649' href='#n649'>649</a>
<a id='n650' href='#n650'>650</a>
<a id='n651' href='#n651'>651</a>
<a id='n652' href='#n652'>652</a>
<a id='n653' href='#n653'>653</a>
<a id='n654' href='#n654'>654</a>
<a id='n655' href='#n655'>655</a>
<a id='n656' href='#n656'>656</a>
<a id='n657' href='#n657'>657</a>
<a id='n658' href='#n658'>658</a>
<a id='n659' href='#n659'>659</a>
<a id='n660' href='#n660'>660</a>
<a id='n661' href='#n661'>661</a>
<a id='n662' href='#n662'>662</a>
<a id='n663' href='#n663'>663</a>
<a id='n664' href='#n664'>664</a>
<a id='n665' href='#n665'>665</a>
<a id='n666' href='#n666'>666</a>
<a id='n667' href='#n667'>667</a>
<a id='n668' href='#n668'>668</a>
<a id='n669' href='#n669'>669</a>
<a id='n670' href='#n670'>670</a>
<a id='n671' href='#n671'>671</a>
<a id='n672' href='#n672'>672</a>
<a id='n673' href='#n673'>673</a>
<a id='n674' href='#n674'>674</a>
<a id='n675' href='#n675'>675</a>
<a id='n676' href='#n676'>676</a>
<a id='n677' href='#n677'>677</a>
<a id='n678' href='#n678'>678</a>
<a id='n679' href='#n679'>679</a>
<a id='n680' href='#n680'>680</a>
<a id='n681' href='#n681'>681</a>
<a id='n682' href='#n682'>682</a>
<a id='n683' href='#n683'>683</a>
<a id='n684' href='#n684'>684</a>
<a id='n685' href='#n685'>685</a>
<a id='n686' href='#n686'>686</a>
<a id='n687' href='#n687'>687</a>
<a id='n688' href='#n688'>688</a>
<a id='n689' href='#n689'>689</a>
<a id='n690' href='#n690'>690</a>
<a id='n691' href='#n691'>691</a>
<a id='n692' href='#n692'>692</a>
<a id='n693' href='#n693'>693</a>
<a id='n694' href='#n694'>694</a>
<a id='n695' href='#n695'>695</a>
<a id='n696' href='#n696'>696</a>
<a id='n697' href='#n697'>697</a>
<a id='n698' href='#n698'>698</a>
<a id='n699' href='#n699'>699</a>
<a id='n700' href='#n700'>700</a>
<a id='n701' href='#n701'>701</a>
<a id='n702' href='#n702'>702</a>
<a id='n703' href='#n703'>703</a>
<a id='n704' href='#n704'>704</a>
<a id='n705' href='#n705'>705</a>
<a id='n706' href='#n706'>706</a>
<a id='n707' href='#n707'>707</a>
<a id='n708' href='#n708'>708</a>
<a id='n709' href='#n709'>709</a>
<a id='n710' href='#n710'>710</a>
<a id='n711' href='#n711'>711</a>
<a id='n712' href='#n712'>712</a>
<a id='n713' href='#n713'>713</a>
<a id='n714' href='#n714'>714</a>
<a id='n715' href='#n715'>715</a>
<a id='n716' href='#n716'>716</a>
<a id='n717' href='#n717'>717</a>
<a id='n718' href='#n718'>718</a>
<a id='n719' href='#n719'>719</a>
<a id='n720' href='#n720'>720</a>
<a id='n721' href='#n721'>721</a>
<a id='n722' href='#n722'>722</a>
<a id='n723' href='#n723'>723</a>
<a id='n724' href='#n724'>724</a>
<a id='n725' href='#n725'>725</a>
<a id='n726' href='#n726'>726</a>
<a id='n727' href='#n727'>727</a>
<a id='n728' href='#n728'>728</a>
<a id='n729' href='#n729'>729</a>
<a id='n730' href='#n730'>730</a>
<a id='n731' href='#n731'>731</a>
<a id='n732' href='#n732'>732</a>
<a id='n733' href='#n733'>733</a>
<a id='n734' href='#n734'>734</a>
<a id='n735' href='#n735'>735</a>
<a id='n736' href='#n736'>736</a>
<a id='n737' href='#n737'>737</a>
<a id='n738' href='#n738'>738</a>
<a id='n739' href='#n739'>739</a>
<a id='n740' href='#n740'>740</a>
<a id='n741' href='#n741'>741</a>
<a id='n742' href='#n742'>742</a>
<a id='n743' href='#n743'>743</a>
<a id='n744' href='#n744'>744</a>
<a id='n745' href='#n745'>745</a>
<a id='n746' href='#n746'>746</a>
<a id='n747' href='#n747'>747</a>
<a id='n748' href='#n748'>748</a>
<a id='n749' href='#n749'>749</a>
<a id='n750' href='#n750'>750</a>
<a id='n751' href='#n751'>751</a>
<a id='n752' href='#n752'>752</a>
<a id='n753' href='#n753'>753</a>
<a id='n754' href='#n754'>754</a>
<a id='n755' href='#n755'>755</a>
<a id='n756' href='#n756'>756</a>
<a id='n757' href='#n757'>757</a>
<a id='n758' href='#n758'>758</a>
<a id='n759' href='#n759'>759</a>
<a id='n760' href='#n760'>760</a>
<a id='n761' href='#n761'>761</a>
<a id='n762' href='#n762'>762</a>
<a id='n763' href='#n763'>763</a>
<a id='n764' href='#n764'>764</a>
<a id='n765' href='#n765'>765</a>
<a id='n766' href='#n766'>766</a>
<a id='n767' href='#n767'>767</a>
<a id='n768' href='#n768'>768</a>
<a id='n769' href='#n769'>769</a>
<a id='n770' href='#n770'>770</a>
<a id='n771' href='#n771'>771</a>
<a id='n772' href='#n772'>772</a>
<a id='n773' href='#n773'>773</a>
<a id='n774' href='#n774'>774</a>
<a id='n775' href='#n775'>775</a>
<a id='n776' href='#n776'>776</a>
<a id='n777' href='#n777'>777</a>
<a id='n778' href='#n778'>778</a>
<a id='n779' href='#n779'>779</a>
<a id='n780' href='#n780'>780</a>
<a id='n781' href='#n781'>781</a>
<a id='n782' href='#n782'>782</a>
<a id='n783' href='#n783'>783</a>
<a id='n784' href='#n784'>784</a>
<a id='n785' href='#n785'>785</a>
<a id='n786' href='#n786'>786</a>
<a id='n787' href='#n787'>787</a>
<a id='n788' href='#n788'>788</a>
<a id='n789' href='#n789'>789</a>
<a id='n790' href='#n790'>790</a>
<a id='n791' href='#n791'>791</a>
<a id='n792' href='#n792'>792</a>
<a id='n793' href='#n793'>793</a>
<a id='n794' href='#n794'>794</a>
<a id='n795' href='#n795'>795</a>
<a id='n796' href='#n796'>796</a>
<a id='n797' href='#n797'>797</a>
<a id='n798' href='#n798'>798</a>
<a id='n799' href='#n799'>799</a>
<a id='n800' href='#n800'>800</a>
<a id='n801' href='#n801'>801</a>
<a id='n802' href='#n802'>802</a>
<a id='n803' href='#n803'>803</a>
<a id='n804' href='#n804'>804</a>
<a id='n805' href='#n805'>805</a>
<a id='n806' href='#n806'>806</a>
<a id='n807' href='#n807'>807</a>
<a id='n808' href='#n808'>808</a>
<a id='n809' href='#n809'>809</a>
<a id='n810' href='#n810'>810</a>
<a id='n811' href='#n811'>811</a>
<a id='n812' href='#n812'>812</a>
<a id='n813' href='#n813'>813</a>
<a id='n814' href='#n814'>814</a>
<a id='n815' href='#n815'>815</a>
<a id='n816' href='#n816'>816</a>
<a id='n817' href='#n817'>817</a>
<a id='n818' href='#n818'>818</a>
<a id='n819' href='#n819'>819</a>
<a id='n820' href='#n820'>820</a>
<a id='n821' href='#n821'>821</a>
<a id='n822' href='#n822'>822</a>
<a id='n823' href='#n823'>823</a>
<a id='n824' href='#n824'>824</a>
<a id='n825' href='#n825'>825</a>
<a id='n826' href='#n826'>826</a>
<a id='n827' href='#n827'>827</a>
<a id='n828' href='#n828'>828</a>
<a id='n829' href='#n829'>829</a>
<a id='n830' href='#n830'>830</a>
<a id='n831' href='#n831'>831</a>
<a id='n832' href='#n832'>832</a>
<a id='n833' href='#n833'>833</a>
<a id='n834' href='#n834'>834</a>
<a id='n835' href='#n835'>835</a>
<a id='n836' href='#n836'>836</a>
<a id='n837' href='#n837'>837</a>
<a id='n838' href='#n838'>838</a>
<a id='n839' href='#n839'>839</a>
<a id='n840' href='#n840'>840</a>
<a id='n841' href='#n841'>841</a>
<a id='n842' href='#n842'>842</a>
<a id='n843' href='#n843'>843</a>
<a id='n844' href='#n844'>844</a>
<a id='n845' href='#n845'>845</a>
<a id='n846' href='#n846'>846</a>
<a id='n847' href='#n847'>847</a>
<a id='n848' href='#n848'>848</a>
<a id='n849' href='#n849'>849</a>
<a id='n850' href='#n850'>850</a>
<a id='n851' href='#n851'>851</a>
<a id='n852' href='#n852'>852</a>
<a id='n853' href='#n853'>853</a>
<a id='n854' href='#n854'>854</a>
<a id='n855' href='#n855'>855</a>
<a id='n856' href='#n856'>856</a>
<a id='n857' href='#n857'>857</a>
<a id='n858' href='#n858'>858</a>
<a id='n859' href='#n859'>859</a>
<a id='n860' href='#n860'>860</a>
<a id='n861' href='#n861'>861</a>
<a id='n862' href='#n862'>862</a>
<a id='n863' href='#n863'>863</a>
<a id='n864' href='#n864'>864</a>
<a id='n865' href='#n865'>865</a>
<a id='n866' href='#n866'>866</a>
<a id='n867' href='#n867'>867</a>
<a id='n868' href='#n868'>868</a>
<a id='n869' href='#n869'>869</a>
<a id='n870' href='#n870'>870</a>
<a id='n871' href='#n871'>871</a>
<a id='n872' href='#n872'>872</a>
<a id='n873' href='#n873'>873</a>
<a id='n874' href='#n874'>874</a>
<a id='n875' href='#n875'>875</a>
<a id='n876' href='#n876'>876</a>
<a id='n877' href='#n877'>877</a>
<a id='n878' href='#n878'>878</a>
<a id='n879' href='#n879'>879</a>
<a id='n880' href='#n880'>880</a>
<a id='n881' href='#n881'>881</a>
<a id='n882' href='#n882'>882</a>
<a id='n883' href='#n883'>883</a>
<a id='n884' href='#n884'>884</a>
<a id='n885' href='#n885'>885</a>
<a id='n886' href='#n886'>886</a>
<a id='n887' href='#n887'>887</a>
<a id='n888' href='#n888'>888</a>
<a id='n889' href='#n889'>889</a>
<a id='n890' href='#n890'>890</a>
<a id='n891' href='#n891'>891</a>
<a id='n892' href='#n892'>892</a>
<a id='n893' href='#n893'>893</a>
<a id='n894' href='#n894'>894</a>
<a id='n895' href='#n895'>895</a>
<a id='n896' href='#n896'>896</a>
<a id='n897' href='#n897'>897</a>
<a id='n898' href='#n898'>898</a>
<a id='n899' href='#n899'>899</a>
<a id='n900' href='#n900'>900</a>
<a id='n901' href='#n901'>901</a>
<a id='n902' href='#n902'>902</a>
<a id='n903' href='#n903'>903</a>
<a id='n904' href='#n904'>904</a>
<a id='n905' href='#n905'>905</a>
<a id='n906' href='#n906'>906</a>
<a id='n907' href='#n907'>907</a>
<a id='n908' href='#n908'>908</a>
<a id='n909' href='#n909'>909</a>
<a id='n910' href='#n910'>910</a>
<a id='n911' href='#n911'>911</a>
<a id='n912' href='#n912'>912</a>
<a id='n913' href='#n913'>913</a>
<a id='n914' href='#n914'>914</a>
<a id='n915' href='#n915'>915</a>
<a id='n916' href='#n916'>916</a>
<a id='n917' href='#n917'>917</a>
<a id='n918' href='#n918'>918</a>
<a id='n919' href='#n919'>919</a>
<a id='n920' href='#n920'>920</a>
<a id='n921' href='#n921'>921</a>
<a id='n922' href='#n922'>922</a>
<a id='n923' href='#n923'>923</a>
<a id='n924' href='#n924'>924</a>
<a id='n925' href='#n925'>925</a>
<a id='n926' href='#n926'>926</a>
<a id='n927' href='#n927'>927</a>
<a id='n928' href='#n928'>928</a>
<a id='n929' href='#n929'>929</a>
<a id='n930' href='#n930'>930</a>
<a id='n931' href='#n931'>931</a>
<a id='n932' href='#n932'>932</a>
<a id='n933' href='#n933'>933</a>
<a id='n934' href='#n934'>934</a>
<a id='n935' href='#n935'>935</a>
<a id='n936' href='#n936'>936</a>
<a id='n937' href='#n937'>937</a>
<a id='n938' href='#n938'>938</a>
<a id='n939' href='#n939'>939</a>
<a id='n940' href='#n940'>940</a>
<a id='n941' href='#n941'>941</a>
<a id='n942' href='#n942'>942</a>
<a id='n943' href='#n943'>943</a>
<a id='n944' href='#n944'>944</a>
<a id='n945' href='#n945'>945</a>
<a id='n946' href='#n946'>946</a>
<a id='n947' href='#n947'>947</a>
<a id='n948' href='#n948'>948</a>
<a id='n949' href='#n949'>949</a>
<a id='n950' href='#n950'>950</a>
<a id='n951' href='#n951'>951</a>
<a id='n952' href='#n952'>952</a>
<a id='n953' href='#n953'>953</a>
<a id='n954' href='#n954'>954</a>
<a id='n955' href='#n955'>955</a>
<a id='n956' href='#n956'>956</a>
<a id='n957' href='#n957'>957</a>
<a id='n958' href='#n958'>958</a>
<a id='n959' href='#n959'>959</a>
<a id='n960' href='#n960'>960</a>
<a id='n961' href='#n961'>961</a>
<a id='n962' href='#n962'>962</a>
<a id='n963' href='#n963'>963</a>
<a id='n964' href='#n964'>964</a>
<a id='n965' href='#n965'>965</a>
<a id='n966' href='#n966'>966</a>
<a id='n967' href='#n967'>967</a>
<a id='n968' href='#n968'>968</a>
<a id='n969' href='#n969'>969</a>
<a id='n970' href='#n970'>970</a>
<a id='n971' href='#n971'>971</a>
<a id='n972' href='#n972'>972</a>
<a id='n973' href='#n973'>973</a>
<a id='n974' href='#n974'>974</a>
<a id='n975' href='#n975'>975</a>
<a id='n976' href='#n976'>976</a>
<a id='n977' href='#n977'>977</a>
<a id='n978' href='#n978'>978</a>
<a id='n979' href='#n979'>979</a>
<a id='n980' href='#n980'>980</a>
<a id='n981' href='#n981'>981</a>
<a id='n982' href='#n982'>982</a>
<a id='n983' href='#n983'>983</a>
<a id='n984' href='#n984'>984</a>
<a id='n985' href='#n985'>985</a>
<a id='n986' href='#n986'>986</a>
<a id='n987' href='#n987'>987</a>
<a id='n988' href='#n988'>988</a>
<a id='n989' href='#n989'>989</a>
<a id='n990' href='#n990'>990</a>
<a id='n991' href='#n991'>991</a>
<a id='n992' href='#n992'>992</a>
<a id='n993' href='#n993'>993</a>
<a id='n994' href='#n994'>994</a>
<a id='n995' href='#n995'>995</a>
<a id='n996' href='#n996'>996</a>
<a id='n997' href='#n997'>997</a>
<a id='n998' href='#n998'>998</a>
<a id='n999' href='#n999'>999</a>
<a id='n1000' href='#n1000'>1000</a>
<a id='n1001' href='#n1001'>1001</a>
<a id='n1002' href='#n1002'>1002</a>
<a id='n1003' href='#n1003'>1003</a>
<a id='n1004' href='#n1004'>1004</a>
<a id='n1005' href='#n1005'>1005</a>
<a id='n1006' href='#n1006'>1006</a>
<a id='n1007' href='#n1007'>1007</a>
<a id='n1008' href='#n1008'>1008</a>
<a id='n1009' href='#n1009'>1009</a>
<a id='n1010' href='#n1010'>1010</a>
<a id='n1011' href='#n1011'>1011</a>
<a id='n1012' href='#n1012'>1012</a>
<a id='n1013' href='#n1013'>1013</a>
<a id='n1014' href='#n1014'>1014</a>
<a id='n1015' href='#n1015'>1015</a>
<a id='n1016' href='#n1016'>1016</a>
<a id='n1017' href='#n1017'>1017</a>
<a id='n1018' href='#n1018'>1018</a>
<a id='n1019' href='#n1019'>1019</a>
<a id='n1020' href='#n1020'>1020</a>
<a id='n1021' href='#n1021'>1021</a>
<a id='n1022' href='#n1022'>1022</a>
<a id='n1023' href='#n1023'>1023</a>
<a id='n1024' href='#n1024'>1024</a>
<a id='n1025' href='#n1025'>1025</a>
<a id='n1026' href='#n1026'>1026</a>
<a id='n1027' href='#n1027'>1027</a>
<a id='n1028' href='#n1028'>1028</a>
<a id='n1029' href='#n1029'>1029</a>
<a id='n1030' href='#n1030'>1030</a>
<a id='n1031' href='#n1031'>1031</a>
<a id='n1032' href='#n1032'>1032</a>
<a id='n1033' href='#n1033'>1033</a>
<a id='n1034' href='#n1034'>1034</a>
<a id='n1035' href='#n1035'>1035</a>
<a id='n1036' href='#n1036'>1036</a>
<a id='n1037' href='#n1037'>1037</a>
<a id='n1038' href='#n1038'>1038</a>
<a id='n1039' href='#n1039'>1039</a>
<a id='n1040' href='#n1040'>1040</a>
<a id='n1041' href='#n1041'>1041</a>
<a id='n1042' href='#n1042'>1042</a>
<a id='n1043' href='#n1043'>1043</a>
<a id='n1044' href='#n1044'>1044</a>
<a id='n1045' href='#n1045'>1045</a>
<a id='n1046' href='#n1046'>1046</a>
<a id='n1047' href='#n1047'>1047</a>
<a id='n1048' href='#n1048'>1048</a>
<a id='n1049' href='#n1049'>1049</a>
<a id='n1050' href='#n1050'>1050</a>
<a id='n1051' href='#n1051'>1051</a>
<a id='n1052' href='#n1052'>1052</a>
<a id='n1053' href='#n1053'>1053</a>
<a id='n1054' href='#n1054'>1054</a>
<a id='n1055' href='#n1055'>1055</a>
<a id='n1056' href='#n1056'>1056</a>
<a id='n1057' href='#n1057'>1057</a>
<a id='n1058' href='#n1058'>1058</a>
<a id='n1059' href='#n1059'>1059</a>
<a id='n1060' href='#n1060'>1060</a>
<a id='n1061' href='#n1061'>1061</a>
<a id='n1062' href='#n1062'>1062</a>
<a id='n1063' href='#n1063'>1063</a>
<a id='n1064' href='#n1064'>1064</a>
<a id='n1065' href='#n1065'>1065</a>
<a id='n1066' href='#n1066'>1066</a>
<a id='n1067' href='#n1067'>1067</a>
<a id='n1068' href='#n1068'>1068</a>
<a id='n1069' href='#n1069'>1069</a>
<a id='n1070' href='#n1070'>1070</a>
<a id='n1071' href='#n1071'>1071</a>
<a id='n1072' href='#n1072'>1072</a>
<a id='n1073' href='#n1073'>1073</a>
<a id='n1074' href='#n1074'>1074</a>
<a id='n1075' href='#n1075'>1075</a>
<a id='n1076' href='#n1076'>1076</a>
<a id='n1077' href='#n1077'>1077</a>
<a id='n1078' href='#n1078'>1078</a>
<a id='n1079' href='#n1079'>1079</a>
<a id='n1080' href='#n1080'>1080</a>
<a id='n1081' href='#n1081'>1081</a>
<a id='n1082' href='#n1082'>1082</a>
<a id='n1083' href='#n1083'>1083</a>
<a id='n1084' href='#n1084'>1084</a>
<a id='n1085' href='#n1085'>1085</a>
<a id='n1086' href='#n1086'>1086</a>
<a id='n1087' href='#n1087'>1087</a>
<a id='n1088' href='#n1088'>1088</a>
<a id='n1089' href='#n1089'>1089</a>
<a id='n1090' href='#n1090'>1090</a>
<a id='n1091' href='#n1091'>1091</a>
<a id='n1092' href='#n1092'>1092</a>
<a id='n1093' href='#n1093'>1093</a>
<a id='n1094' href='#n1094'>1094</a>
<a id='n1095' href='#n1095'>1095</a>
<a id='n1096' href='#n1096'>1096</a>
<a id='n1097' href='#n1097'>1097</a>
<a id='n1098' href='#n1098'>1098</a>
<a id='n1099' href='#n1099'>1099</a>
<a id='n1100' href='#n1100'>1100</a>
<a id='n1101' href='#n1101'>1101</a>
<a id='n1102' href='#n1102'>1102</a>
<a id='n1103' href='#n1103'>1103</a>
<a id='n1104' href='#n1104'>1104</a>
<a id='n1105' href='#n1105'>1105</a>
<a id='n1106' href='#n1106'>1106</a>
<a id='n1107' href='#n1107'>1107</a>
<a id='n1108' href='#n1108'>1108</a>
<a id='n1109' href='#n1109'>1109</a>
<a id='n1110' href='#n1110'>1110</a>
<a id='n1111' href='#n1111'>1111</a>
<a id='n1112' href='#n1112'>1112</a>
<a id='n1113' href='#n1113'>1113</a>
<a id='n1114' href='#n1114'>1114</a>
<a id='n1115' href='#n1115'>1115</a>
<a id='n1116' href='#n1116'>1116</a>
<a id='n1117' href='#n1117'>1117</a>
<a id='n1118' href='#n1118'>1118</a>
<a id='n1119' href='#n1119'>1119</a>
<a id='n1120' href='#n1120'>1120</a>
<a id='n1121' href='#n1121'>1121</a>
<a id='n1122' href='#n1122'>1122</a>
<a id='n1123' href='#n1123'>1123</a>
<a id='n1124' href='#n1124'>1124</a>
<a id='n1125' href='#n1125'>1125</a>
<a id='n1126' href='#n1126'>1126</a>
<a id='n1127' href='#n1127'>1127</a>
<a id='n1128' href='#n1128'>1128</a>
<a id='n1129' href='#n1129'>1129</a>
<a id='n1130' href='#n1130'>1130</a>
<a id='n1131' href='#n1131'>1131</a>
<a id='n1132' href='#n1132'>1132</a>
<a id='n1133' href='#n1133'>1133</a>
<a id='n1134' href='#n1134'>1134</a>
<a id='n1135' href='#n1135'>1135</a>
<a id='n1136' href='#n1136'>1136</a>
<a id='n1137' href='#n1137'>1137</a>
<a id='n1138' href='#n1138'>1138</a>
<a id='n1139' href='#n1139'>1139</a>
<a id='n1140' href='#n1140'>1140</a>
<a id='n1141' href='#n1141'>1141</a>
<a id='n1142' href='#n1142'>1142</a>
<a id='n1143' href='#n1143'>1143</a>
<a id='n1144' href='#n1144'>1144</a>
<a id='n1145' href='#n1145'>1145</a>
<a id='n1146' href='#n1146'>1146</a>
<a id='n1147' href='#n1147'>1147</a>
<a id='n1148' href='#n1148'>1148</a>
<a id='n1149' href='#n1149'>1149</a>
<a id='n1150' href='#n1150'>1150</a>
<a id='n1151' href='#n1151'>1151</a>
<a id='n1152' href='#n1152'>1152</a>
<a id='n1153' href='#n1153'>1153</a>
<a id='n1154' href='#n1154'>1154</a>
<a id='n1155' href='#n1155'>1155</a>
<a id='n1156' href='#n1156'>1156</a>
<a id='n1157' href='#n1157'>1157</a>
<a id='n1158' href='#n1158'>1158</a>
<a id='n1159' href='#n1159'>1159</a>
<a id='n1160' href='#n1160'>1160</a>
<a id='n1161' href='#n1161'>1161</a>
<a id='n1162' href='#n1162'>1162</a>
<a id='n1163' href='#n1163'>1163</a>
<a id='n1164' href='#n1164'>1164</a>
<a id='n1165' href='#n1165'>1165</a>
<a id='n1166' href='#n1166'>1166</a>
<a id='n1167' href='#n1167'>1167</a>
<a id='n1168' href='#n1168'>1168</a>
<a id='n1169' href='#n1169'>1169</a>
<a id='n1170' href='#n1170'>1170</a>
<a id='n1171' href='#n1171'>1171</a>
<a id='n1172' href='#n1172'>1172</a>
<a id='n1173' href='#n1173'>1173</a>
<a id='n1174' href='#n1174'>1174</a>
<a id='n1175' href='#n1175'>1175</a>
<a id='n1176' href='#n1176'>1176</a>
<a id='n1177' href='#n1177'>1177</a>
<a id='n1178' href='#n1178'>1178</a>
<a id='n1179' href='#n1179'>1179</a>
<a id='n1180' href='#n1180'>1180</a>
<a id='n1181' href='#n1181'>1181</a>
<a id='n1182' href='#n1182'>1182</a>
<a id='n1183' href='#n1183'>1183</a>
<a id='n1184' href='#n1184'>1184</a>
<a id='n1185' href='#n1185'>1185</a>
<a id='n1186' href='#n1186'>1186</a>
<a id='n1187' href='#n1187'>1187</a>
<a id='n1188' href='#n1188'>1188</a>
<a id='n1189' href='#n1189'>1189</a>
<a id='n1190' href='#n1190'>1190</a>
<a id='n1191' href='#n1191'>1191</a>
<a id='n1192' href='#n1192'>1192</a>
<a id='n1193' href='#n1193'>1193</a>
<a id='n1194' href='#n1194'>1194</a>
<a id='n1195' href='#n1195'>1195</a>
<a id='n1196' href='#n1196'>1196</a>
<a id='n1197' href='#n1197'>1197</a>
<a id='n1198' href='#n1198'>1198</a>
<a id='n1199' href='#n1199'>1199</a>
<a id='n1200' href='#n1200'>1200</a>
<a id='n1201' href='#n1201'>1201</a>
<a id='n1202' href='#n1202'>1202</a>
<a id='n1203' href='#n1203'>1203</a>
<a id='n1204' href='#n1204'>1204</a>
<a id='n1205' href='#n1205'>1205</a>
<a id='n1206' href='#n1206'>1206</a>
<a id='n1207' href='#n1207'>1207</a>
<a id='n1208' href='#n1208'>1208</a>
<a id='n1209' href='#n1209'>1209</a>
<a id='n1210' href='#n1210'>1210</a>
<a id='n1211' href='#n1211'>1211</a>
<a id='n1212' href='#n1212'>1212</a>
<a id='n1213' href='#n1213'>1213</a>
<a id='n1214' href='#n1214'>1214</a>
<a id='n1215' href='#n1215'>1215</a>
<a id='n1216' href='#n1216'>1216</a>
<a id='n1217' href='#n1217'>1217</a>
<a id='n1218' href='#n1218'>1218</a>
<a id='n1219' href='#n1219'>1219</a>
<a id='n1220' href='#n1220'>1220</a>
<a id='n1221' href='#n1221'>1221</a>
<a id='n1222' href='#n1222'>1222</a>
<a id='n1223' href='#n1223'>1223</a>
<a id='n1224' href='#n1224'>1224</a>
<a id='n1225' href='#n1225'>1225</a>
<a id='n1226' href='#n1226'>1226</a>
<a id='n1227' href='#n1227'>1227</a>
<a id='n1228' href='#n1228'>1228</a>
<a id='n1229' href='#n1229'>1229</a>
<a id='n1230' href='#n1230'>1230</a>
<a id='n1231' href='#n1231'>1231</a>
<a id='n1232' href='#n1232'>1232</a>
<a id='n1233' href='#n1233'>1233</a>
<a id='n1234' href='#n1234'>1234</a>
<a id='n1235' href='#n1235'>1235</a>
<a id='n1236' href='#n1236'>1236</a>
<a id='n1237' href='#n1237'>1237</a>
<a id='n1238' href='#n1238'>1238</a>
<a id='n1239' href='#n1239'>1239</a>
<a id='n1240' href='#n1240'>1240</a>
<a id='n1241' href='#n1241'>1241</a>
<a id='n1242' href='#n1242'>1242</a>
<a id='n1243' href='#n1243'>1243</a>
<a id='n1244' href='#n1244'>1244</a>
<a id='n1245' href='#n1245'>1245</a>
<a id='n1246' href='#n1246'>1246</a>
<a id='n1247' href='#n1247'>1247</a>
<a id='n1248' href='#n1248'>1248</a>
<a id='n1249' href='#n1249'>1249</a>
<a id='n1250' href='#n1250'>1250</a>
<a id='n1251' href='#n1251'>1251</a>
<a id='n1252' href='#n1252'>1252</a>
<a id='n1253' href='#n1253'>1253</a>
<a id='n1254' href='#n1254'>1254</a>
<a id='n1255' href='#n1255'>1255</a>
<a id='n1256' href='#n1256'>1256</a>
<a id='n1257' href='#n1257'>1257</a>
<a id='n1258' href='#n1258'>1258</a>
<a id='n1259' href='#n1259'>1259</a>
<a id='n1260' href='#n1260'>1260</a>
<a id='n1261' href='#n1261'>1261</a>
<a id='n1262' href='#n1262'>1262</a>
<a id='n1263' href='#n1263'>1263</a>
<a id='n1264' href='#n1264'>1264</a>
<a id='n1265' href='#n1265'>1265</a>
<a id='n1266' href='#n1266'>1266</a>
<a id='n1267' href='#n1267'>1267</a>
<a id='n1268' href='#n1268'>1268</a>
<a id='n1269' href='#n1269'>1269</a>
<a id='n1270' href='#n1270'>1270</a>
<a id='n1271' href='#n1271'>1271</a>
<a id='n1272' href='#n1272'>1272</a>
<a id='n1273' href='#n1273'>1273</a>
<a id='n1274' href='#n1274'>1274</a>
<a id='n1275' href='#n1275'>1275</a>
<a id='n1276' href='#n1276'>1276</a>
<a id='n1277' href='#n1277'>1277</a>
<a id='n1278' href='#n1278'>1278</a>
<a id='n1279' href='#n1279'>1279</a>
<a id='n1280' href='#n1280'>1280</a>
<a id='n1281' href='#n1281'>1281</a>
<a id='n1282' href='#n1282'>1282</a>
<a id='n1283' href='#n1283'>1283</a>
<a id='n1284' href='#n1284'>1284</a>
<a id='n1285' href='#n1285'>1285</a>
<a id='n1286' href='#n1286'>1286</a>
<a id='n1287' href='#n1287'>1287</a>
<a id='n1288' href='#n1288'>1288</a>
<a id='n1289' href='#n1289'>1289</a>
<a id='n1290' href='#n1290'>1290</a>
<a id='n1291' href='#n1291'>1291</a>
<a id='n1292' href='#n1292'>1292</a>
<a id='n1293' href='#n1293'>1293</a>
<a id='n1294' href='#n1294'>1294</a>
<a id='n1295' href='#n1295'>1295</a>
<a id='n1296' href='#n1296'>1296</a>
<a id='n1297' href='#n1297'>1297</a>
<a id='n1298' href='#n1298'>1298</a>
<a id='n1299' href='#n1299'>1299</a>
<a id='n1300' href='#n1300'>1300</a>
<a id='n1301' href='#n1301'>1301</a>
<a id='n1302' href='#n1302'>1302</a>
<a id='n1303' href='#n1303'>1303</a>
<a id='n1304' href='#n1304'>1304</a>
<a id='n1305' href='#n1305'>1305</a>
<a id='n1306' href='#n1306'>1306</a>
<a id='n1307' href='#n1307'>1307</a>
<a id='n1308' href='#n1308'>1308</a>
<a id='n1309' href='#n1309'>1309</a>
<a id='n1310' href='#n1310'>1310</a>
<a id='n1311' href='#n1311'>1311</a>
<a id='n1312' href='#n1312'>1312</a>
<a id='n1313' href='#n1313'>1313</a>
<a id='n1314' href='#n1314'>1314</a>
<a id='n1315' href='#n1315'>1315</a>
<a id='n1316' href='#n1316'>1316</a>
<a id='n1317' href='#n1317'>1317</a>
<a id='n1318' href='#n1318'>1318</a>
<a id='n1319' href='#n1319'>1319</a>
<a id='n1320' href='#n1320'>1320</a>
<a id='n1321' href='#n1321'>1321</a>
<a id='n1322' href='#n1322'>1322</a>
<a id='n1323' href='#n1323'>1323</a>
<a id='n1324' href='#n1324'>1324</a>
<a id='n1325' href='#n1325'>1325</a>
<a id='n1326' href='#n1326'>1326</a>
<a id='n1327' href='#n1327'>1327</a>
<a id='n1328' href='#n1328'>1328</a>
<a id='n1329' href='#n1329'>1329</a>
<a id='n1330' href='#n1330'>1330</a>
<a id='n1331' href='#n1331'>1331</a>
<a id='n1332' href='#n1332'>1332</a>
<a id='n1333' href='#n1333'>1333</a>
<a id='n1334' href='#n1334'>1334</a>
<a id='n1335' href='#n1335'>1335</a>
<a id='n1336' href='#n1336'>1336</a>
<a id='n1337' href='#n1337'>1337</a>
<a id='n1338' href='#n1338'>1338</a>
<a id='n1339' href='#n1339'>1339</a>
<a id='n1340' href='#n1340'>1340</a>
<a id='n1341' href='#n1341'>1341</a>
<a id='n1342' href='#n1342'>1342</a>
<a id='n1343' href='#n1343'>1343</a>
<a id='n1344' href='#n1344'>1344</a>
<a id='n1345' href='#n1345'>1345</a>
<a id='n1346' href='#n1346'>1346</a>
<a id='n1347' href='#n1347'>1347</a>
<a id='n1348' href='#n1348'>1348</a>
<a id='n1349' href='#n1349'>1349</a>
<a id='n1350' href='#n1350'>1350</a>
<a id='n1351' href='#n1351'>1351</a>
<a id='n1352' href='#n1352'>1352</a>
<a id='n1353' href='#n1353'>1353</a>
<a id='n1354' href='#n1354'>1354</a>
<a id='n1355' href='#n1355'>1355</a>
<a id='n1356' href='#n1356'>1356</a>
<a id='n1357' href='#n1357'>1357</a>
<a id='n1358' href='#n1358'>1358</a>
<a id='n1359' href='#n1359'>1359</a>
<a id='n1360' href='#n1360'>1360</a>
<a id='n1361' href='#n1361'>1361</a>
<a id='n1362' href='#n1362'>1362</a>
<a id='n1363' href='#n1363'>1363</a>
<a id='n1364' href='#n1364'>1364</a>
<a id='n1365' href='#n1365'>1365</a>
<a id='n1366' href='#n1366'>1366</a>
<a id='n1367' href='#n1367'>1367</a>
<a id='n1368' href='#n1368'>1368</a>
<a id='n1369' href='#n1369'>1369</a>
<a id='n1370' href='#n1370'>1370</a>
<a id='n1371' href='#n1371'>1371</a>
<a id='n1372' href='#n1372'>1372</a>
<a id='n1373' href='#n1373'>1373</a>
<a id='n1374' href='#n1374'>1374</a>
<a id='n1375' href='#n1375'>1375</a>
<a id='n1376' href='#n1376'>1376</a>
<a id='n1377' href='#n1377'>1377</a>
<a id='n1378' href='#n1378'>1378</a>
<a id='n1379' href='#n1379'>1379</a>
<a id='n1380' href='#n1380'>1380</a>
<a id='n1381' href='#n1381'>1381</a>
<a id='n1382' href='#n1382'>1382</a>
<a id='n1383' href='#n1383'>1383</a>
<a id='n1384' href='#n1384'>1384</a>
<a id='n1385' href='#n1385'>1385</a>
<a id='n1386' href='#n1386'>1386</a>
<a id='n1387' href='#n1387'>1387</a>
<a id='n1388' href='#n1388'>1388</a>
<a id='n1389' href='#n1389'>1389</a>
<a id='n1390' href='#n1390'>1390</a>
<a id='n1391' href='#n1391'>1391</a>
<a id='n1392' href='#n1392'>1392</a>
<a id='n1393' href='#n1393'>1393</a>
<a id='n1394' href='#n1394'>1394</a>
<a id='n1395' href='#n1395'>1395</a>
<a id='n1396' href='#n1396'>1396</a>
<a id='n1397' href='#n1397'>1397</a>
<a id='n1398' href='#n1398'>1398</a>
<a id='n1399' href='#n1399'>1399</a>
<a id='n1400' href='#n1400'>1400</a>
<a id='n1401' href='#n1401'>1401</a>
<a id='n1402' href='#n1402'>1402</a>
<a id='n1403' href='#n1403'>1403</a>
<a id='n1404' href='#n1404'>1404</a>
<a id='n1405' href='#n1405'>1405</a>
<a id='n1406' href='#n1406'>1406</a>
<a id='n1407' href='#n1407'>1407</a>
<a id='n1408' href='#n1408'>1408</a>
<a id='n1409' href='#n1409'>1409</a>
<a id='n1410' href='#n1410'>1410</a>
<a id='n1411' href='#n1411'>1411</a>
<a id='n1412' href='#n1412'>1412</a>
<a id='n1413' href='#n1413'>1413</a>
<a id='n1414' href='#n1414'>1414</a>
<a id='n1415' href='#n1415'>1415</a>
<a id='n1416' href='#n1416'>1416</a>
<a id='n1417' href='#n1417'>1417</a>
<a id='n1418' href='#n1418'>1418</a>
<a id='n1419' href='#n1419'>1419</a>
<a id='n1420' href='#n1420'>1420</a>
<a id='n1421' href='#n1421'>1421</a>
<a id='n1422' href='#n1422'>1422</a>
<a id='n1423' href='#n1423'>1423</a>
<a id='n1424' href='#n1424'>1424</a>
<a id='n1425' href='#n1425'>1425</a>
<a id='n1426' href='#n1426'>1426</a>
<a id='n1427' href='#n1427'>1427</a>
<a id='n1428' href='#n1428'>1428</a>
<a id='n1429' href='#n1429'>1429</a>
<a id='n1430' href='#n1430'>1430</a>
<a id='n1431' href='#n1431'>1431</a>
<a id='n1432' href='#n1432'>1432</a>
<a id='n1433' href='#n1433'>1433</a>
<a id='n1434' href='#n1434'>1434</a>
<a id='n1435' href='#n1435'>1435</a>
<a id='n1436' href='#n1436'>1436</a>
