Merge trunk

112 files changed, 3943 insertions, 1902 deletions

diff --git a/nova/CA/geninter.sh b/nova/CA/geninter.sh
index 4b7f5a55c..9b3ea3b76 100755
--- a/nova/CA/geninter.sh
+++ b/nova/CA/geninter.sh
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ NAME=$1
 SUBJ=$2
 mkdir -p projects/$NAME
 cd projects/$NAME
-cp ../../openssl.cnf.tmpl openssl.cnf
+cp "$(dirname $0)/openssl.cnf.tmpl" openssl.cnf
 sed -i -e s/%USERNAME%/$NAME/g openssl.cnf
 mkdir -p certs crl newcerts private
 openssl req -new -x509 -extensions v3_ca -keyout private/cakey.pem -out cacert.pem -days 365 -config ./openssl.cnf -batch -nodes
diff --git a/nova/CA/openssl.cnf.tmpl b/nova/CA/openssl.cnf.tmpl
index b80fadf40..f87d9f3b2 100644
--- a/nova/CA/openssl.cnf.tmpl
+++ b/nova/CA/openssl.cnf.tmpl
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ policy			= policy_match
 # RHEL 6 and Fedora 14 (using openssl-1.0.0-4.el6.x86_64 or
 # openssl-1.0.0d-1.fc14.x86_64)
 [ policy_match ]
-countryName		= match
+countryName		= supplied
 stateOrProvinceName	= supplied
 organizationName	= optional
 organizationalUnitName	= optional
diff --git a/nova/api/ec2/__init__.py b/nova/api/ec2/__init__.py
index a89d65a38..4a49a5a6b 100644
--- a/nova/api/ec2/__init__.py
+++ b/nova/api/ec2/__init__.py
@@ -46,8 +46,6 @@ flags.DEFINE_integer('lockout_minutes', 15,
                      'Number of minutes to lockout if triggered.')
 flags.DEFINE_integer('lockout_window', 15,
                      'Number of minutes for lockout window.')
-flags.DEFINE_list('lockout_memcached_servers', None,
-                  'Memcached servers or None for in process cache.')
 
 
 class RequestLogging(wsgi.Middleware):
@@ -107,11 +105,11 @@ class Lockout(wsgi.Middleware):
 
     def __init__(self, application):
         """middleware can use fake for testing."""
-        if FLAGS.lockout_memcached_servers:
+        if FLAGS.memcached_servers:
             import memcache
         else:
             from nova import fakememcache as memcache
-        self.mc = memcache.Client(FLAGS.lockout_memcached_servers,
+        self.mc = memcache.Client(FLAGS.memcached_servers,
                                   debug=0)
         super(Lockout, self).__init__(application)
 
@@ -322,9 +320,7 @@ class Executor(wsgi.Application):
         except exception.InstanceNotFound as ex:
             LOG.info(_('InstanceNotFound raised: %s'), unicode(ex),
                      context=context)
-            ec2_id = ec2utils.id_to_ec2_id(ex.instance_id)
-            message = _('Instance %s not found') % ec2_id
-            return self._error(req, context, type(ex).__name__, message)
+            return self._error(req, context, type(ex).__name__, ex.message)
         except exception.VolumeNotFound as ex:
             LOG.info(_('VolumeNotFound raised: %s'), unicode(ex),
                      context=context)
diff --git a/nova/api/ec2/admin.py b/nova/api/ec2/admin.py
index 6a5609d4a..ea94d9c1f 100644
--- a/nova/api/ec2/admin.py
+++ b/nova/api/ec2/admin.py
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ class AdminController(object):
     def _vpn_for(self, context, project_id):
         """Get the VPN instance for a project ID."""
         for instance in db.instance_get_all_by_project(context, project_id):
-            if (instance['image_id'] == FLAGS.vpn_image_id
+            if (instance['image_id'] == str(FLAGS.vpn_image_id)
                 and not instance['state_description'] in
                     ['shutting_down', 'shutdown']):
                 return instance
diff --git a/nova/api/ec2/cloud.py b/nova/api/ec2/cloud.py
index 6daf299b9..20bfe79ef 100644
--- a/nova/api/ec2/cloud.py
+++ b/nova/api/ec2/cloud.py
@@ -49,8 +49,6 @@ flags.DECLARE('service_down_time', 'nova.scheduler.driver')
 
 LOG = logging.getLogger("nova.api.cloud")
 
-InvalidInputException = exception.InvalidInputException
-
 
 def _gen_key(context, user_id, key_name):
     """Generate a key
@@ -61,8 +59,7 @@ def _gen_key(context, user_id, key_name):
     #             creation before creating key_pair
     try:
         db.key_pair_get(context, user_id, key_name)
-        raise exception.Duplicate(_("The key_pair %s already exists")
-                                  % key_name)
+        raise exception.KeyPairExists(key_name=key_name)
     except exception.NotFound:
         pass
     private_key, public_key, fingerprint = crypto.generate_key_pair()
@@ -159,7 +156,7 @@ class CloudController(object):
         floating_ip = db.instance_get_floating_address(ctxt,
                                                        instance_ref['id'])
         ec2_id = ec2utils.id_to_ec2_id(instance_ref['id'])
-        image_ec2_id = self._image_ec2_id(instance_ref['image_id'], 'ami')
+        image_ec2_id = self.image_ec2_id(instance_ref['image_id'])
         data = {
             'user-data': base64.b64decode(instance_ref['user_data']),
             'meta-data': {
@@ -187,9 +184,9 @@ class CloudController(object):
                 'mpi': mpi}}
 
         for image_type in ['kernel', 'ramdisk']:
-            if '%s_id' % image_type in instance_ref:
-                ec2_id = self._image_ec2_id(instance_ref['%s_id' % image_type],
-                                            self._image_type(image_type))
+            if instance_ref.get('%s_id' % image_type):
+                ec2_id = self.image_ec2_id(instance_ref['%s_id' % image_type],
+                                           self._image_type(image_type))
                 data['meta-data']['%s-id' % image_type] = ec2_id
 
         if False:  # TODO(vish): store ancestor ids
@@ -431,11 +428,11 @@ class CloudController(object):
             ip_protocol = str(ip_protocol)
 
             if ip_protocol.upper() not in ['TCP', 'UDP', 'ICMP']:
-                raise InvalidInputException(_('%s is not a valid ipProtocol') %
-                                            (ip_protocol,))
+                raise exception.InvalidIpProtocol(protocol=ip_protocol)
             if ((min(from_port, to_port) < -1) or
                 (max(from_port, to_port) > 65535)):
-                raise InvalidInputException(_('Invalid port range'))
+                raise exception.InvalidPortRange(from_port=from_port,
+                                                 to_port=to_port)
 
             values['protocol'] = ip_protocol
             values['from_port'] = from_port
@@ -649,7 +646,7 @@ class CloudController(object):
         # TODO(vish): Instance should be None at db layer instead of
         #             trying to lazy load, but for now we turn it into
         #             a dict to avoid an error.
-        return {'volumeSet': [self._format_volume(context, dict(volume))]}
+        return self._format_volume(context, dict(volume))
 