<a id='n1437' href='#n1437'>1437</a>
<a id='n1438' href='#n1438'>1438</a>
<a id='n1439' href='#n1439'>1439</a>
<a id='n1440' href='#n1440'>1440</a>
<a id='n1441' href='#n1441'>1441</a>
<a id='n1442' href='#n1442'>1442</a>
<a id='n1443' href='#n1443'>1443</a>
<a id='n1444' href='#n1444'>1444</a>
<a id='n1445' href='#n1445'>1445</a>
<a id='n1446' href='#n1446'>1446</a>
<a id='n1447' href='#n1447'>1447</a>
<a id='n1448' href='#n1448'>1448</a>
<a id='n1449' href='#n1449'>1449</a>
<a id='n1450' href='#n1450'>1450</a>
<a id='n1451' href='#n1451'>1451</a>
<a id='n1452' href='#n1452'>1452</a>
<a id='n1453' href='#n1453'>1453</a>
<a id='n1454' href='#n1454'>1454</a>
<a id='n1455' href='#n1455'>1455</a>
<a id='n1456' href='#n1456'>1456</a>
<a id='n1457' href='#n1457'>1457</a>
<a id='n1458' href='#n1458'>1458</a>
<a id='n1459' href='#n1459'>1459</a>
<a id='n1460' href='#n1460'>1460</a>
<a id='n1461' href='#n1461'>1461</a>
<a id='n1462' href='#n1462'>1462</a>
<a id='n1463' href='#n1463'>1463</a>
<a id='n1464' href='#n1464'>1464</a>
<a id='n1465' href='#n1465'>1465</a>
<a id='n1466' href='#n1466'>1466</a>
<a id='n1467' href='#n1467'>1467</a>
<a id='n1468' href='#n1468'>1468</a>
<a id='n1469' href='#n1469'>1469</a>
<a id='n1470' href='#n1470'>1470</a>
<a id='n1471' href='#n1471'>1471</a>
<a id='n1472' href='#n1472'>1472</a>
<a id='n1473' href='#n1473'>1473</a>
<a id='n1474' href='#n1474'>1474</a>
<a id='n1475' href='#n1475'>1475</a>
<a id='n1476' href='#n1476'>1476</a>
<a id='n1477' href='#n1477'>1477</a>
<a id='n1478' href='#n1478'>1478</a>
<a id='n1479' href='#n1479'>1479</a>
<a id='n1480' href='#n1480'>1480</a>
<a id='n1481' href='#n1481'>1481</a>
<a id='n1482' href='#n1482'>1482</a>
<a id='n1483' href='#n1483'>1483</a>
<a id='n1484' href='#n1484'>1484</a>
<a id='n1485' href='#n1485'>1485</a>
<a id='n1486' href='#n1486'>1486</a>
<a id='n1487' href='#n1487'>1487</a>
<a id='n1488' href='#n1488'>1488</a>
<a id='n1489' href='#n1489'>1489</a>
<a id='n1490' href='#n1490'>1490</a>
<a id='n1491' href='#n1491'>1491</a>
<a id='n1492' href='#n1492'>1492</a>
<a id='n1493' href='#n1493'>1493</a>
<a id='n1494' href='#n1494'>1494</a>
<a id='n1495' href='#n1495'>1495</a>
<a id='n1496' href='#n1496'>1496</a>
<a id='n1497' href='#n1497'>1497</a>
<a id='n1498' href='#n1498'>1498</a>
<a id='n1499' href='#n1499'>1499</a>
<a id='n1500' href='#n1500'>1500</a>
<a id='n1501' href='#n1501'>1501</a>
<a id='n1502' href='#n1502'>1502</a>
<a id='n1503' href='#n1503'>1503</a>
<a id='n1504' href='#n1504'>1504</a>
<a id='n1505' href='#n1505'>1505</a>
<a id='n1506' href='#n1506'>1506</a>
<a id='n1507' href='#n1507'>1507</a>
<a id='n1508' href='#n1508'>1508</a>
<a id='n1509' href='#n1509'>1509</a>
<a id='n1510' href='#n1510'>1510</a>
<a id='n1511' href='#n1511'>1511</a>
<a id='n1512' href='#n1512'>1512</a>
<a id='n1513' href='#n1513'>1513</a>
<a id='n1514' href='#n1514'>1514</a>
<a id='n1515' href='#n1515'>1515</a>
<a id='n1516' href='#n1516'>1516</a>
<a id='n1517' href='#n1517'>1517</a>
<a id='n1518' href='#n1518'>1518</a>
<a id='n1519' href='#n1519'>1519</a>
<a id='n1520' href='#n1520'>1520</a>
<a id='n1521' href='#n1521'>1521</a>
<a id='n1522' href='#n1522'>1522</a>
<a id='n1523' href='#n1523'>1523</a>
<a id='n1524' href='#n1524'>1524</a>
<a id='n1525' href='#n1525'>1525</a>
<a id='n1526' href='#n1526'>1526</a>
<a id='n1527' href='#n1527'>1527</a>
<a id='n1528' href='#n1528'>1528</a>
<a id='n1529' href='#n1529'>1529</a>
<a id='n1530' href='#n1530'>1530</a>
<a id='n1531' href='#n1531'>1531</a>
<a id='n1532' href='#n1532'>1532</a>
<a id='n1533' href='#n1533'>1533</a>
<a id='n1534' href='#n1534'>1534</a>
<a id='n1535' href='#n1535'>1535</a>
<a id='n1536' href='#n1536'>1536</a>
<a id='n1537' href='#n1537'>1537</a>
<a id='n1538' href='#n1538'>1538</a>
<a id='n1539' href='#n1539'>1539</a>
<a id='n1540' href='#n1540'>1540</a>
<a id='n1541' href='#n1541'>1541</a>
<a id='n1542' href='#n1542'>1542</a>
<a id='n1543' href='#n1543'>1543</a>
<a id='n1544' href='#n1544'>1544</a>
<a id='n1545' href='#n1545'>1545</a>
<a id='n1546' href='#n1546'>1546</a>
<a id='n1547' href='#n1547'>1547</a>
<a id='n1548' href='#n1548'>1548</a>
<a id='n1549' href='#n1549'>1549</a>
<a id='n1550' href='#n1550'>1550</a>
<a id='n1551' href='#n1551'>1551</a>
<a id='n1552' href='#n1552'>1552</a>
<a id='n1553' href='#n1553'>1553</a>
<a id='n1554' href='#n1554'>1554</a>
<a id='n1555' href='#n1555'>1555</a>
<a id='n1556' href='#n1556'>1556</a>
<a id='n1557' href='#n1557'>1557</a>
<a id='n1558' href='#n1558'>1558</a>
<a id='n1559' href='#n1559'>1559</a>
<a id='n1560' href='#n1560'>1560</a>
<a id='n1561' href='#n1561'>1561</a>
<a id='n1562' href='#n1562'>1562</a>
<a id='n1563' href='#n1563'>1563</a>
<a id='n1564' href='#n1564'>1564</a>
<a id='n1565' href='#n1565'>1565</a>
<a id='n1566' href='#n1566'>1566</a>
<a id='n1567' href='#n1567'>1567</a>
<a id='n1568' href='#n1568'>1568</a>
<a id='n1569' href='#n1569'>1569</a>
<a id='n1570' href='#n1570'>1570</a>
<a id='n1571' href='#n1571'>1571</a>
<a id='n1572' href='#n1572'>1572</a>
<a id='n1573' href='#n1573'>1573</a>
<a id='n1574' href='#n1574'>1574</a>
<a id='n1575' href='#n1575'>1575</a>
<a id='n1576' href='#n1576'>1576</a>
<a id='n1577' href='#n1577'>1577</a>
<a id='n1578' href='#n1578'>1578</a>
<a id='n1579' href='#n1579'>1579</a>
<a id='n1580' href='#n1580'>1580</a>
<a id='n1581' href='#n1581'>1581</a>
<a id='n1582' href='#n1582'>1582</a>
<a id='n1583' href='#n1583'>1583</a>
<a id='n1584' href='#n1584'>1584</a>
<a id='n1585' href='#n1585'>1585</a>
<a id='n1586' href='#n1586'>1586</a>
<a id='n1587' href='#n1587'>1587</a>
<a id='n1588' href='#n1588'>1588</a>
<a id='n1589' href='#n1589'>1589</a>
<a id='n1590' href='#n1590'>1590</a>
<a id='n1591' href='#n1591'>1591</a>
<a id='n1592' href='#n1592'>1592</a>
<a id='n1593' href='#n1593'>1593</a>
<a id='n1594' href='#n1594'>1594</a>
<a id='n1595' href='#n1595'>1595</a>
<a id='n1596' href='#n1596'>1596</a>
<a id='n1597' href='#n1597'>1597</a>
<a id='n1598' href='#n1598'>1598</a>
<a id='n1599' href='#n1599'>1599</a>
<a id='n1600' href='#n1600'>1600</a>
<a id='n1601' href='#n1601'>1601</a>
<a id='n1602' href='#n1602'>1602</a>
<a id='n1603' href='#n1603'>1603</a>
<a id='n1604' href='#n1604'>1604</a>
<a id='n1605' href='#n1605'>1605</a>
<a id='n1606' href='#n1606'>1606</a>
<a id='n1607' href='#n1607'>1607</a>
<a id='n1608' href='#n1608'>1608</a>
<a id='n1609' href='#n1609'>1609</a>
<a id='n1610' href='#n1610'>1610</a>
<a id='n1611' href='#n1611'>1611</a>
<a id='n1612' href='#n1612'>1612</a>
<a id='n1613' href='#n1613'>1613</a>
<a id='n1614' href='#n1614'>1614</a>
<a id='n1615' href='#n1615'>1615</a>
<a id='n1616' href='#n1616'>1616</a>
<a id='n1617' href='#n1617'>1617</a>
<a id='n1618' href='#n1618'>1618</a>
<a id='n1619' href='#n1619'>1619</a>
<a id='n1620' href='#n1620'>1620</a>
<a id='n1621' href='#n1621'>1621</a>
<a id='n1622' href='#n1622'>1622</a>
<a id='n1623' href='#n1623'>1623</a>
<a id='n1624' href='#n1624'>1624</a>
<a id='n1625' href='#n1625'>1625</a>
<a id='n1626' href='#n1626'>1626</a>
<a id='n1627' href='#n1627'>1627</a>
<a id='n1628' href='#n1628'>1628</a>
<a id='n1629' href='#n1629'>1629</a>
<a id='n1630' href='#n1630'>1630</a>
<a id='n1631' href='#n1631'>1631</a>
<a id='n1632' href='#n1632'>1632</a>
<a id='n1633' href='#n1633'>1633</a>
<a id='n1634' href='#n1634'>1634</a>
<a id='n1635' href='#n1635'>1635</a>
<a id='n1636' href='#n1636'>1636</a>
<a id='n1637' href='#n1637'>1637</a>
<a id='n1638' href='#n1638'>1638</a>
<a id='n1639' href='#n1639'>1639</a>
<a id='n1640' href='#n1640'>1640</a>
<a id='n1641' href='#n1641'>1641</a>
<a id='n1642' href='#n1642'>1642</a>
<a id='n1643' href='#n1643'>1643</a>
<a id='n1644' href='#n1644'>1644</a>
<a id='n1645' href='#n1645'>1645</a>
<a id='n1646' href='#n1646'>1646</a>
<a id='n1647' href='#n1647'>1647</a>
<a id='n1648' href='#n1648'>1648</a>
<a id='n1649' href='#n1649'>1649</a>
<a id='n1650' href='#n1650'>1650</a>
<a id='n1651' href='#n1651'>1651</a>
<a id='n1652' href='#n1652'>1652</a>
<a id='n1653' href='#n1653'>1653</a>
<a id='n1654' href='#n1654'>1654</a>
<a id='n1655' href='#n1655'>1655</a>
<a id='n1656' href='#n1656'>1656</a>
<a id='n1657' href='#n1657'>1657</a>
<a id='n1658' href='#n1658'>1658</a>
<a id='n1659' href='#n1659'>1659</a>
<a id='n1660' href='#n1660'>1660</a>
<a id='n1661' href='#n1661'>1661</a>
<a id='n1662' href='#n1662'>1662</a>
<a id='n1663' href='#n1663'>1663</a>
<a id='n1664' href='#n1664'>1664</a>
<a id='n1665' href='#n1665'>1665</a>
<a id='n1666' href='#n1666'>1666</a>
<a id='n1667' href='#n1667'>1667</a>
<a id='n1668' href='#n1668'>1668</a>
<a id='n1669' href='#n1669'>1669</a>
<a id='n1670' href='#n1670'>1670</a>
<a id='n1671' href='#n1671'>1671</a>
<a id='n1672' href='#n1672'>1672</a>
<a id='n1673' href='#n1673'>1673</a>
<a id='n1674' href='#n1674'>1674</a>
<a id='n1675' href='#n1675'>1675</a>
<a id='n1676' href='#n1676'>1676</a>
<a id='n1677' href='#n1677'>1677</a>
<a id='n1678' href='#n1678'>1678</a>
<a id='n1679' href='#n1679'>1679</a>
<a id='n1680' href='#n1680'>1680</a>
<a id='n1681' href='#n1681'>1681</a>
<a id='n1682' href='#n1682'>1682</a>
<a id='n1683' href='#n1683'>1683</a>
<a id='n1684' href='#n1684'>1684</a>
<a id='n1685' href='#n1685'>1685</a>
<a id='n1686' href='#n1686'>1686</a>
<a id='n1687' href='#n1687'>1687</a>
<a id='n1688' href='#n1688'>1688</a>
<a id='n1689' href='#n1689'>1689</a>
<a id='n1690' href='#n1690'>1690</a>
<a id='n1691' href='#n1691'>1691</a>
<a id='n1692' href='#n1692'>1692</a>
<a id='n1693' href='#n1693'>1693</a>
<a id='n1694' href='#n1694'>1694</a>
<a id='n1695' href='#n1695'>1695</a>
<a id='n1696' href='#n1696'>1696</a>
<a id='n1697' href='#n1697'>1697</a>
<a id='n1698' href='#n1698'>1698</a>
<a id='n1699' href='#n1699'>1699</a>
<a id='n1700' href='#n1700'>1700</a>
<a id='n1701' href='#n1701'>1701</a>
<a id='n1702' href='#n1702'>1702</a>
<a id='n1703' href='#n1703'>1703</a>
<a id='n1704' href='#n1704'>1704</a>
<a id='n1705' href='#n1705'>1705</a>
<a id='n1706' href='#n1706'>1706</a>
<a id='n1707' href='#n1707'>1707</a>
<a id='n1708' href='#n1708'>1708</a>
<a id='n1709' href='#n1709'>1709</a>
<a id='n1710' href='#n1710'>1710</a>
<a id='n1711' href='#n1711'>1711</a>
<a id='n1712' href='#n1712'>1712</a>
<a id='n1713' href='#n1713'>1713</a>
<a id='n1714' href='#n1714'>1714</a>
<a id='n1715' href='#n1715'>1715</a>
<a id='n1716' href='#n1716'>1716</a>
<a id='n1717' href='#n1717'>1717</a>
<a id='n1718' href='#n1718'>1718</a>
<a id='n1719' href='#n1719'>1719</a>
<a id='n1720' href='#n1720'>1720</a>
<a id='n1721' href='#n1721'>1721</a>
<a id='n1722' href='#n1722'>1722</a>
<a id='n1723' href='#n1723'>1723</a>
<a id='n1724' href='#n1724'>1724</a>
<a id='n1725' href='#n1725'>1725</a>
<a id='n1726' href='#n1726'>1726</a>
<a id='n1727' href='#n1727'>1727</a>
<a id='n1728' href='#n1728'>1728</a>
<a id='n1729' href='#n1729'>1729</a>
<a id='n1730' href='#n1730'>1730</a>
<a id='n1731' href='#n1731'>1731</a>
<a id='n1732' href='#n1732'>1732</a>
<a id='n1733' href='#n1733'>1733</a>
<a id='n1734' href='#n1734'>1734</a>
<a id='n1735' href='#n1735'>1735</a>
<a id='n1736' href='#n1736'>1736</a>
<a id='n1737' href='#n1737'>1737</a>
<a id='n1738' href='#n1738'>1738</a>
<a id='n1739' href='#n1739'>1739</a>
<a id='n1740' href='#n1740'>1740</a>
<a id='n1741' href='#n1741'>1741</a>
<a id='n1742' href='#n1742'>1742</a>
<a id='n1743' href='#n1743'>1743</a>
<a id='n1744' href='#n1744'>1744</a>
<a id='n1745' href='#n1745'>1745</a>
<a id='n1746' href='#n1746'>1746</a>
<a id='n1747' href='#n1747'>1747</a>
<a id='n1748' href='#n1748'>1748</a>
<a id='n1749' href='#n1749'>1749</a>
<a id='n1750' href='#n1750'>1750</a>
<a id='n1751' href='#n1751'>1751</a>
<a id='n1752' href='#n1752'>1752</a>
<a id='n1753' href='#n1753'>1753</a>
<a id='n1754' href='#n1754'>1754</a>
<a id='n1755' href='#n1755'>1755</a>
<a id='n1756' href='#n1756'>1756</a>
<a id='n1757' href='#n1757'>1757</a>
<a id='n1758' href='#n1758'>1758</a>
<a id='n1759' href='#n1759'>1759</a>
<a id='n1760' href='#n1760'>1760</a>
<a id='n1761' href='#n1761'>1761</a>
<a id='n1762' href='#n1762'>1762</a>
<a id='n1763' href='#n1763'>1763</a>
<a id='n1764' href='#n1764'>1764</a>
<a id='n1765' href='#n1765'>1765</a>
<a id='n1766' href='#n1766'>1766</a>
<a id='n1767' href='#n1767'>1767</a>
<a id='n1768' href='#n1768'>1768</a>
<a id='n1769' href='#n1769'>1769</a>
<a id='n1770' href='#n1770'>1770</a>
<a id='n1771' href='#n1771'>1771</a>
<a id='n1772' href='#n1772'>1772</a>
<a id='n1773' href='#n1773'>1773</a>
<a id='n1774' href='#n1774'>1774</a>
<a id='n1775' href='#n1775'>1775</a>
<a id='n1776' href='#n1776'>1776</a>
<a id='n1777' href='#n1777'>1777</a>
<a id='n1778' href='#n1778'>1778</a>
<a id='n1779' href='#n1779'>1779</a>
<a id='n1780' href='#n1780'>1780</a>
<a id='n1781' href='#n1781'>1781</a>
<a id='n1782' href='#n1782'>1782</a>
<a id='n1783' href='#n1783'>1783</a>
<a id='n1784' href='#n1784'>1784</a>
<a id='n1785' href='#n1785'>1785</a>
<a id='n1786' href='#n1786'>1786</a>
<a id='n1787' href='#n1787'>1787</a>
<a id='n1788' href='#n1788'>1788</a>
<a id='n1789' href='#n1789'>1789</a>
<a id='n1790' href='#n1790'>1790</a>
<a id='n1791' href='#n1791'>1791</a>
<a id='n1792' href='#n1792'>1792</a>
<a id='n1793' href='#n1793'>1793</a>
<a id='n1794' href='#n1794'>1794</a>
<a id='n1795' href='#n1795'>1795</a>
<a id='n1796' href='#n1796'>1796</a>
<a id='n1797' href='#n1797'>1797</a>
<a id='n1798' href='#n1798'>1798</a>
<a id='n1799' href='#n1799'>1799</a>
<a id='n1800' href='#n1800'>1800</a>
<a id='n1801' href='#n1801'>1801</a>
<a id='n1802' href='#n1802'>1802</a>
<a id='n1803' href='#n1803'>1803</a>
<a id='n1804' href='#n1804'>1804</a>
<a id='n1805' href='#n1805'>1805</a>
<a id='n1806' href='#n1806'>1806</a>
<a id='n1807' href='#n1807'>1807</a>
<a id='n1808' href='#n1808'>1808</a>
<a id='n1809' href='#n1809'>1809</a>
<a id='n1810' href='#n1810'>1810</a>
<a id='n1811' href='#n1811'>1811</a>
<a id='n1812' href='#n1812'>1812</a>
<a id='n1813' href='#n1813'>1813</a>
<a id='n1814' href='#n1814'>1814</a>
<a id='n1815' href='#n1815'>1815</a>
<a id='n1816' href='#n1816'>1816</a>
<a id='n1817' href='#n1817'>1817</a>
<a id='n1818' href='#n1818'>1818</a>
<a id='n1819' href='#n1819'>1819</a>
<a id='n1820' href='#n1820'>1820</a>
<a id='n1821' href='#n1821'>1821</a>
<a id='n1822' href='#n1822'>1822</a>
<a id='n1823' href='#n1823'>1823</a>
<a id='n1824' href='#n1824'>1824</a>
<a id='n1825' href='#n1825'>1825</a>
<a id='n1826' href='#n1826'>1826</a>
<a id='n1827' href='#n1827'>1827</a>
<a id='n1828' href='#n1828'>1828</a>
<a id='n1829' href='#n1829'>1829</a>
<a id='n1830' href='#n1830'>1830</a>
<a id='n1831' href='#n1831'>1831</a>
<a id='n1832' href='#n1832'>1832</a>
<a id='n1833' href='#n1833'>1833</a>
<a id='n1834' href='#n1834'>1834</a>
<a id='n1835' href='#n1835'>1835</a>
<a id='n1836' href='#n1836'>1836</a>
<a id='n1837' href='#n1837'>1837</a>
<a id='n1838' href='#n1838'>1838</a>
<a id='n1839' href='#n1839'>1839</a>
<a id='n1840' href='#n1840'>1840</a>
<a id='n1841' href='#n1841'>1841</a>
<a id='n1842' href='#n1842'>1842</a>
<a id='n1843' href='#n1843'>1843</a>
<a id='n1844' href='#n1844'>1844</a>
<a id='n1845' href='#n1845'>1845</a>
<a id='n1846' href='#n1846'>1846</a>
<a id='n1847' href='#n1847'>1847</a>
<a id='n1848' href='#n1848'>1848</a>
<a id='n1849' href='#n1849'>1849</a>
<a id='n1850' href='#n1850'>1850</a>
<a id='n1851' href='#n1851'>1851</a>
<a id='n1852' href='#n1852'>1852</a>
<a id='n1853' href='#n1853'>1853</a>
<a id='n1854' href='#n1854'>1854</a>
<a id='n1855' href='#n1855'>1855</a>
<a id='n1856' href='#n1856'>1856</a>
<a id='n1857' href='#n1857'>1857</a>
<a id='n1858' href='#n1858'>1858</a>
<a id='n1859' href='#n1859'>1859</a>
<a id='n1860' href='#n1860'>1860</a>
<a id='n1861' href='#n1861'>1861</a>
<a id='n1862' href='#n1862'>1862</a>
<a id='n1863' href='#n1863'>1863</a>
<a id='n1864' href='#n1864'>1864</a>
<a id='n1865' href='#n1865'>1865</a>
<a id='n1866' href='#n1866'>1866</a>
<a id='n1867' href='#n1867'>1867</a>
<a id='n1868' href='#n1868'>1868</a>
<a id='n1869' href='#n1869'>1869</a>
<a id='n1870' href='#n1870'>1870</a>
<a id='n1871' href='#n1871'>1871</a>
<a id='n1872' href='#n1872'>1872</a>
<a id='n1873' href='#n1873'>1873</a>
<a id='n1874' href='#n1874'>1874</a>
<a id='n1875' href='#n1875'>1875</a>
<a id='n1876' href='#n1876'>1876</a>
<a id='n1877' href='#n1877'>1877</a>
<a id='n1878' href='#n1878'>1878</a>
<a id='n1879' href='#n1879'>1879</a>
<a id='n1880' href='#n1880'>1880</a>
<a id='n1881' href='#n1881'>1881</a>
<a id='n1882' href='#n1882'>1882</a>
<a id='n1883' href='#n1883'>1883</a>
<a id='n1884' href='#n1884'>1884</a>
<a id='n1885' href='#n1885'>1885</a>
<a id='n1886' href='#n1886'>1886</a>
<a id='n1887' href='#n1887'>1887</a>
<a id='n1888' href='#n1888'>1888</a>
<a id='n1889' href='#n1889'>1889</a>
<a id='n1890' href='#n1890'>1890</a>
<a id='n1891' href='#n1891'>1891</a>
<a id='n1892' href='#n1892'>1892</a>
<a id='n1893' href='#n1893'>1893</a>
<a id='n1894' href='#n1894'>1894</a>
<a id='n1895' href='#n1895'>1895</a>
<a id='n1896' href='#n1896'>1896</a>
<a id='n1897' href='#n1897'>1897</a>
<a id='n1898' href='#n1898'>1898</a>
<a id='n1899' href='#n1899'>1899</a>
<a id='n1900' href='#n1900'>1900</a>
<a id='n1901' href='#n1901'>1901</a>
<a id='n1902' href='#n1902'>1902</a>
<a id='n1903' href='#n1903'>1903</a>
<a id='n1904' href='#n1904'>1904</a>
<a id='n1905' href='#n1905'>1905</a>
<a id='n1906' href='#n1906'>1906</a>
<a id='n1907' href='#n1907'>1907</a>
<a id='n1908' href='#n1908'>1908</a>
<a id='n1909' href='#n1909'>1909</a>
<a id='n1910' href='#n1910'>1910</a>
<a id='n1911' href='#n1911'>1911</a>
<a id='n1912' href='#n1912'>1912</a>
<a id='n1913' href='#n1913'>1913</a>
<a id='n1914' href='#n1914'>1914</a>
<a id='n1915' href='#n1915'>1915</a>
<a id='n1916' href='#n1916'>1916</a>
<a id='n1917' href='#n1917'>1917</a>
<a id='n1918' href='#n1918'>1918</a>
<a id='n1919' href='#n1919'>1919</a>
<a id='n1920' href='#n1920'>1920</a>
<a id='n1921' href='#n1921'>1921</a>
<a id='n1922' href='#n1922'>1922</a>
<a id='n1923' href='#n1923'>1923</a>
<a id='n1924' href='#n1924'>1924</a>
<a id='n1925' href='#n1925'>1925</a>
<a id='n1926' href='#n1926'>1926</a>
<a id='n1927' href='#n1927'>1927</a>
<a id='n1928' href='#n1928'>1928</a>
<a id='n1929' href='#n1929'>1929</a>
<a id='n1930' href='#n1930'>1930</a>
<a id='n1931' href='#n1931'>1931</a>
<a id='n1932' href='#n1932'>1932</a>
<a id='n1933' href='#n1933'>1933</a>
<a id='n1934' href='#n1934'>1934</a>
<a id='n1935' href='#n1935'>1935</a>
<a id='n1936' href='#n1936'>1936</a>
<a id='n1937' href='#n1937'>1937</a>
<a id='n1938' href='#n1938'>1938</a>
<a id='n1939' href='#n1939'>1939</a>
<a id='n1940' href='#n1940'>1940</a>
<a id='n1941' href='#n1941'>1941</a>
<a id='n1942' href='#n1942'>1942</a>
<a id='n1943' href='#n1943'>1943</a>
<a id='n1944' href='#n1944'>1944</a>
<a id='n1945' href='#n1945'>1945</a>
<a id='n1946' href='#n1946'>1946</a>
<a id='n1947' href='#n1947'>1947</a>
<a id='n1948' href='#n1948'>1948</a>
<a id='n1949' href='#n1949'>1949</a>
<a id='n1950' href='#n1950'>1950</a>
<a id='n1951' href='#n1951'>1951</a>
<a id='n1952' href='#n1952'>1952</a>
<a id='n1953' href='#n1953'>1953</a>
<a id='n1954' href='#n1954'>1954</a>
<a id='n1955' href='#n1955'>1955</a>
<a id='n1956' href='#n1956'>1956</a>
<a id='n1957' href='#n1957'>1957</a>
<a id='n1958' href='#n1958'>1958</a>
<a id='n1959' href='#n1959'>1959</a>
<a id='n1960' href='#n1960'>1960</a>
<a id='n1961' href='#n1961'>1961</a>
<a id='n1962' href='#n1962'>1962</a>
<a id='n1963' href='#n1963'>1963</a>
<a id='n1964' href='#n1964'>1964</a>
<a id='n1965' href='#n1965'>1965</a>
<a id='n1966' href='#n1966'>1966</a>
<a id='n1967' href='#n1967'>1967</a>
<a id='n1968' href='#n1968'>1968</a>
<a id='n1969' href='#n1969'>1969</a>
<a id='n1970' href='#n1970'>1970</a>
<a id='n1971' href='#n1971'>1971</a>
<a id='n1972' href='#n1972'>1972</a>
<a id='n1973' href='#n1973'>1973</a>
<a id='n1974' href='#n1974'>1974</a>
<a id='n1975' href='#n1975'>1975</a>
<a id='n1976' href='#n1976'>1976</a>
<a id='n1977' href='#n1977'>1977</a>
<a id='n1978' href='#n1978'>1978</a>
<a id='n1979' href='#n1979'>1979</a>
<a id='n1980' href='#n1980'>1980</a>
<a id='n1981' href='#n1981'>1981</a>
<a id='n1982' href='#n1982'>1982</a>
<a id='n1983' href='#n1983'>1983</a>
<a id='n1984' href='#n1984'>1984</a>
<a id='n1985' href='#n1985'>1985</a>
<a id='n1986' href='#n1986'>1986</a>
<a id='n1987' href='#n1987'>1987</a>
<a id='n1988' href='#n1988'>1988</a>
<a id='n1989' href='#n1989'>1989</a>
<a id='n1990' href='#n1990'>1990</a>
<a id='n1991' href='#n1991'>1991</a>
<a id='n1992' href='#n1992'>1992</a>
<a id='n1993' href='#n1993'>1993</a>
<a id='n1994' href='#n1994'>1994</a>
<a id='n1995' href='#n1995'>1995</a>
<a id='n1996' href='#n1996'>1996</a>
<a id='n1997' href='#n1997'>1997</a>
<a id='n1998' href='#n1998'>1998</a>
<a id='n1999' href='#n1999'>1999</a>
<a id='n2000' href='#n2000'>2000</a>
<a id='n2001' href='#n2001'>2001</a>
<a id='n2002' href='#n2002'>2002</a>
<a id='n2003' href='#n2003'>2003</a>
<a id='n2004' href='#n2004'>2004</a>
<a id='n2005' href='#n2005'>2005</a>
<a id='n2006' href='#n2006'>2006</a>
<a id='n2007' href='#n2007'>2007</a>
<a id='n2008' href='#n2008'>2008</a>
<a id='n2009' href='#n2009'>2009</a>
<a id='n2010' href='#n2010'>2010</a>
<a id='n2011' href='#n2011'>2011</a>
<a id='n2012' href='#n2012'>2012</a>
<a id='n2013' href='#n2013'>2013</a>
<a id='n2014' href='#n2014'>2014</a>
<a id='n2015' href='#n2015'>2015</a>
<a id='n2016' href='#n2016'>2016</a>
<a id='n2017' href='#n2017'>2017</a>
<a id='n2018' href='#n2018'>2018</a>
<a id='n2019' href='#n2019'>2019</a>
<a id='n2020' href='#n2020'>2020</a>
<a id='n2021' href='#n2021'>2021</a>
<a id='n2022' href='#n2022'>2022</a>
<a id='n2023' href='#n2023'>2023</a>
<a id='n2024' href='#n2024'>2024</a>
<a id='n2025' href='#n2025'>2025</a>
<a id='n2026' href='#n2026'>2026</a>
<a id='n2027' href='#n2027'>2027</a>
<a id='n2028' href='#n2028'>2028</a>
<a id='n2029' href='#n2029'>2029</a>
<a id='n2030' href='#n2030'>2030</a>
<a id='n2031' href='#n2031'>2031</a>
<a id='n2032' href='#n2032'>2032</a>
<a id='n2033' href='#n2033'>2033</a>
<a id='n2034' href='#n2034'>2034</a>
<a id='n2035' href='#n2035'>2035</a>
<a id='n2036' href='#n2036'>2036</a>
<a id='n2037' href='#n2037'>2037</a>
<a id='n2038' href='#n2038'>2038</a>
<a id='n2039' href='#n2039'>2039</a>
<a id='n2040' href='#n2040'>2040</a>
<a id='n2041' href='#n2041'>2041</a>
<a id='n2042' href='#n2042'>2042</a>
<a id='n2043' href='#n2043'>2043</a>
<a id='n2044' href='#n2044'>2044</a>
<a id='n2045' href='#n2045'>2045</a>
<a id='n2046' href='#n2046'>2046</a>
<a id='n2047' href='#n2047'>2047</a>
<a id='n2048' href='#n2048'>2048</a>
<a id='n2049' href='#n2049'>2049</a>
<a id='n2050' href='#n2050'>2050</a>
<a id='n2051' href='#n2051'>2051</a>
<a id='n2052' href='#n2052'>2052</a>
<a id='n2053' href='#n2053'>2053</a>
<a id='n2054' href='#n2054'>2054</a>
<a id='n2055' href='#n2055'>2055</a>
<a id='n2056' href='#n2056'>2056</a>
<a id='n2057' href='#n2057'>2057</a>
<a id='n2058' href='#n2058'>2058</a>
<a id='n2059' href='#n2059'>2059</a>
<a id='n2060' href='#n2060'>2060</a>
<a id='n2061' href='#n2061'>2061</a>
<a id='n2062' href='#n2062'>2062</a>
<a id='n2063' href='#n2063'>2063</a>
<a id='n2064' href='#n2064'>2064</a>
<a id='n2065' href='#n2065'>2065</a>
<a id='n2066' href='#n2066'>2066</a>
<a id='n2067' href='#n2067'>2067</a>
<a id='n2068' href='#n2068'>2068</a>
<a id='n2069' href='#n2069'>2069</a>
<a id='n2070' href='#n2070'>2070</a>
<a id='n2071' href='#n2071'>2071</a>
<a id='n2072' href='#n2072'>2072</a>
<a id='n2073' href='#n2073'>2073</a>
<a id='n2074' href='#n2074'>2074</a>
<a id='n2075' href='#n2075'>2075</a>
<a id='n2076' href='#n2076'>2076</a>
<a id='n2077' href='#n2077'>2077</a>
<a id='n2078' href='#n2078'>2078</a>
<a id='n2079' href='#n2079'>2079</a>
<a id='n2080' href='#n2080'>2080</a>
<a id='n2081' href='#n2081'>2081</a>
<a id='n2082' href='#n2082'>2082</a>
<a id='n2083' href='#n2083'>2083</a>
<a id='n2084' href='#n2084'>2084</a>
<a id='n2085' href='#n2085'>2085</a>
<a id='n2086' href='#n2086'>2086</a>
<a id='n2087' href='#n2087'>2087</a>
<a id='n2088' href='#n2088'>2088</a>
<a id='n2089' href='#n2089'>2089</a>
<a id='n2090' href='#n2090'>2090</a>
<a id='n2091' href='#n2091'>2091</a>
<a id='n2092' href='#n2092'>2092</a>
<a id='n2093' href='#n2093'>2093</a>
<a id='n2094' href='#n2094'>2094</a>
<a id='n2095' href='#n2095'>2095</a>
<a id='n2096' href='#n2096'>2096</a>
<a id='n2097' href='#n2097'>2097</a>
<a id='n2098' href='#n2098'>2098</a>
<a id='n2099' href='#n2099'>2099</a>
<a id='n2100' href='#n2100'>2100</a>
<a id='n2101' href='#n2101'>2101</a>
<a id='n2102' href='#n2102'>2102</a>
<a id='n2103' href='#n2103'>2103</a>
<a id='n2104' href='#n2104'>2104</a>
<a id='n2105' href='#n2105'>2105</a>
<a id='n2106' href='#n2106'>2106</a>
<a id='n2107' href='#n2107'>2107</a>
<a id='n2108' href='#n2108'>2108</a>
<a id='n2109' href='#n2109'>2109</a>
<a id='n2110' href='#n2110'>2110</a>
<a id='n2111' href='#n2111'>2111</a>
<a id='n2112' href='#n2112'>2112</a>
<a id='n2113' href='#n2113'>2113</a>
<a id='n2114' href='#n2114'>2114</a>
<a id='n2115' href='#n2115'>2115</a>
<a id='n2116' href='#n2116'>2116</a>
<a id='n2117' href='#n2117'>2117</a>
<a id='n2118' href='#n2118'>2118</a>
<a id='n2119' href='#n2119'>2119</a>
<a id='n2120' href='#n2120'>2120</a>
<a id='n2121' href='#n2121'>2121</a>
<a id='n2122' href='#n2122'>2122</a>
<a id='n2123' href='#n2123'>2123</a>
<a id='n2124' href='#n2124'>2124</a>
<a id='n2125' href='#n2125'>2125</a>
<a id='n2126' href='#n2126'>2126</a>
<a id='n2127' href='#n2127'>2127</a>
<a id='n2128' href='#n2128'>2128</a>
<a id='n2129' href='#n2129'>2129</a>
<a id='n2130' href='#n2130'>2130</a>
<a id='n2131' href='#n2131'>2131</a>
<a id='n2132' href='#n2132'>2132</a>
<a id='n2133' href='#n2133'>2133</a>
<a id='n2134' href='#n2134'>2134</a>
<a id='n2135' href='#n2135'>2135</a>
<a id='n2136' href='#n2136'>2136</a>
<a id='n2137' href='#n2137'>2137</a>
<a id='n2138' href='#n2138'>2138</a>
<a id='n2139' href='#n2139'>2139</a>
<a id='n2140' href='#n2140'>2140</a>
<a id='n2141' href='#n2141'>2141</a>
<a id='n2142' href='#n2142'>2142</a>
<a id='n2143' href='#n2143'>2143</a>
<a id='n2144' href='#n2144'>2144</a>
<a id='n2145' href='#n2145'>2145</a>
<a id='n2146' href='#n2146'>2146</a>
<a id='n2147' href='#n2147'>2147</a>
<a id='n2148' href='#n2148'>2148</a>
<a id='n2149' href='#n2149'>2149</a>
<a id='n2150' href='#n2150'>2150</a>
<a id='n2151' href='#n2151'>2151</a>
<a id='n2152' href='#n2152'>2152</a>
<a id='n2153' href='#n2153'>2153</a>
<a id='n2154' href='#n2154'>2154</a>
<a id='n2155' href='#n2155'>2155</a>
<a id='n2156' href='#n2156'>2156</a>
<a id='n2157' href='#n2157'>2157</a>
<a id='n2158' href='#n2158'>2158</a>
<a id='n2159' href='#n2159'>2159</a>
<a id='n2160' href='#n2160'>2160</a>
<a id='n2161' href='#n2161'>2161</a>
<a id='n2162' href='#n2162'>2162</a>
<a id='n2163' href='#n2163'>2163</a>
<a id='n2164' href='#n2164'>2164</a>
<a id='n2165' href='#n2165'>2165</a>
<a id='n2166' href='#n2166'>2166</a>
<a id='n2167' href='#n2167'>2167</a>
<a id='n2168' href='#n2168'>2168</a>
<a id='n2169' href='#n2169'>2169</a>
<a id='n2170' href='#n2170'>2170</a>
<a id='n2171' href='#n2171'>2171</a>
<a id='n2172' href='#n2172'>2172</a>
<a id='n2173' href='#n2173'>2173</a>
<a id='n2174' href='#n2174'>2174</a>
<a id='n2175' href='#n2175'>2175</a>
<a id='n2176' href='#n2176'>2176</a>
<a id='n2177' href='#n2177'>2177</a>
<a id='n2178' href='#n2178'>2178</a>
<a id='n2179' href='#n2179'>2179</a>
<a id='n2180' href='#n2180'>2180</a>
<a id='n2181' href='#n2181'>2181</a>
<a id='n2182' href='#n2182'>2182</a>
<a id='n2183' href='#n2183'>2183</a>
<a id='n2184' href='#n2184'>2184</a>
<a id='n2185' href='#n2185'>2185</a>
<a id='n2186' href='#n2186'>2186</a>
<a id='n2187' href='#n2187'>2187</a>
<a id='n2188' href='#n2188'>2188</a>
<a id='n2189' href='#n2189'>2189</a>
<a id='n2190' href='#n2190'>2190</a>
<a id='n2191' href='#n2191'>2191</a>
<a id='n2192' href='#n2192'>2192</a>
<a id='n2193' href='#n2193'>2193</a>
<a id='n2194' href='#n2194'>2194</a>
<a id='n2195' href='#n2195'>2195</a>
<a id='n2196' href='#n2196'>2196</a>
<a id='n2197' href='#n2197'>2197</a>
<a id='n2198' href='#n2198'>2198</a>
<a id='n2199' href='#n2199'>2199</a>
<a id='n2200' href='#n2200'>2200</a>
<a id='n2201' href='#n2201'>2201</a>
<a id='n2202' href='#n2202'>2202</a>
<a id='n2203' href='#n2203'>2203</a>
<a id='n2204' href='#n2204'>2204</a>
<a id='n2205' href='#n2205'>2205</a>
<a id='n2206' href='#n2206'>2206</a>
<a id='n2207' href='#n2207'>2207</a>
<a id='n2208' href='#n2208'>2208</a>
<a id='n2209' href='#n2209'>2209</a>
<a id='n2210' href='#n2210'>2210</a>
<a id='n2211' href='#n2211'>2211</a>
<a id='n2212' href='#n2212'>2212</a>
<a id='n2213' href='#n2213'>2213</a>
<a id='n2214' href='#n2214'>2214</a>
<a id='n2215' href='#n2215'>2215</a>
<a id='n2216' href='#n2216'>2216</a>
<a id='n2217' href='#n2217'>2217</a>
<a id='n2218' href='#n2218'>2218</a>
<a id='n2219' href='#n2219'>2219</a>
<a id='n2220' href='#n2220'>2220</a>
<a id='n2221' href='#n2221'>2221</a>
<a id='n2222' href='#n2222'>2222</a>
<a id='n2223' href='#n2223'>2223</a>
<a id='n2224' href='#n2224'>2224</a>
<a id='n2225' href='#n2225'>2225</a>
<a id='n2226' href='#n2226'>2226</a>
<a id='n2227' href='#n2227'>2227</a>
<a id='n2228' href='#n2228'>2228</a>
<a id='n2229' href='#n2229'>2229</a>
<a id='n2230' href='#n2230'>2230</a>
<a id='n2231' href='#n2231'>2231</a>
<a id='n2232' href='#n2232'>2232</a>
<a id='n2233' href='#n2233'>2233</a>
<a id='n2234' href='#n2234'>2234</a>
<a id='n2235' href='#n2235'>2235</a>
<a id='n2236' href='#n2236'>2236</a>
<a id='n2237' href='#n2237'>2237</a>
<a id='n2238' href='#n2238'>2238</a>
<a id='n2239' href='#n2239'>2239</a>
<a id='n2240' href='#n2240'>2240</a>
<a id='n2241' href='#n2241'>2241</a>
<a id='n2242' href='#n2242'>2242</a>
<a id='n2243' href='#n2243'>2243</a>
<a id='n2244' href='#n2244'>2244</a>
<a id='n2245' href='#n2245'>2245</a>
<a id='n2246' href='#n2246'>2246</a>
<a id='n2247' href='#n2247'>2247</a>
<a id='n2248' href='#n2248'>2248</a>
<a id='n2249' href='#n2249'>2249</a>
<a id='n2250' href='#n2250'>2250</a>
<a id='n2251' href='#n2251'>2251</a>
<a id='n2252' href='#n2252'>2252</a>
<a id='n2253' href='#n2253'>2253</a>
<a id='n2254' href='#n2254'>2254</a>
<a id='n2255' href='#n2255'>2255</a>
<a id='n2256' href='#n2256'>2256</a>
<a id='n2257' href='#n2257'>2257</a>
<a id='n2258' href='#n2258'>2258</a>
<a id='n2259' href='#n2259'>2259</a>
<a id='n2260' href='#n2260'>2260</a>
<a id='n2261' href='#n2261'>2261</a>
<a id='n2262' href='#n2262'>2262</a>
<a id='n2263' href='#n2263'>2263</a>
<a id='n2264' href='#n2264'>2264</a>
<a id='n2265' href='#n2265'>2265</a>
<a id='n2266' href='#n2266'>2266</a>
<a id='n2267' href='#n2267'>2267</a>
<a id='n2268' href='#n2268'>2268</a>
<a id='n2269' href='#n2269'>2269</a>
<a id='n2270' href='#n2270'>2270</a>
<a id='n2271' href='#n2271'>2271</a>
<a id='n2272' href='#n2272'>2272</a>
<a id='n2273' href='#n2273'>2273</a>
<a id='n2274' href='#n2274'>2274</a>
<a id='n2275' href='#n2275'>2275</a>
<a id='n2276' href='#n2276'>2276</a>
<a id='n2277' href='#n2277'>2277</a>
<a id='n2278' href='#n2278'>2278</a>
<a id='n2279' href='#n2279'>2279</a>
<a id='n2280' href='#n2280'>2280</a>
<a id='n2281' href='#n2281'>2281</a>
<a id='n2282' href='#n2282'>2282</a>
<a id='n2283' href='#n2283'>2283</a>
<a id='n2284' href='#n2284'>2284</a>
<a id='n2285' href='#n2285'>2285</a>
<a id='n2286' href='#n2286'>2286</a>
<a id='n2287' href='#n2287'>2287</a>
<a id='n2288' href='#n2288'>2288</a>
<a id='n2289' href='#n2289'>2289</a>
<a id='n2290' href='#n2290'>2290</a>
<a id='n2291' href='#n2291'>2291</a>
<a id='n2292' href='#n2292'>2292</a>
<a id='n2293' href='#n2293'>2293</a>
<a id='n2294' href='#n2294'>2294</a>
<a id='n2295' href='#n2295'>2295</a>
<a id='n2296' href='#n2296'>2296</a>
<a id='n2297' href='#n2297'>2297</a>
<a id='n2298' href='#n2298'>2298</a>
<a id='n2299' href='#n2299'>2299</a>
<a id='n2300' href='#n2300'>2300</a>
<a id='n2301' href='#n2301'>2301</a>
<a id='n2302' href='#n2302'>2302</a>
<a id='n2303' href='#n2303'>2303</a>
<a id='n2304' href='#n2304'>2304</a>
<a id='n2305' href='#n2305'>2305</a>
<a id='n2306' href='#n2306'>2306</a>
<a id='n2307' href='#n2307'>2307</a>
<a id='n2308' href='#n2308'>2308</a>
<a id='n2309' href='#n2309'>2309</a>
<a id='n2310' href='#n2310'>2310</a>
<a id='n2311' href='#n2311'>2311</a>
<a id='n2312' href='#n2312'>2312</a>
<a id='n2313' href='#n2313'>2313</a>
<a id='n2314' href='#n2314'>2314</a>
<a id='n2315' href='#n2315'>2315</a>
<a id='n2316' href='#n2316'>2316</a>
<a id='n2317' href='#n2317'>2317</a>
<a id='n2318' href='#n2318'>2318</a>
<a id='n2319' href='#n2319'>2319</a>
<a id='n2320' href='#n2320'>2320</a>
<a id='n2321' href='#n2321'>2321</a>
<a id='n2322' href='#n2322'>2322</a>
<a id='n2323' href='#n2323'>2323</a>
<a id='n2324' href='#n2324'>2324</a>
<a id='n2325' href='#n2325'>2325</a>
<a id='n2326' href='#n2326'>2326</a>
<a id='n2327' href='#n2327'>2327</a>
<a id='n2328' href='#n2328'>2328</a>
<a id='n2329' href='#n2329'>2329</a>
<a id='n2330' href='#n2330'>2330</a>
<a id='n2331' href='#n2331'>2331</a>
<a id='n2332' href='#n2332'>2332</a>
<a id='n2333' href='#n2333'>2333</a>
<a id='n2334' href='#n2334'>2334</a>
<a id='n2335' href='#n2335'>2335</a>
<a id='n2336' href='#n2336'>2336</a>
<a id='n2337' href='#n2337'>2337</a>
<a id='n2338' href='#n2338'>2338</a>
<a id='n2339' href='#n2339'>2339</a>
<a id='n2340' href='#n2340'>2340</a>
<a id='n2341' href='#n2341'>2341</a>
<a id='n2342' href='#n2342'>2342</a>
<a id='n2343' href='#n2343'>2343</a>
<a id='n2344' href='#n2344'>2344</a>
<a id='n2345' href='#n2345'>2345</a>
<a id='n2346' href='#n2346'>2346</a>
<a id='n2347' href='#n2347'>2347</a>
<a id='n2348' href='#n2348'>2348</a>
<a id='n2349' href='#n2349'>2349</a>
<a id='n2350' href='#n2350'>2350</a>
<a id='n2351' href='#n2351'>2351</a>
<a id='n2352' href='#n2352'>2352</a>
<a id='n2353' href='#n2353'>2353</a>
<a id='n2354' href='#n2354'>2354</a>
<a id='n2355' href='#n2355'>2355</a>
<a id='n2356' href='#n2356'>2356</a>
<a id='n2357' href='#n2357'>2357</a>
<a id='n2358' href='#n2358'>2358</a>
<a id='n2359' href='#n2359'>2359</a>
<a id='n2360' href='#n2360'>2360</a>
<a id='n2361' href='#n2361'>2361</a>
<a id='n2362' href='#n2362'>2362</a>
<a id='n2363' href='#n2363'>2363</a>
<a id='n2364' href='#n2364'>2364</a>
<a id='n2365' href='#n2365'>2365</a>
<a id='n2366' href='#n2366'>2366</a>
<a id='n2367' href='#n2367'>2367</a>
<a id='n2368' href='#n2368'>2368</a>
<a id='n2369' href='#n2369'>2369</a>
<a id='n2370' href='#n2370'>2370</a>
<a id='n2371' href='#n2371'>2371</a>
<a id='n2372' href='#n2372'>2372</a>
<a id='n2373' href='#n2373'>2373</a>
<a id='n2374' href='#n2374'>2374</a>
<a id='n2375' href='#n2375'>2375</a>
<a id='n2376' href='#n2376'>2376</a>
<a id='n2377' href='#n2377'>2377</a>
<a id='n2378' href='#n2378'>2378</a>
<a id='n2379' href='#n2379'>2379</a>
<a id='n2380' href='#n2380'>2380</a>
<a id='n2381' href='#n2381'>2381</a>
<a id='n2382' href='#n2382'>2382</a>
<a id='n2383' href='#n2383'>2383</a>
<a id='n2384' href='#n2384'>2384</a>
<a id='n2385' href='#n2385'>2385</a>
<a id='n2386' href='#n2386'>2386</a>
<a id='n2387' href='#n2387'>2387</a>
<a id='n2388' href='#n2388'>2388</a>
<a id='n2389' href='#n2389'>2389</a>
<a id='n2390' href='#n2390'>2390</a>
<a id='n2391' href='#n2391'>2391</a>
<a id='n2392' href='#n2392'>2392</a>
<a id='n2393' href='#n2393'>2393</a>
<a id='n2394' href='#n2394'>2394</a>
<a id='n2395' href='#n2395'>2395</a>
<a id='n2396' href='#n2396'>2396</a>
<a id='n2397' href='#n2397'>2397</a>
<a id='n2398' href='#n2398'>2398</a>
<a id='n2399' href='#n2399'>2399</a>
<a id='n2400' href='#n2400'>2400</a>
<a id='n2401' href='#n2401'>2401</a>
<a id='n2402' href='#n2402'>2402</a>
<a id='n2403' href='#n2403'>2403</a>
<a id='n2404' href='#n2404'>2404</a>
<a id='n2405' href='#n2405'>2405</a>
<a id='n2406' href='#n2406'>2406</a>
<a id='n2407' href='#n2407'>2407</a>
<a id='n2408' href='#n2408'>2408</a>
<a id='n2409' href='#n2409'>2409</a>
<a id='n2410' href='#n2410'>2410</a>
<a id='n2411' href='#n2411'>2411</a>
<a id='n2412' href='#n2412'>2412</a>
<a id='n2413' href='#n2413'>2413</a>
<a id='n2414' href='#n2414'>2414</a>
<a id='n2415' href='#n2415'>2415</a>
<a id='n2416' href='#n2416'>2416</a>
<a id='n2417' href='#n2417'>2417</a>
<a id='n2418' href='#n2418'>2418</a>
<a id='n2419' href='#n2419'>2419</a>
<a id='n2420' href='#n2420'>2420</a>
<a id='n2421' href='#n2421'>2421</a>
<a id='n2422' href='#n2422'>2422</a>
<a id='n2423' href='#n2423'>2423</a>
<a id='n2424' href='#n2424'>2424</a>
<a id='n2425' href='#n2425'>2425</a>
<a id='n2426' href='#n2426'>2426</a>
<a id='n2427' href='#n2427'>2427</a>
<a id='n2428' href='#n2428'>2428</a>
<a id='n2429' href='#n2429'>2429</a>
<a id='n2430' href='#n2430'>2430</a>
<a id='n2431' href='#n2431'>2431</a>
<a id='n2432' href='#n2432'>2432</a>
<a id='n2433' href='#n2433'>2433</a>
<a id='n2434' href='#n2434'>2434</a>
<a id='n2435' href='#n2435'>2435</a>
<a id='n2436' href='#n2436'>2436</a>
<a id='n2437' href='#n2437'>2437</a>
<a id='n2438' href='#n2438'>2438</a>
<a id='n2439' href='#n2439'>2439</a>
<a id='n2440' href='#n2440'>2440</a>
<a id='n2441' href='#n2441'>2441</a>
<a id='n2442' href='#n2442'>2442</a>
<a id='n2443' href='#n2443'>2443</a>
<a id='n2444' href='#n2444'>2444</a>
<a id='n2445' href='#n2445'>2445</a>
<a id='n2446' href='#n2446'>2446</a>
<a id='n2447' href='#n2447'>2447</a>
<a id='n2448' href='#n2448'>2448</a>
<a id='n2449' href='#n2449'>2449</a>
<a id='n2450' href='#n2450'>2450</a>
<a id='n2451' href='#n2451'>2451</a>
<a id='n2452' href='#n2452'>2452</a>
<a id='n2453' href='#n2453'>2453</a>
<a id='n2454' href='#n2454'>2454</a>
<a id='n2455' href='#n2455'>2455</a>
<a id='n2456' href='#n2456'>2456</a>
<a id='n2457' href='#n2457'>2457</a>
<a id='n2458' href='#n2458'>2458</a>
<a id='n2459' href='#n2459'>2459</a>
<a id='n2460' href='#n2460'>2460</a>
<a id='n2461' href='#n2461'>2461</a>
<a id='n2462' href='#n2462'>2462</a>
<a id='n2463' href='#n2463'>2463</a>
<a id='n2464' href='#n2464'>2464</a>
<a id='n2465' href='#n2465'>2465</a>
<a id='n2466' href='#n2466'>2466</a>
<a id='n2467' href='#n2467'>2467</a>
<a id='n2468' href='#n2468'>2468</a>
<a id='n2469' href='#n2469'>2469</a>
<a id='n2470' href='#n2470'>2470</a>
<a id='n2471' href='#n2471'>2471</a>
<a id='n2472' href='#n2472'>2472</a>
<a id='n2473' href='#n2473'>2473</a>
<a id='n2474' href='#n2474'>2474</a>
<a id='n2475' href='#n2475'>2475</a>
<a id='n2476' href='#n2476'>2476</a>
<a id='n2477' href='#n2477'>2477</a>
<a id='n2478' href='#n2478'>2478</a>
<a id='n2479' href='#n2479'>2479</a>
<a id='n2480' href='#n2480'>2480</a>
<a id='n2481' href='#n2481'>2481</a>
<a id='n2482' href='#n2482'>2482</a>
<a id='n2483' href='#n2483'>2483</a>
<a id='n2484' href='#n2484'>2484</a>
<a id='n2485' href='#n2485'>2485</a>
<a id='n2486' href='#n2486'>2486</a>
<a id='n2487' href='#n2487'>2487</a>
<a id='n2488' href='#n2488'>2488</a>
<a id='n2489' href='#n2489'>2489</a>
<a id='n2490' href='#n2490'>2490</a>
<a id='n2491' href='#n2491'>2491</a>
<a id='n2492' href='#n2492'>2492</a>
<a id='n2493' href='#n2493'>2493</a>
<a id='n2494' href='#n2494'>2494</a>
<a id='n2495' href='#n2495'>2495</a>
<a id='n2496' href='#n2496'>2496</a>
<a id='n2497' href='#n2497'>2497</a>
<a id='n2498' href='#n2498'>2498</a>
<a id='n2499' href='#n2499'>2499</a>
<a id='n2500' href='#n2500'>2500</a>
<a id='n2501' href='#n2501'>2501</a>
<a id='n2502' href='#n2502'>2502</a>
<a id='n2503' href='#n2503'>2503</a>
<a id='n2504' href='#n2504'>2504</a>
<a id='n2505' href='#n2505'>2505</a>
<a id='n2506' href='#n2506'>2506</a>
<a id='n2507' href='#n2507'>2507</a>
<a id='n2508' href='#n2508'>2508</a>
<a id='n2509' href='#n2509'>2509</a>
<a id='n2510' href='#n2510'>2510</a>
<a id='n2511' href='#n2511'>2511</a>
<a id='n2512' href='#n2512'>2512</a>
<a id='n2513' href='#n2513'>2513</a>
<a id='n2514' href='#n2514'>2514</a>
<a id='n2515' href='#n2515'>2515</a>
<a id='n2516' href='#n2516'>2516</a>
<a id='n2517' href='#n2517'>2517</a>
<a id='n2518' href='#n2518'>2518</a>
<a id='n2519' href='#n2519'>2519</a>
<a id='n2520' href='#n2520'>2520</a>
<a id='n2521' href='#n2521'>2521</a>
<a id='n2522' href='#n2522'>2522</a>
<a id='n2523' href='#n2523'>2523</a>
<a id='n2524' href='#n2524'>2524</a>
<a id='n2525' href='#n2525'>2525</a>
<a id='n2526' href='#n2526'>2526</a>
<a id='n2527' href='#n2527'>2527</a>
<a id='n2528' href='#n2528'>2528</a>
<a id='n2529' href='#n2529'>2529</a>
<a id='n2530' href='#n2530'>2530</a>
<a id='n2531' href='#n2531'>2531</a>
<a id='n2532' href='#n2532'>2532</a>
<a id='n2533' href='#n2533'>2533</a>
<a id='n2534' href='#n2534'>2534</a>
<a id='n2535' href='#n2535'>2535</a>
<a id='n2536' href='#n2536'>2536</a>
<a id='n2537' href='#n2537'>2537</a>
<a id='n2538' href='#n2538'>2538</a>
<a id='n2539' href='#n2539'>2539</a>
<a id='n2540' href='#n2540'>2540</a>
<a id='n2541' href='#n2541'>2541</a>
<a id='n2542' href='#n2542'>2542</a>
<a id='n2543' href='#n2543'>2543</a>
<a id='n2544' href='#n2544'>2544</a>
<a id='n2545' href='#n2545'>2545</a>
<a id='n2546' href='#n2546'>2546</a>
<a id='n2547' href='#n2547'>2547</a>
<a id='n2548' href='#n2548'>2548</a>
<a id='n2549' href='#n2549'>2549</a>
<a id='n2550' href='#n2550'>2550</a>
<a id='n2551' href='#n2551'>2551</a>
<a id='n2552' href='#n2552'>2552</a>
<a id='n2553' href='#n2553'>2553</a>
<a id='n2554' href='#n2554'>2554</a>
<a id='n2555' href='#n2555'>2555</a>
<a id='n2556' href='#n2556'>2556</a>
<a id='n2557' href='#n2557'>2557</a>
<a id='n2558' href='#n2558'>2558</a>
<a id='n2559' href='#n2559'>2559</a>
<a id='n2560' href='#n2560'>2560</a>
<a id='n2561' href='#n2561'>2561</a>
<a id='n2562' href='#n2562'>2562</a>
<a id='n2563' href='#n2563'>2563</a>
<a id='n2564' href='#n2564'>2564</a>
<a id='n2565' href='#n2565'>2565</a>
<a id='n2566' href='#n2566'>2566</a>
<a id='n2567' href='#n2567'>2567</a>
<a id='n2568' href='#n2568'>2568</a>
<a id='n2569' href='#n2569'>2569</a>
<a id='n2570' href='#n2570'>2570</a>
<a id='n2571' href='#n2571'>2571</a>
<a id='n2572' href='#n2572'>2572</a>
<a id='n2573' href='#n2573'>2573</a>
<a id='n2574' href='#n2574'>2574</a>
<a id='n2575' href='#n2575'>2575</a>
<a id='n2576' href='#n2576'>2576</a>
<a id='n2577' href='#n2577'>2577</a>
<a id='n2578' href='#n2578'>2578</a>
<a id='n2579' href='#n2579'>2579</a>
<a id='n2580' href='#n2580'>2580</a>
<a id='n2581' href='#n2581'>2581</a>
<a id='n2582' href='#n2582'>2582</a>
<a id='n2583' href='#n2583'>2583</a>
<a id='n2584' href='#n2584'>2584</a>
<a id='n2585' href='#n2585'>2585</a>
<a id='n2586' href='#n2586'>2586</a>
<a id='n2587' href='#n2587'>2587</a>
<a id='n2588' href='#n2588'>2588</a>
<a id='n2589' href='#n2589'>2589</a>
<a id='n2590' href='#n2590'>2590</a>
<a id='n2591' href='#n2591'>2591</a>
<a id='n2592' href='#n2592'>2592</a>
<a id='n2593' href='#n2593'>2593</a>
<a id='n2594' href='#n2594'>2594</a>
<a id='n2595' href='#n2595'>2595</a>
<a id='n2596' href='#n2596'>2596</a>
<a id='n2597' href='#n2597'>2597</a>
<a id='n2598' href='#n2598'>2598</a>
<a id='n2599' href='#n2599'>2599</a>
<a id='n2600' href='#n2600'>2600</a>
<a id='n2601' href='#n2601'>2601</a>
<a id='n2602' href='#n2602'>2602</a>
<a id='n2603' href='#n2603'>2603</a>
<a id='n2604' href='#n2604'>2604</a>
<a id='n2605' href='#n2605'>2605</a>
<a id='n2606' href='#n2606'>2606</a>
<a id='n2607' href='#n2607'>2607</a>
<a id='n2608' href='#n2608'>2608</a>
<a id='n2609' href='#n2609'>2609</a>
<a id='n2610' href='#n2610'>2610</a>
<a id='n2611' href='#n2611'>2611</a>
<a id='n2612' href='#n2612'>2612</a>
<a id='n2613' href='#n2613'>2613</a>
<a id='n2614' href='#n2614'>2614</a>
<a id='n2615' href='#n2615'>2615</a>
<a id='n2616' href='#n2616'>2616</a>
<a id='n2617' href='#n2617'>2617</a>
<a id='n2618' href='#n2618'>2618</a>
<a id='n2619' href='#n2619'>2619</a>
<a id='n2620' href='#n2620'>2620</a>
<a id='n2621' href='#n2621'>2621</a>
<a id='n2622' href='#n2622'>2622</a>
<a id='n2623' href='#n2623'>2623</a>
<a id='n2624' href='#n2624'>2624</a>
<a id='n2625' href='#n2625'>2625</a>
<a id='n2626' href='#n2626'>2626</a>
<a id='n2627' href='#n2627'>2627</a>
<a id='n2628' href='#n2628'>2628</a>
<a id='n2629' href='#n2629'>2629</a>
<a id='n2630' href='#n2630'>2630</a>
<a id='n2631' href='#n2631'>2631</a>
<a id='n2632' href='#n2632'>2632</a>
<a id='n2633' href='#n2633'>2633</a>
<a id='n2634' href='#n2634'>2634</a>
<a id='n2635' href='#n2635'>2635</a>
<a id='n2636' href='#n2636'>2636</a>
<a id='n2637' href='#n2637'>2637</a>
<a id='n2638' href='#n2638'>2638</a>
<a id='n2639' href='#n2639'>2639</a>
<a id='n2640' href='#n2640'>2640</a>
<a id='n2641' href='#n2641'>2641</a>
<a id='n2642' href='#n2642'>2642</a>
<a id='n2643' href='#n2643'>2643</a>
<a id='n2644' href='#n2644'>2644</a>
<a id='n2645' href='#n2645'>2645</a>
<a id='n2646' href='#n2646'>2646</a>
<a id='n2647' href='#n2647'>2647</a>
<a id='n2648' href='#n2648'>2648</a>
<a id='n2649' href='#n2649'>2649</a>
<a id='n2650' href='#n2650'>2650</a>
<a id='n2651' href='#n2651'>2651</a>
<a id='n2652' href='#n2652'>2652</a>
<a id='n2653' href='#n2653'>2653</a>
<a id='n2654' href='#n2654'>2654</a>
<a id='n2655' href='#n2655'>2655</a>
<a id='n2656' href='#n2656'>2656</a>
<a id='n2657' href='#n2657'>2657</a>
<a id='n2658' href='#n2658'>2658</a>
<a id='n2659' href='#n2659'>2659</a>
<a id='n2660' href='#n2660'>2660</a>
<a id='n2661' href='#n2661'>2661</a>
<a id='n2662' href='#n2662'>2662</a>
<a id='n2663' href='#n2663'>2663</a>
<a id='n2664' href='#n2664'>2664</a>
<a id='n2665' href='#n2665'>2665</a>
<a id='n2666' href='#n2666'>2666</a>
<a id='n2667' href='#n2667'>2667</a>
<a id='n2668' href='#n2668'>2668</a>
<a id='n2669' href='#n2669'>2669</a>
<a id='n2670' href='#n2670'>2670</a>
<a id='n2671' href='#n2671'>2671</a>
<a id='n2672' href='#n2672'>2672</a>
<a id='n2673' href='#n2673'>2673</a>
<a id='n2674' href='#n2674'>2674</a>
<a id='n2675' href='#n2675'>2675</a>
<a id='n2676' href='#n2676'>2676</a>
<a id='n2677' href='#n2677'>2677</a>
<a id='n2678' href='#n2678'>2678</a>
<a id='n2679' href='#n2679'>2679</a>
<a id='n2680' href='#n2680'>2680</a>
<a id='n2681' href='#n2681'>2681</a>
<a id='n2682' href='#n2682'>2682</a>
<a id='n2683' href='#n2683'>2683</a>
<a id='n2684' href='#n2684'>2684</a>
<a id='n2685' href='#n2685'>2685</a>
<a id='n2686' href='#n2686'>2686</a>
<a id='n2687' href='#n2687'>2687</a>
<a id='n2688' href='#n2688'>2688</a>
<a id='n2689' href='#n2689'>2689</a>
<a id='n2690' href='#n2690'>2690</a>
<a id='n2691' href='#n2691'>2691</a>
<a id='n2692' href='#n2692'>2692</a>
<a id='n2693' href='#n2693'>2693</a>
<a id='n2694' href='#n2694'>2694</a>
<a id='n2695' href='#n2695'>2695</a>
<a id='n2696' href='#n2696'>2696</a>
<a id='n2697' href='#n2697'>2697</a>
<a id='n2698' href='#n2698'>2698</a>
<a id='n2699' href='#n2699'>2699</a>
<a id='n2700' href='#n2700'>2700</a>
<a id='n2701' href='#n2701'>2701</a>
<a id='n2702' href='#n2702'>2702</a>
<a id='n2703' href='#n2703'>2703</a>
<a id='n2704' href='#n2704'>2704</a>
<a id='n2705' href='#n2705'>2705</a>
<a id='n2706' href='#n2706'>2706</a>
<a id='n2707' href='#n2707'>2707</a>
<a id='n2708' href='#n2708'>2708</a>
<a id='n2709' href='#n2709'>2709</a>
<a id='n2710' href='#n2710'>2710</a>
<a id='n2711' href='#n2711'>2711</a>
<a id='n2712' href='#n2712'>2712</a>
<a id='n2713' href='#n2713'>2713</a>
<a id='n2714' href='#n2714'>2714</a>
<a id='n2715' href='#n2715'>2715</a>
<a id='n2716' href='#n2716'>2716</a>
<a id='n2717' href='#n2717'>2717</a>
<a id='n2718' href='#n2718'>2718</a>
<a id='n2719' href='#n2719'>2719</a>
<a id='n2720' href='#n2720'>2720</a>
<a id='n2721' href='#n2721'>2721</a>
<a id='n2722' href='#n2722'>2722</a>
<a id='n2723' href='#n2723'>2723</a>
<a id='n2724' href='#n2724'>2724</a>
<a id='n2725' href='#n2725'>2725</a>
<a id='n2726' href='#n2726'>2726</a>
<a id='n2727' href='#n2727'>2727</a>
<a id='n2728' href='#n2728'>2728</a>
<a id='n2729' href='#n2729'>2729</a>
<a id='n2730' href='#n2730'>2730</a>
<a id='n2731' href='#n2731'>2731</a>
<a id='n2732' href='#n2732'>2732</a>
<a id='n2733' href='#n2733'>2733</a>
<a id='n2734' href='#n2734'>2734</a>
<a id='n2735' href='#n2735'>2735</a>
<a id='n2736' href='#n2736'>2736</a>
<a id='n2737' href='#n2737'>2737</a>
<a id='n2738' href='#n2738'>2738</a>
<a id='n2739' href='#n2739'>2739</a>
<a id='n2740' href='#n2740'>2740</a>
<a id='n2741' href='#n2741'>2741</a>
<a id='n2742' href='#n2742'>2742</a>
<a id='n2743' href='#n2743'>2743</a>
<a id='n2744' href='#n2744'>2744</a>
<a id='n2745' href='#n2745'>2745</a>
<a id='n2746' href='#n2746'>2746</a>
<a id='n2747' href='#n2747'>2747</a>
<a id='n2748' href='#n2748'>2748</a>
<a id='n2749' href='#n2749'>2749</a>
<a id='n2750' href='#n2750'>2750</a>
<a id='n2751' href='#n2751'>2751</a>
<a id='n2752' href='#n2752'>2752</a>
<a id='n2753' href='#n2753'>2753</a>
<a id='n2754' href='#n2754'>2754</a>
<a id='n2755' href='#n2755'>2755</a>
<a id='n2756' href='#n2756'>2756</a>
<a id='n2757' href='#n2757'>2757</a>
<a id='n2758' href='#n2758'>2758</a>
<a id='n2759' href='#n2759'>2759</a>
<a id='n2760' href='#n2760'>2760</a>
<a id='n2761' href='#n2761'>2761</a>
<a id='n2762' href='#n2762'>2762</a>
<a id='n2763' href='#n2763'>2763</a>
<a id='n2764' href='#n2764'>2764</a>
<a id='n2765' href='#n2765'>2765</a>
<a id='n2766' href='#n2766'>2766</a>
<a id='n2767' href='#n2767'>2767</a>
<a id='n2768' href='#n2768'>2768</a>
<a id='n2769' href='#n2769'>2769</a>
<a id='n2770' href='#n2770'>2770</a>
<a id='n2771' href='#n2771'>2771</a>
<a id='n2772' href='#n2772'>2772</a>
<a id='n2773' href='#n2773'>2773</a>
<a id='n2774' href='#n2774'>2774</a>
<a id='n2775' href='#n2775'>2775</a>
<a id='n2776' href='#n2776'>2776</a>
<a id='n2777' href='#n2777'>2777</a>
<a id='n2778' href='#n2778'>2778</a>
<a id='n2779' href='#n2779'>2779</a>
<a id='n2780' href='#n2780'>2780</a>
<a id='n2781' href='#n2781'>2781</a>
<a id='n2782' href='#n2782'>2782</a>
<a id='n2783' href='#n2783'>2783</a>
<a id='n2784' href='#n2784'>2784</a>
<a id='n2785' href='#n2785'>2785</a>
<a id='n2786' href='#n2786'>2786</a>
<a id='n2787' href='#n2787'>2787</a>
<a id='n2788' href='#n2788'>2788</a>
<a id='n2789' href='#n2789'>2789</a>
<a id='n2790' href='#n2790'>2790</a>
<a id='n2791' href='#n2791'>2791</a>
<a id='n2792' href='#n2792'>2792</a>
<a id='n2793' href='#n2793'>2793</a>
<a id='n2794' href='#n2794'>2794</a>
<a id='n2795' href='#n2795'>2795</a>
<a id='n2796' href='#n2796'>2796</a>
<a id='n2797' href='#n2797'>2797</a>
<a id='n2798' href='#n2798'>2798</a>
<a id='n2799' href='#n2799'>2799</a>
<a id='n2800' href='#n2800'>2800</a>
<a id='n2801' href='#n2801'>2801</a>
<a id='n2802' href='#n2802'>2802</a>
<a id='n2803' href='#n2803'>2803</a>
<a id='n2804' href='#n2804'>2804</a>
<a id='n2805' href='#n2805'>2805</a>
<a id='n2806' href='#n2806'>2806</a>
<a id='n2807' href='#n2807'>2807</a>
<a id='n2808' href='#n2808'>2808</a>
<a id='n2809' href='#n2809'>2809</a>
<a id='n2810' href='#n2810'>2810</a>
<a id='n2811' href='#n2811'>2811</a>
<a id='n2812' href='#n2812'>2812</a>
<a id='n2813' href='#n2813'>2813</a>
<a id='n2814' href='#n2814'>2814</a>
<a id='n2815' href='#n2815'>2815</a>
<a id='n2816' href='#n2816'>2816</a>
<a id='n2817' href='#n2817'>2817</a>
<a id='n2818' href='#n2818'>2818</a>
<a id='n2819' href='#n2819'>2819</a>
<a id='n2820' href='#n2820'>2820</a>
<a id='n2821' href='#n2821'>2821</a>
<a id='n2822' href='#n2822'>2822</a>
<a id='n2823' href='#n2823'>2823</a>
<a id='n2824' href='#n2824'>2824</a>
<a id='n2825' href='#n2825'>2825</a>
<a id='n2826' href='#n2826'>2826</a>
<a id='n2827' href='#n2827'>2827</a>
<a id='n2828' href='#n2828'>2828</a>
<a id='n2829' href='#n2829'>2829</a>
<a id='n2830' href='#n2830'>2830</a>
<a id='n2831' href='#n2831'>2831</a>
<a id='n2832' href='#n2832'>2832</a>
<a id='n2833' href='#n2833'>2833</a>
<a id='n2834' href='#n2834'>2834</a>
<a id='n2835' href='#n2835'>2835</a>
<a id='n2836' href='#n2836'>2836</a>
<a id='n2837' href='#n2837'>2837</a>
<a id='n2838' href='#n2838'>2838</a>
<a id='n2839' href='#n2839'>2839</a>
<a id='n2840' href='#n2840'>2840</a>
<a id='n2841' href='#n2841'>2841</a>
<a id='n2842' href='#n2842'>2842</a>
<a id='n2843' href='#n2843'>2843</a>
<a id='n2844' href='#n2844'>2844</a>
<a id='n2845' href='#n2845'>2845</a>
<a id='n2846' href='#n2846'>2846</a>
<a id='n2847' href='#n2847'>2847</a>
<a id='n2848' href='#n2848'>2848</a>
<a id='n2849' href='#n2849'>2849</a>
<a id='n2850' href='#n2850'>2850</a>
<a id='n2851' href='#n2851'>2851</a>
<a id='n2852' href='#n2852'>2852</a>
<a id='n2853' href='#n2853'>2853</a>
<a id='n2854' href='#n2854'>2854</a>
<a id='n2855' href='#n2855'>2855</a>
<a id='n2856' href='#n2856'>2856</a>
<a id='n2857' href='#n2857'>2857</a>
<a id='n2858' href='#n2858'>2858</a>
<a id='n2859' href='#n2859'>2859</a>
<a id='n2860' href='#n2860'>2860</a>
<a id='n2861' href='#n2861'>2861</a>
<a id='n2862' href='#n2862'>2862</a>
<a id='n2863' href='#n2863'>2863</a>
<a id='n2864' href='#n2864'>2864</a>
<a id='n2865' href='#n2865'>2865</a>
<a id='n2866' href='#n2866'>2866</a>
<a id='n2867' href='#n2867'>2867</a>
<a id='n2868' href='#n2868'>2868</a>
<a id='n2869' href='#n2869'>2869</a>
<a id='n2870' href='#n2870'>2870</a>
<a id='n2871' href='#n2871'>2871</a>
<a id='n2872' href='#n2872'>2872</a>
<a id='n2873' href='#n2873'>2873</a>
<a id='n2874' href='#n2874'>2874</a>
<a id='n2875' href='#n2875'>2875</a>
<a id='n2876' href='#n2876'>2876</a>
<a id='n2877' href='#n2877'>2877</a>
<a id='n2878' href='#n2878'>2878</a>
<a id='n2879' href='#n2879'>2879</a>
<a id='n2880' href='#n2880'>2880</a>
<a id='n2881' href='#n2881'>2881</a>
<a id='n2882' href='#n2882'>2882</a>
<a id='n2883' href='#n2883'>2883</a>
<a id='n2884' href='#n2884'>2884</a>
<a id='n2885' href='#n2885'>2885</a>
<a id='n2886' href='#n2886'>2886</a>
<a id='n2887' href='#n2887'>2887</a>
<a id='n2888' href='#n2888'>2888</a>
<a id='n2889' href='#n2889'>2889</a>
<a id='n2890' href='#n2890'>2890</a>
<a id='n2891' href='#n2891'>2891</a>
<a id='n2892' href='#n2892'>2892</a>
<a id='n2893' href='#n2893'>2893</a>
<a id='n2894' href='#n2894'>2894</a>
<a id='n2895' href='#n2895'>2895</a>
<a id='n2896' href='#n2896'>2896</a>
<a id='n2897' href='#n2897'>2897</a>
<a id='n2898' href='#n2898'>2898</a>
<a id='n2899' href='#n2899'>2899</a>
<a id='n2900' href='#n2900'>2900</a>
<a id='n2901' href='#n2901'>2901</a>
<a id='n2902' href='#n2902'>2902</a>
<a id='n2903' href='#n2903'>2903</a>
<a id='n2904' href='#n2904'>2904</a>
<a id='n2905' href='#n2905'>2905</a>
<a id='n2906' href='#n2906'>2906</a>
<a id='n2907' href='#n2907'>2907</a>
<a id='n2908' href='#n2908'>2908</a>
<a id='n2909' href='#n2909'>2909</a>
<a id='n2910' href='#n2910'>2910</a>
<a id='n2911' href='#n2911'>2911</a>
<a id='n2912' href='#n2912'>2912</a>
<a id='n2913' href='#n2913'>2913</a>
<a id='n2914' href='#n2914'>2914</a>
<a id='n2915' href='#n2915'>2915</a>
<a id='n2916' href='#n2916'>2916</a>
<a id='n2917' href='#n2917'>2917</a>
<a id='n2918' href='#n2918'>2918</a>
<a id='n2919' href='#n2919'>2919</a>
<a id='n2920' href='#n2920'>2920</a>
<a id='n2921' href='#n2921'>2921</a>
<a id='n2922' href='#n2922'>2922</a>
<a id='n2923' href='#n2923'>2923</a>
<a id='n2924' href='#n2924'>2924</a>
<a id='n2925' href='#n2925'>2925</a>
<a id='n2926' href='#n2926'>2926</a>
<a id='n2927' href='#n2927'>2927</a>
<a id='n2928' href='#n2928'>2928</a>
<a id='n2929' href='#n2929'>2929</a>
<a id='n2930' href='#n2930'>2930</a>
<a id='n2931' href='#n2931'>2931</a>
<a id='n2932' href='#n2932'>2932</a>
<a id='n2933' href='#n2933'>2933</a>
<a id='n2934' href='#n2934'>2934</a>
<a id='n2935' href='#n2935'>2935</a>
<a id='n2936' href='#n2936'>2936</a>
<a id='n2937' href='#n2937'>2937</a>
<a id='n2938' href='#n2938'>2938</a>
<a id='n2939' href='#n2939'>2939</a>
<a id='n2940' href='#n2940'>2940</a>
<a id='n2941' href='#n2941'>2941</a>
<a id='n2942' href='#n2942'>2942</a>
<a id='n2943' href='#n2943'>2943</a>
<a id='n2944' href='#n2944'>2944</a>
<a id='n2945' href='#n2945'>2945</a>
<a id='n2946' href='#n2946'>2946</a>
<a id='n2947' href='#n2947'>2947</a>
<a id='n2948' href='#n2948'>2948</a>
<a id='n2949' href='#n2949'>2949</a>
<a id='n2950' href='#n2950'>2950</a>
<a id='n2951' href='#n2951'>2951</a>
<a id='n2952' href='#n2952'>2952</a>
<a id='n2953' href='#n2953'>2953</a>
<a id='n2954' href='#n2954'>2954</a>
<a id='n2955' href='#n2955'>2955</a>
<a id='n2956' href='#n2956'>2956</a>