     def delete_volume(self, context, volume_id, **kwargs):
         volume_id = ec2utils.ec2_id_to_id(volume_id)
@@ -739,13 +736,13 @@ class CloudController(object):
             instances = self.compute_api.get_all(context, **kwargs)
         for instance in instances:
             if not context.is_admin:
-                if instance['image_id'] == FLAGS.vpn_image_id:
+                if instance['image_id'] == str(FLAGS.vpn_image_id):
                     continue
             i = {}
             instance_id = instance['id']
             ec2_id = ec2utils.id_to_ec2_id(instance_id)
             i['instanceId'] = ec2_id
-            i['imageId'] = self._image_ec2_id(instance['image_id'])
+            i['imageId'] = self.image_ec2_id(instance['image_id'])
             i['instanceState'] = {
                 'code': instance['state'],
                 'name': instance['state_description']}
@@ -762,7 +759,9 @@ class CloudController(object):
                         instance['mac_address'])
 
             i['privateDnsName'] = fixed_addr
+            i['privateIpAddress'] = fixed_addr
             i['publicDnsName'] = floating_addr
+            i['ipAddress'] = floating_addr or fixed_addr
             i['dnsName'] = i['publicDnsName'] or i['privateDnsName']
             i['keyName'] = instance['key_name']
 
@@ -934,7 +933,7 @@ class CloudController(object):
         return image_type
 
     @staticmethod
-    def _image_ec2_id(image_id, image_type='ami'):
+    def image_ec2_id(image_id, image_type='ami'):
         """Returns image ec2_id using id and three letter type."""
         template = image_type + '-%08x'
         return ec2utils.id_to_ec2_id(int(image_id), template=template)
@@ -943,25 +942,25 @@ class CloudController(object):
         try:
             internal_id = ec2utils.ec2_id_to_id(ec2_id)
             return self.image_service.show(context, internal_id)
-        except exception.NotFound:
+        except (exception.InvalidEc2Id, exception.ImageNotFound):
             try:
                 return self.image_service.show_by_name(context, ec2_id)
             except exception.NotFound:
-                raise exception.NotFound(_('Image %s not found') % ec2_id)
+                raise exception.ImageNotFound(image_id=ec2_id)
 
     def _format_image(self, image):
         """Convert from format defined by BaseImageService to S3 format."""
         i = {}
         image_type = self._image_type(image.get('container_format'))
-        ec2_id = self._image_ec2_id(image.get('id'), image_type)
+        ec2_id = self.image_ec2_id(image.get('id'), image_type)
         name = image.get('name')
         i['imageId'] = ec2_id
         kernel_id = image['properties'].get('kernel_id')
         if kernel_id:
-            i['kernelId'] = self._image_ec2_id(kernel_id, 'aki')
+            i['kernelId'] = self.image_ec2_id(kernel_id, 'aki')
         ramdisk_id = image['properties'].get('ramdisk_id')
         if ramdisk_id:
-            i['ramdiskId'] = self._image_ec2_id(ramdisk_id, 'ari')
+            i['ramdiskId'] = self.image_ec2_id(ramdisk_id, 'ari')
         i['imageOwnerId'] = image['properties'].get('owner_id')
         if name:
             i['imageLocation'] = "%s (%s)" % (image['properties'].
@@ -991,8 +990,7 @@ class CloudController(object):
                 try:
                     image = self._get_image(context, ec2_id)
                 except exception.NotFound:
-                    raise exception.NotFound(_('Image %s not found') %
-                                             ec2_id)
+                    raise exception.ImageNotFound(image_id=ec2_id)
                 images.append(image)
         else:
             images = self.image_service.detail(context)
@@ -1012,8 +1010,8 @@ class CloudController(object):
         metadata = {'properties': {'image_location': image_location}}
         image = self.image_service.create(context, metadata)
         image_type = self._image_type(image.get('container_format'))
-        image_id = self._image_ec2_id(image['id'],
-                                      image_type)
+        image_id = self.image_ec2_id(image['id'],
+                                     image_type)
         msg = _("Registered image %(image_location)s with"
                 " id %(image_id)s") % locals()
         LOG.audit(msg, context=context)
@@ -1026,7 +1024,7 @@ class CloudController(object):
         try:
             image = self._get_image(context, image_id)
         except exception.NotFound:
-            raise exception.NotFound(_('Image %s not found') % image_id)
+            raise exception.ImageNotFound(image_id=image_id)
         result = {'imageId': image_id, 'launchPermission': []}
         if image['is_public']:
             result['launchPermission'].append({'group': 'all'})
@@ -1049,7 +1047,7 @@ class CloudController(object):
         try:
             image = self._get_image(context, image_id)
         except exception.NotFound:
-            raise exception.NotFound(_('Image %s not found') % image_id)
+            raise exception.ImageNotFound(image_id=image_id)
         internal_id = image['id']
         del(image['id'])
 
diff --git a/nova/api/ec2/ec2utils.py b/nova/api/ec2/ec2utils.py
index 3b34f6ea5..163aa4ed2 100644
--- a/nova/api/ec2/ec2utils.py
+++ b/nova/api/ec2/ec2utils.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ def ec2_id_to_id(ec2_id):
     try:
         return int(ec2_id.split('-')[-1], 16)
     except ValueError:
-        raise exception.NotFound(_("Id %s Not Found") % ec2_id)
+        raise exception.InvalidEc2Id(ec2_id=ec2_id)
 
 
 def id_to_ec2_id(instance_id, template='i-%08x'):
diff --git a/nova/api/openstack/__init__.py b/nova/api/openstack/__init__.py
index 5e76a06f7..348b70d5b 100644
--- a/nova/api/openstack/__init__.py
+++ b/nova/api/openstack/__init__.py
@@ -112,9 +112,6 @@ class APIRouter(wsgi.Router):
                         parent_resource=dict(member_name='server',
                         collection_name='servers'))
 
-        _limits = limits.LimitsController()
-        mapper.resource("limit", "limits", controller=_limits)
-
         super(APIRouter, self).__init__(mapper)
 
 
@@ -145,6 +142,9 @@ class APIRouterV10(APIRouter):
                         parent_resource=dict(member_name='server',
                         collection_name='servers'))
 
+        mapper.resource("limit", "limits",
+                        controller=limits.LimitsControllerV10())
+
         mapper.resource("ip", "ips", controller=ips.Controller(),
                         collection=dict(public='GET', private='GET'),
                         parent_resource=dict(member_name='server',
@@ -178,3 +178,6 @@ class APIRouterV11(APIRouter):
         mapper.resource("flavor", "flavors",
                         controller=flavors.ControllerV11(),
                         collection={'detail': 'GET'})
+
+        mapper.resource("limit", "limits",
+                        controller=limits.LimitsControllerV11())
diff --git a/nova/api/openstack/accounts.py b/nova/api/openstack/accounts.py
index 6e3763e47..00fdd4540 100644
--- a/nova/api/openstack/accounts.py
+++ b/nova/api/openstack/accounts.py
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ class Controller(common.OpenstackController):
         """We cannot depend on the db layer to check for admin access
            for the auth manager, so we do it here"""
         if not context.is_admin:
-            raise exception.NotAuthorized(_("Not admin user."))
+            raise exception.AdminRequired()
 
     def index(self, req):
         raise faults.Fault(webob.exc.HTTPNotImplemented())
diff --git a/nova/api/openstack/common.py b/nova/api/openstack/common.py
index 0b6dc944a..32cd689ca 100644
--- a/nova/api/openstack/common.py
+++ b/nova/api/openstack/common.py
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
 #    under the License.
 