<a id='n2957' href='#n2957'>2957</a>
<a id='n2958' href='#n2958'>2958</a>
<a id='n2959' href='#n2959'>2959</a>
<a id='n2960' href='#n2960'>2960</a>
<a id='n2961' href='#n2961'>2961</a>
<a id='n2962' href='#n2962'>2962</a>
<a id='n2963' href='#n2963'>2963</a>
<a id='n2964' href='#n2964'>2964</a>
<a id='n2965' href='#n2965'>2965</a>
<a id='n2966' href='#n2966'>2966</a>
<a id='n2967' href='#n2967'>2967</a>
<a id='n2968' href='#n2968'>2968</a>
<a id='n2969' href='#n2969'>2969</a>
<a id='n2970' href='#n2970'>2970</a>
<a id='n2971' href='#n2971'>2971</a>
<a id='n2972' href='#n2972'>2972</a>
<a id='n2973' href='#n2973'>2973</a>
<a id='n2974' href='#n2974'>2974</a>
<a id='n2975' href='#n2975'>2975</a>
<a id='n2976' href='#n2976'>2976</a>
<a id='n2977' href='#n2977'>2977</a>
<a id='n2978' href='#n2978'>2978</a>
<a id='n2979' href='#n2979'>2979</a>
<a id='n2980' href='#n2980'>2980</a>
<a id='n2981' href='#n2981'>2981</a>
<a id='n2982' href='#n2982'>2982</a>
<a id='n2983' href='#n2983'>2983</a>
<a id='n2984' href='#n2984'>2984</a>
<a id='n2985' href='#n2985'>2985</a>
<a id='n2986' href='#n2986'>2986</a>
<a id='n2987' href='#n2987'>2987</a>
<a id='n2988' href='#n2988'>2988</a>
<a id='n2989' href='#n2989'>2989</a>
<a id='n2990' href='#n2990'>2990</a>
<a id='n2991' href='#n2991'>2991</a>
<a id='n2992' href='#n2992'>2992</a>
<a id='n2993' href='#n2993'>2993</a>
<a id='n2994' href='#n2994'>2994</a>
<a id='n2995' href='#n2995'>2995</a>
<a id='n2996' href='#n2996'>2996</a>
<a id='n2997' href='#n2997'>2997</a>
<a id='n2998' href='#n2998'>2998</a>
<a id='n2999' href='#n2999'>2999</a>
<a id='n3000' href='#n3000'>3000</a>
<a id='n3001' href='#n3001'>3001</a>
<a id='n3002' href='#n3002'>3002</a>
<a id='n3003' href='#n3003'>3003</a>
<a id='n3004' href='#n3004'>3004</a>
<a id='n3005' href='#n3005'>3005</a>
<a id='n3006' href='#n3006'>3006</a>
<a id='n3007' href='#n3007'>3007</a>
<a id='n3008' href='#n3008'>3008</a>
<a id='n3009' href='#n3009'>3009</a>
<a id='n3010' href='#n3010'>3010</a>
<a id='n3011' href='#n3011'>3011</a>
<a id='n3012' href='#n3012'>3012</a>
<a id='n3013' href='#n3013'>3013</a>
<a id='n3014' href='#n3014'>3014</a>
<a id='n3015' href='#n3015'>3015</a>
<a id='n3016' href='#n3016'>3016</a>
<a id='n3017' href='#n3017'>3017</a>
<a id='n3018' href='#n3018'>3018</a>
<a id='n3019' href='#n3019'>3019</a>
<a id='n3020' href='#n3020'>3020</a>
<a id='n3021' href='#n3021'>3021</a>
<a id='n3022' href='#n3022'>3022</a>
<a id='n3023' href='#n3023'>3023</a>
<a id='n3024' href='#n3024'>3024</a>
<a id='n3025' href='#n3025'>3025</a>
<a id='n3026' href='#n3026'>3026</a>
<a id='n3027' href='#n3027'>3027</a>
<a id='n3028' href='#n3028'>3028</a>
<a id='n3029' href='#n3029'>3029</a>
<a id='n3030' href='#n3030'>3030</a>
<a id='n3031' href='#n3031'>3031</a>
<a id='n3032' href='#n3032'>3032</a>
<a id='n3033' href='#n3033'>3033</a>
<a id='n3034' href='#n3034'>3034</a>
<a id='n3035' href='#n3035'>3035</a>
<a id='n3036' href='#n3036'>3036</a>
<a id='n3037' href='#n3037'>3037</a>
<a id='n3038' href='#n3038'>3038</a>
<a id='n3039' href='#n3039'>3039</a>
<a id='n3040' href='#n3040'>3040</a>
<a id='n3041' href='#n3041'>3041</a>
<a id='n3042' href='#n3042'>3042</a>
<a id='n3043' href='#n3043'>3043</a>
<a id='n3044' href='#n3044'>3044</a>
<a id='n3045' href='#n3045'>3045</a>
<a id='n3046' href='#n3046'>3046</a>
<a id='n3047' href='#n3047'>3047</a>
<a id='n3048' href='#n3048'>3048</a>
<a id='n3049' href='#n3049'>3049</a>
<a id='n3050' href='#n3050'>3050</a>
<a id='n3051' href='#n3051'>3051</a>
<a id='n3052' href='#n3052'>3052</a>
<a id='n3053' href='#n3053'>3053</a>
<a id='n3054' href='#n3054'>3054</a>
<a id='n3055' href='#n3055'>3055</a>
<a id='n3056' href='#n3056'>3056</a>
<a id='n3057' href='#n3057'>3057</a>
<a id='n3058' href='#n3058'>3058</a>
<a id='n3059' href='#n3059'>3059</a>
<a id='n3060' href='#n3060'>3060</a>
<a id='n3061' href='#n3061'>3061</a>
<a id='n3062' href='#n3062'>3062</a>
<a id='n3063' href='#n3063'>3063</a>
<a id='n3064' href='#n3064'>3064</a>
<a id='n3065' href='#n3065'>3065</a>
<a id='n3066' href='#n3066'>3066</a>
<a id='n3067' href='#n3067'>3067</a>
<a id='n3068' href='#n3068'>3068</a>
<a id='n3069' href='#n3069'>3069</a>
<a id='n3070' href='#n3070'>3070</a>
<a id='n3071' href='#n3071'>3071</a>
<a id='n3072' href='#n3072'>3072</a>
<a id='n3073' href='#n3073'>3073</a>
<a id='n3074' href='#n3074'>3074</a>
<a id='n3075' href='#n3075'>3075</a>
<a id='n3076' href='#n3076'>3076</a>
<a id='n3077' href='#n3077'>3077</a>
<a id='n3078' href='#n3078'>3078</a>
<a id='n3079' href='#n3079'>3079</a>
<a id='n3080' href='#n3080'>3080</a>
<a id='n3081' href='#n3081'>3081</a>
<a id='n3082' href='#n3082'>3082</a>
<a id='n3083' href='#n3083'>3083</a>
<a id='n3084' href='#n3084'>3084</a>
<a id='n3085' href='#n3085'>3085</a>
<a id='n3086' href='#n3086'>3086</a>
<a id='n3087' href='#n3087'>3087</a>
<a id='n3088' href='#n3088'>3088</a>
<a id='n3089' href='#n3089'>3089</a>
<a id='n3090' href='#n3090'>3090</a>
<a id='n3091' href='#n3091'>3091</a>
<a id='n3092' href='#n3092'>3092</a>
<a id='n3093' href='#n3093'>3093</a>
<a id='n3094' href='#n3094'>3094</a>
<a id='n3095' href='#n3095'>3095</a>
<a id='n3096' href='#n3096'>3096</a>
<a id='n3097' href='#n3097'>3097</a>
<a id='n3098' href='#n3098'>3098</a>
<a id='n3099' href='#n3099'>3099</a>
<a id='n3100' href='#n3100'>3100</a>
<a id='n3101' href='#n3101'>3101</a>
<a id='n3102' href='#n3102'>3102</a>
<a id='n3103' href='#n3103'>3103</a>
<a id='n3104' href='#n3104'>3104</a>
<a id='n3105' href='#n3105'>3105</a>
<a id='n3106' href='#n3106'>3106</a>
<a id='n3107' href='#n3107'>3107</a>
<a id='n3108' href='#n3108'>3108</a>
<a id='n3109' href='#n3109'>3109</a>
<a id='n3110' href='#n3110'>3110</a>
<a id='n3111' href='#n3111'>3111</a>
<a id='n3112' href='#n3112'>3112</a>
<a id='n3113' href='#n3113'>3113</a>
<a id='n3114' href='#n3114'>3114</a>
<a id='n3115' href='#n3115'>3115</a>
<a id='n3116' href='#n3116'>3116</a>
<a id='n3117' href='#n3117'>3117</a>
<a id='n3118' href='#n3118'>3118</a>
<a id='n3119' href='#n3119'>3119</a>
<a id='n3120' href='#n3120'>3120</a>
<a id='n3121' href='#n3121'>3121</a>
<a id='n3122' href='#n3122'>3122</a>
<a id='n3123' href='#n3123'>3123</a>
<a id='n3124' href='#n3124'>3124</a>
<a id='n3125' href='#n3125'>3125</a>
<a id='n3126' href='#n3126'>3126</a>
<a id='n3127' href='#n3127'>3127</a>
<a id='n3128' href='#n3128'>3128</a>
<a id='n3129' href='#n3129'>3129</a>
<a id='n3130' href='#n3130'>3130</a>
<a id='n3131' href='#n3131'>3131</a>
<a id='n3132' href='#n3132'>3132</a>
<a id='n3133' href='#n3133'>3133</a>
<a id='n3134' href='#n3134'>3134</a>
<a id='n3135' href='#n3135'>3135</a>
<a id='n3136' href='#n3136'>3136</a>
<a id='n3137' href='#n3137'>3137</a>
<a id='n3138' href='#n3138'>3138</a>
<a id='n3139' href='#n3139'>3139</a>
<a id='n3140' href='#n3140'>3140</a>
<a id='n3141' href='#n3141'>3141</a>
<a id='n3142' href='#n3142'>3142</a>
<a id='n3143' href='#n3143'>3143</a>
<a id='n3144' href='#n3144'>3144</a>
<a id='n3145' href='#n3145'>3145</a>
<a id='n3146' href='#n3146'>3146</a>
<a id='n3147' href='#n3147'>3147</a>
<a id='n3148' href='#n3148'>3148</a>
<a id='n3149' href='#n3149'>3149</a>
<a id='n3150' href='#n3150'>3150</a>
<a id='n3151' href='#n3151'>3151</a>
<a id='n3152' href='#n3152'>3152</a>
<a id='n3153' href='#n3153'>3153</a>
<a id='n3154' href='#n3154'>3154</a>
<a id='n3155' href='#n3155'>3155</a>
<a id='n3156' href='#n3156'>3156</a>
<a id='n3157' href='#n3157'>3157</a>
<a id='n3158' href='#n3158'>3158</a>
<a id='n3159' href='#n3159'>3159</a>
<a id='n3160' href='#n3160'>3160</a>
<a id='n3161' href='#n3161'>3161</a>
<a id='n3162' href='#n3162'>3162</a>
<a id='n3163' href='#n3163'>3163</a>
<a id='n3164' href='#n3164'>3164</a>
<a id='n3165' href='#n3165'>3165</a>
<a id='n3166' href='#n3166'>3166</a>
<a id='n3167' href='#n3167'>3167</a>
<a id='n3168' href='#n3168'>3168</a>
<a id='n3169' href='#n3169'>3169</a>
<a id='n3170' href='#n3170'>3170</a>
<a id='n3171' href='#n3171'>3171</a>
<a id='n3172' href='#n3172'>3172</a>
<a id='n3173' href='#n3173'>3173</a>
<a id='n3174' href='#n3174'>3174</a>
<a id='n3175' href='#n3175'>3175</a>
<a id='n3176' href='#n3176'>3176</a>
<a id='n3177' href='#n3177'>3177</a>
<a id='n3178' href='#n3178'>3178</a>
<a id='n3179' href='#n3179'>3179</a>
<a id='n3180' href='#n3180'>3180</a>
<a id='n3181' href='#n3181'>3181</a>
<a id='n3182' href='#n3182'>3182</a>
<a id='n3183' href='#n3183'>3183</a>
<a id='n3184' href='#n3184'>3184</a>
<a id='n3185' href='#n3185'>3185</a>
<a id='n3186' href='#n3186'>3186</a>
<a id='n3187' href='#n3187'>3187</a>
<a id='n3188' href='#n3188'>3188</a>
<a id='n3189' href='#n3189'>3189</a>
<a id='n3190' href='#n3190'>3190</a>
<a id='n3191' href='#n3191'>3191</a>
<a id='n3192' href='#n3192'>3192</a>
<a id='n3193' href='#n3193'>3193</a>
<a id='n3194' href='#n3194'>3194</a>
<a id='n3195' href='#n3195'>3195</a>
<a id='n3196' href='#n3196'>3196</a>
<a id='n3197' href='#n3197'>3197</a>
<a id='n3198' href='#n3198'>3198</a>
<a id='n3199' href='#n3199'>3199</a>
<a id='n3200' href='#n3200'>3200</a>
<a id='n3201' href='#n3201'>3201</a>
<a id='n3202' href='#n3202'>3202</a>
<a id='n3203' href='#n3203'>3203</a>
<a id='n3204' href='#n3204'>3204</a>
<a id='n3205' href='#n3205'>3205</a>
<a id='n3206' href='#n3206'>3206</a>
<a id='n3207' href='#n3207'>3207</a>
<a id='n3208' href='#n3208'>3208</a>
<a id='n3209' href='#n3209'>3209</a>
<a id='n3210' href='#n3210'>3210</a>
<a id='n3211' href='#n3211'>3211</a>
<a id='n3212' href='#n3212'>3212</a>
<a id='n3213' href='#n3213'>3213</a>
<a id='n3214' href='#n3214'>3214</a>
<a id='n3215' href='#n3215'>3215</a>
<a id='n3216' href='#n3216'>3216</a>
<a id='n3217' href='#n3217'>3217</a>
<a id='n3218' href='#n3218'>3218</a>
<a id='n3219' href='#n3219'>3219</a>
<a id='n3220' href='#n3220'>3220</a>
<a id='n3221' href='#n3221'>3221</a>
<a id='n3222' href='#n3222'>3222</a>
<a id='n3223' href='#n3223'>3223</a>
<a id='n3224' href='#n3224'>3224</a>
<a id='n3225' href='#n3225'>3225</a>
<a id='n3226' href='#n3226'>3226</a>
<a id='n3227' href='#n3227'>3227</a>
<a id='n3228' href='#n3228'>3228</a>
<a id='n3229' href='#n3229'>3229</a>
<a id='n3230' href='#n3230'>3230</a>
<a id='n3231' href='#n3231'>3231</a>
<a id='n3232' href='#n3232'>3232</a>
<a id='n3233' href='#n3233'>3233</a>
<a id='n3234' href='#n3234'>3234</a>
<a id='n3235' href='#n3235'>3235</a>
<a id='n3236' href='#n3236'>3236</a>
<a id='n3237' href='#n3237'>3237</a>
<a id='n3238' href='#n3238'>3238</a>
<a id='n3239' href='#n3239'>3239</a>
<a id='n3240' href='#n3240'>3240</a>
<a id='n3241' href='#n3241'>3241</a>
<a id='n3242' href='#n3242'>3242</a>
<a id='n3243' href='#n3243'>3243</a>
<a id='n3244' href='#n3244'>3244</a>
<a id='n3245' href='#n3245'>3245</a>
<a id='n3246' href='#n3246'>3246</a>
<a id='n3247' href='#n3247'>3247</a>
<a id='n3248' href='#n3248'>3248</a>
<a id='n3249' href='#n3249'>3249</a>
<a id='n3250' href='#n3250'>3250</a>
<a id='n3251' href='#n3251'>3251</a>
<a id='n3252' href='#n3252'>3252</a>
<a id='n3253' href='#n3253'>3253</a>
<a id='n3254' href='#n3254'>3254</a>
<a id='n3255' href='#n3255'>3255</a>
<a id='n3256' href='#n3256'>3256</a>
<a id='n3257' href='#n3257'>3257</a>
<a id='n3258' href='#n3258'>3258</a>
<a id='n3259' href='#n3259'>3259</a>
<a id='n3260' href='#n3260'>3260</a>
<a id='n3261' href='#n3261'>3261</a>
<a id='n3262' href='#n3262'>3262</a>
<a id='n3263' href='#n3263'>3263</a>
<a id='n3264' href='#n3264'>3264</a>
<a id='n3265' href='#n3265'>3265</a>
<a id='n3266' href='#n3266'>3266</a>
<a id='n3267' href='#n3267'>3267</a>
<a id='n3268' href='#n3268'>3268</a>
<a id='n3269' href='#n3269'>3269</a>
<a id='n3270' href='#n3270'>3270</a>
<a id='n3271' href='#n3271'>3271</a>
<a id='n3272' href='#n3272'>3272</a>
<a id='n3273' href='#n3273'>3273</a>
<a id='n3274' href='#n3274'>3274</a>
<a id='n3275' href='#n3275'>3275</a>
<a id='n3276' href='#n3276'>3276</a>
<a id='n3277' href='#n3277'>3277</a>
<a id='n3278' href='#n3278'>3278</a>
<a id='n3279' href='#n3279'>3279</a>
<a id='n3280' href='#n3280'>3280</a>
<a id='n3281' href='#n3281'>3281</a>
<a id='n3282' href='#n3282'>3282</a>
<a id='n3283' href='#n3283'>3283</a>
<a id='n3284' href='#n3284'>3284</a>
<a id='n3285' href='#n3285'>3285</a>
<a id='n3286' href='#n3286'>3286</a>
<a id='n3287' href='#n3287'>3287</a>
<a id='n3288' href='#n3288'>3288</a>
<a id='n3289' href='#n3289'>3289</a>
<a id='n3290' href='#n3290'>3290</a>
<a id='n3291' href='#n3291'>3291</a>
<a id='n3292' href='#n3292'>3292</a>
<a id='n3293' href='#n3293'>3293</a>
<a id='n3294' href='#n3294'>3294</a>
<a id='n3295' href='#n3295'>3295</a>
<a id='n3296' href='#n3296'>3296</a>
<a id='n3297' href='#n3297'>3297</a>
<a id='n3298' href='#n3298'>3298</a>
<a id='n3299' href='#n3299'>3299</a>
<a id='n3300' href='#n3300'>3300</a>
<a id='n3301' href='#n3301'>3301</a>
<a id='n3302' href='#n3302'>3302</a>
<a id='n3303' href='#n3303'>3303</a>
<a id='n3304' href='#n3304'>3304</a>
<a id='n3305' href='#n3305'>3305</a>
<a id='n3306' href='#n3306'>3306</a>
<a id='n3307' href='#n3307'>3307</a>
<a id='n3308' href='#n3308'>3308</a>
<a id='n3309' href='#n3309'>3309</a>
<a id='n3310' href='#n3310'>3310</a>
<a id='n3311' href='#n3311'>3311</a>
<a id='n3312' href='#n3312'>3312</a>
<a id='n3313' href='#n3313'>3313</a>
<a id='n3314' href='#n3314'>3314</a>
<a id='n3315' href='#n3315'>3315</a>
<a id='n3316' href='#n3316'>3316</a>
<a id='n3317' href='#n3317'>3317</a>
<a id='n3318' href='#n3318'>3318</a>
<a id='n3319' href='#n3319'>3319</a>
<a id='n3320' href='#n3320'>3320</a>
<a id='n3321' href='#n3321'>3321</a>
<a id='n3322' href='#n3322'>3322</a>
<a id='n3323' href='#n3323'>3323</a>
<a id='n3324' href='#n3324'>3324</a>
<a id='n3325' href='#n3325'>3325</a>
<a id='n3326' href='#n3326'>3326</a>
<a id='n3327' href='#n3327'>3327</a>
<a id='n3328' href='#n3328'>3328</a>
<a id='n3329' href='#n3329'>3329</a>
<a id='n3330' href='#n3330'>3330</a>
<a id='n3331' href='#n3331'>3331</a>
<a id='n3332' href='#n3332'>3332</a>
<a id='n3333' href='#n3333'>3333</a>
<a id='n3334' href='#n3334'>3334</a>
<a id='n3335' href='#n3335'>3335</a>
<a id='n3336' href='#n3336'>3336</a>
<a id='n3337' href='#n3337'>3337</a>
<a id='n3338' href='#n3338'>3338</a>
<a id='n3339' href='#n3339'>3339</a>
<a id='n3340' href='#n3340'>3340</a>
<a id='n3341' href='#n3341'>3341</a>
<a id='n3342' href='#n3342'>3342</a>
<a id='n3343' href='#n3343'>3343</a>
<a id='n3344' href='#n3344'>3344</a>
<a id='n3345' href='#n3345'>3345</a>
<a id='n3346' href='#n3346'>3346</a>
<a id='n3347' href='#n3347'>3347</a>
<a id='n3348' href='#n3348'>3348</a>
<a id='n3349' href='#n3349'>3349</a>
<a id='n3350' href='#n3350'>3350</a>
<a id='n3351' href='#n3351'>3351</a>
<a id='n3352' href='#n3352'>3352</a>
<a id='n3353' href='#n3353'>3353</a>
<a id='n3354' href='#n3354'>3354</a>
<a id='n3355' href='#n3355'>3355</a>
<a id='n3356' href='#n3356'>3356</a>
<a id='n3357' href='#n3357'>3357</a>
<a id='n3358' href='#n3358'>3358</a>
<a id='n3359' href='#n3359'>3359</a>
<a id='n3360' href='#n3360'>3360</a>
<a id='n3361' href='#n3361'>3361</a>
<a id='n3362' href='#n3362'>3362</a>
<a id='n3363' href='#n3363'>3363</a>
<a id='n3364' href='#n3364'>3364</a>
<a id='n3365' href='#n3365'>3365</a>
<a id='n3366' href='#n3366'>3366</a>
<a id='n3367' href='#n3367'>3367</a>
<a id='n3368' href='#n3368'>3368</a>
<a id='n3369' href='#n3369'>3369</a>
<a id='n3370' href='#n3370'>3370</a>
<a id='n3371' href='#n3371'>3371</a>
<a id='n3372' href='#n3372'>3372</a>
<a id='n3373' href='#n3373'>3373</a>
<a id='n3374' href='#n3374'>3374</a>
<a id='n3375' href='#n3375'>3375</a>
<a id='n3376' href='#n3376'>3376</a>
<a id='n3377' href='#n3377'>3377</a>
<a id='n3378' href='#n3378'>3378</a>
<a id='n3379' href='#n3379'>3379</a>
<a id='n3380' href='#n3380'>3380</a>
<a id='n3381' href='#n3381'>3381</a>
<a id='n3382' href='#n3382'>3382</a>
<a id='n3383' href='#n3383'>3383</a>
<a id='n3384' href='#n3384'>3384</a>
<a id='n3385' href='#n3385'>3385</a>
<a id='n3386' href='#n3386'>3386</a>
<a id='n3387' href='#n3387'>3387</a>
<a id='n3388' href='#n3388'>3388</a>
<a id='n3389' href='#n3389'>3389</a>
<a id='n3390' href='#n3390'>3390</a>
<a id='n3391' href='#n3391'>3391</a>
<a id='n3392' href='#n3392'>3392</a>
<a id='n3393' href='#n3393'>3393</a>
<a id='n3394' href='#n3394'>3394</a>
<a id='n3395' href='#n3395'>3395</a>
<a id='n3396' href='#n3396'>3396</a>
<a id='n3397' href='#n3397'>3397</a>
<a id='n3398' href='#n3398'>3398</a>
<a id='n3399' href='#n3399'>3399</a>
<a id='n3400' href='#n3400'>3400</a>
<a id='n3401' href='#n3401'>3401</a>
<a id='n3402' href='#n3402'>3402</a>
<a id='n3403' href='#n3403'>3403</a>
<a id='n3404' href='#n3404'>3404</a>
<a id='n3405' href='#n3405'>3405</a>
<a id='n3406' href='#n3406'>3406</a>
<a id='n3407' href='#n3407'>3407</a>
<a id='n3408' href='#n3408'>3408</a>
<a id='n3409' href='#n3409'>3409</a>
<a id='n3410' href='#n3410'>3410</a>
<a id='n3411' href='#n3411'>3411</a>
<a id='n3412' href='#n3412'>3412</a>
<a id='n3413' href='#n3413'>3413</a>
<a id='n3414' href='#n3414'>3414</a>
<a id='n3415' href='#n3415'>3415</a>
<a id='n3416' href='#n3416'>3416</a>
<a id='n3417' href='#n3417'>3417</a>
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<a id='n3487' href='#n3487'>3487</a>
<a id='n3488' href='#n3488'>3488</a>
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<a id='n3490' href='#n3490'>3490</a>
<a id='n3491' href='#n3491'>3491</a>
<a id='n3492' href='#n3492'>3492</a>
<a id='n3493' href='#n3493'>3493</a>
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<a id='n3508' href='#n3508'>3508</a>
<a id='n3509' href='#n3509'>3509</a>
<a id='n3510' href='#n3510'>3510</a>
<a id='n3511' href='#n3511'>3511</a>
<a id='n3512' href='#n3512'>3512</a>
<a id='n3513' href='#n3513'>3513</a>
<a id='n3514' href='#n3514'>3514</a>
<a id='n3515' href='#n3515'>3515</a>
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<a id='n3520' href='#n3520'>3520</a>
<a id='n3521' href='#n3521'>3521</a>
<a id='n3522' href='#n3522'>3522</a>
<a id='n3523' href='#n3523'>3523</a>
<a id='n3524' href='#n3524'>3524</a>
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<a id='n3527' href='#n3527'>3527</a>
<a id='n3528' href='#n3528'>3528</a>
<a id='n3529' href='#n3529'>3529</a>
<a id='n3530' href='#n3530'>3530</a>
<a id='n3531' href='#n3531'>3531</a>
<a id='n3532' href='#n3532'>3532</a>
<a id='n3533' href='#n3533'>3533</a>
<a id='n3534' href='#n3534'>3534</a>
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<a id='n3536' href='#n3536'>3536</a>
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<a id='n3560' href='#n3560'>3560</a>
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<a id='n3568' href='#n3568'>3568</a>
<a id='n3569' href='#n3569'>3569</a>
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<a id='n3579' href='#n3579'>3579</a>
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<a id='n3582' href='#n3582'>3582</a>
<a id='n3583' href='#n3583'>3583</a>
<a id='n3584' href='#n3584'>3584</a>
<a id='n3585' href='#n3585'>3585</a>
<a id='n3586' href='#n3586'>3586</a>
<a id='n3587' href='#n3587'>3587</a>
<a id='n3588' href='#n3588'>3588</a>
<a id='n3589' href='#n3589'>3589</a>
<a id='n3590' href='#n3590'>3590</a>
<a id='n3591' href='#n3591'>3591</a>
<a id='n3592' href='#n3592'>3592</a>
<a id='n3593' href='#n3593'>3593</a>
<a id='n3594' href='#n3594'>3594</a>
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<a id='n3596' href='#n3596'>3596</a>
<a id='n3597' href='#n3597'>3597</a>
<a id='n3598' href='#n3598'>3598</a>
<a id='n3599' href='#n3599'>3599</a>
<a id='n3600' href='#n3600'>3600</a>
<a id='n3601' href='#n3601'>3601</a>
<a id='n3602' href='#n3602'>3602</a>
<a id='n3603' href='#n3603'>3603</a>
<a id='n3604' href='#n3604'>3604</a>
<a id='n3605' href='#n3605'>3605</a>
<a id='n3606' href='#n3606'>3606</a>
<a id='n3607' href='#n3607'>3607</a>
<a id='n3608' href='#n3608'>3608</a>
<a id='n3609' href='#n3609'>3609</a>
<a id='n3610' href='#n3610'>3610</a>
<a id='n3611' href='#n3611'>3611</a>
<a id='n3612' href='#n3612'>3612</a>
<a id='n3613' href='#n3613'>3613</a>
<a id='n3614' href='#n3614'>3614</a>
<a id='n3615' href='#n3615'>3615</a>
<a id='n3616' href='#n3616'>3616</a>
<a id='n3617' href='#n3617'>3617</a>
<a id='n3618' href='#n3618'>3618</a>
<a id='n3619' href='#n3619'>3619</a>
<a id='n3620' href='#n3620'>3620</a>
<a id='n3621' href='#n3621'>3621</a>
<a id='n3622' href='#n3622'>3622</a>
<a id='n3623' href='#n3623'>3623</a>
<a id='n3624' href='#n3624'>3624</a>
<a id='n3625' href='#n3625'>3625</a>
<a id='n3626' href='#n3626'>3626</a>
<a id='n3627' href='#n3627'>3627</a>
<a id='n3628' href='#n3628'>3628</a>
<a id='n3629' href='#n3629'>3629</a>
<a id='n3630' href='#n3630'>3630</a>
<a id='n3631' href='#n3631'>3631</a>
<a id='n3632' href='#n3632'>3632</a>
<a id='n3633' href='#n3633'>3633</a>
<a id='n3634' href='#n3634'>3634</a>
<a id='n3635' href='#n3635'>3635</a>
<a id='n3636' href='#n3636'>3636</a>
<a id='n3637' href='#n3637'>3637</a>
<a id='n3638' href='#n3638'>3638</a>
<a id='n3639' href='#n3639'>3639</a>
<a id='n3640' href='#n3640'>3640</a>
<a id='n3641' href='#n3641'>3641</a>
<a id='n3642' href='#n3642'>3642</a>
<a id='n3643' href='#n3643'>3643</a>
<a id='n3644' href='#n3644'>3644</a>
<a id='n3645' href='#n3645'>3645</a>
<a id='n3646' href='#n3646'>3646</a>
<a id='n3647' href='#n3647'>3647</a>
<a id='n3648' href='#n3648'>3648</a>
<a id='n3649' href='#n3649'>3649</a>
<a id='n3650' href='#n3650'>3650</a>
<a id='n3651' href='#n3651'>3651</a>
<a id='n3652' href='#n3652'>3652</a>
<a id='n3653' href='#n3653'>3653</a>
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<a id='n3660' href='#n3660'>3660</a>
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<a id='n3662' href='#n3662'>3662</a>
<a id='n3663' href='#n3663'>3663</a>
<a id='n3664' href='#n3664'>3664</a>
<a id='n3665' href='#n3665'>3665</a>
<a id='n3666' href='#n3666'>3666</a>
<a id='n3667' href='#n3667'>3667</a>
<a id='n3668' href='#n3668'>3668</a>
<a id='n3669' href='#n3669'>3669</a>
<a id='n3670' href='#n3670'>3670</a>
<a id='n3671' href='#n3671'>3671</a>
<a id='n3672' href='#n3672'>3672</a>
<a id='n3673' href='#n3673'>3673</a>
<a id='n3674' href='#n3674'>3674</a>
<a id='n3675' href='#n3675'>3675</a>
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<a id='n3677' href='#n3677'>3677</a>
<a id='n3678' href='#n3678'>3678</a>
<a id='n3679' href='#n3679'>3679</a>
<a id='n3680' href='#n3680'>3680</a>
<a id='n3681' href='#n3681'>3681</a>
<a id='n3682' href='#n3682'>3682</a>
<a id='n3683' href='#n3683'>3683</a>
<a id='n3684' href='#n3684'>3684</a>
<a id='n3685' href='#n3685'>3685</a>
<a id='n3686' href='#n3686'>3686</a>
<a id='n3687' href='#n3687'>3687</a>
<a id='n3688' href='#n3688'>3688</a>
<a id='n3689' href='#n3689'>3689</a>
<a id='n3690' href='#n3690'>3690</a>
<a id='n3691' href='#n3691'>3691</a>
<a id='n3692' href='#n3692'>3692</a>
<a id='n3693' href='#n3693'>3693</a>
<a id='n3694' href='#n3694'>3694</a>
<a id='n3695' href='#n3695'>3695</a>
<a id='n3696' href='#n3696'>3696</a>
<a id='n3697' href='#n3697'>3697</a>
<a id='n3698' href='#n3698'>3698</a>
<a id='n3699' href='#n3699'>3699</a>
<a id='n3700' href='#n3700'>3700</a>
<a id='n3701' href='#n3701'>3701</a>
<a id='n3702' href='#n3702'>3702</a>
<a id='n3703' href='#n3703'>3703</a>
<a id='n3704' href='#n3704'>3704</a>
<a id='n3705' href='#n3705'>3705</a>
<a id='n3706' href='#n3706'>3706</a>
<a id='n3707' href='#n3707'>3707</a>
<a id='n3708' href='#n3708'>3708</a>
<a id='n3709' href='#n3709'>3709</a>
<a id='n3710' href='#n3710'>3710</a>
<a id='n3711' href='#n3711'>3711</a>
<a id='n3712' href='#n3712'>3712</a>
<a id='n3713' href='#n3713'>3713</a>
<a id='n3714' href='#n3714'>3714</a>
<a id='n3715' href='#n3715'>3715</a>
<a id='n3716' href='#n3716'>3716</a>
<a id='n3717' href='#n3717'>3717</a>
<a id='n3718' href='#n3718'>3718</a>
<a id='n3719' href='#n3719'>3719</a>
<a id='n3720' href='#n3720'>3720</a>
<a id='n3721' href='#n3721'>3721</a>
<a id='n3722' href='#n3722'>3722</a>
<a id='n3723' href='#n3723'>3723</a>
<a id='n3724' href='#n3724'>3724</a>
<a id='n3725' href='#n3725'>3725</a>
<a id='n3726' href='#n3726'>3726</a>
<a id='n3727' href='#n3727'>3727</a>
<a id='n3728' href='#n3728'>3728</a>
<a id='n3729' href='#n3729'>3729</a>
<a id='n3730' href='#n3730'>3730</a>
<a id='n3731' href='#n3731'>3731</a>
<a id='n3732' href='#n3732'>3732</a>
<a id='n3733' href='#n3733'>3733</a>
<a id='n3734' href='#n3734'>3734</a>
<a id='n3735' href='#n3735'>3735</a>
<a id='n3736' href='#n3736'>3736</a>
<a id='n3737' href='#n3737'>3737</a>
<a id='n3738' href='#n3738'>3738</a>
<a id='n3739' href='#n3739'>3739</a>
<a id='n3740' href='#n3740'>3740</a>
<a id='n3741' href='#n3741'>3741</a>
<a id='n3742' href='#n3742'>3742</a>
<a id='n3743' href='#n3743'>3743</a>
<a id='n3744' href='#n3744'>3744</a>
<a id='n3745' href='#n3745'>3745</a>
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<a id='n3747' href='#n3747'>3747</a>
<a id='n3748' href='#n3748'>3748</a>
<a id='n3749' href='#n3749'>3749</a>
<a id='n3750' href='#n3750'>3750</a>
<a id='n3751' href='#n3751'>3751</a>
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<a id='n3753' href='#n3753'>3753</a>
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<a id='n3760' href='#n3760'>3760</a>
<a id='n3761' href='#n3761'>3761</a>
<a id='n3762' href='#n3762'>3762</a>
<a id='n3763' href='#n3763'>3763</a>
<a id='n3764' href='#n3764'>3764</a>
<a id='n3765' href='#n3765'>3765</a>
<a id='n3766' href='#n3766'>3766</a>
<a id='n3767' href='#n3767'>3767</a>
<a id='n3768' href='#n3768'>3768</a>
<a id='n3769' href='#n3769'>3769</a>
<a id='n3770' href='#n3770'>3770</a>
<a id='n3771' href='#n3771'>3771</a>
<a id='n3772' href='#n3772'>3772</a>
<a id='n3773' href='#n3773'>3773</a>
<a id='n3774' href='#n3774'>3774</a>
<a id='n3775' href='#n3775'>3775</a>
<a id='n3776' href='#n3776'>3776</a>
<a id='n3777' href='#n3777'>3777</a>
<a id='n3778' href='#n3778'>3778</a>
<a id='n3779' href='#n3779'>3779</a>
<a id='n3780' href='#n3780'>3780</a>
<a id='n3781' href='#n3781'>3781</a>
<a id='n3782' href='#n3782'>3782</a>
<a id='n3783' href='#n3783'>3783</a>
<a id='n3784' href='#n3784'>3784</a>
<a id='n3785' href='#n3785'>3785</a>
<a id='n3786' href='#n3786'>3786</a>
<a id='n3787' href='#n3787'>3787</a>
<a id='n3788' href='#n3788'>3788</a>
<a id='n3789' href='#n3789'>3789</a>
<a id='n3790' href='#n3790'>3790</a>
<a id='n3791' href='#n3791'>3791</a>
<a id='n3792' href='#n3792'>3792</a>
<a id='n3793' href='#n3793'>3793</a>
<a id='n3794' href='#n3794'>3794</a>
<a id='n3795' href='#n3795'>3795</a>
<a id='n3796' href='#n3796'>3796</a>
<a id='n3797' href='#n3797'>3797</a>
<a id='n3798' href='#n3798'>3798</a>
<a id='n3799' href='#n3799'>3799</a>
<a id='n3800' href='#n3800'>3800</a>
<a id='n3801' href='#n3801'>3801</a>
<a id='n3802' href='#n3802'>3802</a>
<a id='n3803' href='#n3803'>3803</a>
<a id='n3804' href='#n3804'>3804</a>
<a id='n3805' href='#n3805'>3805</a>
<a id='n3806' href='#n3806'>3806</a>
<a id='n3807' href='#n3807'>3807</a>
<a id='n3808' href='#n3808'>3808</a>
<a id='n3809' href='#n3809'>3809</a>
<a id='n3810' href='#n3810'>3810</a>
<a id='n3811' href='#n3811'>3811</a>
<a id='n3812' href='#n3812'>3812</a>
<a id='n3813' href='#n3813'>3813</a>
<a id='n3814' href='#n3814'>3814</a>
<a id='n3815' href='#n3815'>3815</a>
<a id='n3816' href='#n3816'>3816</a>
<a id='n3817' href='#n3817'>3817</a>
<a id='n3818' href='#n3818'>3818</a>
<a id='n3819' href='#n3819'>3819</a>
<a id='n3820' href='#n3820'>3820</a>
<a id='n3821' href='#n3821'>3821</a>
<a id='n3822' href='#n3822'>3822</a>
</pre></td>
<td class='lines'><pre><code><span class="hl slc">% SystemTap Language Reference</span>
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<span class="hl slc">%</span>
<span class="hl slc">% this makes list spacing much better.</span>
<span class="hl slc">%</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\newenvironment</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>my_itemize<span class="hl opt">}{</span>
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<span class="hl kwa">\item</span><span class="hl opt">[]}</span>
<span class="hl opt">{</span><span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>list<span class="hl opt">}}</span>

<span class="hl kwa">\usepackage</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>babel<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\makeatother</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span><span class="hl kwb">document</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>

<span class="hl kwa">\title</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>SystemTap Language Reference<span class="hl opt">}</span>

<span class="hl kwa">\maketitle</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\newpage</span><span class="hl opt">{}</span>
This <span class="hl kwb">document</span> was derived from other documents contributed to the SystemTap project by employees of Red Hat, IBM and Intel.<span class="hl kwa">\newline</span>

Copyright <span class="hl kwa">\copyright\space</span>  <span class="hl num">2007</span>-<span class="hl num">2009</span> Red Hat Inc.<span class="hl kwa">\newline</span>
Copyright <span class="hl kwa">\copyright\space</span>  <span class="hl num">2007</span>-<span class="hl num">2009</span> IBM Corp.<span class="hl kwa">\newline</span>
Copyright <span class="hl kwa">\copyright\space</span>  <span class="hl num">2007</span> Intel Corporation.<span class="hl kwa">\newline</span>

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this <span class="hl kwb">document</span>
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version <span class="hl num">1.2</span>
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.<span class="hl kwa">\newline</span>

The GNU Free Documentation License is available from
<span class="hl kwa">\url</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl.html<span class="hl opt">}</span> or by writing to
the Free Software Foundation, Inc., <span class="hl num">51</span> Franklin Street,
Fifth Floor, Boston, MA <span class="hl num">02110</span>-<span class="hl num">1301</span>, USA.
<span class="hl kwa">\newpage</span><span class="hl opt">{}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\tableofcontents</span><span class="hl opt">{}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\listoftables</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\newpage</span><span class="hl opt">{}</span>

<span class="hl kwa">\section</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>SystemTap overview<span class="hl kwa">\label</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>sec:SystemTap-Overview<span class="hl opt">}}</span>

<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>About this guide<span class="hl opt">}</span>

This guide is a comprehensive reference of SystemTap&#39;s language constructs
and syntax. The contents borrow heavily from existing SystemTap documentation
found in manual pages and the tutorial. The presentation of information here
provides the reader with a single place to find language syntax and recommended
usage. In order to successfully use this guide, you should be familiar with
the general theory and operation of SystemTap. If you are new to SystemTap,
you will find the tutorial to be an excellent place to start learning. For
detailed information about tapsets, see the manual pages provided with the
distribution. For information about the entire collection of SystemTap reference
material, see Section~<span class="hl kwa">\ref</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>sec:For-Further-Reference<span class="hl opt">}</span>

<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Reasons to use SystemTap<span class="hl opt">}</span>

SystemTap provides infrastructure to simplify the gathering of information
about a running Linux kernel so that it may be further analyzed. This analysis
assists in identifying the underlying cause of a performance or functional
problem. SystemTap was designed to eliminate the need for a developer to
go through the tedious instrument, recompile, install, and reboot sequence
normally required to collect this kind of data. To do this, it provides a
simple command-line interface and scripting language for writing kernel instrumentation.
With SystemTap, developers, system administrators, and users can easily write
scripts that gather and manipulate kernel data that is not otherwise available
using standard Linux tools. Users of SystemTap will find it to be a significant
improvement over older methods.

<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Event-action language<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>language<span class="hl opt">}</span>
SystemTap&#39;s language is strictly typed, declaration free, procedural, and
inspired by dtrace and awk. Source code points or events in the kernel are
associated with handlers, which are subroutines that are executed synchronously.
These probes are conceptually similar to <span class="hl kwa">\char</span>`\&quot;<span class="hl opt">{}</span>breakpoint command lists<span class="hl kwa">\char</span>`\&quot;<span class="hl opt">{}</span>
in the GDB debugger.

There are two main outermost constructs: probes and functions. Within these,
statements and expressions use C-like operator syntax and precedence.

<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Sample SystemTap scripts<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>example scripts<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Following are some example scripts that illustrate the basic operation of
SystemTap. For more examples, see the examples/small<span class="hl kwa">\_demos</span>/ directory in
the source directory, the SystemTap wiki at <span class="hl kwa">\url</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>http://sourceware.org/systemtap/wiki/HomePage<span class="hl opt">}</span>,
or the SystemTap War Stories at <span class="hl kwa">\url</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>http://sourceware.org/systemtap/wiki/WarStories<span class="hl opt">}</span> page.

<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Basic SystemTap syntax and control structures<span class="hl opt">}</span>

The following code examples demonstrate SystemTap syntax and control structures.

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
global odds, evens

probe begin <span class="hl opt">{</span>
    # &quot;no&quot; and &quot;ne&quot; are local integers
    for (i = <span class="hl num">0</span>; i &lt; <span class="hl num">10</span>; i++) <span class="hl opt">{</span>
        if (i <span class="hl slc">% 2) odds [no++] = i</span>
            else evens <span class="hl opt">[</span>ne++<span class="hl opt">]</span> = i
    <span class="hl opt">}</span>

    delete odds<span class="hl opt">[</span><span class="hl num">2</span><span class="hl opt">]</span>
    delete evens<span class="hl opt">[</span><span class="hl num">3</span><span class="hl opt">]</span>
    exit()
<span class="hl opt">}</span>

probe end <span class="hl opt">{</span>
    foreach (x+ in odds)
        printf (&quot;odds<span class="hl opt">[</span><span class="hl slc">%d] = %d&quot;, x, odds[x])</span>

    foreach (x in evens-)
        printf (&quot;evens<span class="hl opt">[</span><span class="hl slc">%d] = %d&quot;, x, evens[x])</span>
<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This prints:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
odds<span class="hl opt">[</span><span class="hl num">0</span><span class="hl opt">]</span> = <span class="hl num">1</span>
odds<span class="hl opt">[</span><span class="hl num">1</span><span class="hl opt">]</span> = <span class="hl num">3</span>
odds<span class="hl opt">[</span><span class="hl num">3</span><span class="hl opt">]</span> = <span class="hl num">7</span>
odds<span class="hl opt">[</span><span class="hl num">4</span><span class="hl opt">]</span> = <span class="hl num">9</span>
evens<span class="hl opt">[</span><span class="hl num">4</span><span class="hl opt">]</span> = <span class="hl num">8</span>
evens<span class="hl opt">[</span><span class="hl num">2</span><span class="hl opt">]</span> = <span class="hl num">4</span>
evens<span class="hl opt">[</span><span class="hl num">1</span><span class="hl opt">]</span> = <span class="hl num">2</span>
evens<span class="hl opt">[</span><span class="hl num">0</span><span class="hl opt">]</span> = <span class="hl num">0</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Note that all variable types are inferred, and that all locals and globals
are initialized.

<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Primes between <span class="hl num">0</span> and <span class="hl num">49</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
function isprime (x) <span class="hl opt">{</span>
    if (x &lt; <span class="hl num">2</span>) return <span class="hl num">0</span>
    for (i = <span class="hl num">2</span>; i &lt; x; i++) <span class="hl opt">{</span>
        if (x <span class="hl slc">% i == 0) return 0</span>
        if (i * i &gt; x) break
    <span class="hl opt">}</span>
    return <span class="hl num">1</span>
<span class="hl opt">}</span>

probe begin <span class="hl opt">{</span>
    for (i = <span class="hl num">0</span>; i &lt; <span class="hl num">50</span>; i++)
        if (isprime (i)) printf(&quot;<span class="hl slc">%d\n&quot;, i)</span>
    exit()
<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This prints:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl num">2</span>
<span class="hl num">3</span>
<span class="hl num">5</span>
<span class="hl num">7</span>
<span class="hl num">11</span>
<span class="hl num">13</span>
<span class="hl num">17</span>
<span class="hl num">19</span>
<span class="hl num">23</span>
<span class="hl num">29</span>
<span class="hl num">31</span>
<span class="hl num">37</span>
<span class="hl num">41</span>
<span class="hl num">43</span>
<span class="hl num">47</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>

<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Recursive functions<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>recursion<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
function fibonacci(i) <span class="hl opt">{</span>
    if (i &lt; <span class="hl num">1</span>) error (&quot;bad number&quot;)
    if (i == <span class="hl num">1</span>) return <span class="hl num">1</span>
    if (i == <span class="hl num">2</span>) return <span class="hl num">2</span>
    return fibonacci (i-<span class="hl num">1</span>) + fibonacci (i-<span class="hl num">2</span>)
<span class="hl opt">}</span>

probe begin <span class="hl opt">{</span>
    printf (&quot;<span class="hl num">11</span>th fibonacci number: <span class="hl slc">%d&quot;, fibonacci (11))</span>
    exit ()
<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This prints:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl num">11</span>th fibonacci number: <span class="hl num">118</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Any larger number input to the function may exceed the MAXACTION or MAXNESTING
limits, which will be caught at run time and result in an error. For more
about limits see Section~<span class="hl kwa">\ref</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>sub:SystemTap-safety<span class="hl opt">}</span>.
<span class="hl kwa">\newpage</span><span class="hl opt">{}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>The stap command<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>stap<span class="hl opt">}</span>
The stap program is the front-end to the SystemTap tool. It accepts probing
instructions written in its scripting language, translates those instructions
into C code, compiles this C code, and loads the resulting kernel module
into a running Linux kernel to perform the requested system trace or probe
functions. You can supply the script in a named file, from standard input,
or from the command line. The program runs until it is interrupted by the
user or a sufficient number of soft errors, or if the script voluntarily
invokes the exit() function.

The stap command does the following:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>itemize<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\item</span> Translates the script
<span class="hl kwa">\item</span> Generates and compiles a kernel module
<span class="hl kwa">\item</span> Inserts the module; output to stap&#39;s stdout
<span class="hl kwa">\item</span> CTRL-C unloads the module and terminates stap
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>itemize<span class="hl opt">}</span>
For a full list of options to the stap command, see the stap(<span class="hl num">1</span>) manual page.

<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Safety and security<span class="hl kwa">\label</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>sub:SystemTap-safety<span class="hl opt">}}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>limits<span class="hl opt">}</span>
SystemTap is an administrative tool. It exposes kernel internal data structures
and potentially private user information. It requires root privileges to
actually run the kernel objects it builds using the <span class="hl kwa">\textbf</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>sudo<span class="hl opt">}</span> command,
applied to the <span class="hl kwa">\textbf</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>staprun<span class="hl opt">}</span> program.

staprun is a part of the SystemTap package, dedicated to module loading and
unloading and kernel-to-user data transfer. Since staprun does not perform
any additional security checks on the kernel objects it is given, do not
give elevated privileges via sudo to untrusted users.

The translator asserts certain safety constraints. <span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>constraints<span class="hl opt">}</span>It
ensures that no handler routine can run for too long, allocate memory, perform
unsafe operations, or unintentionally interfere with the kernel. Use of script
global variables is locked to protect against manipulation by concurrent
probe handlers. Use of <span class="hl kwa">\emph</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>guru mode<span class="hl opt">}</span> constructs such as embedded C (see
Section~<span class="hl kwa">\ref</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>sub:Embedded-C<span class="hl opt">}</span>) can violate these constraints, leading to
a kernel crash or data corruption.

The resource use limits are set by macros in the generated C code. These
may be overridden with the -D flag. The following list describes a selection
of these macros:

<span class="hl kwa">\textbf</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>MAXNESTING<span class="hl opt">}</span> -- The maximum number of recursive function call levels. The default is <span class="hl num">10</span>.

<span class="hl kwa">\textbf</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>MAXSTRINGLEN<span class="hl opt">}</span> -- The maximum length of strings. The default is <span class="hl num">128</span>.

<span class="hl kwa">\textbf</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>MAXTRYLOCK<span class="hl opt">}</span> -- The maximum number of iterations to wait for locks on global variables before
declaring possible deadlock and skipping the probe. The default is <span class="hl num">1000</span>.

<span class="hl kwa">\textbf</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>MAXACTION<span class="hl opt">}</span> -- The maximum number of statements to execute during any single probe hit. The default is <span class="hl num">1000</span>.

<span class="hl kwa">\textbf</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>MAXMAPENTRIES<span class="hl opt">}</span> -- The maximum number of rows in an array if the array size is not specified
explicitly when declared. The default is <span class="hl num">2048</span>.

<span class="hl kwa">\textbf</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>MAXERRORS<span class="hl opt">}</span> -- The maximum number of soft errors before an exit is triggered. The default is <span class="hl num">0</span>.

<span class="hl kwa">\textbf</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>MAXSKIPPED<span class="hl opt">}</span> -- The maximum number of skipped reentrant probes before an exit is triggered. The default is <span class="hl num">100</span>.

<span class="hl kwa">\textbf</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>MINSTACKSPACE<span class="hl opt">}</span> -- The minimum number of free kernel stack bytes required in order to run a
probe handler. This number should be large enough for the probe handler&#39;s
own needs, plus a safety margin.  The default is <span class="hl num">1024</span>.

If something goes wrong with stap or staprun after a probe has started running,
you may safely kill both user processes, and remove the active probe kernel
module with the rmmod command. Any pending trace messages may be lost.

<span class="hl kwa">\section</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Types of SystemTap scripts<span class="hl kwa">\label</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>sec:Types-of-SystemTap<span class="hl opt">}}</span>

<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Probe scripts<span class="hl opt">}</span>

Probe scripts are analogous to programs; these scripts identify probe points
and associated handlers.

<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Tapset scripts<span class="hl opt">}</span>

Tapset scripts are libraries of probe aliases and auxiliary functions.

The /usr/share/systemtap/tapset directory contains tapset scripts. While
these scripts look like regular SystemTap scripts, they cannot be run directly.

<span class="hl kwa">\section</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Components of a SystemTap script<span class="hl opt">}</span>

The main construct in the scripting language identifies probes. Probes associate
abstract events with a statement block, or probe handler, that is to be executed
when any of those events occur.

The following example shows how to trace entry and exit from a function using
two probes.

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
probe kernel.function(&quot;sys_mkdir&quot;).call <span class="hl opt">{</span> log (&quot;enter&quot;) <span class="hl opt">}</span>
probe kernel.function(&quot;sys_mkdir&quot;).return <span class="hl opt">{</span> log (&quot;exit&quot;) <span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>

To list the probe-able functions in the kernel, use the listing option
(<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span><span class="hl kwa">\textbf</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>-l<span class="hl opt">}}</span>).  For example:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
# stap -l &#39;kernel.function(&quot;*&quot;)&#39; | sort
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>

<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Probe definitions<span class="hl opt">}</span>

The general syntax is as follows.

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
probe PROBEPOINT <span class="hl opt">[</span>, PROBEPOINT<span class="hl opt">] { [</span>STMT ...<span class="hl opt">] }</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Events are specified in a special syntax called <span class="hl kwa">\emph</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>probe points<span class="hl opt">}</span>. There
are several varieties of probe points defined by the translator, and tapset
scripts may define others using aliases. The provided probe points are listed
in the stapprobes(<span class="hl num">5</span>) man pages.

The probe handler is interpreted relative to the context of each event. For
events associated with kernel code, this context may include variables defined
in the source code at that location. These <span class="hl kwa">\emph</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>target variables<span class="hl opt">}</span><span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>target variables<span class="hl opt">}</span>
are presented to the script as variables whose names are prefixed with a
dollar sign (\$). They may be accessed only if the compiler used to compile
the kernel preserved them, despite optimization. This is the same constraint
imposed by a debugger when working with optimized code. Other events may
have very little context.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Probe aliases<span class="hl kwa">\label</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>sub:Probe-aliases<span class="hl opt">}}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>probe aliases<span class="hl opt">}</span>
The general syntax is as follows.

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
probe &lt;alias&gt; = &lt;probepoint&gt; <span class="hl opt">{</span> &lt;prologue_stmts&gt; <span class="hl opt">}</span>
probe &lt;alias&gt; += &lt;probepoint&gt; <span class="hl opt">{</span> &lt;epilogue_stmts&gt; <span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
New probe points may be defined using <span class="hl kwa">\emph</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>aliases<span class="hl opt">}</span>. A probe point alias
looks similar to probe definitions, but instead of activating a probe at
the given point, it defines a new probe point name as an alias to an existing
one. New probe aliases may refer to one or more existing probe aliases.
Multiple aliases may share the same name. The following is an example.

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
probe socket.sendmsg = kernel.function (&quot;sock_sendmsg&quot;) <span class="hl opt">{</span> ... <span class="hl opt">}</span>
probe socket.do_write = kernel.function (&quot;do_sock_write&quot;) <span class="hl opt">{</span> ... <span class="hl opt">}</span>
probe socket.send = socket.sendmsg, socket.do_write <span class="hl opt">{</span> ... <span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
There are two types of aliases, the prologue style and the epilogue style
which are identified by the equal sign (<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span><span class="hl kwa">\textbf</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>=<span class="hl opt">}}</span>) and <span class="hl kwa">\char</span>`\&quot;<span class="hl opt">{}</span><span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span><span class="hl kwa">\textbf</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>+=<span class="hl opt">}}</span><span class="hl kwa">\char</span>`\&quot;<span class="hl opt">{}</span>
respectively.

A probe that names the new probe point will create an actual probe, with
the handler of the alias <span class="hl kwa">\emph</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>pre-pended<span class="hl opt">}</span>.

This pre-pending behavior serves several purposes. It allows the alias definition
to pre-process the context of the probe before passing control to the handler
specified by the user. This has several possible uses, demonstrated as follows.

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
# Skip probe unless given condition is met:
if ($flag1 != $flag2) next

# Supply values describing probes:
name = &quot;foo&quot;

# Extract the target variable to a plain local variable:
var = $var
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>

<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Prologue-style aliases (=)<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>prologue-style aliases<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>=<span class="hl opt">}</span>
For a prologue style alias, the statement block that follows an alias definition
is implicitly added as a prologue to any probe that refers to the alias.
The following is an example.

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
# Defines a new probe point syscall.read, which expands to
# kernel.function(&quot;sys_read&quot;), with the given statement as
# a prologue.
#
probe syscall.read = kernel.function(&quot;sys_read&quot;) <span class="hl opt">{</span>
    fildes = $fd
<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>

<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Epilogue-style aliases (+=)<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>epilogue-style aliases<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>+=<span class="hl opt">}</span>
The statement block that follows an alias definition is implicitly added
as an epilogue to any probe that refers to the alias.  It is not useful
to define new variable there (since no subsequent code will see it), but
rather the code can take action based upon variables left set by the
prologue or by the user code.  The following is an example:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
# Defines a new probe point with the given statement as an
# epilogue.
#
probe syscall.read += kernel.function(&quot;sys_read&quot;) <span class="hl opt">{</span>
    if (traceme) println (&quot;tracing me&quot;)
<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>

<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Probe alias usage<span class="hl opt">}</span>

A probe alias is used the same way as any built-in probe type, by
naming it:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
probe syscall.read <span class="hl opt">{</span>
    printf(&quot;reading fd=<span class="hl slc">%d\n&quot;, fildes)</span>
<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>

<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Unused alias variables<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>unused variables<span class="hl opt">}</span>
An unused alias variable is a variable defined in a probe alias, usually
as one of a group of <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>var = \$var<span class="hl opt">}</span> assignments, which is not actually
used by the script probe that instantiates the alias. These variables are
discarded.

<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Variables<span class="hl kwa">\label</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>sub:Variables<span class="hl opt">}}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>variables<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Identifiers for variables and functions are alphanumeric sequences, and may
include the underscore (<span class="hl kwa">\_</span>) and the dollar sign (\$) characters. They may
not start with a plain digit. Each variable is by default local to the probe
or function statement block where it is mentioned, and therefore its scope
and lifetime is limited to a particular probe or function invocation. Scalar
variables are implicitly typed as either string or integer. Associative arrays
also have a string or integer value, and a tuple of strings or integers serves
as a key. Arrays must be declared as global. Local arrays<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>local arrays<span class="hl opt">}</span>
are not allowed.

The translator performs <span class="hl kwa">\emph</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>type inference<span class="hl opt">}</span> on all identifiers, including
array indexes and function parameters. Inconsistent type-related use of identifiers
results in an error.

Variables may be declared global. Global variables are shared among all probes
and remain instantiated as long as the SystemTap session. There is one namespace
for all global variables, regardless of the script file in which they are
found. Because of possible concurrency limits, such as multiple probe handlers,
each global variable used by a probe is automatically read- or write-locked
while the handler is running. A global declaration may be written at the
outermost level anywhere in a script file, not just within a block of code.
Global variables which are written but never read will be displayed
automatically at session shutdown.  The following declaration marks
<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>var1<span class="hl opt">}</span> and <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>var2<span class="hl opt">}</span> as global.
The translator will infer a value type for each, and if the variable is used
as an array, its key types.

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
global var1<span class="hl opt">[</span>=&lt;value&gt;<span class="hl opt">]</span>, var2<span class="hl opt">[</span>=&lt;value&gt;<span class="hl opt">]</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>

<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Auxiliary functions<span class="hl kwa">\label</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>sub:Auxiliary-functions<span class="hl opt">}}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>auxiliary functions<span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
function &lt;name&gt;<span class="hl opt">[</span>:&lt;type&gt;<span class="hl opt">]</span> ( &lt;arg1&gt;<span class="hl opt">[</span>:&lt;type&gt;<span class="hl opt">]</span>, ... ) <span class="hl opt">{</span> &lt;stmts&gt; <span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
SystemTap scripts may define subroutines to factor out common work. Functions
may take any number of scalar arguments, and must return a single scalar
value. Scalars in this context are integers or strings. For more information
on scalars, see Section~<span class="hl kwa">\ref</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>sub:Variables<span class="hl opt">}</span> and Section~<span class="hl kwa">\ref</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>sub:Data-types<span class="hl opt">}</span><span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>.<span class="hl opt">}</span>
The following is an example function declaration.

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
function thisfn (arg1, arg2) <span class="hl opt">{</span>
    return arg1 + arg2
<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Note the general absence of type declarations, which are inferred by the
translator. If desired, a function definition may include explicit type declarations
for its return value, its arguments, or both. This is helpful for embedded-C
functions. In the following example, the type inference engine need only
infer the type of arg2, a string.

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
function thatfn:string(arg1:long, arg2) <span class="hl opt">{</span>
    return sprintf(&quot;<span class="hl slc">%d%s&quot;, arg1, arg2)</span>
<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Functions may call others or themselves recursively, up to a fixed nesting
limit. See Section~<span class="hl kwa">\ref</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>sub:SystemTap-safety<span class="hl opt">}</span>.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Embedded C<span class="hl kwa">\label</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>sub:Embedded-C<span class="hl opt">}}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>embedded C<span class="hl opt">}</span>
SystemTap supports a <span class="hl kwa">\emph</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>guru<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>guru mode<span class="hl opt">}</span> mode<span class="hl opt">}</span> where script safety
features such as code and data memory reference protection are removed. Guru
mode is set by passing the &#39;&#39;-g&#39;&#39; flag to the stap command. When in guru
mode, the translator accepts embedded code enclosed between <span class="hl opt">{}</span>``\%\<span class="hl opt">{</span>&#39;&#39;
and <span class="hl opt">{}</span>``\%\<span class="hl opt">}</span>&#39;&#39; markers in the script file. Embedded code is transcribed
verbatim, without analysis, in sequence, into generated C code. At the outermost
level of a script, guru mode may be useful to add \#include instructions,
or any auxiliary definitions for use by other embedded code.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Embedded C functions<span class="hl opt">}</span>

General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
function &lt;name&gt;:&lt;type&gt; ( &lt;arg1&gt;:&lt;type&gt;, ... ) <span class="hl slc">%{ &lt;C_stmts&gt; %}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Embedded code is permitted in a function body. In that case, the script language
body is replaced entirely by a piece of C code enclosed between \%\<span class="hl opt">{</span> and
\%\<span class="hl opt">}</span> markers. The enclosed code may do anything reasonable and safe as allowed
by the parser.

There are a number of undocumented but complex safety constraints on concurrency,
resource consumption and runtime limits that are applied to code written
in the SystemTap language. These constraints are not applied to embedded
C code, so use such code with caution as it is used verbatim. Be especially
careful when dereferencing pointers. Use the kread() macro to dereference
any pointers that could potentially be invalid or dangerous. If you are unsure,
err on the side of caution and use kread(). The kread() macro is one of the
safety mechanisms used in code generated by embedded C. It protects against
pointer accesses that could crash the system.

For example, to access the pointer chain <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>name = skb-&gt;dev-&gt;name<span class="hl opt">}</span> in
embedded C, use the following code.

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
struct net_device *dev;
char *name;
dev = kread(&amp;(skb-&gt;dev));
name = kread(&amp;(dev-&gt;name));
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
The memory locations reserved for input and output values are provided to
a function using a macro named <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>THIS<span class="hl opt">}</span><span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>THIS<span class="hl opt">}</span>. The following
are examples.

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
function add_one (val) <span class="hl slc">%{</span>
    THIS-&gt;__retvalue = THIS-&gt;val + <span class="hl num">1</span>;
<span class="hl slc">%}</span>
function add_one_str (val) <span class="hl slc">%{</span>
    strlcpy (THIS-&gt;__retvalue, THIS-&gt;val, MAXSTRINGLEN);
    strlcat (THIS-&gt;__retvalue, &quot;one&quot;, MAXSTRINGLEN);
<span class="hl slc">%}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
The function argument and return value types must be inferred by the translator
from the call sites in order for this method to work. You should examine
C code generated for ordinary script language functions to write compatible
embedded-C. Note that all SystemTap functions and probes run with interrupts
disabled, thus you cannot call functions that might sleep from within embedded
C.