+import re
 from urlparse import urlparse
 
 import webob
@@ -124,16 +125,22 @@ def get_image_id_from_image_hash(image_service, context, image_hash):
                     "should have numerical format") % image_id
             LOG.error(msg)
             raise Exception(msg)
-    raise exception.NotFound(image_hash)
+    raise exception.ImageNotFound(image_id=image_hash)
 
 
 def get_id_from_href(href):
     """Return the id portion of a url as an int.
 
-    Given: http://www.foo.com/bar/123?q=4
+    Given: 'http://www.foo.com/bar/123?q=4'
+    Returns: 123
+
+    In order to support local hrefs, the href argument can be just an id:
+    Given: '123'
     Returns: 123
 
     """
+    if re.match(r'\d+$', str(href)):
+        return int(href)
     try:
         return int(urlparse(href).path.split('/')[-1])
     except:
diff --git a/nova/api/openstack/images.py b/nova/api/openstack/images.py
index 77baf5947..34d4c27fc 100644
--- a/nova/api/openstack/images.py
+++ b/nova/api/openstack/images.py
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ class Controller(common.OpenstackController):
             raise webob.exc.HTTPBadRequest()
 
         image = self._compute_service.snapshot(context, server_id, image_name)
-        return self.get_builder(req).build(image, detail=True)
+        return dict(image=self.get_builder(req).build(image, detail=True))
 
     def get_builder(self, request):
         """Indicates that you must use a Controller subclass."""
diff --git a/nova/api/openstack/limits.py b/nova/api/openstack/limits.py
index 9877af191..47bc238f1 100644
--- a/nova/api/openstack/limits.py
+++ b/nova/api/openstack/limits.py
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ from webob.dec import wsgify
 from nova import wsgi
 from nova.api.openstack import common
 from nova.api.openstack import faults
-from nova.wsgi import Middleware
+from nova.api.openstack.views import limits as limits_views
 
 
 # Convenience constants for the limits dictionary passed to Limiter().
@@ -51,8 +51,8 @@ class LimitsController(common.OpenstackController):
     _serialization_metadata = {
         "application/xml": {
             "attributes": {
-                "limit": ["verb", "URI", "regex", "value", "unit",
-                    "resetTime", "remaining", "name"],
+                "limit": ["verb", "URI", "uri", "regex", "value", "unit",
+                    "resetTime", "next-available", "remaining", "name"],
             },
             "plurals": {
                 "rate": "limit",
@@ -67,12 +67,21 @@ class LimitsController(common.OpenstackController):
         abs_limits = {}
         rate_limits = req.environ.get("nova.limits", [])
 
-        return {
-            "limits": {
-                "rate": rate_limits,
-                "absolute": abs_limits,
-            },
-        }
+        builder = self._get_view_builder(req)
+        return builder.build(rate_limits, abs_limits)
+
+    def _get_view_builder(self, req):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class LimitsControllerV10(LimitsController):
+    def _get_view_builder(self, req):
+        return limits_views.ViewBuilderV10()
+
+
+class LimitsControllerV11(LimitsController):
+    def _get_view_builder(self, req):
+        return limits_views.ViewBuilderV11()
 
 
 class Limit(object):
@@ -186,7 +195,7 @@ DEFAULT_LIMITS = [
 ]
 
 
-class RateLimitingMiddleware(Middleware):
+class RateLimitingMiddleware(wsgi.Middleware):
     """
     Rate-limits requests passing through this middleware. All limit information
     is stored in memory for this implementation.
@@ -200,7 +209,7 @@ class RateLimitingMiddleware(Middleware):
         @param application: WSGI application to wrap
         @param limits: List of dictionaries describing limits
         """
-        Middleware.__init__(self, application)
+        wsgi.Middleware.__init__(self, application)
         self._limiter = Limiter(limits or DEFAULT_LIMITS)
 
     @wsgify(RequestClass=wsgi.Request)
diff --git a/nova/api/openstack/server_metadata.py b/nova/api/openstack/server_metadata.py
index 5c1390b9c..fd64ee4fb 100644
--- a/nova/api/openstack/server_metadata.py
+++ b/nova/api/openstack/server_metadata.py
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 from webob import exc
 
 from nova import compute
+from nova import quota
 from nova import wsgi
 from nova.api.openstack import common
 from nova.api.openstack import faults
@@ -44,10 +45,14 @@ class Controller(common.OpenstackController):
 
     def create(self, req, server_id):
         context = req.environ['nova.context']
-        body = self._deserialize(req.body, req.get_content_type())
-        self.compute_api.update_or_create_instance_metadata(context,
-                                                            server_id,
-                                                            body['metadata'])
+        data = self._deserialize(req.body, req.get_content_type())
+        metadata = data.get('metadata')
+        try:
+            self.compute_api.update_or_create_instance_metadata(context,
+                                                                server_id,
+                                                                metadata)
+        except quota.QuotaError as error:
+            self._handle_quota_error(error)
         return req.body
 
     def update(self, req, server_id, id):
@@ -59,9 +64,13 @@ class Controller(common.OpenstackController):
         if len(body) > 1:
             expl = _('Request body contains too many items')
             raise exc.HTTPBadRequest(explanation=expl)
-        self.compute_api.update_or_create_instance_metadata(context,
-                                                            server_id,
-                                                            body)
+        try:
+            self.compute_api.update_or_create_instance_metadata(context,
+                                                                server_id,
+                                                                body)
+        except quota.QuotaError as error:
+            self._handle_quota_error(error)
+
         return req.body
 
     def show(self, req, server_id, id):
@@ -77,3 +86,9 @@ class Controller(common.OpenstackController):
         """ Deletes an existing metadata """
         context = req.environ['nova.context']
         self.compute_api.delete_instance_metadata(context, server_id, id)
+
+    def _handle_quota_error(self, error):
+        """Reraise quota errors as api-specific http exceptions."""
+        if error.code == "MetadataLimitExceeded":
+            raise exc.HTTPBadRequest(explanation=error.message)
+        raise error
diff --git a/nova/api/openstack/servers.py b/nova/api/openstack/servers.py
index f221229f0..547310613 100644
--- a/nova/api/openstack/servers.py
+++ b/nova/api/openstack/servers.py
@@ -14,33 +14,30 @@
 #    under the License.
 
 import base64
-import hashlib
 import traceback
 
 from webob import exc
 from xml.dom import minidom
 
 from nova import compute
-from nova import context
 from nova import exception
 from nova import flags
 from nova import log as logging
 from nova import quota
 from nova import utils
-from nova import wsgi
 from nova.api.openstack import common
 from nova.api.openstack import faults
 import nova.api.openstack.views.addresses
 import nova.api.openstack.views.flavors
+import nova.api.openstack.views.images
 import nova.api.openstack.views.servers
 from nova.auth import manager as auth_manager
 from nova.compute import instance_types
-from nova.compute import power_state
 import nova.api.openstack
 from nova.scheduler import api as scheduler_api
 
 
-LOG = logging.getLogger('server')
+LOG = logging.getLogger('nova.api.openstack.servers')
 FLAGS = flags.FLAGS
 