<span class="hl kwa">\section</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Probe points<span class="hl kwa">\label</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>sec:Probe-Points<span class="hl opt">}}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>probe points<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>General syntax<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>probe syntax<span class="hl opt">}</span>
The general probe point syntax is a dotted-symbol sequence. This divides
the event namespace into parts, analogous to the style of the Domain Name
System. Each component identifier is parameterized by a string or number
literal, with a syntax analogous to a function call.

The following are all syntactically valid probe points.

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
kernel.function(&quot;foo&quot;)
kernel.function(&quot;foo&quot;).return
module<span class="hl opt">{</span>&quot;ext3&quot;<span class="hl opt">}</span>.function(&quot;ext3_*&quot;)
kernel.function(&quot;no_such_function&quot;) ?
syscall.*
end
timer.ms(<span class="hl num">5000</span>)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Probes may be broadly classified into <span class="hl kwa">\emph</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>synchronous<span class="hl opt">}</span><span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>synchronous<span class="hl opt">}</span>
or <span class="hl kwa">\emph</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>asynchronous<span class="hl opt">}</span>.<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>asynchronous<span class="hl opt">}</span> A synchronous event occurs when
any processor executes an instruction matched by the specification. This
gives these probes a reference point (instruction address) from which more
contextual data may be available. Other families of probe points refer to
asynchronous events such as timers, where no fixed reference point is related.
Each probe point specification may match multiple locations, such as by using
wildcards or aliases, and all are probed. A probe declaration may contain
several specifications separated by commas, which are all probed.

<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Prefixes<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>prefixes<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Prefixes specify the probe target, such as <span class="hl kwa">\textbf</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>kernel<span class="hl opt">}</span>, <span class="hl kwa">\textbf</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>module<span class="hl opt">}</span>,
<span class="hl kwa">\textbf</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>timer<span class="hl opt">}</span>, and so on.

<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Suffixes<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>suffixes<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Suffixes further qualify the point to probe, such as <span class="hl kwa">\textbf</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>.return<span class="hl opt">}</span> for the
exit point of a probed function. The absence of a suffix implies the function
entry point.

<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Wildcarded file names, function names<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>wildcards<span class="hl opt">}</span>
A component may include an asterisk (<span class="hl opt">{</span>*<span class="hl opt">}</span>) character, which expands to other
matching probe points. An example follows.

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
kernel.syscall.*
kernel.function(&quot;sys_*)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>

<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Optional probe points<span class="hl kwa">\label</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>sub:Optional-probe-points<span class="hl opt">}}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>?<span class="hl opt">}</span>
A probe point may be followed by a question mark (?) character, to indicate
that it is optional, and that no error should result if it fails to expand.
This effect passes down through all levels of alias or wildcard expansion.

The following is the general syntax.

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
kernel.function(&quot;no_such_function&quot;) ?
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>

<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Built-in probe point types (DWARF probes)<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>built-in probes<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>dwarf probes<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This family of probe points uses symbolic debugging information for the target
kernel or module, as may be found in executables that have not
been stripped, or in the separate <span class="hl kwa">\textbf</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>debuginfo<span class="hl opt">}</span> packages. They allow
logical placement of probes into the execution path of the target
by specifying a set of points in the source or object code. When a matching
statement executes on any processor, the probe handler is run in that context.

Points in a kernel are identified by module, source file, line number, function
name or some combination of these.

Here is a list of probe point specifications currently supported:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
kernel.function(PATTERN)
kernel.function(PATTERN).call
kernel.function(PATTERN).return
kernel.function(PATTERN).return.maxactive(VALUE)
kernel.function(PATTERN).inline
kernel.function(PATTERN).label(LPATTERN)
module(MPATTERN).function(PATTERN)
module(MPATTERN).function(PATTERN).call
module(MPATTERN).function(PATTERN).return.maxactive(VALUE)
module(MPATTERN).function(PATTERN).inline
kernel.statement(PATTERN)
kernel.statement(ADDRESS).absolute
module(MPATTERN).statement(PATTERN)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>

The <span class="hl kwa">\textbf</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>.function<span class="hl opt">}</span> variant places a probe near the beginning of the named
function, so that parameters are available as context variables.

The <span class="hl kwa">\textbf</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>.return<span class="hl opt">}</span> variant places a probe at the moment of return from the named
function, so the return value is available as the \$return context variable.
The entry parameters are also available, though the function may have changed
their values.  Return probes may be further qualified with <span class="hl kwa">\textbf</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>.maxactive<span class="hl opt">}</span>,
which specifies how many instances of the specified function can be probed simultaneously.
You can leave off <span class="hl kwa">\textbf</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>.maxactive<span class="hl opt">}</span> in most cases, as the default should be sufficient.
However, if you notice an excessive number of skipped probes, try setting <span class="hl kwa">\textbf</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>.maxactive<span class="hl opt">}</span>
to incrementally higher values to see if the number of skipped probes decreases.

The <span class="hl kwa">\textbf</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>.inline<span class="hl opt">}</span> modifier for <span class="hl kwa">\textbf</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>.function<span class="hl opt">}</span> filters the results to include only
instances of inlined functions. The <span class="hl kwa">\textbf</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>.call<span class="hl opt">}</span> modifier selects the opposite subset.
Inline functions do not have an identifiable return point, so <span class="hl kwa">\textbf</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>.return<span class="hl opt">}</span>
is not supported on <span class="hl kwa">\textbf</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>.inline<span class="hl opt">}</span> probes.

The <span class="hl kwa">\textbf</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>.statement<span class="hl opt">}</span> variant places a probe at the exact spot, exposing those local
variables that are visible there.

In the above probe descriptions, MPATTERN stands for a string literal
that identifies the loaded kernel module of interest and LPATTERN
stands for a source program label. Both MPATTERN and LPATTERN may
include asterisk (<span class="hl opt">{</span>*<span class="hl opt">}</span>), square brackets <span class="hl kwa">\char</span>`\&quot;<span class="hl opt">{}{[}]</span><span class="hl kwa">\char</span>`\&quot;<span class="hl opt">{}</span>, and
question mark (?) wildcards.

PATTERN stands for a string literal that identifies a point in the program.
It is composed of three parts:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>enumerate<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\item</span> The first part is the name of a function, as would appear in the nm program&#39;s
output. This part may use the asterisk and question mark wildcard operators
to match multiple names.
<span class="hl kwa">\item</span> The second part is optional, and begins with the ampersand (&#64;) character.
It is followed by the path to the source file containing the function,
which may include a wildcard pattern, such as mm/slab<span class="hl opt">{</span>*<span class="hl opt">}</span>.
In most cases, the path should be relative to the top of the
linux source directory, although an absolute path may be necessary for some kernels.
If a relative pathname doesn&#39;t work, try absolute.
<span class="hl kwa">\item</span> The third part is optional if the file name part was given. It identifies
the line number in the source file, preceded by a ``:&#39;&#39; or ``+&#39;&#39;.
The line number is assumed to be an
absolute line number if preceded by a ``:&#39;&#39;, or relative to the entry of
the function if preceded by a ``+&#39;&#39;.
All the lines in the function can be matched with ``:*&#39;&#39;.
A range of lines x through y can be matched with ``:x-y&#39;&#39;.

<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>enumerate<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Alternately, specify PATTERN as a numeric constant to indicate a relative
module address or an absolute kernel address.

Some of the source-level variables, such as function parameters, locals,
or globals visible in the compilation unit, are visible to probe handlers.
Refer to these variables by prefixing their name with a dollar sign within
the scripts. In addition, a special syntax allows limited traversal of structures,
pointers, and arrays.

<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>\$var<span class="hl opt">}</span> refers to an in-scope variable var. If it is a type similar
to an integer, it will be cast to a <span class="hl num">64</span>-bit integer for script use. Pointers
similar to a string (char <span class="hl opt">{</span>*<span class="hl opt">}</span>) are copied to SystemTap string values by the
<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>kernel<span class="hl kwa">\_string</span>()<span class="hl opt">}</span> or <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>user<span class="hl kwa">\_string</span>()<span class="hl opt">}</span> functions.

<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>\$var-&gt;field<span class="hl opt">}</span> traverses a structure&#39;s field. The indirection operator
may be repeated to follow additional levels of pointers.

<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>\$var<span class="hl opt">{[}</span>N<span class="hl opt">]}</span> indexes into an array. The index is given with a literal
number.

<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>\$\$vars<span class="hl opt">}</span> expands to a character string that is equivalent to
<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>sprintf(&quot;parm1=\%x ... parmN=\%x var1=\%x ... varN=\%x&quot;, \$parm1, ..., \$parmN,
\$var1, ..., \$varN)<span class="hl opt">}</span>

<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>\$\$locals<span class="hl opt">}</span> expands to a character string that is equivalent to
<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>sprintf(&quot;var1=\%x ... varN=\%x&quot;, \$var1, ..., \$varN)<span class="hl opt">}</span>

<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>\$\$parms<span class="hl opt">}</span> expands to a character string that is equivalent to
<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>sprintf(&quot;parm1=\%x ... parmN=\%x&quot;, \$parm1, ..., \$parmN)<span class="hl opt">}</span>


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>kernel.function, module().function<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>kernel.function<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>module().function<span class="hl opt">}</span>
The <span class="hl kwa">\textbf</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>.function<span class="hl opt">}</span> variant places a probe near the beginning of the named function,
so that parameters are available as context variables.

General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
kernel.function(&quot;func<span class="hl opt">[</span>&#64;file<span class="hl opt">]</span>&quot;
module(&quot;modname&quot;).function(&quot;func<span class="hl opt">[</span>&#64;file<span class="hl opt">]</span>&quot;
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Examples:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
# Refers to all kernel functions with &quot;init&quot; or &quot;exit&quot;
# in the name:
kernel.function(&quot;*init*&quot;), kernel.function(&quot;*exit*&quot;)

# Refers to any functions within the &quot;kernel/sched.c&quot;
# file that span line <span class="hl num">240</span>:
kernel.function(&quot;*&#64;kernel/sched.c:<span class="hl num">240</span>&quot;)

# Refers to all functions in the ext3 module:
module(&quot;ext3&quot;).function(&quot;*&quot;)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>

<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>kernel.statement, module().statement<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>kernel.statement<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>module().statement<span class="hl opt">}</span>
The <span class="hl kwa">\textbf</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>.statement<span class="hl opt">}</span> variant places a probe at the exact spot, exposing those local
variables that are visible there.

General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
kernel.statement(&quot;func&#64;file:linenumber&quot;)
module(&quot;modname&quot;).statement(&quot;func&#64;file:linenumber&quot;)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Example:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
# Refers to the statement at line <span class="hl num">2917</span> within the
# kernel/sched.c file:
kernel.statement(&quot;*&#64;kernel/sched.c:<span class="hl num">2917</span>&quot;)
# Refers to the statement at line bio_init+<span class="hl num">3</span> within the fs/bio.c file:
kernel.statement(&quot;bio_init&#64;fs/bio.c+<span class="hl num">3</span>&quot;)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>


<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>DWARF-less probing<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>DWARF-less probing<span class="hl opt">}</span>

In the absence of debugging information, you can still use the
<span class="hl kwa">\emph</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>kprobe<span class="hl opt">}</span> family of probes to examine the entry and exit points of
kernel and module functions. You cannot look up the arguments or local
variables of a function using these probes. However, you can access
the parameters by following this procedure:

When you&#39;re stopped at the entry to a function, you can refer to the
function&#39;s arguments by number. For example, when probing the function
declared:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
asmlinkage ssize_t sys_read(unsigned int fd, char __user * buf, size_t
count)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>

You can obtain the values of <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>fd<span class="hl opt">}</span>, <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>buf<span class="hl opt">}</span>, and
<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>count<span class="hl opt">}</span>, respectively, as <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>uint<span class="hl kwa">\_arg</span>(<span class="hl num">1</span>)<span class="hl opt">}</span>,
<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>pointer<span class="hl kwa">\_arg</span>(<span class="hl num">2</span>)<span class="hl opt">}</span>, and <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>ulong<span class="hl kwa">\_arg</span>(<span class="hl num">3</span>)<span class="hl opt">}</span>. In this case, your
probe code must first call <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>asmlinkage()<span class="hl opt">}</span>, because on some
architectures the asmlinkage attribute affects how the function&#39;s
arguments are passed.

When you&#39;re in a return probe, <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>\$return<span class="hl opt">}</span> isn&#39;t supported
without DWARF, but you can call <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>returnval()<span class="hl opt">}</span> to get the value
of the register in which the function value is typically returned, or
call <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>returnstr()<span class="hl opt">}</span> to get a string version of that value.

And at any code probepoint, you can call
<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{{</span>register(&quot;regname&quot;)<span class="hl opt">}}</span> to get the value of the specified CPU
register when the probe point was hit.
<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>u<span class="hl kwa">\_register</span>(&quot;regname&quot;)<span class="hl opt">}</span> is like <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>register(&quot;regname&quot;)<span class="hl opt">}</span>,
but interprets the value as an unsigned integer.

SystemTap supports the following constructs:
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
kprobe.function(FUNCTION)
kprobe.function(FUNCTION).return
kprobe.module(NAME).function(FUNCTION)
kprobe.module(NAME).function(FUNCTION).return
kprobe.statement(ADDRESS).absolute
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>

Use <span class="hl kwa">\textbf</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>.function<span class="hl opt">}</span> probes for kernel functions and
<span class="hl kwa">\textbf</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>.module<span class="hl opt">}</span> probes for probing functions of a specified module.
If you do not know the absolute address of a kernel or module
function, use <span class="hl kwa">\textbf</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>.statement<span class="hl opt">}</span> probes. Do not use wildcards in
<span class="hl kwa">\textit</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>FUNCTION<span class="hl opt">}</span> and <span class="hl kwa">\textit</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>MODULE<span class="hl opt">}</span> names. Wildcards cause the probe
to not register. Also, run statement probes in guru mode only.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Userspace probing<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>userspace probing<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>process<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Support for userspace probing is supported on kernels that are
configured to include the utrace extensions.  At the time this
<span class="hl kwb">document</span> is written, Red Hat and CentOS distributions provide kernels
with utrace support enabled.  For more information about utrace, see
<span class="hl kwa">\url</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>http://people.redhat.com/roland/utrace/<span class="hl opt">}</span>.

Userspace probing has several forms.  A non-symbolic probe point such
as <span class="hl kwa">\newline\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>process(PID).statement(ADDRESS).absolute<span class="hl opt">}</span> is
analogous to <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>kernel.statement(ADDRESS).absolute<span class="hl opt">}</span> in that both
use raw, unverified virtual addresses and provide no
<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>\$variables<span class="hl opt">}</span>.  The target <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>PID<span class="hl opt">}</span> parameter must identify
a running process and <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>ADDRESS<span class="hl opt">}</span> must identify a valid
instruction address.  All threads of the listed process will be
probed.  This is a guru-level probe.

You can probe non-symbolic user-kernel interface events handled by
utrace. The following constructs are available:
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
process(PID).begin
process(&quot;PATH&quot;).begin
process.begin
process(PID).thread.begin
process(&quot;PATH&quot;).thread.begin
process.thread.begin
process(PID).end
process(&quot;PATH&quot;).end
process.end
process(PID).thread.end
process(&quot;PATH&quot;).thread.end
process.thread.end
process(PID).syscall
process(&quot;PATH&quot;).syscall
process.syscall
process(PID).syscall.return
process(&quot;PATH&quot;).syscall.return
process.syscall.return
process(PID).insn
process(&quot;PATH&quot;).insn.block
process(PID).insn.block
process(&quot;PATH&quot;).insn
process(&quot;PATH&quot;).mark(&quot;LABEL&quot;)
process(&quot;PATH&quot;).function(&quot;NAME&quot;)
process(&quot;PATH&quot;).statement(&quot;*&#64;FILE.c:<span class="hl num">123</span>&quot;)
process(&quot;PATH&quot;).function(&quot;*&quot;).return
process(&quot;PATH&quot;).function(&quot;myfun&quot;).label(&quot;foo&quot;)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>

The <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>.begin<span class="hl opt">}</span> variant is called when a new process described by
<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>PID<span class="hl opt">}</span> or <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>PATH<span class="hl opt">}</span> is created. If no <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>PID<span class="hl opt">}</span> or
<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>PATH<span class="hl opt">}</span> argument is specified (for example
<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>process.begin<span class="hl opt">}</span>), the probe flags any new process being
spawned.

The <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>.thread.begin<span class="hl opt">}</span> variant is called when a new thread
described by <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>PID<span class="hl opt">}</span> or <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>PATH<span class="hl opt">}</span> is created.

The <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>.end<span class="hl opt">}</span> variant is called when a process described by
<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>PID<span class="hl opt">}</span> or <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>PATH<span class="hl opt">}</span> dies.

The <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>.thread.end<span class="hl opt">}</span> variant is called when a thread described by
<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>PID<span class="hl opt">}</span> or <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>PATH<span class="hl opt">}</span> dies.

The <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>.syscall<span class="hl opt">}</span> variant is called when a thread described by
<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>PID<span class="hl opt">}</span> or <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>PATH<span class="hl opt">}</span> makes a system call.  The system call
number is available in the <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>\$syscall<span class="hl opt">}</span> context variable.  The
first six arguments of the system call are available in the
<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>\$argN<span class="hl opt">}</span> parameter, for example <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>\$arg1<span class="hl opt">}</span>,
<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>\$arg2<span class="hl opt">}</span>, and so on.

The <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>.syscall.return<span class="hl opt">}</span> variant is called when a thread described
by <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>PID<span class="hl opt">}</span> or <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>PATH<span class="hl opt">}</span> returns from a system call.  The
system call number is available in the <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>\$syscall<span class="hl opt">}</span> context
variable.  The return value of the system call is available in the
<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>\$return<span class="hl opt">}</span> context variable.

The <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>.mark<span class="hl opt">}</span> variant is called from a static probe which is
defined in the application. For more information, see
<span class="hl kwa">\S\S\ref</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>staticuserspace<span class="hl opt">}</span>.

In addition, full symbolic source-level probes in userspace programs
and shared libraries are supported.  These are exactly analogous to
the symbolic DWARF-based kernel or module probes described previously
and expose similar contextual <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>\$-variables<span class="hl opt">}</span>.
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
process(&quot;PATH&quot;).function(&quot;NAME&quot;)
process(&quot;PATH&quot;).statement(&quot;*&#64;FILE.c:<span class="hl num">123</span>&quot;)
process(&quot;PATH&quot;).function(&quot;*&quot;).return
process(&quot;PATH&quot;).function(&quot;myfun&quot;).label(&quot;foo&quot;)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>

For all process probes, <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>PATH<span class="hl opt">}</span> names refer to executables that
are searched the same way that shells do: either the explicit path
specified, or relative to the working directory if they begin with a
dot-slash (./) character sequence. Otherwise, <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>\$PATH<span class="hl opt">}</span> is
searched.  For example, the following probe syntax:
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
probe process(&quot;ls&quot;).syscall <span class="hl opt">{}</span>
probe process(&quot;./a.out&quot;).syscall <span class="hl opt">{}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>

works the same as:
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
probe process(&quot;/bin/ls&quot;).syscall <span class="hl opt">{}</span>
probe process(&quot;/my/directory/a.out&quot;).syscall <span class="hl opt">{}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>

If a process probe is specified without a <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>PID<span class="hl opt">}</span> or
<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>PATH<span class="hl opt">}</span> parameter, all user threads are probed. However, if
systemtap is invoked in target process mode, process probes are
restricted to the process hierarchy associated with the target
process.

Target process mode (invoked with <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>stap -c CMD<span class="hl opt">}</span> or <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>-x
  PID<span class="hl opt">}</span>) implicitly restricts all <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>process.*<span class="hl opt">}</span> probes to the
given child process.  It does not affect <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>kernel.*<span class="hl opt">}</span> or other
probe types.  The <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>CMD<span class="hl opt">}</span> string is normally run directly, rather
than from a ``<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>/bin/sh -c<span class="hl opt">}</span>&#39;&#39; sub-shell, since utrace and uprobe
probes receive a fairly &quot;clean&quot; event stream.  If meta-characters such
as redirection operators are present in <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>CMD<span class="hl opt">}</span>, ``<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>/bin/sh
  -c CMD<span class="hl opt">}</span>&#39;&#39; is still used, and utrace and uprobe probes will receive
events from the shell. For example:
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl slc">% stap -e &#39;probe process.syscall, process.end {</span>
           printf(&quot;<span class="hl slc">%s %d %s\n&quot;, execname(), pid(), pp())}&#39; \</span>
       -c ls
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>

Here is the output from this command:
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
ls <span class="hl num">2323</span> process.syscall
ls <span class="hl num">2323</span> process.syscall
ls <span class="hl num">2323</span> process.end
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>

If <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>PATH<span class="hl opt">}</span> names a shared library, all processes that map that
shared library can be probed.  If dwarf debugging information is
installed, try using a command with this syntax:
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
probe process(&quot;/lib64/libc-<span class="hl num">2.8</span>.so&quot;).function(&quot;....&quot;) <span class="hl opt">{</span> ... <span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This command probes all threads that call into that library.  Typing
``<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>stap -c CMD<span class="hl opt">}</span>&#39;&#39; or ``<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>stap -x PID<span class="hl opt">}</span>&#39;&#39; restricts this to
the target command and descendants only.  You can use
<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>\$\$vars<span class="hl opt">}</span> and others. You can provide the location of debug
information to the stap command with the <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>-d DIRECTORY<span class="hl opt">}</span> option.

The <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>process().insn<span class="hl opt">}</span> and <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>process().insn.block<span class="hl opt">}</span> probes
inspect the process after each instruction or block of instructions is
executed. These probes are not implemented on all architectures. If
they are not implemented on your system, you will receive an error
message when the script starts.

The <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>.insn<span class="hl opt">}</span> probe is called for every single-stepped
instruction of the process described by <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>PID<span class="hl opt">}</span> or <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>PATH<span class="hl opt">}</span>.

The <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>.insn.block<span class="hl opt">}</span> probe is called for every block-stepped
instruction of the process described by <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>PID<span class="hl opt">}</span> or <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>PATH<span class="hl opt">}</span>.

To count the total number of instructions that a process executes,
type a command similar to:
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
$ stap -e &#39;global steps; probe process(&quot;/bin/ls&quot;).insn <span class="hl opt">{</span>steps++<span class="hl opt">}</span>
           probe end <span class="hl opt">{</span>printf(&quot;Total instructions: <span class="hl slc">%d\n&quot;, steps);}&#39; \</span>
       -c /bin/ls
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>

Using this feature can slow process execution.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Static userspace probing<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\label</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>staticuserspace<span class="hl opt">}</span>
You can probe symbolic static instrumentation compiled into programs
and shared libraries with the following syntax:
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
process(&quot;PATH&quot;).mark(&quot;LABEL&quot;)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>

The <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>.mark<span class="hl opt">}</span> variant is called from a static probe defined in
the application by
<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>STAP<span class="hl kwa">\_PROBE1</span>(handle,LABEL,arg1)<span class="hl opt">}</span>. <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>STAP<span class="hl kwa">\_PROBE1</span><span class="hl opt">}</span> is
defined in the sdt.h file.  The parameters are:


<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>tabular<span class="hl opt">}{</span>|l|r|c|<span class="hl opt">}</span>
  Parameter &amp; Definition \\ <span class="hl kwa">\hline</span>
  <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>handle<span class="hl opt">}</span> &amp; the application handle \\ <span class="hl kwa">\hline</span>
  <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>LABEL<span class="hl opt">}</span> &amp; corresponds to the <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>.mark<span class="hl opt">}</span> argument \\ <span class="hl kwa">\hline</span>
  <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>arg1<span class="hl opt">}</span> &amp; the argument \\ <span class="hl kwa">\hline</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>tabular<span class="hl opt">}</span>


Use <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>STAP<span class="hl kwa">\_PROBE1</span><span class="hl opt">}</span> for probes with one argument.  Use
<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>STAP<span class="hl kwa">\_PROBE2</span><span class="hl opt">}</span> for probes with <span class="hl num">2</span> arguments, and so on.  The
arguments of the probe are available in the context variables
<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>\$arg1<span class="hl opt">}</span>, <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>\$arg2<span class="hl opt">}</span>, and so on.

As an alternative to the <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>STAP<span class="hl kwa">\_PROBE</span><span class="hl opt">}</span> macros, you can use the
dtrace script to create custom macros. The sdt.h file also provides
dtrace compatible markers through <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>DTRACE<span class="hl kwa">\_PROBE</span><span class="hl opt">}</span> and an
associated python <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>dtrace<span class="hl opt">}</span> script.  You can use these in builds
based on dtrace that need dtrace -h or -G functionality.

Here is an example of prototype symbolic userspace probing support:
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
# stap -e &#39;probe process(&quot;ls&quot;).function(&quot;*&quot;).call <span class="hl opt">{</span>
           log (probefunc().&quot; &quot;.$$parms)
           <span class="hl opt">}</span>&#39; \
       -c &#39;ls -l&#39;
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>

To run, this script requires debugging information for the named
program and utrace support in the kernel. If you see a &quot;pass <span class="hl num">4</span>a-time&quot;
build failure, check that your kernel supports utrace.



<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>PROCFS probes<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>PROCFS probes<span class="hl opt">}</span>

These probe points allow procfs pseudo-files in
<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>/proc/systemtap/<span class="hl kwa">\textit</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>MODNAME<span class="hl opt">}}</span> to be created, read and
written.  Specify the name of the systemtap module as
<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span><span class="hl kwa">\textit</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>MODNAME<span class="hl opt">}}</span>.  There are four probe point variants
supported by the translator:
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
procfs(&quot;PATH&quot;).read
procfs(&quot;PATH&quot;).write
procfs.read
procfs.write
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>

<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>PATH<span class="hl opt">}</span> is the file name to be created, relative to
<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>/proc/systemtap/MODNAME<span class="hl opt">}</span>.  If no <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>PATH<span class="hl opt">}</span> is specified
(as in the last two variants in the previous list), <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>PATH<span class="hl opt">}</span>
defaults to &quot;command&quot;.

When a user reads <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>/proc/systemtap/MODNAME/PATH<span class="hl opt">}</span>, the
corresponding procfs read probe is triggered.  Assign the string data
to be read to a variable named <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>\$value<span class="hl opt">}</span>, as follows:
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
procfs(&quot;PATH&quot;).read <span class="hl opt">{</span> $value = &quot;<span class="hl num">100</span><span class="hl kwa">\n</span>&quot; <span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>

When a user writes into <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>/proc/systemtap/MODNAME/PATH<span class="hl opt">}</span>, the
corresponding procfs write probe is triggered.  The data the user
wrote is available in the string variable named <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>\$value<span class="hl opt">}</span>, as
follows:
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
procfs(&quot;PATH&quot;).write <span class="hl opt">{</span> printf(&quot;User wrote: <span class="hl slc">%s&quot;, $value) }</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>


<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Marker probes<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>marker probes<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This family of probe points connects to static probe markers inserted
into the kernel or a module. These markers are special macro calls in
the kernel that make probing faster and more reliable than with
DWARF-based probes.  DWARF debugging information is not required to
use probe markers.

Marker probe points begin with a <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>kernel<span class="hl opt">}</span> prefix which
identifies the source of the symbol table used for finding
markers. The suffix names the marker itself:
<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>mark.(&quot;MARK&quot;)<span class="hl opt">}</span>. The marker name string, which can contain
wildcard characters, is matched against the names given to the marker
macros when the kernel or module is compiled.  Optionally, you can
specify <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>format(&quot;FORMAT&quot;)<span class="hl opt">}</span>.  Specifying the marker format
string allows differentiation between two markers with the same name
but different marker format strings.

The handler associated with a marker probe reads any optional
parameters specified at the macro call site named <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>\$arg1<span class="hl opt">}</span>
through <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>\$argNN<span class="hl opt">}</span>, where <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>NN<span class="hl opt">}</span> is the number of
parameters supplied by the macro. Number and string parameters are
passed in a type-safe manner.

The marker format string associated with a marker is available in
<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>\$format<span class="hl opt">}</span>. The marker name string is available in
<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>\$name<span class="hl opt">}</span>.

Here are the marker probe constructs:
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
kernel.mark(&quot;MARK&quot;)
kernel.mark(&quot;MARK&quot;).format(&quot;FORMAT&quot;)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>

For more information about marker probes, see
<span class="hl kwa">\url</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>http://sourceware.org/systemtap/wiki/UsingMarkers<span class="hl opt">}</span>.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Syscall probes<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\label</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>sec:syscall<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>syscall probes<span class="hl opt">}</span>
The <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>syscall.*<span class="hl opt">}</span>  aliases define several hundred probes.  They
use the following syntax:
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
syscall.NAME
syscall.NAME.return
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>

Generally, two probes are defined for each normal system call as
listed in the syscalls(<span class="hl num">2</span>) manual page: one for entry and one for
return.   System calls that never return do not have a
corresponding <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>.return<span class="hl opt">}</span> probe.

Each probe alias defines a variety of variables. Look at the tapset
source code to find the most reliable source of variable definitions.
Generally, each variable listed in the standard manual page is
available as a script-level variable. For example,
<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>syscall.open<span class="hl opt">}</span> exposes file name, flags, and mode.  In addition,
a standard suite of variables is available at most aliases, as follows:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>itemize<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\item \texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>argstr<span class="hl opt">}</span>: A pretty-printed form of the entire argument
  list, without parentheses.
<span class="hl kwa">\item \texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>name<span class="hl opt">}</span>: The name of the system call.
<span class="hl kwa">\item \texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>retstr<span class="hl opt">}</span>: For return probes, a pretty-printed form of the
  system call result.
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>itemize<span class="hl opt">}</span>

Not all probe aliases obey all of these general guidelines.  Please
<span class="hl kwb">report</span> exceptions that you encounter as a bug.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Tracepoints<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\label</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>sec:tracepoints<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>tracepoints<span class="hl opt">}</span>

This family of probe points hooks to static probing tracepoints
inserted into the kernel or kernel modules.  As with marker probes,
these tracepoints are special macro calls inserted by kernel
developers to make probing faster and more reliable than with
DWARF-based probes.  DWARF debugging information is not required to
probe tracepoints.  Tracepoints have more strongly-typed parameters
than marker probes.

Tracepoint probes begin with <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>kernel<span class="hl opt">}</span>.  The next part names the
tracepoint itself: <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>trace(&quot;name&quot;)<span class="hl opt">}</span>.  The tracepoint
<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>name<span class="hl opt">}</span> string, which can contain wildcard characters, is
matched against the names defined by the kernel developers in the
tracepoint header files.

The handler associated with a tracepoint-based probe can read the
optional parameters specified at the macro call site.  These
parameters are named according to the declaration by the tracepoint
author.  For example, the tracepoint probe
<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>kernel.trace(&quot;sched<span class="hl kwa">\_switch</span>&quot;)<span class="hl opt">}</span> provides the parameters
<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>\$rq<span class="hl opt">}</span>, <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>\$prev<span class="hl opt">}</span>, and <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>\$next<span class="hl opt">}</span>.  If the parameter
is a complex type such as a struct pointer, then a script can access
fields with the same syntax as DWARF <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>\$target<span class="hl opt">}</span> variables.
Tracepoint parameters cannot be modified; however, in guru mode a
script can modify fields of parameters.

The name of the tracepoint is available in <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>\$\$name<span class="hl opt">}</span>, and a
string of <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>name=value<span class="hl opt">}</span> pairs for all parameters of the
tracepoint is available in <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>\$\$vars<span class="hl opt">}</span> or <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>\$\$parms<span class="hl opt">}</span>.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Timer probes<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>timer probes<span class="hl opt">}</span>
You can use intervals defined by the standard kernel jiffies<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>jiffies<span class="hl opt">}</span>
timer to trigger probe handlers asynchronously. A <span class="hl kwa">\emph</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>jiffy<span class="hl opt">}</span> is a kernel-defined
unit of time typically between <span class="hl num">1</span> and <span class="hl num">60</span> msec. Two probe point variants are
supported by the translator:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
timer.jiffies(N)
timer.jiffies(N).randomize(M)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
The probe handler runs every N jiffies. If the <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>randomize<span class="hl opt">}</span><span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>randomize<span class="hl opt">}</span>
component is given, a linearly distributed random value in the range <span class="hl opt">{[}</span>-M
<span class="hl kwa">\ldots</span><span class="hl opt">{}</span> +M<span class="hl opt">]</span> is added to N every time the handler executes. N is restricted
to a reasonable range (<span class="hl num">1</span> to approximately <span class="hl num">1</span>,<span class="hl num">000</span>,<span class="hl num">000</span>), and M is restricted
to be less than N. There are no target variables provided in either context.
Probes can be run concurrently on multiple processors.

Intervals may be specified in units of time. There are two probe point variants
similar to the jiffies timer:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
timer.ms(N)
timer.ms(N).randomize(M)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Here, N and M are specified in milliseconds<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>milliseconds<span class="hl opt">}</span>, but the
full options for units are seconds (s or sec), milliseconds (ms or msec),
microseconds (us or usec), nanoseconds (ns or nsec), and hertz (hz). Randomization
is not supported for hertz timers.

The resolution of the timers depends on the target kernel. For kernels prior
to <span class="hl num">2.6.17</span>, timers are limited to jiffies resolution, so intervals are rounded
up to the nearest jiffies interval. After <span class="hl num">2.6.17</span>, the implementation uses
hrtimers for tighter precision, though the resulting resolution will be dependent
upon architecture. In either case, if the randomize component is given, then
the random value will be added to the interval before any rounding occurs.

Profiling timers are available to provide probes that execute on all CPUs
at each system tick. This probe takes no parameters, as follows.

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
timer.profile
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Full context information of the interrupted process is available, making
this probe suitable for implementing a time-based sampling profiler.

The following is an example of timer usage.

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
# Refers to a periodic interrupt, every <span class="hl num">1000</span> jiffies:
timer.jiffies(<span class="hl num">1000</span>)

# Fires every <span class="hl num">5</span> seconds:
timer.sec(<span class="hl num">5</span>)

# Refers to a periodic interrupt, every <span class="hl num">1000</span> +/- <span class="hl num">200</span> jiffies:
timer.jiffies(<span class="hl num">1000</span>).randomize(<span class="hl num">200</span>)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>

<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Return probes<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>return probes<span class="hl opt">}</span>
The <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>.return<span class="hl opt">}</span> variant places a probe at the moment of return from
the named function, so that the return value is available as the \$return
context variable. The entry parameters are also accessible in the context
of the return probe, though their values may have been changed by the function.
Inline functions do not have an identifiable return point, so <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>.return<span class="hl opt">}</span>
is not supported on <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>.inline<span class="hl opt">}</span> probes.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Special probe points<span class="hl opt">}</span>

The probe points <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>begin<span class="hl opt">}</span> and <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>end<span class="hl opt">}</span> are defined by the translator
to refer to the time of session startup and shutdown. There are no target
variables available in either context.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>begin<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>begin<span class="hl opt">}</span>
The <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>begin<span class="hl opt">}</span> probe is the start of the SystemTap session. All <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>begin<span class="hl opt">}</span>
probe handlers are run during the startup of the session. All global variables
must be declared prior to this point.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>end<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>end<span class="hl opt">}</span>
The <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>end<span class="hl opt">}</span> probe is the end of the SystemTap session. All <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>end<span class="hl opt">}</span>
probes are run during the normal shutdown of a session, such as in the aftermath
of an <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>exit<span class="hl opt">}</span> function call, or an interruption from the user. In the
case of an shutdown triggered by error, <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>end<span class="hl opt">}</span> probes are not run.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>error<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>error<span class="hl opt">}</span>
The <span class="hl kwa">\emph</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>error<span class="hl opt">}</span> probe point is similar to the end
probe, except the probe handler runs when the session ends if an error
occurred.  In this case, an <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>end<span class="hl opt">}</span> probe is skipped, but each
<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>error<span class="hl opt">}</span> probe is still attempted.  You can use an
<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>error<span class="hl opt">}</span> probe to clean up or perform a final action on script
termination.

Here is a simple example:
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
probe error <span class="hl opt">{</span> println (&quot;Oops, errors occurred. Here&#39;s a <span class="hl kwb">report</span> anyway.&quot;)
              foreach (coin in mint) <span class="hl opt">{</span> println (coin) <span class="hl opt">} }</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>begin, end, and error probe sequence<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>probe sequence<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>begin<span class="hl opt">}</span>, <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>end<span class="hl opt">}</span>, and <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>error<span class="hl opt">}</span> probes can be
specified with an optional sequence number that controls the order in
which they are run. If no sequence number is provided, the sequence
number defaults to zero and probes are run in the order that they
occur in the script file. Sequence numbers may be either positive or
negative, and are especially useful for tapset writers who want to do
initialization in a <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>begin<span class="hl opt">}</span> probe. The following are examples.

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
# In a tapset file:
probe begin(-<span class="hl num">1000</span>) <span class="hl opt">{</span> ... <span class="hl opt">}</span>

# In a user script:
probe begin <span class="hl opt">{</span> ... <span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
The user script <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>begin<span class="hl opt">}</span> probe defaults to sequence number zero, so
the tapset <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>begin<span class="hl opt">}</span> probe will run first.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>never<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>never<span class="hl opt">}</span>
The <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>never<span class="hl opt">}</span> probe point is defined by the translator to mean <span class="hl kwa">\emph</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>never<span class="hl opt">}</span>.
Its statements are analyzed for symbol and type correctness, but its probe
handler is never run. This probe point may be useful in conjunction with
optional probes. See Section~<span class="hl kwa">\ref</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>sub:Optional-probe-points<span class="hl opt">}</span>.


<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>comment<span class="hl opt">}</span> <span class="hl slc">% Comment out until perfmon code is reactivated</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Probes to monitor performance<span class="hl opt">}</span>

The perfmon family of probe points is used to access the performance monitoring
hardware available in modern processors. These probe points require perfmon2
support in the kernel to access the hardware.

Performance monitor hardware points have a <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>perfmon<span class="hl opt">}</span> prefix. The suffix
names the event being counted, for example <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>counter(event)<span class="hl opt">}</span>. The event
names are specific to the processor implementation, except for generic cycle
and instructions events, which are available on all processors. The probe
<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>perfmon.counter(event)<span class="hl opt">}</span> starts a counter on the processor which counts
the number of events that occur on that processor. For more details about
the performance monitoring events available on a specific processor, see
the help text returned by typing the perfmon2 command <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>pfmon -l.<span class="hl opt">}</span>

<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>\$counter<span class="hl opt">}</span>

\$counter is a handle used in the body of a probe for operations involving
the counter associated with the probe.

<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>read<span class="hl kwa">\_counter</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>

read<span class="hl kwa">\_counter</span> is a function passed to the handle for a perfmon probe. It
returns the current count for the event.
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>comment<span class="hl opt">}</span>

<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Pointer typecasting<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Pointer typecasting<span class="hl opt">}</span>

<span class="hl kwa">\emph</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Typecasting<span class="hl opt">}</span> is supported using the <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>&#64;cast()<span class="hl opt">}</span> operator. A
script can define a pointer type for a <span class="hl kwa">\emph</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>long<span class="hl opt">}</span> value, then access
type members using the same syntax as with <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>\$target<span class="hl opt">}</span>
variables. After a pointer is saved into a script integer variable,
the translator loses the necessary type information to access members
from that pointer.  The <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>&#64;cast()<span class="hl opt">}</span> operator tells the translator
how to read a pointer.

The following statement interprets <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>p<span class="hl opt">}</span> as a pointer to a struct
or union named <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>type<span class="hl kwa">\_name</span><span class="hl opt">}</span> and dereferences the
<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>member<span class="hl opt">}</span> value:
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
&#64;cast(p, &quot;type_name&quot;<span class="hl opt">[</span>, &quot;module&quot;<span class="hl opt">]</span>)-&gt;member
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>

The optional <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>module<span class="hl opt">}</span> parameter tells the translator where to
look for information about that type. You can specify multiple modules
as a list with colon (<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>:<span class="hl opt">}</span>) separators. If you do not specify
the module parameter, the translator defaults to either the probe
module for dwarf probes or to <span class="hl kwa">\textit</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>kernel<span class="hl opt">}</span> for functions and all
other probe types.

The following statement retrieves the parent PID from a kernel
task<span class="hl kwa">\_struct</span>:
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
&#64;cast(pointer, &quot;task_struct&quot;, &quot;kernel&quot;)-&gt;parent-&gt;tgid
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>

The translator can create its own module with type information from a
header surrounded by angle brackets (<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>&lt; &gt;<span class="hl opt">}</span>) if normal debugging
information is not available.  For kernel headers, prefix it with
<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>kernel<span class="hl opt">}</span> to use the appropriate build system.  All other
headers are built with default GCC parameters into a user module. The
following statements are examples.
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
&#64;cast(tv, &quot;timeval&quot;, &quot;&lt;sys/time.h&gt;&quot;)-&gt;tv_sec
&#64;cast(task, &quot;task_struct&quot;, &quot;kernel&lt;linux/sched.h&gt;&quot;)-&gt;tgid
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>

In guru mode, the translator allows scripts to assign new values to
members of typecasted pointers.

Typecasting is also useful in the case of <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>void*<span class="hl opt">}</span> members whose
type might be determinable at run time.
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
probe foo <span class="hl opt">{</span>
   if ($var-&gt;type == <span class="hl num">1</span>) <span class="hl opt">{</span>
      value = &#64;cast($var-&gt;data, &quot;type1&quot;)-&gt;bar
   <span class="hl opt">}</span> else <span class="hl opt">{</span>
      value = &#64;cast($var-&gt;data, &quot;type2&quot;)-&gt;baz
   <span class="hl opt">}</span>
   print(value)
<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>


<span class="hl kwa">\section</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Language elements<span class="hl kwa">\label</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>sec:Language-Elements<span class="hl opt">}}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Identifiers<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>identifiers<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\emph</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Identifiers<span class="hl opt">}</span> are used to name variables and functions. They are an
alphanumeric sequence that may include the underscore (<span class="hl kwa">\_</span>) and dollar sign
(\$) characters. They have the same syntax as C identifiers, except that
the dollar sign is also a legal character. Identifiers that begin with a
dollar sign are interpreted as references to variables in the target software,
rather than to SystemTap script variables. Identifiers may not start with
a plain digit.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Data types<span class="hl kwa">\label</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>sub:Data-types<span class="hl opt">}}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>data types<span class="hl opt">}</span>
The SystemTap language includes a small number of data types, but no type
declarations. A variable&#39;s type is inferred<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>inference<span class="hl opt">}</span> from its use.
To support this inference, the translator enforces consistent typing of function
arguments and return values, array indices and values. There are no implicit
type conversions between strings and numbers. Inconsistent type-related use
of identifiers signals an error.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Literals<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>literals<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Literals are either strings or integers. Literals can be expressed as decimal,
octal, or hexadecimal, using C notation. Type suffixes (e.g., <span class="hl kwa">\emph</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>L<span class="hl opt">}</span> or
<span class="hl kwa">\emph</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>U<span class="hl opt">}</span>) are not used.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Integers<span class="hl kwa">\label</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>sub:Integers<span class="hl opt">}}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>integers<span class="hl opt">}</span> <span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>numbers<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Integers are decimal, hexadecimal, or octal, and use the same notation as
in C. Integers are <span class="hl num">64</span>-bit signed quantities, although the parser also accepts
(and wraps around) values above positive $<span class="hl num">2</span>^<span class="hl opt">{</span><span class="hl num">63</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>$ but below $<span class="hl num">2</span>^<span class="hl opt">{</span><span class="hl num">64</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>$.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Strings<span class="hl kwa">\label</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>sub:Strings<span class="hl opt">}}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>strings<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Strings are enclosed in quotation marks (<span class="hl opt">{}</span>``string&#39;&#39;), and pass through
standard C escape codes with backslashes. Strings are limited in length to
MAXSTRINGLEN. For more information about this and other limits, see Section~<span class="hl kwa">\ref</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>sub:SystemTap-safety<span class="hl opt">}</span>.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Associative arrays<span class="hl opt">}</span>

See Section~<span class="hl kwa">\ref</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>sec:Associative-Arrays<span class="hl opt">}</span>


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Statistics<span class="hl opt">}</span>

See Section~<span class="hl kwa">\ref</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>sec:Statistics<span class="hl opt">}</span>


<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Semicolons<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>;<span class="hl opt">}</span>
The semicolon is the null statement, or do nothing statement. It is optional,
and useful as a separator between statements to improve detection of syntax
errors and to reduce ambiguities in grammar.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Comments<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>comments<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Three forms of comments are supported, as follows.

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
# ... shell style, to the end of line
// ... C++ style, to the end of line
/* ... C style ... */
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>

<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Whitespace<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>whitespace<span class="hl opt">}</span>
As in C, spaces, tabs, returns, newlines, and comments are treated as whitespace.
Whitespace is ignored by the parser.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Expressions<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>expressions<span class="hl opt">}</span>
SystemTap supports a number of operators that use the same general syntax,
semantics, and precedence as in C and awk. Arithmetic is performed per C
rules for signed integers. If the parser detects division by zero or an overflow,
it generates an error. The following subsections list these operators.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Binary numeric operators<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>binary<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{{</span>*<span class="hl opt">}</span> / \% + - &gt;\,<span class="hl opt">{}</span>&gt; &lt;\,<span class="hl opt">{}</span>&lt; \&amp; <span class="hl kwa">\textasciicircum</span><span class="hl opt">{}</span>
| \&amp;\&amp; ||<span class="hl opt">}</span>


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Binary string operators<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>binary<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span><span class="hl kwa">\textbf</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>.<span class="hl opt">}}</span> (string concatenation)


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Numeric assignment operators<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>numeric<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>= <span class="hl opt">{</span>*<span class="hl opt">}</span>= /= \%= += -= &gt;\,<span class="hl opt">{}</span>&gt;= &lt;\,<span class="hl opt">{}</span>&lt;=
\&amp;= <span class="hl kwa">\textasciicircum</span><span class="hl opt">{}</span>= |=<span class="hl opt">}</span>


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>String assignment operators<span class="hl opt">}</span>

<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>= .=<span class="hl opt">}</span>


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Unary numeric operators<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>unary<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>+ - ! <span class="hl kwa">\textasciitilde</span><span class="hl opt">{}</span> ++ -<span class="hl opt">{}</span>-<span class="hl opt">}</span>


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Binary numeric or string comparison operators<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>comparison<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>&lt; &gt; &lt;= &gt;= == !=<span class="hl opt">}</span>


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Ternary operator<span class="hl kwa">\label</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>sub:Ternary-operator<span class="hl opt">}}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>?<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>cond ? exp1 : exp2<span class="hl opt">}</span>


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Grouping operator<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>grouping<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>( exp )<span class="hl opt">}</span>


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Function call<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>fn<span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>fn (<span class="hl opt">{[}</span> arg1, arg2, ... <span class="hl opt">]</span>)<span class="hl opt">}</span>


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>\$ptr-<span class="hl kwa">\textgreater</span> member<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>pointer<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>ptr<span class="hl opt">}</span> is a kernel pointer available in a probed context.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span><span class="hl kwa">\textless</span> value<span class="hl kwa">\textgreater</span>\ in <span class="hl kwa">\textless</span> array<span class="hl kwa">\_name\textgreater</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>index<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This expression evaluates to true if the array contains an element with the
specified index.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{{[}</span> <span class="hl kwa">\textless</span> value<span class="hl kwa">\textgreater</span>, ... <span class="hl opt">]</span> in <span class="hl kwa">\textless</span> array<span class="hl kwa">\_name\textgreater</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>

The number of index values must match the number of indexes previously specified.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Literals passed in from the stap command line<span class="hl kwa">\label</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>sub:Literals-passed-in<span class="hl opt">}}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>literals<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\emph</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Literals<span class="hl opt">}</span> are either strings enclosed in double quotes (&#39;&#39; &#39;&#39;) or
integers. For information about integers, see Section~<span class="hl kwa">\ref</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>sub:Integers<span class="hl opt">}</span>.
For information about strings, see Section~<span class="hl kwa">\ref</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>sub:Strings<span class="hl opt">}</span>.

Script arguments at the end of a command line are expanded as literals. You
can use these in all contexts where literals are accepted. A reference to
a nonexistent argument number is an error.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>\$<span class="hl num">1</span> <span class="hl kwa">\ldots</span><span class="hl opt">{}</span> \$<span class="hl kwa">\textless</span> NN<span class="hl kwa">\textgreater</span>\ for integers<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>\$<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Use <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>\$<span class="hl num">1</span> <span class="hl kwa">\ldots</span><span class="hl opt">{}</span> \$&lt;NN&gt;<span class="hl opt">}</span> for casting as a numeric literal.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>&#64;<span class="hl num">1</span> <span class="hl kwa">\ldots</span><span class="hl opt">{}</span> &#64;<span class="hl kwa">\textless</span> NN<span class="hl kwa">\textgreater</span>\ for strings<span class="hl opt">}</span>

Use <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>&#64;<span class="hl num">1</span> <span class="hl kwa">\ldots</span><span class="hl opt">{}</span> &#64;&lt;NN&gt;<span class="hl opt">}</span> for casting as a string literal.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Examples<span class="hl opt">}</span>

For example, if the following script named example.stp

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
probe begin <span class="hl opt">{</span> printf(&quot;<span class="hl slc">%d, %s\n&quot;, $1, &#64;2) }</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
is invoked as follows

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
# stap example.stp <span class="hl num">10</span> mystring
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
then <span class="hl num">10</span> is substituted for \$<span class="hl num">1</span> and <span class="hl kwa">\char</span>`\&quot;<span class="hl opt">{}</span>mystring<span class="hl kwa">\char</span>`\&quot;<span class="hl opt">{}</span> for &#64;<span class="hl num">2</span>. The
output will be

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl num">10</span>, mystring
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>

<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Conditional compilation<span class="hl opt">}</span>


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Conditions<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>conditions<span class="hl opt">}</span>
One of the steps of parsing is a simple conditional preprocessing stage.
The general form of this is similar to the ternary operator (Section~<span class="hl kwa">\ref</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>sub:Ternary-operator<span class="hl opt">}</span>).

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl slc">%( CONDITION %? TRUE-TOKENS %)</span>
<span class="hl slc">%( CONDITION %? TRUE-TOKENS %: FALSE-TOKENS %)</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
The CONDITION is a limited expression whose format is determined by its first
keyword. The following is the general syntax.

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl slc">%( &lt;condition&gt; %? &lt;code&gt; [ %: &lt;code&gt; ] %)</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>

<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Conditions based on kernel version: kernel<span class="hl kwa">\_v</span>, kernel<span class="hl kwa">\_vr</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>kernel version<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>kernel<span class="hl kwa">\_vr</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>kernel<span class="hl kwa">\_v</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
If the first part of a conditional expression is the identifier <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>kernel<span class="hl kwa">\_v</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
or <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>kernel<span class="hl kwa">\_vr</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>, the second part must be one of six standard numeric
comparison operators <span class="hl opt">{}</span>``<span class="hl kwa">\textless</span>&#39;&#39;, <span class="hl opt">{}</span>``<span class="hl kwa">\textless</span> =&#39;&#39;, <span class="hl opt">{}</span>``==&#39;&#39;, <span class="hl opt">{}</span>``!=&#39;&#39;, <span class="hl opt">{}</span>``<span class="hl kwa">\textgreater</span>&#39;&#39;,
or <span class="hl opt">{}</span>``<span class="hl kwa">\textgreater</span> =&#39;&#39;,
and the third part must be a string literal that contains an RPM-style version-release
value. The condition returns true if the version of the target kernel (as
optionally overridden by the <span class="hl kwa">\textbf</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>-r<span class="hl opt">}</span> option) matches the given version
string. The comparison is performed by the glibc function strverscmp.

<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>kernel<span class="hl kwa">\_v</span><span class="hl opt">}</span> refers to the kernel version number only, such as <span class="hl opt">{}</span>``<span class="hl num">2.6.13</span><span class="hl kwa">\char</span>`\&quot;<span class="hl opt">{}</span>.

<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>kernel<span class="hl kwa">\_vr</span><span class="hl opt">}</span> refers to the kernel version number including the release
code suffix, such as <span class="hl opt">{}</span>``<span class="hl num">2.6.13</span>-<span class="hl num">1.322</span>FC3smp&#39;&#39;.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Conditions based on architecture: arch<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>arch<span class="hl opt">}</span>
If the first part of the conditional expression is the identifier <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>arch<span class="hl opt">}</span>
which refers to the processor architecture, then the second part is a string
comparison operator &#39;&#39;==&#39;&#39; or &#39;&#39;!=&#39;&#39;, and the third part is a string
literal for matching it. This comparison is a simple string equality or inequality.
The currently supported architecture strings are i386, i686, x86<span class="hl kwa">\_64</span>, ia64,
s390x and ppc64.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>True and False Tokens<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>tokens<span class="hl opt">}</span>
TRUE-TOKENS and FALSE-TOKENS are zero or more general parser tokens, possibly
including nested preprocessor conditionals, that are pasted into the input
stream if the condition is true or false. For example, the following code
induces a parse error unless the target kernel version is newer than <span class="hl num">2.6.5</span>.

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl slc">%( kernel_v &lt;= &quot;2.6.5&quot; %? **ERROR** %) # invalid token sequence</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
The following code adapts to hypothetical kernel version drift.

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
probe kernel.function (
    <span class="hl slc">%( kernel_v &lt;= &quot;2.6.12&quot; %? &quot;__mm_do_fault&quot; %:</span>
        <span class="hl slc">%( kernel_vr == &quot;2.6.13-1.8273FC3smp&quot; %? &quot;do_page_fault&quot; %: UNSUPPORTED %)</span>
    <span class="hl slc">%)) { /* ... */ }</span>

<span class="hl slc">%( arch == &quot;ia64&quot; %?</span>
    probe syscall.vliw = kernel.function(&quot;vliw_widget&quot;) <span class="hl opt">{}</span>
<span class="hl slc">%)</span>

<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>

The following code adapts to the presence of a kernel CONFIG option.

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl slc">%( CONFIG_UTRACE == &quot;y&quot; %?</span>
    probe process.syscall <span class="hl opt">{}</span>
<span class="hl slc">%)</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>

<span class="hl kwa">\section</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Statement types<span class="hl kwa">\label</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>sec:Statement-Types<span class="hl opt">}}</span>

Statements enable procedural control flow within functions and probe handlers.
The total number of statements executed in response to any single probe event
is limited to MAXACTION, which defaults to <span class="hl num">1000</span>. See Section~<span class="hl kwa">\ref</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>sub:SystemTap-safety<span class="hl opt">}</span>.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>break and continue<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>break<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>continue<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Use <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>break<span class="hl opt">}</span> or <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>continue<span class="hl opt">}</span> to exit or iterate the innermost
nesting loop statement, such as within a <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>while, for,<span class="hl opt">}</span> or <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>foreach<span class="hl opt">}</span>
statement. The syntax and semantics are the same as those used in C.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>delete<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>delete<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>delete<span class="hl opt">}</span> removes an element.

The following statement removes from ARRAY the element specified by the index
tuple. The value will no longer be available, and subsequent iterations will
not <span class="hl kwb">report</span> the element. It is not an error to delete an element that does
not exist.

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
delete ARRAY<span class="hl opt">[</span>INDEX1, INDEX2, ...<span class="hl opt">]</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
The following syntax removes all elements from ARRAY:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
delete ARRAY
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
The following statement removes the value of SCALAR. Integers and strings
are cleared to zero and null (<span class="hl kwa">\char</span>`\&quot;<span class="hl opt">{}</span><span class="hl kwa">\char</span>`\&quot;<span class="hl opt">{}</span>) respectively, while statistics
are reset to their initial empty state.

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
delete SCALAR
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>

<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>do<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>do<span class="hl opt">}</span>
The <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>do<span class="hl opt">}</span> statement has the same syntax and semantics as in C.

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
do STMT while (EXP)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>

<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>EXP (expression)<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>expression<span class="hl opt">}</span>
An <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>expression<span class="hl opt">}</span> executes a string- or integer-valued expression and
discards the value.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>for<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>for<span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
for (EXP1; EXP2; EXP3) STMT
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
The <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>for<span class="hl opt">}</span> statement is similar to the <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>for<span class="hl opt">}</span> statement in C.
The <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>for<span class="hl opt">}</span> expression executes EXP1 as initialization. While EXP2 is
non-zero, it executes STMT, then the iteration expression EXP3.

<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>foreach<span class="hl kwa">\label</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>sub:foreach<span class="hl opt">}}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>foreach<span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
foreach (VAR in ARRAY) STMT
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
The <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>foreach<span class="hl opt">}</span> statement loops over each element of a named global array, assigning
the current key to VAR. The array must not be modified within the statement.
If you add a single plus (+) or minus (-) operator after the VAR or the ARRAY
identifier, the iteration order will be sorted by the ascending or descending
index or value.

The following statement behaves the same as the first example, except it
is used when an array is indexed with a tuple of keys.  Use a sorting suffix
on at most one VAR or ARRAY identifier.

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
foreach (<span class="hl opt">[</span>VAR1, VAR2, ...<span class="hl opt">]</span> in ARRAY) STMT
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
The following statement is the same as the first example, except that the
<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>limit<span class="hl opt">}</span> keyword limits the number of loop iterations to EXP times.
EXP is evaluated once at the beginning of the loop.

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
foreach (VAR in ARRAY limit EXP) STMT
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>

<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>if<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>if<span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
if (EXP) STMT1 <span class="hl opt">[</span> else STMT2 <span class="hl opt">]</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
The <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>if<span class="hl opt">}</span> statement compares an integer-valued EXP to zero. It executes
the first STMT if non-zero, or the second STMT if zero.

The <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>if<span class="hl opt">}</span> command has the same syntax and semantics as used in C.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>next<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>next<span class="hl opt">}</span>
The <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>next<span class="hl opt">}</span> statement returns immediately from the enclosing probe
handler.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>; (null statement)<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>;<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>null statement<span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
statement1
;
statement2
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
The semicolon represents the null statement, or do nothing. It is useful
as an optional separator between statements to improve syntax error detection
and to handle certain grammar ambiguities.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>return<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>return<span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
return EXP
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
The <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>return<span class="hl opt">}</span> statement returns the EXP value from the enclosing function.
If the value of the function is not returned, then a return statement is
not needed, and the function will have a special <span class="hl kwa">\emph</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>unknown<span class="hl opt">}</span> type with
no return value.

<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>\<span class="hl opt">{</span> \<span class="hl opt">}</span> (statement block)<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>\<span class="hl opt">{</span> \<span class="hl opt">}}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>statement block<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This is the statement block with zero or more statements enclosed within
brackets. The following is the general syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl opt">{</span> STMT1 STMT2 ... <span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
The statement block executes each statement in sequence in the block. Separators
or terminators are generally not necessary between statements. The statement
block uses the same syntax and semantics as in C.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>while<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>while<span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
while (EXP) STMT
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
The <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>while<span class="hl opt">}</span> statement uses the same syntax and semantics as in C.
In the statement above, while the integer-valued EXP evaluates to non-zero,
the parser will execute STMT.


<span class="hl kwa">\section</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Associative arrays<span class="hl kwa">\label</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>sec:Associative-Arrays<span class="hl opt">}}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>associative arrays<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Associative arrays are implemented as hash tables with a maximum size set
at startup. Associative arrays are too large to be created dynamically for
individual probe handler runs, so they must be declared as global. The basic
operations for arrays are setting and looking up elements. These operations
are expressed in awk syntax: the array name followed by an opening bracket
(<span class="hl opt">{[}</span>), a comma-separated list of up to five index index expressions, and
a closing bracket (<span class="hl opt">]</span>). Each index expression may be a string or a number,
as long as it is consistently typed throughout the script.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Examples<span class="hl opt">}</span>

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
# Increment the named array slot:
foo <span class="hl opt">[</span><span class="hl num">4</span>,&quot;hello&quot;<span class="hl opt">]</span> ++

# Update a statistic:
processusage <span class="hl opt">[</span>uid(),execname()<span class="hl opt">]</span> ++

# Set a timestamp reference point:
times <span class="hl opt">[</span>tid()<span class="hl opt">]</span> = get_cycles()

# Compute a timestamp delta:
delta = get_cycles() - times <span class="hl opt">[</span>tid()<span class="hl opt">]</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>

<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Types of values<span class="hl opt">}</span>

Array elements may be set to a number or a string. The type must be consistent
throughout the use of the array. The first assignment to the array defines
the type of the elements. Unset array elements may be fetched and return
a null value (zero or empty string) as appropriate, but they are not seen
by a membership test.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Array capacity<span class="hl opt">}</span>

Array sizes can be specified explicitly or allowed to default to the maximum
size as defined by MAXMAPENTRIES. See Section~<span class="hl kwa">\ref</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>sub:SystemTap-safety<span class="hl opt">}</span>
for details on changing MAXMAPENTRIES.

You can explicitly specify the size of an array as follows:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
global ARRAY<span class="hl opt">[</span>&lt;size&gt;<span class="hl opt">]</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
If you do not specify the size parameter, then the array is created to hold
MAXMAPENTRIES number of elements


<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Iteration, foreach<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>foreach<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Like awk, SystemTap&#39;s foreach creates a loop that iterates over key tuples
of an array, not only values. The iteration may be sorted by any single key
or a value by adding an extra plus symbol (+) or minus symbol (-) to the
code. The following are examples.

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
# Simple loop in arbitrary sequence:
foreach (<span class="hl opt">[</span>a,b<span class="hl opt">]</span> in foo)
    fuss_with(foo<span class="hl opt">[</span>a,b<span class="hl opt">]</span>)

# Loop in increasing sequence of value:
foreach (<span class="hl opt">[</span>a,b<span class="hl opt">]</span> in foo+) <span class="hl opt">{</span> ... <span class="hl opt">}</span>

# Loop in decreasing sequence of first key:
foreach (<span class="hl opt">[</span>a-,b<span class="hl opt">]</span> in foo) <span class="hl opt">{</span> ... <span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
The <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>break<span class="hl opt">}</span> and <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>continue<span class="hl opt">}</span> statements also work inside foreach
loops. Since arrays can be large but probe handlers must execute quickly,
you should write scripts that exit iteration early, if possible. For simplicity,
SystemTap forbids any modification of an array during iteration with a foreach.


<span class="hl kwa">\section</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Statistics (aggregates)<span class="hl kwa">\label</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>sec:Statistics<span class="hl opt">}}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>aggregates<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Aggregate instances are used to collect statistics on numerical values, when
it is important to accumulate new data quickly and in large volume. These
instances operate without exclusive locks, and store only aggregated stream
statistics. Aggregates make sense only for global variables. They are stored
individually or as elements of an array.

<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>The aggregation (<span class="hl kwa">\textless\hspace</span><span class="hl opt">{</span><span class="hl num">1</span> sp<span class="hl opt">}</span><span class="hl kwa">\textless\hspace</span><span class="hl opt">{</span><span class="hl num">1</span> sp<span class="hl opt">}</span><span class="hl kwa">\textless</span>) operator<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span><span class="hl kwa">\textless\hspace</span><span class="hl opt">{</span><span class="hl num">1</span> sp<span class="hl opt">}</span><span class="hl kwa">\textless\hspace</span><span class="hl opt">{</span><span class="hl num">1</span> sp<span class="hl opt">}</span><span class="hl kwa">\textless</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
The aggregation operator is <span class="hl opt">{}</span>``<span class="hl kwa">\textless\hspace</span><span class="hl opt">{</span><span class="hl num">1</span> sp<span class="hl opt">}</span><span class="hl kwa">\textless\hspace</span><span class="hl opt">{</span><span class="hl num">1</span> sp<span class="hl opt">}</span><span class="hl kwa">\textless</span>&#39;&#39;,
and its effect is similar to an assignment or a C++ output streaming operation.
The left operand specifies a scalar or array-index <span class="hl kwa">\emph</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>l-value<span class="hl opt">}</span>, which
must be declared global. The right operand is a numeric expression. The meaning
is intuitive: add the given number to the set of numbers to compute their
statistics. The specific list of statistics to gather is given separately
by the extraction functions. The following is an example.

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
a &lt;&lt;&lt; delta_timestamp
writes<span class="hl opt">[</span>execname()<span class="hl opt">]</span> &lt;&lt;&lt; count
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>

<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Extraction functions<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>extraction<span class="hl opt">}</span>
For each instance of a distinct extraction function operating on a given
identifier, the translator computes a set of statistics. With each execution
of an extraction function, the aggregation is computed for that moment across
all processors. The first argument of each function is the same style of
l-value as used on the left side of the aggregation operation.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Integer extractors<span class="hl opt">}</span>

The following functions provide methods to extract information about integer
values.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>&#64;count(s)<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>count<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This statement returns the number of all values accumulated into s.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>&#64;sum(s)<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>sum<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This statement returns the total of all values accumulated into s.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>&#64;min(s)<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>min<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This statement returns the minimum of all values accumulated into s.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>&#64;max(s)<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>max<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This statement returns the maximum of all values accumulated into s.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>&#64;avg(s)<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>avg<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This statement returns the average of all values accumulated into s.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Histogram extractors<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>histograms<span class="hl opt">}</span>
The following functions provide methods to extract histogram information.
Printing a histogram with the print family of functions renders a histogram
object as a tabular &quot;ASCII art&quot; bar chart.

<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>&#64;hist<span class="hl kwa">\_linear</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>hist<span class="hl kwa">\_linear</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
The statement <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>&#64;hist<span class="hl kwa">\_linear</span>(v,L,H,W)<span class="hl opt">}</span> represents a linear histogram
<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>v<span class="hl opt">}</span>, where <span class="hl kwa">\emph</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>L<span class="hl opt">}</span> and <span class="hl kwa">\emph</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>H<span class="hl opt">}</span> represent the lower and upper end of
a range of values and <span class="hl kwa">\emph</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>W<span class="hl opt">}</span> represents the width (or size) of each bucket
within the range.  The low and high values can be negative, but the overall
difference (high minus low) must be positive. The width parameter must also
be positive.

In the output, a range of consecutive empty buckets may be replaced with a tilde
(<span class="hl kwa">\textasciitilde</span><span class="hl opt">{}</span>) character.  This can be controlled on the command line
with -DHIST<span class="hl kwa">\_ELISION</span>=<span class="hl kwa">\textless\hspace</span><span class="hl opt">{</span><span class="hl num">1</span> sp<span class="hl opt">}</span>num<span class="hl kwa">\textgreater\hspace</span><span class="hl opt">{</span><span class="hl num">1</span> sp<span class="hl opt">}</span>,
where <span class="hl kwa">\textless\hspace</span><span class="hl opt">{</span><span class="hl num">1</span> sp<span class="hl opt">}</span>num<span class="hl kwa">\textgreater\hspace</span><span class="hl opt">{</span><span class="hl num">1</span> sp<span class="hl opt">}</span> specifies how many
empty buckets at the top and bottom of the range to print.
The default is <span class="hl num">2</span>.  A <span class="hl kwa">\textless\hspace</span><span class="hl opt">{</span><span class="hl num">1</span> sp<span class="hl opt">}</span>num<span class="hl kwa">\textgreater\hspace</span><span class="hl opt">{</span><span class="hl num">1</span> sp<span class="hl opt">}</span> of <span class="hl num">0</span>
removes all empty buckets. A negative <span class="hl kwa">\textless\hspace</span><span class="hl opt">{</span><span class="hl num">1</span> sp<span class="hl opt">}</span>num<span class="hl kwa">\textgreater\hspace</span><span class="hl opt">{</span><span class="hl num">1</span> sp<span class="hl opt">}</span>
turns off bucket removal all together.

For example, if you specify -DHIST<span class="hl kwa">\_ELISION</span>=<span class="hl num">3</span> and the histogram has <span class="hl num">10</span>
consecutive empty buckets, the first <span class="hl num">3</span> and last <span class="hl num">3</span> empty buckets will
be printed and the middle <span class="hl num">4</span> empty buckets will be represented by a
tilde (<span class="hl kwa">\textasciitilde</span><span class="hl opt">{}</span>).

The following is an example.

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
global reads
probe netdev.receive <span class="hl opt">{</span>
    reads &lt;&lt;&lt; length
<span class="hl opt">}</span>
probe end <span class="hl opt">{</span>
    print(&#64;hist_linear(reads, <span class="hl num">0</span>, <span class="hl num">10240</span>, <span class="hl num">200</span>))
<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This generates the following output.

<span class="hl kwa">\pagebreak</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
value |-------------------------------------------------- count
    <span class="hl num">0</span> |&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64; <span class="hl num">1650</span>
  <span class="hl num">200</span> |                                                      <span class="hl num">8</span>
  <span class="hl num">400</span> |                                                      <span class="hl num">0</span>
  <span class="hl num">600</span> |                                                      <span class="hl num">0</span>
      ~
 <span class="hl num">1000</span> |                                                      <span class="hl num">0</span>
 <span class="hl num">1200</span> |                                                      <span class="hl num">0</span>
 <span class="hl num">1400</span> |                                                      <span class="hl num">1</span>
 <span class="hl num">1600</span> |                                                      <span class="hl num">0</span>
 <span class="hl num">1800</span> |                                                      <span class="hl num">0</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This shows that <span class="hl num">1650</span> network reads were of a size between <span class="hl num">0</span> and <span class="hl num">200</span> bytes,
<span class="hl num">8</span> reads were between <span class="hl num">200</span> and <span class="hl num">400</span> bytes, and <span class="hl num">1</span> read was between
<span class="hl num">1200</span> and <span class="hl num">1400</span> bytes.  The tilde (<span class="hl kwa">\textasciitilde</span><span class="hl opt">{}</span>) character indicates
buckets <span class="hl num">700</span>, <span class="hl num">800</span> and <span class="hl num">900</span> were removed because they were empty.
Empty buckets at the upper end were also removed.

<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>&#64;hist<span class="hl kwa">\_log</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>hist<span class="hl kwa">\_log</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
The statement <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>&#64;hist<span class="hl kwa">\_log</span>(v)<span class="hl opt">}</span> represents a base-<span class="hl num">2</span> logarithmic
histogram.  Empty buckets are replaced with a tilde (<span class="hl kwa">\textasciitilde</span><span class="hl opt">{}</span>)
character in the same way as <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>&#64;hist<span class="hl kwa">\_linear</span>()<span class="hl opt">}</span> (see above).

The following is an example.

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
global reads
probe netdev.receive <span class="hl opt">{</span>
    reads &lt;&lt;&lt; length
<span class="hl opt">}</span>
probe end <span class="hl opt">{</span>
    print(&#64;hist_log(reads))
<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This generates the following output.

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
value |-------------------------------------------------- count
    <span class="hl num">8</span> |                                                      <span class="hl num">0</span>
   <span class="hl num">16</span> |                                                      <span class="hl num">0</span>
   <span class="hl num">32</span> |                                                    <span class="hl num">254</span>
   <span class="hl num">64</span> |                                                      <span class="hl num">3</span>
  <span class="hl num">128</span> |                                                      <span class="hl num">2</span>
  <span class="hl num">256</span> |                                                      <span class="hl num">2</span>
  <span class="hl num">512</span> |                                                      <span class="hl num">4</span>
 <span class="hl num">1024</span> |&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64;&#64; <span class="hl num">16689</span>
 <span class="hl num">2048</span> |                                                      <span class="hl num">0</span>
 <span class="hl num">4096</span> |                                                      <span class="hl num">0</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>

<span class="hl kwa">\section</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Predefined functions<span class="hl kwa">\label</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>sec:Predefined-Functions<span class="hl opt">}}</span>

Unlike built-in functions, predefined functions are implemented in tapsets.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Output functions<span class="hl opt">}</span>

The following sections describe the functions you can use to output data.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>error<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>error<span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
error:unknown (msg:string)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This function logs the given string to the error stream. It appends an implicit
end-of-line. It blocks any further execution of statements in this probe.
If the number of errors exceeds the MAXERRORS parameter, it triggers an <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>exit<span class="hl opt">}</span>.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>log<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>log<span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
log:unknown (msg:string)
log (const char *fmt, )
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This function logs data. <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>log<span class="hl opt">}</span> sends the message immediately to staprun
and to the bulk transport (relayfs) if it is being used. If the last character
given is not a newline, then one is added.

This function is not as efficient as printf and should only be used for urgent
messages.

<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>print<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>print<span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
print:unknown ()
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This function prints a single value of any type.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>printf<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>printf<span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
printf:unknown (fmt:string, )
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
The printf function takes a formatting string as an argument, and a number
of values of corresponding types, and prints them all. The format must be a
literal string constant. The printf formatting directives are similar to those
of C, except that they are fully checked for type by the translator.