 
@@ -139,16 +136,6 @@ class Controller(common.OpenstackController):
         kernel_id, ramdisk_id = self._get_kernel_ramdisk_from_image(
             req, image_id)
 
-        # Metadata is a list, not a Dictionary, because we allow duplicate keys
-        # (even though JSON can't encode this)
-        # In future, we may not allow duplicate keys.
-        # However, the CloudServers API is not definitive on this front,
-        #  and we want to be compatible.
-        metadata = []
-        if env['server'].get('metadata'):
-            for k, v in env['server']['metadata'].items():
-                metadata.append({'key': k, 'value': v})
-
         personality = env['server'].get('personality')
         injected_files = []
         if personality:
@@ -177,7 +164,7 @@ class Controller(common.OpenstackController):
                 display_description=name,
                 key_name=key_name,
                 key_data=key_data,
-                metadata=metadata,
+                metadata=env['server'].get('metadata', {}),
                 injected_files=injected_files)
         except quota.QuotaError as error:
             self._handle_quota_error(error)
@@ -330,9 +317,6 @@ class Controller(common.OpenstackController):
             return faults.Fault(exc.HTTPBadRequest())
         return exc.HTTPAccepted()
 
-    def _action_rebuild(self, input_dict, req, id):
-        return faults.Fault(exc.HTTPNotImplemented())
-
     def _action_resize(self, input_dict, req, id):
         """ Resizes a given instance to the flavor size requested """
         try:
@@ -346,18 +330,20 @@ class Controller(common.OpenstackController):
         except Exception, e:
             LOG.exception(_("Error in resize %s"), e)
             return faults.Fault(exc.HTTPBadRequest())
-        return faults.Fault(exc.HTTPAccepted())
+        return exc.HTTPAccepted()
 
     def _action_reboot(self, input_dict, req, id):
-        try:
+        if 'reboot' in input_dict and 'type' in input_dict['reboot']:
             reboot_type = input_dict['reboot']['type']
-        except Exception:
-            raise faults.Fault(exc.HTTPNotImplemented())
+        else:
+            LOG.exception(_("Missing argument 'type' for reboot"))
+            return faults.Fault(exc.HTTPUnprocessableEntity())
         try:
             # TODO(gundlach): pass reboot_type, support soft reboot in
             # virt driver
             self.compute_api.reboot(req.environ['nova.context'], id)
-        except:
+        except Exception, e:
+            LOG.exception(_("Error in reboot %s"), e)
             return faults.Fault(exc.HTTPUnprocessableEntity())
         return exc.HTTPAccepted()
 
@@ -571,9 +557,8 @@ class Controller(common.OpenstackController):
         """
         image_id = image_meta['id']
         if image_meta['status'] != 'active':
-            raise exception.Invalid(
-                _("Cannot build from image %(image_id)s, status not active") %
-                  locals())
+            raise exception.ImageUnacceptable(image_id=image_id,
+                                              reason=_("status is not active"))
 
         if image_meta.get('container_format') != 'ami':
             return None, None
@@ -581,14 +566,12 @@ class Controller(common.OpenstackController):
         try:
             kernel_id = image_meta['properties']['kernel_id']
         except KeyError:
-            raise exception.NotFound(
-                _("Kernel not found for image %(image_id)s") % locals())
+            raise exception.KernelNotFoundForImage(image_id=image_id)
 
         try:
             ramdisk_id = image_meta['properties']['ramdisk_id']
         except KeyError:
-            raise exception.NotFound(
-                _("Ramdisk not found for image %(image_id)s") % locals())
+            raise exception.RamdiskNotFoundForImage(image_id=image_id)
 
         return kernel_id, ramdisk_id
 
@@ -605,19 +588,35 @@ class ControllerV10(Controller):
         return nova.api.openstack.views.servers.ViewBuilderV10(
             addresses_builder)
 
-    def _get_addresses_view_builder(self, req):
-        return nova.api.openstack.views.addresses.ViewBuilderV10(req)
-
     def _limit_items(self, items, req):
         return common.limited(items, req)
 
     def _parse_update(self, context, server_id, inst_dict, update_dict):
         if 'adminPass' in inst_dict['server']:
             update_dict['admin_pass'] = inst_dict['server']['adminPass']
-            try:
-                self.compute_api.set_admin_password(context, server_id)
-            except exception.TimeoutException:
-                return exc.HTTPRequestTimeout()
+            self.compute_api.set_admin_password(context, server_id)
+
+    def _action_rebuild(self, info, request, instance_id):
+        context = request.environ['nova.context']
+        instance_id = int(instance_id)
+
+        try:
+            image_id = info["rebuild"]["imageId"]
+        except (KeyError, TypeError):
+            msg = _("Could not parse imageId from request.")
+            LOG.debug(msg)
+            return faults.Fault(exc.HTTPBadRequest(explanation=msg))
+
+        try:
+            self.compute_api.rebuild(context, instance_id, image_id)
+        except exception.BuildInProgress:
+            msg = _("Instance %d is currently being rebuilt.") % instance_id
+            LOG.debug(msg)
+            return faults.Fault(exc.HTTPConflict(explanation=msg))
+
+        response = exc.HTTPAccepted()
+        response.empty_body = True
+        return response
 
 
 class ControllerV11(Controller):
@@ -639,9 +638,6 @@ class ControllerV11(Controller):
         return nova.api.openstack.views.servers.ViewBuilderV11(
             addresses_builder, flavor_builder, image_builder, base_url)
 
-    def _get_addresses_view_builder(self, req):
-        return nova.api.openstack.views.addresses.ViewBuilderV11(req)
-
     def _action_change_password(self, input_dict, req, id):
         context = req.environ['nova.context']
         if (not 'changePassword' in input_dict
@@ -658,6 +654,63 @@ class ControllerV11(Controller):
     def _limit_items(self, items, req):
         return common.limited_by_marker(items, req)
 
+    def _validate_metadata(self, metadata):
+        """Ensure that we can work with the metadata given."""
+        try:
+            metadata.iteritems()
+        except AttributeError as ex:
+            msg = _("Unable to parse metadata key/value pairs.")
+            LOG.debug(msg)
+            raise faults.Fault(exc.HTTPBadRequest(explanation=msg))
+
+    def _decode_personalities(self, personalities):
+        """Decode the Base64-encoded personalities."""
+        for personality in personalities:
+            try:
+                path = personality["path"]
+                contents = personality["contents"]
+            except (KeyError, TypeError):
+                msg = _("Unable to parse personality path/contents.")
+                LOG.info(msg)
+                raise faults.Fault(exc.HTTPBadRequest(explanation=msg))
+
+            try:
+                personality["contents"] = base64.b64decode(contents)
+            except TypeError:
+                msg = _("Personality content could not be Base64 decoded.")
+                LOG.info(msg)
+                raise faults.Fault(exc.HTTPBadRequest(explanation=msg))
+
+    def _action_rebuild(self, info, request, instance_id):
+        context = request.environ['nova.context']
+        instance_id = int(instance_id)
+
+        try:
+            image_ref = info["rebuild"]["imageRef"]
+        except (KeyError, TypeError):
+            msg = _("Could not parse imageRef from request.")
+            LOG.debug(msg)
+            return faults.Fault(exc.HTTPBadRequest(explanation=msg))
+
+        image_id = common.get_id_from_href(image_ref)
+        personalities = info["rebuild"].get("personality", [])
+        metadata = info["rebuild"].get("metadata", {})
+
+        self._validate_metadata(metadata)
+        self._decode_personalities(personalities)
+
+        try:
+            self.compute_api.rebuild(context, instance_id, image_id, metadata,
+                                     personalities)
+        except exception.BuildInProgress:
+            msg = _("Instance %d is currently being rebuilt.") % instance_id
+            LOG.debug(msg)
+            return faults.Fault(exc.HTTPConflict(explanation=msg))
+
+        response = exc.HTTPAccepted()
+        response.empty_body = True
+        return response
+
     def _get_server_admin_password(self, server):
         """ Determine the admin password for a server on creation """
         password = server.get('adminPass')
diff --git a/nova/api/openstack/users.py b/nova/api/openstack/users.py
index 077ccfc79..7ae4c3232 100644
--- a/nova/api/openstack/users.py
+++ b/nova/api/openstack/users.py
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ class Controller(common.OpenstackController):
         """We cannot depend on the db layer to check for admin access
            for the auth manager, so we do it here"""
         if not context.is_admin:
-            raise exception.NotAuthorized(_("Not admin user"))
+            raise exception.AdminRequired()
 
     def index(self, req):
         """Return all users in brief"""
diff --git a/nova/api/openstack/views/images.py b/nova/api/openstack/views/images.py
index 9dec8a355..2773c9c13 100644
--- a/nova/api/openstack/views/images.py
+++ b/nova/api/openstack/views/images.py
@@ -46,6 +46,14 @@ class ViewBuilder(object):
         except KeyError:
             image['status'] = image['status'].upper()
 
+    def _build_server(self, image, instance_id):
+        """Indicates that you must use a ViewBuilder subclass."""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def generate_server_ref(self, server_id):
+        """Return an href string pointing to this server."""
+        return os.path.join(self._url, "servers", str(server_id))
+
     def generate_href(self, image_id):
         """Return an href string pointing to this object."""
         return os.path.join(self._url, "images", str(image_id))
@@ -66,7 +74,7 @@ class ViewBuilder(object):
 
         if "instance_id" in properties:
             try:
-                image["serverId"] = int(properties["instance_id"])
+                self._build_server(image, int(properties["instance_id"]))
             except ValueError:
                 pass
 
@@ -85,12 +93,17 @@ class ViewBuilder(object):
 
 class ViewBuilderV10(ViewBuilder):
     """OpenStack API v1.0 Image Builder"""
-    pass
+
+    def _build_server(self, image, instance_id):
+        image["serverId"] = instance_id
 
 
 class ViewBuilderV11(ViewBuilder):
     """OpenStack API v1.1 Image Builder"""
 
+    def _build_server(self, image, instance_id):
+        image["serverRef"] = self.generate_server_ref(instance_id)
+
     def build(self, image_obj, detail=False):
         """Return a standardized image structure for display by the API."""
         image = ViewBuilder.build(self, image_obj, detail)
diff --git a/nova/api/openstack/views/limits.py b/nova/api/openstack/views/limits.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..552db39ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nova/api/openstack/views/limits.py
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+# vim: tabstop=4 shiftwidth=4 softtabstop=4
+
+# Copyright 2010-2011 OpenStack LLC.
+# All Rights Reserved.
+#
+#    Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may
+#    not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain
+#    a copy of the License at
+#
+#         http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+#    Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+#    distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+#    WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+#    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
+#    under the License.
+
+import time
+
+from nova.api.openstack import common
+
+
+class ViewBuilder(object):
+    """Openstack API base limits view builder."""
+
+    def build(self, rate_limits, absolute_limits):
+        rate_limits = self._build_rate_limits(rate_limits)
+        absolute_limits = self._build_absolute_limits(absolute_limits)
+
+        output = {
+            "limits": {
+                "rate": rate_limits,
+                "absolute": absolute_limits,
+            },
+        }
+
+        return output
+
+
+class ViewBuilderV10(ViewBuilder):
+    """Openstack API v1.0 limits view builder."""
+
+    def _build_rate_limits(self, rate_limits):
+        return [self._build_rate_limit(r) for r in rate_limits]
+
+    def _build_rate_limit(self, rate_limit):
+        return {
+            "verb": rate_limit["verb"],
+            "URI": rate_limit["URI"],
+            "regex": rate_limit["regex"],
+            "value": rate_limit["value"],
+            "remaining": int(rate_limit["remaining"]),
+            "unit": rate_limit["unit"],
+            "resetTime": rate_limit["resetTime"],
+        }
+
+    def _build_absolute_limits(self, absolute_limit):
+        return {}
+
+
+class ViewBuilderV11(ViewBuilder):
+    """Openstack API v1.1 limits view builder."""
+
+    def _build_rate_limits(self, rate_limits):
+        limits = []
+        for rate_limit in rate_limits:
+            _rate_limit_key = None
+            _rate_limit = self._build_rate_limit(rate_limit)
+
+            # check for existing key
+            for limit in limits:
+                if limit["uri"] == rate_limit["URI"] and \
+                   limit["regex"] == limit["regex"]:
+                    _rate_limit_key = limit
+                    break
+
+            # ensure we have a key if we didn't find one
+            if not _rate_limit_key:
+                _rate_limit_key = {
+                    "uri": rate_limit["URI"],
+                    "regex": rate_limit["regex"],
+                    "limit": [],
+                }
+                limits.append(_rate_limit_key)
+
+            _rate_limit_key["limit"].append(_rate_limit)
+
+        return limits
+
+    def _build_rate_limit(self, rate_limit):
+        return {
+            "verb": rate_limit["verb"],
+            "value": rate_limit["value"],
+            "remaining": int(rate_limit["remaining"]),
+            "unit": rate_limit["unit"],
+            "next-available": rate_limit["resetTime"],
+        }
+
+    def _build_absolute_limits(self, absolute_limit):
+        return {}
diff --git a/nova/api/openstack/views/servers.py b/nova/api/openstack/views/servers.py
index e52bfaea3..0be468edc 100644
--- a/nova/api/openstack/views/servers.py
+++ b/nova/api/openstack/views/servers.py
@@ -63,10 +63,12 @@ class ViewBuilder(object):
             power_state.BLOCKED: 'ACTIVE',
             power_state.SUSPENDED: 'SUSPENDED',
             power_state.PAUSED: 'PAUSED',
-            power_state.SHUTDOWN: 'ACTIVE',
-            power_state.SHUTOFF: 'ACTIVE',
+            power_state.SHUTDOWN: 'SHUTDOWN',
+            power_state.SHUTOFF: 'SHUTOFF',
             power_state.CRASHED: 'ERROR',
-            power_state.FAILED: 'ERROR'}
+            power_state.FAILED: 'ERROR',
+            power_state.BUILDING: 'BUILD',
+        }
 
         inst_dict = {
             'id': int(inst['id']),
diff --git a/nova/auth/dbdriver.py b/nova/auth/dbdriver.py
index b2c580d83..a429b7812 100644
--- a/nova/auth/dbdriver.py
+++ b/nova/auth/dbdriver.py
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ class DbDriver(object):
             user_ref = db.user_create(context.get_admin_context(), values)
             return self._db_user_to_auth_user(user_ref)
         except exception.Duplicate, e:
-            raise exception.Duplicate(_('User %s already exists') % name)
+            raise exception.UserExists(user=name)
 
     def _db_user_to_auth_user(self, user_ref):
         return {'id': user_ref['id'],
@@ -103,9 +103,7 @@ class DbDriver(object):
         """Create a project"""
         manager = db.user_get(context.get_admin_context(), manager_uid)
         if not manager:
-            raise exception.NotFound(_("Project can't be created because "
-                                       "manager %s doesn't exist")
-                                     % manager_uid)
+            raise exception.UserNotFound(user_id=manager_uid)
 