The formatting string can contain tags that are defined as follows:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl slc">%[flags][width][.precision][length]specifier</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Where <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>specifier<span class="hl opt">}</span> is required and defines the type and the interpretation
of the value of the corresponding argument. The following table shows the
details of the specifier parameter:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>table<span class="hl opt">}[</span>H<span class="hl opt">]</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\caption</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>printf specifier values<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>tabular<span class="hl opt">}{</span>|&gt;<span class="hl opt">{</span><span class="hl kwa">\raggedright</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>p<span class="hl opt">{</span><span class="hl num">1</span>in<span class="hl opt">}</span>|&gt;<span class="hl opt">{</span><span class="hl kwa">\raggedright</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>p<span class="hl opt">{</span><span class="hl num">3.5</span>in<span class="hl opt">}</span>|&gt;<span class="hl opt">{</span><span class="hl kwa">\raggedright</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>p<span class="hl opt">{</span><span class="hl num">1.25</span>in<span class="hl opt">}</span>|<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\hline</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\textbf</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Specifier<span class="hl opt">}</span>&amp;
<span class="hl kwa">\textbf</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Output<span class="hl opt">}</span>&amp;
<span class="hl kwa">\textbf</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Example<span class="hl opt">}</span><span class="hl kwa">\tabularnewline</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\hline</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\hline</span>
d or i&amp;
Signed decimal&amp;
<span class="hl num">392</span><span class="hl kwa">\tabularnewline</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\hline</span>
o&amp;
Unsigned octal&amp;
<span class="hl num">610</span><span class="hl kwa">\tabularnewline</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\hline</span>
s&amp;
String&amp;
sample<span class="hl kwa">\tabularnewline</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\hline</span>
u&amp;
Unsigned decimal&amp;
<span class="hl num">7235</span><span class="hl kwa">\tabularnewline</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\hline</span>
x&amp;
Unsigned hexadecimal (lowercase letters)&amp;
<span class="hl num">7</span>fa<span class="hl kwa">\tabularnewline</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\hline</span>
X&amp;
Unsigned hexadecimal (uppercase letters)&amp;
<span class="hl num">7</span>FA<span class="hl kwa">\tabularnewline</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\hline</span>
p&amp;
Pointer address&amp;
<span class="hl num">0x0000000000bc614e</span><span class="hl kwa">\tabularnewline</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\hline</span>
b&amp;
Writes a binary value as text. The field width specifies the number of bytes
to write. Valid specifications are \%b, \%<span class="hl num">1</span>b, \%<span class="hl num">2</span>b, \%<span class="hl num">4</span>b and \%<span class="hl num">8</span>b. The default
width is <span class="hl num">8</span> (<span class="hl num">64</span>-bits).&amp;
See below<span class="hl kwa">\tabularnewline</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\hline</span>
\%&amp;
A \% followed by another \% character will write \% to stdout.&amp;
\%<span class="hl kwa">\tabularnewline</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\hline</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>tabular<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>table<span class="hl opt">}</span>
The tag can also contain <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>flags<span class="hl opt">}</span>, <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>width<span class="hl opt">}</span>, <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>.precision<span class="hl opt">}</span>
and <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>modifiers<span class="hl opt">}</span> sub-specifiers, which are optional and follow these
specifications:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>table<span class="hl opt">}[</span>H<span class="hl opt">]</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\caption</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>printf flag values<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>tabular<span class="hl opt">}{</span>|&gt;<span class="hl opt">{</span><span class="hl kwa">\raggedright</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>p<span class="hl opt">{</span><span class="hl num">1.5</span>in<span class="hl opt">}</span>|&gt;<span class="hl opt">{</span><span class="hl kwa">\raggedright</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>p<span class="hl opt">{</span><span class="hl num">4.5</span>in<span class="hl opt">}</span>|<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\hline</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\textbf</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Flags<span class="hl opt">}</span>&amp;
<span class="hl kwa">\textbf</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Description<span class="hl opt">}</span><span class="hl kwa">\tabularnewline</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\hline</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\hline</span>
- (minus sign)&amp;
Left-justify within the given field width. Right justification is the default
(see <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>width<span class="hl opt">}</span> sub-specifier).<span class="hl kwa">\tabularnewline</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\hline</span>
+ (plus sign)&amp;
Precede the result with a plus or minus sign even for positive numbers. By
default, only negative numbers are preceded with a minus sign.<span class="hl kwa">\tabularnewline</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\hline</span>
(space)&amp;
If no sign is going to be written, a blank space is inserted before the value.<span class="hl kwa">\tabularnewline</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\hline</span>
\#&amp;
Used with <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>o<span class="hl opt">}</span>, <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>x<span class="hl opt">}</span> or <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>X<span class="hl opt">}</span> specifiers the value is preceded
with <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span><span class="hl num">0</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>, <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span><span class="hl num">0</span>x<span class="hl opt">}</span> or <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span><span class="hl num">0</span>X<span class="hl opt">}</span> respectively for non-zero values.<span class="hl kwa">\tabularnewline</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\hline</span>
<span class="hl num">0</span>&amp;
Left-pads the number with zeroes instead of spaces, where padding is specified
(see <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>width<span class="hl opt">}</span> sub-specifier).<span class="hl kwa">\tabularnewline</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\hline</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>tabular<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>table<span class="hl opt">}</span>

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>table<span class="hl opt">}[</span>H<span class="hl opt">]</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\caption</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>printf width values<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>tabular<span class="hl opt">}{</span>|&gt;<span class="hl opt">{</span><span class="hl kwa">\raggedright</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>p<span class="hl opt">{</span><span class="hl num">1.5</span>in<span class="hl opt">}</span>|&gt;<span class="hl opt">{</span><span class="hl kwa">\raggedright</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>p<span class="hl opt">{</span><span class="hl num">4.5</span>in<span class="hl opt">}</span>|<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\hline</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\textbf</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Width<span class="hl opt">}</span>&amp;
<span class="hl kwa">\textbf</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Description<span class="hl opt">}</span><span class="hl kwa">\tabularnewline</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\hline</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\hline</span>
(number)&amp;
Minimum number of characters to be printed. If the value to be printed is
shorter than this number, the result is padded with blank spaces. The value
is not truncated even if the result is larger.<span class="hl kwa">\tabularnewline</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\hline</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>tabular<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>table<span class="hl opt">}</span>

<span class="hl slc">%</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>table<span class="hl opt">}[</span>H<span class="hl opt">]</span>

<span class="hl kwa">\caption</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>printf precision values<span class="hl opt">}</span>

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>tabular<span class="hl opt">}{</span>|&gt;<span class="hl opt">{</span><span class="hl kwa">\raggedright</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>p<span class="hl opt">{</span><span class="hl num">1.5</span>in<span class="hl opt">}</span>|&gt;<span class="hl opt">{</span><span class="hl kwa">\raggedright</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>p<span class="hl opt">{</span><span class="hl num">4.5</span>in<span class="hl opt">}</span>|<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\hline</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\textbf</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Precision<span class="hl opt">}</span>&amp;
<span class="hl kwa">\textbf</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Description<span class="hl opt">}</span><span class="hl kwa">\tabularnewline</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\hline</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\hline</span>
.number&amp;
For integer specifiers (<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>d, i, o, u, x, X<span class="hl opt">}</span>): <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>precision<span class="hl opt">}</span> specifies
the minimum number of digits to be written. If the value to be written is
shorter than this number, the result is padded with leading zeros. The value
is not truncated even if the result is longer. A precision of <span class="hl num">0</span> means that
no character is written for the value <span class="hl num">0</span>. For s: this is the maximum number
of characters to be printed. By default all characters are printed until
the ending null character is encountered. When no <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>precision<span class="hl opt">}</span> is specified,
the default is <span class="hl num">1</span>. If the period is specified without an explicit value for
<span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>precision<span class="hl opt">}</span>, <span class="hl num">0</span> is assumed.<span class="hl kwa">\tabularnewline</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\hline</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>tabular<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>table<span class="hl opt">}</span>

<span class="hl kwa">\textbf</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Binary Write Examples<span class="hl opt">}</span>

The following is an example of using the binary write functions:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
probe begin <span class="hl opt">{</span>
    for (i = <span class="hl num">97</span>; i &lt; <span class="hl num">110</span>; i++)
        printf(&quot;<span class="hl slc">%3d: %1b%1b%1b\n&quot;, i, i, i-32, i-64)</span>
    exit()
<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This prints:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
 <span class="hl num">97</span>: aA!
 <span class="hl num">98</span>: bB&quot;
 <span class="hl num">99</span>: cC#
<span class="hl num">100</span>: dD$
<span class="hl num">101</span>: eE<span class="hl slc">%</span>
<span class="hl num">102</span>: fF&amp;
<span class="hl num">103</span>: gG&#39;
<span class="hl num">104</span>: hH(
<span class="hl num">105</span>: iI)
<span class="hl num">106</span>: jJ*
<span class="hl num">107</span>: kK+
<span class="hl num">108</span>: lL,
<span class="hl num">109</span>: mM-
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Another example:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
stap -e &#39;probe begin<span class="hl opt">{</span>printf(&quot;<span class="hl slc">%b%b&quot;, 0xc0dedbad, \</span>
<span class="hl num">0x12345678</span>);exit()<span class="hl opt">}</span>&#39; | hexdump -C

<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This prints:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl num">00000000</span>  ad db de c0 <span class="hl num">00 00 00 00  78 56 34 12 00 00 00 00</span>  |........xV4.....|
<span class="hl num">00000010</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Another example:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
probe begin<span class="hl opt">{</span>
    printf(&quot;<span class="hl slc">%1b%1b%1blo %1b%1brld\n&quot;, 72,101,108,87,111)</span>
    exit()
<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This prints:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Hello World
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>

<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>printd<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>printd<span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
printd:unknown (delimiter:string, )
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This function takes a string delimiter and two or more values of any type, then
prints the values with the delimiter interposed. The delimiter must be a
literal string constant.

For example:
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
printd(&quot;/&quot;, &quot;one&quot;, &quot;two&quot;, &quot;three&quot;, <span class="hl num">4</span>, <span class="hl num">5</span>, <span class="hl num">6</span>)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
prints:
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
one/two/three/<span class="hl num">4</span>/<span class="hl num">5</span>/<span class="hl num">6</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>

<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>printdln<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>printdln<span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
printdln:unknown ()
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This function operates like <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>printd<span class="hl opt">}</span>, but also appends a newline.

<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>println<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>println<span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
println:unknown ()
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This function operates like <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>print<span class="hl opt">}</span>, but also appends a newline.

<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>sprint<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>sprint<span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
sprint:unknown ()
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This function operates like <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>print<span class="hl opt">}</span>, but returns the string rather
than printing it.

<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>sprintf<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>sprintf<span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
sprintf:unknown (fmt:string, )
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This function operates like <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>printf<span class="hl opt">}</span>, but returns the formatted string
rather than printing it.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>system<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>system<span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
system (cmd:string)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
The system function runs a command on the system. The specified command runs
in the background once the current probe completes.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>warn<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>warn<span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
warn:unknown (msg:string)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This function sends a warning message immediately to staprun. It is also
sent over the bulk transport (relayfs) if it is being used. If the last character
is not a newline, then one is added.

<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Context at the probe point<span class="hl opt">}</span>

The following functions provide ways to access the current task context
at a probe point. Note that these may not return correct values when
a probe is hit in interrupt context.

<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>backtrace<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>backtrace<span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
backtrace:string ()
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Returns a string of hex addresses that are a backtrace of the
stack. The output is truncated to MAXSTRINGLEN.

<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>caller<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>caller<span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
caller:string()
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Returns the address and name of the calling function. It works
only for return probes.

<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>caller<span class="hl kwa">\_addr</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>caller<span class="hl kwa">\_addr</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
caller_addr:long ()
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Returns the address of the calling function. It works only
for return probes.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>cpu<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>cpu<span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
cpu:long ()
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Returns the current cpu number.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>egid<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>egid<span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
egid:long ()
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Returns the effective group ID of the current process.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>euid<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>euid<span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
euid:long ()
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Returns the effective user ID of the current process.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>execname<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>execname<span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
execname:string ()
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Returns the name of the current process.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>gid<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>gid<span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
gid:long ()
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Returns the group ID of the current process.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>is<span class="hl kwa">\_return</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>is<span class="hl kwa">\_return</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
is_return:long ()
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Returns <span class="hl num">1</span> if the probe point is a return probe, else it returns
zero.

<span class="hl kwa">\noun</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Deprecated<span class="hl opt">}</span>.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>pexecname<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>pexecname<span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
pexecname:string ()
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Returns the name of the parent process.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>pid<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>pid<span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
pid:long ()
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Returns the process ID of the current process.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>ppid<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>ppid<span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
ppid:long ()
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Returns the process ID of the parent process.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>tid<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>tid<span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
tid:long ()
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Returns the ID of the current thread.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>uid<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>uid<span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
uid:long ()
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Returns the user ID of the current task.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>print<span class="hl kwa">\_backtrace</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>print<span class="hl kwa">\_backtrace</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
print_backtrace:unknown ()
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This function is equivalent to <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>print<span class="hl kwa">\_stack</span>(backtrace())<span class="hl opt">}</span>, except
that deeper stack nesting is supported. The function does not return a value.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>print<span class="hl kwa">\_regs</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>print<span class="hl kwa">\_regs</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
print_regs:unknown ()
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This function prints a register dump.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>print<span class="hl kwa">\_stack</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>print<span class="hl kwa">\_stack</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
print_stack:unknown (stk:string)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This function performs a symbolic lookup of the addresses in the given string,
which is assumed to be the result of a prior call to <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>backtrace()<span class="hl opt">}</span>.
It prints one line per address. Each printed line includes the address, the
name of the function containing the address, and an estimate of its position
within that function. The function does not return a value.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>stack<span class="hl kwa">\_size</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>stack<span class="hl kwa">\_size</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
stack_size:long ()
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Returns the size of the stack.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>stack<span class="hl kwa">\_unused</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>stack<span class="hl kwa">\_unused</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
stack_unused:long ()
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Returns how many bytes are currently unused in the stack.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>stack<span class="hl kwa">\_used</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>stack<span class="hl kwa">\_used</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
stack_used:long ()
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Returns how many bytes are currently used in the stack.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>stp<span class="hl kwa">\_pid</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>stp<span class="hl kwa">\_pid</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
stp_pid:long ()
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Returns the process ID of the of the staprun process.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>target<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>target<span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
target:long ()
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Returns the process ID of the target process. This is useful
in conjunction with the -x PID or -c CMD command-line options to stap. An
example of its use is to create scripts that filter on a specific process.

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
-x &lt;pid&gt;
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
target() returns the pid specified by -x

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
-c &lt;command&gt;
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
target() returns the pid for the executed command specified
by -c.

<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Task data<span class="hl opt">}</span>

These functions return data about a task.  They all require a task handle as
input, such as the  value return by task<span class="hl kwa">\_current</span>() or the variables
prev<span class="hl kwa">\_task</span> and next<span class="hl kwa">\_task</span> in the scheduler.ctxswitch probe alias.

<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>task<span class="hl kwa">\_cpu</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>task<span class="hl kwa">\_cpu</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
task_cpu:long (task:long)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Returns the scheduled cpu for the given task.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>task<span class="hl kwa">\_current</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>task<span class="hl kwa">\_current</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
task_current:long ()
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Returns the address of the task<span class="hl kwa">\_struct</span> representing
the current process. This address can be passed to the various task<span class="hl kwa">\_</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>*<span class="hl opt">}</span>()
functions to extract more task-specific data.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>task<span class="hl kwa">\_egid</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>task<span class="hl kwa">\_egid</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
task_egid:long (task:long)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Returns the effective group ID of the given task.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>task<span class="hl kwa">\_execname</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>task<span class="hl kwa">\_execname</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
task_execname:string (task:long)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Returns the name of the given task.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>task<span class="hl kwa">\_euid</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>task<span class="hl kwa">\_euid</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
task_euid:long (task:long)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Returns the effective user ID of the given task.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>task<span class="hl kwa">\_gid</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>task<span class="hl kwa">\_gid</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
task_gid:long (task:long)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Returns the group ID of the given task.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>task<span class="hl kwa">\_nice</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>task<span class="hl kwa">\_nice</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
task_nice:long (task:long)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Returns the nice value of the given task.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>task<span class="hl kwa">\_parent</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>task<span class="hl kwa">\_parent</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
task_parent:long (task:long)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Returns the address of the parent task<span class="hl kwa">\_struct</span> of the given
task. This address can be passed to the various task<span class="hl kwa">\_</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>*<span class="hl opt">}</span>() functions to
extract more task-specific data.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>task<span class="hl kwa">\_pid</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>task<span class="hl kwa">\_pid</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
task_pid:long (task:long)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Returns the process ID of the given task.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>task<span class="hl kwa">\_prio</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>task<span class="hl kwa">\_prio</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
task_prio:long (task:long)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Returns the priority value of the given task.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>task<span class="hl kwa">\_state</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>task<span class="hl kwa">\_state</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
task_state:long (task:long)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Returns the state of the given task. Possible states are:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
TASK_RUNNING           <span class="hl num">0</span>
TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE     <span class="hl num">1</span>
TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE   <span class="hl num">2</span>
TASK_STOPPED           <span class="hl num">4</span>
TASK_TRACED            <span class="hl num">8</span>
EXIT_ZOMBIE           <span class="hl num">16</span>
EXIT_DEAD             <span class="hl num">32</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>

<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>task<span class="hl kwa">\_tid</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>task<span class="hl kwa">\_tid</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
task_tid:long (task:long)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Returns the thread ID of the given task.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>task<span class="hl kwa">\_uid</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>task<span class="hl kwa">\_uid</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
task_uid:long (task:long)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Returns the user ID of the given task.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>task<span class="hl kwa">\_open\_file\_handles</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>task<span class="hl kwa">\_open\_file\_handles</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
task_open_file_handles:long(task:long)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Returns the number of open file handles for the given task.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>task<span class="hl kwa">\_max\_file\_handles</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>task<span class="hl kwa">\_max\_file\_handles</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
task_max_file_handles:long(task:long)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Returns the maximum number of file handles for the given task.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Accessing string data at a probe point<span class="hl opt">}</span>

The following functions provide methods to access string data at a probe
point.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>kernel<span class="hl kwa">\_string</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>kernel<span class="hl kwa">\_string</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
kernel_string:string (addr:long)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
Copies a string from kernel space at a given address. The validation of this
address is only partial.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>user<span class="hl kwa">\_string\label</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>sub:user_string<span class="hl opt">}}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>user<span class="hl kwa">\_string</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
user_string:string (addr:long)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This function copies a string from user space at a given address. The validation
of this address is only partial. In rare cases when userspace data is not
accessible, this function returns the string <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>&lt;unknown&gt;.<span class="hl opt">}</span>


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>user<span class="hl kwa">\_string2</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>user<span class="hl kwa">\_string2</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
user_string2:string (addr:long, err_msg:string)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This function is similar to <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>user<span class="hl kwa">\_string</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>, (Section~<span class="hl kwa">\ref</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>sub:user_string<span class="hl opt">}</span>)
but allows passing an error message as an argument to be returned if userspace
data is not available.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>user<span class="hl kwa">\_string\_warn</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>user<span class="hl kwa">\_string\_warn</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
user_string_warn:string (addr:long)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This function copies a string from userspace at given address. It prints
a verbose error message on failure.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>user<span class="hl kwa">\_string\_quoted</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>user<span class="hl kwa">\_string\_quoted</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
user_string_quoted:string (addr:long)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This function copies a string from userspace at given address. Any ASCII
characters that are not printable are replaced by the corresponding escape
sequence in the returned string.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Initializing queue statistics<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>queue statistics<span class="hl opt">}</span>
The queue<span class="hl kwa">\_stats</span> tapset provides functions that, when given notification
of queuing events like wait, run, or done, track averages such as queue length,
service and wait times, and utilization. Call the following three functions
from appropriate probes, in sequence.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>qs<span class="hl kwa">\_wait</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>qs<span class="hl kwa">\_wait</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
qs_wait:unknown (qname:string)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This function records that a new request was enqueued for the given queue
name.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>qs<span class="hl kwa">\_run</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>qs<span class="hl kwa">\_run</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
qs_run:unknown (qname:string)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This function records that a previously enqueued request was removed from
the given wait queue and is now being serviced.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>qs<span class="hl kwa">\_done</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>qs<span class="hl kwa">\_done</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
qs_done:unknown (qname:string)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This function records that a request originally from the given queue has
completed being serviced.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Using queue statistics<span class="hl opt">}</span>

Functions with the qsq<span class="hl kwa">\_</span> prefix query the statistics averaged since the first
queue operation or when qsq<span class="hl kwa">\_start</span> was called. Since statistics are often
fractional, a scale parameter multiplies the result to a more useful scale.
For some fractions, a scale of <span class="hl num">100</span> returns percentage numbers.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>qsq<span class="hl kwa">\_blocked</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>qsq<span class="hl kwa">\_blocked</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
qsq_blocked:long (qname:string, scale:long)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This function returns the fraction of elapsed time during which one or more
requests were on the wait queue.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>qsq<span class="hl kwa">\_print</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>qsq<span class="hl kwa">\_print</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
qsq_print:unknown (qname:string)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This function prints a line containing the following statistics for the given
queue:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>itemize<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\item</span> queue name
<span class="hl kwa">\item</span> average rate of requests per second
<span class="hl kwa">\item</span> average wait queue length
<span class="hl kwa">\item</span> average time on the wait queue
<span class="hl kwa">\item</span> average time to service a request
<span class="hl kwa">\item</span> percentage of time the wait queue was used
<span class="hl kwa">\item</span> percentage of time any request was being serviced
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>itemize<span class="hl opt">}</span>

<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>qsq<span class="hl kwa">\_service\_time</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>qsq<span class="hl kwa">\_service\_time</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
qsq_service_time:long (qname:string, scale:long)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This function returns the average time in microseconds required to service
a request once it is removed from the wait queue.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>qsq<span class="hl kwa">\_start</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>qsq<span class="hl kwa">\_start</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
qsq_start:unknown (qname:string)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This function resets the statistics counters for the given queue, and restarts
tracking from the moment the function was called. This command is used to
create a queue.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>qsq<span class="hl kwa">\_throughput</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>qsq<span class="hl kwa">\_throughput</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
qsq_throughput:long (qname:string, scale:long)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This function returns the average number of requests served per microsecond.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>qsq<span class="hl kwa">\_utilization</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>qsq<span class="hl kwa">\_utilization</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
qsq_utilization:long (qname:string, scale:long)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This function returns the average time in microseconds that at least one
request was being serviced.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>qsq<span class="hl kwa">\_wait\_queue\_length</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>qsq wait<span class="hl kwa">\_queue\_length</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
qsq_wait_queue_length:long (qname:string, scale:long)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This function returns the average length of the wait queue.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>qsq<span class="hl kwa">\_wait\_time</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>qsq<span class="hl kwa">\_wait\_time</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
qsq_wait_time:long (qname:string, scale:long)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This function returns the average time in microseconds that it took for a
request to be serviced (qs<span class="hl kwa">\_wait</span>() to qs<span class="hl kwa">\_done</span>()).


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>A queue example<span class="hl opt">}</span>

What follows is an example from src/testsuite/systemtap.samples/queue<span class="hl kwa">\_demo</span>.stp.
It uses the randomize feature of the timer probe to simulate queuing activity.

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
probe begin <span class="hl opt">{</span>
    qsq_start (&quot;block-read&quot;)
    qsq_start (&quot;block-write&quot;)
<span class="hl opt">}</span>

probe timer.ms(<span class="hl num">3500</span>), end <span class="hl opt">{</span>
    qsq_print (&quot;block-read&quot;)
    qsq_start (&quot;block-read&quot;)
    qsq_print (&quot;block-write&quot;)
    qsq_start (&quot;block-write&quot;)
<span class="hl opt">}</span>

probe timer.ms(<span class="hl num">10000</span>) <span class="hl opt">{</span>
    exit ()
<span class="hl opt">}</span>

# synthesize queue work/service using three randomized &quot;threads&quot; for each queue.
global tc

function qs_doit (thread, name) <span class="hl opt">{</span>
    n = tc<span class="hl opt">[</span>thread<span class="hl opt">]</span> = (tc<span class="hl opt">[</span>thread<span class="hl opt">]</span>+<span class="hl num">1</span>) <span class="hl slc">% 3 # per-thread state counter</span>
    if (n==<span class="hl num">1</span>) qs_wait (name)
    else if (n==<span class="hl num">2</span>) qs_run (name)
    else if (n==<span class="hl num">0</span>) qs_done (name)
<span class="hl opt">}</span>

probe timer.ms(<span class="hl num">100</span>).randomize(<span class="hl num">100</span>) <span class="hl opt">{</span> qs_doit (<span class="hl num">0</span>, &quot;block-read&quot;) <span class="hl opt">}</span>
probe timer.ms(<span class="hl num">100</span>).randomize(<span class="hl num">100</span>) <span class="hl opt">{</span> qs_doit (<span class="hl num">1</span>, &quot;block-read&quot;) <span class="hl opt">}</span>
probe timer.ms(<span class="hl num">100</span>).randomize(<span class="hl num">100</span>) <span class="hl opt">{</span> qs_doit (<span class="hl num">2</span>, &quot;block-read&quot;) <span class="hl opt">}</span>
probe timer.ms(<span class="hl num">100</span>).randomize(<span class="hl num">100</span>) <span class="hl opt">{</span> qs_doit (<span class="hl num">3</span>, &quot;block-write&quot;) <span class="hl opt">}</span>
probe timer.ms(<span class="hl num">100</span>).randomize(<span class="hl num">100</span>) <span class="hl opt">{</span> qs_doit (<span class="hl num">4</span>, &quot;block-write&quot;) <span class="hl opt">}</span>
probe timer.ms(<span class="hl num">100</span>).randomize(<span class="hl num">100</span>) <span class="hl opt">{</span> qs_doit (<span class="hl num">5</span>, &quot;block-write&quot;) <span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This prints:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
block-read: <span class="hl num">9</span> ops/s, <span class="hl num">1.090</span> qlen, <span class="hl num">215749</span> await, <span class="hl num">96382</span> svctm, <span class="hl num">69</span><span class="hl slc">% wait, 64% util</span>
block-write: <span class="hl num">9</span> ops/s, <span class="hl num">0.992</span> qlen, <span class="hl num">208485</span> await, <span class="hl num">103150</span> svctm, <span class="hl num">69</span><span class="hl slc">% wait, 61% util</span>
block-read: <span class="hl num">9</span> ops/s, <span class="hl num">0.968</span> qlen, <span class="hl num">197411</span> await, <span class="hl num">97762</span> svctm, <span class="hl num">63</span><span class="hl slc">% wait, 63% util</span>
block-write: <span class="hl num">8</span> ops/s, <span class="hl num">0.930</span> qlen, <span class="hl num">202414</span> await, <span class="hl num">93870</span> svctm, <span class="hl num">60</span><span class="hl slc">% wait, 56% util</span>
block-read: <span class="hl num">8</span> ops/s, <span class="hl num">0.774</span> qlen, <span class="hl num">192957</span> await, <span class="hl num">99995</span> svctm, <span class="hl num">58</span><span class="hl slc">% wait, 62% util</span>
block-write: <span class="hl num">9</span> ops/s, <span class="hl num">0.861</span> qlen, <span class="hl num">193857</span> await, <span class="hl num">101573</span> svctm, <span class="hl num">56</span><span class="hl slc">% wait, 64% util</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>

<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Probe point identification<span class="hl opt">}</span>

The following functions help you identify probe points.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>pp<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>pp<span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
pp:string ()
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This function returns the probe point associated with a currently running
probe handler, including alias and wild-card expansion effects.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>probefunc<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>probefunc<span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
probefunc:string ()
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This function returns the name of the function being probed.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>probemod<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>probefunc<span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
probemod:string ()
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This function returns the name of the module containing the probe point.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Formatting functions<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>formatting<span class="hl opt">}</span>
The following functions help you format output.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>ctime<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>ctime<span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
ctime:string(epochsecs:long)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This function accepts an argument of seconds since the epoch as returned
by <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>gettimeofday<span class="hl kwa">\_s</span>()<span class="hl opt">}</span>. It returns a date string in UTC of the form:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
&quot;Wed Jun <span class="hl num">30 21</span>:<span class="hl num">49</span>:<span class="hl num">008 2006</span>&quot;
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This function does not adjust for timezones. The returned time is always
in GMT. Your script must manually adjust epochsecs before passing it to ctime()
if you want to print local time.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>errno<span class="hl kwa">\_str</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>errno<span class="hl kwa">\_str</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
errno_str:string (err:long)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This function returns the symbolic string associated with the given error
code, such as ENOENT for the number <span class="hl num">2</span>, or E\<span class="hl kwc">#3333</span> for an out-of-range value
such as <span class="hl num">3333</span>.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>returnstr<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>returnstr<span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
returnstr:string (returnp:long)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This function is used by the syscall tapset, and returns a string. Set <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{}</span>returnp
equal to <span class="hl num">1</span> for decimal, or <span class="hl num">2</span> for hex.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>thread<span class="hl kwa">\_indent</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>thread<span class="hl kwa">\_indent</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
thread_indent:string (delta:long)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This function returns a string with appropriate indentation for a thread.
Call it with a small positive or matching negative delta. If this is the
outermost, initial level of indentation, then the function resets the relative
timestamp base to zero.

The following example uses thread<span class="hl kwa">\_indent</span>() to trace the functions called
in the drivers/usb/core kernel source. It prints a relative timestamp and
the name and ID of the current process, followed by the appropriate indent
and the function name. Note that <span class="hl kwa">\char</span>`\&quot;<span class="hl opt">{}</span>swapper(<span class="hl num">0</span>)<span class="hl kwa">\char</span>`\&quot;<span class="hl opt">{}</span> indicates
the kernel is running in interrupt context and there is no valid current
process.

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
probe kernel.function(&quot;*&#64;drivers/usb/core/*&quot;) <span class="hl opt">{</span>
    printf (&quot;<span class="hl slc">%s -&gt; %s\n&quot;, thread_indent(1), probefunc())</span>
<span class="hl opt">}</span>
probe kernel.function(&quot;*&#64;drivers/usb/core/*&quot;).return <span class="hl opt">{</span>
    printf (&quot;<span class="hl slc">%s &lt;- %s\n&quot;, thread_indent(-1), probefunc())</span>
<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This prints:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
 <span class="hl num">0</span> swapper(<span class="hl num">0</span>): -&gt; usb_hcd_irq
 <span class="hl num">8</span> swapper(<span class="hl num">0</span>): &lt;- usb_hcd_irq
 <span class="hl num">0</span> swapper(<span class="hl num">0</span>): -&gt; usb_hcd_irq
<span class="hl num">10</span> swapper(<span class="hl num">0</span>):  -&gt; usb_hcd_giveback_urb
<span class="hl num">16</span> swapper(<span class="hl num">0</span>):   -&gt; urb_unlink
<span class="hl num">22</span> swapper(<span class="hl num">0</span>):   &lt;- urb_unlink
<span class="hl num">29</span> swapper(<span class="hl num">0</span>):   -&gt; usb_free_urb
<span class="hl num">35</span> swapper(<span class="hl num">0</span>):   &lt;- usb_free_urb
<span class="hl num">39</span> swapper(<span class="hl num">0</span>):  &lt;- usb_hcd_giveback_urb
<span class="hl num">45</span> swapper(<span class="hl num">0</span>): &lt;- usb_hcd_irq
 <span class="hl num">0</span> usb-storage(<span class="hl num">1338</span>): -&gt; usb_submit_urb
 <span class="hl num">6</span> usb-storage(<span class="hl num">1338</span>):  -&gt; usb_hcd_submit_urb
<span class="hl num">12</span> usb-storage(<span class="hl num">1338</span>):   -&gt; usb_get_urb
<span class="hl num">18</span> usb-storage(<span class="hl num">1338</span>):   &lt;- usb_get_urb
<span class="hl num">25</span> usb-storage(<span class="hl num">1338</span>):  &lt;- usb_hcd_submit_urb
<span class="hl num">29</span> usb-storage(<span class="hl num">1338</span>): &lt;- usb_submit_urb
 <span class="hl num">0</span> swapper(<span class="hl num">0</span>): -&gt; usb_hcd_irq
 <span class="hl num">7</span> swapper(<span class="hl num">0</span>): &lt;- usb_hcd_irq
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>

<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>thread<span class="hl kwa">\_timestamp</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>thread<span class="hl kwa">\_timestamp</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>

General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
thread_timestamp:long ()
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This function returns an absolute timestamp value for use by the indentation
function. The default function uses <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>gettimeofday<span class="hl kwa">\_us</span>.<span class="hl opt">}</span>


<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>String functions<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>string<span class="hl opt">}</span>
The following are string functions you can use.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>isinstr<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>isinstr<span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
isinstr:long (s1:string, s2:string)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This function returns <span class="hl num">1</span> if string s1 contains string s2, otherwise zero.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>strlen<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>strlen<span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
strlen:long (str:string)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This function returns the number of characters in str.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>strtol<span class="hl opt">}</span>

General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
strtol:long (str:string, base:long)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This function converts the string representation of a number to an integer.
The base parameter indicates the number base to assume for the string (e.g.
<span class="hl num">16</span> for hex, <span class="hl num">8</span> for octal, <span class="hl num">2</span> for binary).


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>substr<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>substr<span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
substr:string (str:string, start:long, stop:long)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This function returns the substring of <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>str<span class="hl opt">}</span> starting from character
position <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>start<span class="hl opt">}</span> and ending at character position <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>stop<span class="hl opt">}</span>.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>text<span class="hl kwa">\_str</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>text<span class="hl kwa">\_str</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
text_str:string (input:string)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This function accepts a string argument. Any ASCII characters in the string
that are not printable are replaced by a corresponding escape sequence in
the returned string.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>text<span class="hl kwa">\_strn</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>text<span class="hl kwa">\_strn</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
text_strn:string (input:string, len:long, quoted:long)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This function accepts a string of length <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>len<span class="hl opt">}</span>. Any ASCII characters
that are not printable are replaced by a corresponding escape sequence in
the returned string. If <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>quoted<span class="hl opt">}</span> is not null, the function adds a
backslash character to the output.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>tokenize<span class="hl opt">}</span>

General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
tokenize:string (input:string, delim:string)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This function returns the next non-empty token in the given input string,
where the tokens are delimited by characters in the delim string.
If the input string is non-NULL, it returns the first token. If the input string
is NULL, it returns the next token in the string passed in the previous call
to tokenize. If no delimiter is found, the entire remaining input string
is returned.  It returns NULL when no more tokens are available.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Timestamps<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>timestamps<span class="hl opt">}</span>
The following functions provide methods to extract time data.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>get<span class="hl kwa">\_cycles</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>get<span class="hl kwa">\_cycles</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
get_cycles:long ()
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This function returns the processor cycle counter value if available, else
it returns zero.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>gettimeofday<span class="hl kwa">\_ms</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>gettimeofday<span class="hl kwa">\_ms</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
gettimeofday_ms:long ()
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This function returns the number of milliseconds since the UNIX epoch.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>gettimeofday<span class="hl kwa">\_ns</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>gettimeofday<span class="hl kwa">\_ns</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
gettimeofday_ns:long ()
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This function returns the number of nanoseconds since the UNIX epoch.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>gettimeofday<span class="hl kwa">\_s</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>gettimeofday<span class="hl kwa">\_</span> s<span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
gettimeofday_s:long ()
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This function returns the number of seconds since the UNIX epoch.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>gettimeofday<span class="hl kwa">\_us</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>gettimeofday<span class="hl kwa">\_us</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
gettimeofday_us:long ()
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This function returns the number of microseconds since the UNIX epoch.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>Miscellaneous tapset functions<span class="hl opt">}</span>

The following are miscellaneous functions.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>addr<span class="hl kwa">\_to\_node</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>addr<span class="hl kwa">\_to\_node</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
addr_to_node:long (addr:long)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This function accepts an address, and returns the node that the given address
belongs to in a NUMA system.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>exit<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>exit<span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
exit:unknown ()
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This function enqueues a request to shut down the SystemTap session. It does
not unwind the current probe handler, nor block new probe handlers. The stap
daemon will respond to the request and initiate an ordered shutdown.


<span class="hl kwa">\subsubsection</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>system<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\index</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>system<span class="hl opt">}</span>
General syntax:

<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
system (cmd:string)
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>verbatim<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>vindent<span class="hl opt">}</span>
This function runs a command on the system. The command will run in the background
when the current probe completes.


<span class="hl kwa">\section</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>For Further Reference<span class="hl kwa">\label</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>sec:For-Further-Reference<span class="hl opt">}}</span>

For more information, see:
<span class="hl kwa">\begin</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>itemize<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\item</span> The SystemTap tutorial at <span class="hl kwa">\url</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>http://sourceware.org/systemtap/tutorial/<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\item</span> The SystemTap wiki at <span class="hl kwa">\url</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>http://sourceware.org/systemtap/wiki<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\item</span> The SystemTap documentation page at <span class="hl kwa">\url</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>http://sourceware.org/systemtap/documentation.html<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\item</span> From an unpacked source tarball or GIT directory, the examples in in the
src/examples directory, the tapsets in the src/tapset directory, and the
test scripts in the src/testsuite directory.
<span class="hl kwa">\item</span> The man pages for tapsets. For a list, run the command <span class="hl kwa">\texttt</span><span class="hl opt">{{}</span>``man -k
stapprobes<span class="hl opt">}</span>&#39;&#39;.
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span> <span class="hl opt">{</span>itemize<span class="hl opt">}</span>

<span class="hl kwa">\setcounter</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>secnumdepth<span class="hl opt">}{</span><span class="hl num">0</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\newpage</span><span class="hl opt">{}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\addcontentsline</span><span class="hl opt">{</span>toc<span class="hl opt">}{</span>section<span class="hl opt">}{</span>Index<span class="hl opt">}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\printindex</span><span class="hl opt">{}</span>
<span class="hl kwa">\end</span><span class="hl opt">{</span><span class="hl kwb">document</span><span class="hl opt">}</span>
</code></pre></td></tr></table>
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