         # description is a required attribute
         if description is None:
@@ -119,9 +117,7 @@ class DbDriver(object):
             for member_uid in member_uids:
                 member = db.user_get(context.get_admin_context(), member_uid)
                 if not member:
-                    raise exception.NotFound(_("Project can't be created "
-                                               "because user %s doesn't exist")
-                                             % member_uid)
+                    raise exception.UserNotFound(user_id=member_uid)
                 members.add(member)
 
         values = {'id': name,
@@ -132,8 +128,7 @@ class DbDriver(object):
         try:
             project = db.project_create(context.get_admin_context(), values)
         except exception.Duplicate:
-            raise exception.Duplicate(_("Project can't be created because "
-                                        "project %s already exists") % name)
+            raise exception.ProjectExists(project=name)
 
         for member in members:
             db.project_add_member(context.get_admin_context(),
@@ -154,9 +149,7 @@ class DbDriver(object):
         if manager_uid:
             manager = db.user_get(context.get_admin_context(), manager_uid)
             if not manager:
-                raise exception.NotFound(_("Project can't be modified because "
-                                           "manager %s doesn't exist") %
-                                          manager_uid)
+                raise exception.UserNotFound(user_id=manager_uid)
             values['project_manager'] = manager['id']
         if description:
             values['description'] = description
@@ -244,8 +237,8 @@ class DbDriver(object):
     def _validate_user_and_project(self, user_id, project_id):
         user = db.user_get(context.get_admin_context(), user_id)
         if not user:
-            raise exception.NotFound(_('User "%s" not found') % user_id)
+            raise exception.UserNotFound(user_id=user_id)
         project = db.project_get(context.get_admin_context(), project_id)
         if not project:
-            raise exception.NotFound(_('Project "%s" not found') % project_id)
+            raise exception.ProjectNotFound(project_id=project_id)
         return user, project
diff --git a/nova/auth/ldapdriver.py b/nova/auth/ldapdriver.py
index fcac55510..3f8432851 100644
--- a/nova/auth/ldapdriver.py
+++ b/nova/auth/ldapdriver.py
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ class LdapDriver(object):
     def create_user(self, name, access_key, secret_key, is_admin):
         """Create a user"""
         if self.__user_exists(name):
-            raise exception.Duplicate(_("LDAP user %s already exists") % name)
+            raise exception.LDAPUserExists(user=name)
         if FLAGS.ldap_user_modify_only:
             if self.__ldap_user_exists(name):
                 # Retrieve user by name
@@ -202,8 +202,7 @@ class LdapDriver(object):
                 self.conn.modify_s(self.__uid_to_dn(name), attr)
                 return self.get_user(name)
             else:
-                raise exception.NotFound(_("LDAP object for %s doesn't exist")
-                                         % name)
+                raise exception.LDAPUserNotFound(user_id=name)
         else:
             attr = [
                 ('objectclass', ['person',
@@ -226,12 +225,9 @@ class LdapDriver(object):
                        description=None, member_uids=None):
         """Create a project"""
         if self.__project_exists(name):
-            raise exception.Duplicate(_("Project can't be created because "
-                                        "project %s already exists") % name)
+            raise exception.ProjectExists(project=name)
         if not self.__user_exists(manager_uid):
-            raise exception.NotFound(_("Project can't be created because "
-                                       "manager %s doesn't exist")
-                                     % manager_uid)
+            raise exception.LDAPUserNotFound(user_id=manager_uid)
         manager_dn = self.__uid_to_dn(manager_uid)
         # description is a required attribute
         if description is None:
@@ -240,9 +236,7 @@ class LdapDriver(object):
         if member_uids is not None:
             for member_uid in member_uids:
                 if not self.__user_exists(member_uid):
-                    raise exception.NotFound(_("Project can't be created "
-                                               "because user %s doesn't exist")
-                                             % member_uid)
+                    raise exception.LDAPUserNotFound(user_id=member_uid)
                 members.append(self.__uid_to_dn(member_uid))
         # always add the manager as a member because members is required
         if not manager_dn in members:
@@ -265,9 +259,7 @@ class LdapDriver(object):
         attr = []
         if manager_uid:
             if not self.__user_exists(manager_uid):
-                raise exception.NotFound(_("Project can't be modified because "
-                                           "manager %s doesn't exist")
-                                         % manager_uid)
+                raise exception.LDAPUserNotFound(user_id=manager_uid)
             manager_dn = self.__uid_to_dn(manager_uid)
             attr.append((self.ldap.MOD_REPLACE, LdapDriver.project_attribute,
                          manager_dn))
@@ -347,7 +339,7 @@ class LdapDriver(object):
     def delete_user(self, uid):
         """Delete a user"""
         if not self.__user_exists(uid):
-            raise exception.NotFound(_("User %s doesn't exist") % uid)
+            raise exception.LDAPUserNotFound(user_id=uid)
         self.__remove_from_all(uid)
         if FLAGS.ldap_user_modify_only:
             # Delete attributes
@@ -471,15 +463,12 @@ class LdapDriver(object):
                        description, member_uids=None):
         """Create a group"""
         if self.__group_exists(group_dn):
-            raise exception.Duplicate(_("Group can't be created because "
-                                        "group %s already exists") % name)
+            raise exception.LDAPGroupExists(group=name)
         members = []
         if member_uids is not None:
             for member_uid in member_uids:
                 if not self.__user_exists(member_uid):
-                    raise exception.NotFound(_("Group can't be created "
-                                               "because user %s doesn't exist")
-                                             % member_uid)
+                    raise exception.LDAPUserNotFound(user_id=member_uid)
                 members.append(self.__uid_to_dn(member_uid))
         dn = self.__uid_to_dn(uid)
         if not dn in members:
@@ -494,8 +483,7 @@ class LdapDriver(object):
     def __is_in_group(self, uid, group_dn):
         """Check if user is in group"""
         if not self.__user_exists(uid):
-            raise exception.NotFound(_("User %s can't be searched in group "
-                                       "because the user doesn't exist") % uid)
+            raise exception.LDAPUserNotFound(user_id=uid)
         if not self.__group_exists(group_dn):
             return False
         res = self.__find_object(group_dn,
@@ -506,29 +494,23 @@ class LdapDriver(object):
     def __add_to_group(self, uid, group_dn):
         """Add user to group"""
         if not self.__user_exists(uid):
-            raise exception.NotFound(_("User %s can't be added to the group "
-                                       "because the user doesn't exist") % uid)
+            raise exception.LDAPUserNotFound(user_id=uid)
         if not self.__group_exists(group_dn):
-            raise exception.NotFound(_("The group at dn %s doesn't exist") %
-                                     group_dn)
+            raise exception.LDAPGroupNotFound(group_id=group_dn)
         if self.__is_in_group(uid, group_dn):
-            raise exception.Duplicate(_("User %(uid)s is already a member of "
-                                        "the group %(group_dn)s") % locals())
+            raise exception.LDAPMembershipExists(uid=uid, group_dn=group_dn)
         attr = [(self.ldap.MOD_ADD, 'member', self.__uid_to_dn(uid))]
         self.conn.modify_s(group_dn, attr)
 
     def __remove_from_group(self, uid, group_dn):
         """Remove user from group"""
         if not self.__group_exists(group_dn):
-            raise exception.NotFound(_("The group at dn %s doesn't exist")
-                                     % group_dn)
+            raise exception.LDAPGroupNotFound(group_id=group_dn)
         if not self.__user_exists(uid):
-            raise exception.NotFound(_("User %s can't be removed from the "
-                                       "group because the user doesn't exist")
-                                     % uid)
+            raise exception.LDAPUserNotFound(user_id=uid)
         if not self.__is_in_group(uid, group_dn):
-            raise exception.NotFound(_("User %s is not a member of the group")
-                                     % uid)
+            raise exception.LDAPGroupMembershipNotFound(user_id=uid,
+                                                        group_id=group_dn)
         # NOTE(vish): remove user from group and any sub_groups
         sub_dns = self.__find_group_dns_with_member(group_dn, uid)
         for sub_dn in sub_dns:
@@ -548,9 +530,7 @@ class LdapDriver(object):
     def __remove_from_all(self, uid):
         """Remove user from all roles and projects"""
         if not self.__user_exists(uid):
-            raise exception.NotFound(_("User %s can't be removed from all "
-                                       "because the user doesn't exist")
-                                     % uid)
+            raise exception.LDAPUserNotFound(user_id=uid)
         role_dns = self.__find_group_dns_with_member(
                 FLAGS.role_project_subtree, uid)
         for role_dn in role_dns:
@@ -563,8 +543,7 @@ class LdapDriver(object):
     def __delete_group(self, group_dn):
         """Delete Group"""
         if not self.__group_exists(group_dn):
-            raise exception.NotFound(_("Group at dn %s doesn't exist")
-                                     % group_dn)
+            raise exception.LDAPGroupNotFound(group_id=group_dn)
         self.conn.delete_s(group_dn)
 
     def __delete_roles(self, project_dn):
diff --git a/nova/auth/manager.py b/nova/auth/manager.py
index 8479c95a4..07235a2a7 100644
--- a/nova/auth/manager.py
+++ b/nova/auth/manager.py
@@ -223,6 +223,13 @@ class AuthManager(object):
         if driver or not getattr(self, 'driver', None):
             self.driver = utils.import_class(driver or FLAGS.auth_driver)
 
+        if FLAGS.memcached_servers:
+            import memcache
+        else:
+            from nova import fakememcache as memcache
+        self.mc = memcache.Client(FLAGS.memcached_servers,
+                                  debug=0)
+
     def authenticate(self, access, signature, params, verb='GET',
                      server_string='127.0.0.1:8773', path='/',
                      check_type='ec2', headers=None):
@@ -270,8 +277,7 @@ class AuthManager(object):
         LOG.debug('user: %r', user)
         if user is None:
             LOG.audit(_("Failed authorization for access key %s"), access_key)
-            raise exception.NotFound(_('No user found for access key %s')
-                                     % access_key)
+            raise exception.AccessKeyNotFound(access_key=access_key)
 
         # NOTE(vish): if we stop using project name as id we need better
         #             logic to find a default project for user
@@ -285,8 +291,7 @@ class AuthManager(object):
             uname = user.name
             LOG.audit(_("failed authorization: no project named %(pjid)s"
                     " (user=%(uname)s)") % locals())
-            raise exception.NotFound(_('No project called %s could be found')
-                                     % project_id)
+            raise exception.ProjectNotFound(project_id=project_id)
         if not self.is_admin(user) and not self.is_project_member(user,
                                                                   project):
             uname = user.name
@@ -295,28 +300,40 @@ class AuthManager(object):
             pjid = project.id
             LOG.audit(_("Failed authorization: user %(uname)s not admin"
                     " and not member of project %(pjname)s") % locals())
-            raise exception.NotFound(_('User %(uid)s is not a member of'
-                    ' project %(pjid)s') % locals())
+            raise exception.ProjectMembershipNotFound(project_id=pjid,
+                                                      user_id=uid)
         if check_type == 's3':
             sign = signer.Signer(user.secret.encode())
             expected_signature = sign.s3_authorization(headers, verb, path)
-            LOG.debug('user.secret: %s', user.secret)
-            LOG.debug('expected_signature: %s', expected_signature)
-            LOG.debug('signature: %s', signature)
+            LOG.debug(_('user.secret: %s'), user.secret)
+            LOG.debug(_('expected_signature: %s'), expected_signature)
+            LOG.debug(_('signature: %s'), signature)
             if signature != expected_signature:
                 LOG.audit(_("Invalid signature for user %s"), user.name)
-                raise exception.NotAuthorized(_('Signature does not match'))
+                raise exception.InvalidSignature(signature=signature,
+                                                 user=user)
         elif check_type == 'ec2':
             # NOTE(vish): hmac can't handle unicode, so encode ensures that
             #             secret isn't unicode
             expected_signature = signer.Signer(user.secret.encode()).generate(
                     params, verb, server_string, path)
-            LOG.debug('user.secret: %s', user.secret)
-            LOG.debug('expected_signature: %s', expected_signature)
-            LOG.debug('signature: %s', signature)
+            LOG.debug(_('user.secret: %s'), user.secret)
+            LOG.debug(_('expected_signature: %s'), expected_signature)
+            LOG.debug(_('signature: %s'), signature)
             if signature != expected_signature:
+                (addr_str, port_str) = utils.parse_server_string(server_string)
+                # If the given server_string contains port num, try without it.
+                if port_str != '':
+                    host_only_signature = signer.Signer(
+                        user.secret.encode()).generate(params, verb,
+                                                       addr_str, path)
+                    LOG.debug(_('host_only_signature: %s'),
+                              host_only_signature)
+                    if signature == host_only_signature:
+                        return (user, project)
                 LOG.audit(_("Invalid signature for user %s"), user.name)
-                raise exception.NotAuthorized(_('Signature does not match'))
+                raise exception.InvalidSignature(signature=signature,
+                                                 user=user)
         return (user, project)
 
     def get_access_key(self, user, project):
@@ -360,6 +377,27 @@ class AuthManager(object):
             if self.has_role(user, role):
                 return True
 
+    def _build_mc_key(self, user, role, project=None):
+        key_parts = ['rolecache', User.safe_id(user), str(role)]
+        if project:
+            key_parts.append(Project.safe_id(project))
+        return '-'.join(key_parts)
+
+    def _clear_mc_key(self, user, role, project=None):
+        # NOTE(anthony): it would be better to delete the key
+        self.mc.set(self._build_mc_key(user, role, project), None)
+
+    def _has_role(self, user, role, project=None):
+        mc_key = self._build_mc_key(user, role, project)
+        rslt = self.mc.get(mc_key)
+        if rslt is None:
+            with self.driver() as drv:
+                rslt = drv.has_role(user, role, project)
+                self.mc.set(mc_key, rslt)
+                return rslt
+        else:
+            return rslt
+
     def has_role(self, user, role, project=None):
         """Checks existence of role for user
 
@@ -383,24 +421,24 @@ class AuthManager(object):
         @rtype: bool
         @return: True if the user has the role.
         """
-        with self.driver() as drv:
-            if role == 'projectmanager':
-                if not project:
-                    raise exception.Error(_("Must specify project"))
-                return self.is_project_manager(user, project)
+        if role == 'projectmanager':
+            if not project:
+                raise exception.Error(_("Must specify project"))
+            return self.is_project_manager(user, project)
+
+        global_role = self._has_role(User.safe_id(user),
+                                     role,
+                                     None)
 
-            global_role = drv.has_role(User.safe_id(user),
-                                        role,
-                                        None)
-            if not global_role:
-                return global_role
+        if not global_role:
+            return global_role
 
-            if not project or role in FLAGS.global_roles:
-                return global_role
+        if not project or role in FLAGS.global_roles:
+            return global_role
 
-            return drv.has_role(User.safe_id(user),
-                                 role,
-                                 Project.safe_id(project))
+        return self._has_role(User.safe_id(user),
+                              role,
+                              Project.safe_id(project))
 
     def add_role(self, user, role, project=None):
         """Adds role for user
@@ -420,9 +458,9 @@ class AuthManager(object):
         @param project: Project in which to add local role.
         """
         if role not in FLAGS.allowed_roles:
-            raise exception.NotFound(_("The %s role can not be found") % role)
+            raise exception.UserRoleNotFound(role_id=role)
         if project is not None and role in FLAGS.global_roles:
-            raise exception.NotFound(_("The %s role is global only") % role)
+            raise exception.GlobalRoleNotAllowed(role_id=role)
         uid = User.safe_id(user)
         pid = Project.safe_id(project)
         if project:
@@ -432,6 +470,7 @@ class AuthManager(object):
             LOG.audit(_("Adding sitewide role %(role)s to user %(uid)s")
                     % locals())
         with self.driver() as drv:
+            self._clear_mc_key(uid, role, pid)
             drv.add_role(uid, role, pid)
 
     def remove_role(self, user, role, project=None):
@@ -460,6 +499,7 @@ class AuthManager(object):
             LOG.audit(_("Removing sitewide role %(role)s"
                     " from user %(uid)s") % locals())
         with self.driver() as drv:
+            self._clear_mc_key(uid, role, pid)
             drv.remove_role(uid, role, pid)
 
     @staticmethod
diff --git a/nova/cloudpipe/pipelib.py b/nova/cloudpipe/pipelib.py
index dc6f55af2..7844d31e1 100644
--- a/nova/cloudpipe/pipelib.py
+++ b/nova/cloudpipe/pipelib.py
@@ -101,12 +101,13 @@ class CloudPipe(object):
         key_name = self.setup_key_pair(ctxt)
         group_name = self.setup_security_group(ctxt)
 
+        ec2_id = self.controller.image_ec2_id(FLAGS.vpn_image_id)
         reservation = self.controller.run_instances(ctxt,
             user_data=self.get_encoded_zip(project_id),
             max_count=1,
             min_count=1,
             instance_type='m1.tiny',
-            image_id=FLAGS.vpn_image_id,
+            image_id=ec2_id,
             key_name=key_name,
             security_group=[group_name])
 
diff --git a/nova/compute/api.py b/nova/compute/api.py
index 48f8b7b0e..63884be97 100644
--- a/nova/compute/api.py
+++ b/nova/compute/api.py
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ from nova import rpc
 from nova import utils
 from nova import volume
 from nova.compute import instance_types
+from nova.compute import power_state
 from nova.scheduler import api as scheduler_api
 from nova.db import base
 
@@ -102,19 +103,40 @@ class API(base.Base):
             if len(content) > content_limit:
                 raise quota.QuotaError(code="OnsetFileContentLimitExceeded")
 
+    def _check_metadata_properties_quota(self, context, metadata={}):
+        """Enforce quota limits on metadata properties."""
+        num_metadata = len(metadata)
+        quota_metadata = quota.allowed_metadata_items(context, num_metadata)
+        if quota_metadata < num_metadata:
+            pid = context.project_id
+            msg = _("Quota exceeeded for %(pid)s, tried to set "
+                    "%(num_metadata)s metadata properties") % locals()
+            LOG.warn(msg)
+            raise quota.QuotaError(msg, "MetadataLimitExceeded")
+
+        # Because metadata is stored in the DB, we hard-code the size limits
+        # In future, we may support more variable length strings, so we act
+        #  as if this is quota-controlled for forwards compatibility
+        for k, v in metadata.iteritems():
+            if len(k) > 255 or len(v) > 255:
+                pid = context.project_id
+                msg = _("Quota exceeeded for %(pid)s, metadata property "
+                        "key or value too long") % locals()
+                LOG.warn(msg)
+                raise quota.QuotaError(msg, "MetadataLimitExceeded")
+
     def create(self, context, instance_type,
                image_id, kernel_id=None, ramdisk_id=None,
                min_count=1, max_count=1,
                display_name='', display_description='',
                key_name=None, key_data=None, security_group='default',
-               availability_zone=None, user_data=None, metadata=[],
+               availability_zone=None, user_data=None, metadata={},
                injected_files=None):
         """Create the number and type of instances requested.
 
         Verifies that quota and other arguments are valid.
 
         """
-
         if not instance_type:
             instance_type = instance_types.get_default_instance_type()
 
@@ -128,30 +150,7 @@ class API(base.Base):
                                      "run %s more instances of this type.") %
                                    num_instances, "InstanceLimitExceeded")
 
-        num_metadata = len(metadata)
-        quota_metadata = quota.allowed_metadata_items(context, num_metadata)
-        if quota_metadata < num_metadata:
-            pid = context.project_id
-            msg = (_("Quota exceeeded for %(pid)s,"
-                     " tried to set %(num_metadata)s metadata properties")
-                   % locals())
-            LOG.warn(msg)
-            raise quota.QuotaError(msg, "MetadataLimitExceeded")
-
-        # Because metadata is stored in the DB, we hard-code the size limits
-        # In future, we may support more variable length strings, so we act
-        #  as if this is quota-controlled for forwards compatibility
-        for metadata_item in metadata:
-            k = metadata_item['key']
-            v = metadata_item['value']
-            if len(k) > 255 or len(v) > 255:
-                pid = context.project_id
-                msg = (_("Quota exceeeded for %(pid)s,"
-                         " metadata property key or value too long")
-                       % locals())
-                LOG.warn(msg)
-                raise quota.QuotaError(msg, "MetadataLimitExceeded")
-
+        self._check_metadata_properties_quota(context, metadata)
         self._check_injected_file_quota(context, injected_files)
 
         image = self.image_service.show(context, image_id)
@@ -483,6 +482,17 @@ class API(base.Base):
         """Generic handler for RPC calls to the scheduler."""
         rpc.cast(context, FLAGS.scheduler_topic, args)
 
+    def _find_host(self, context, instance_id):
+        """Find the host associated with an instance."""
+        for attempts in xrange(10):
+            instance = self.get(context, instance_id)
+            host = instance["host"]
+            if host:
+                return host
+            time.sleep(1)
+        raise exception.Error(_("Unable to find host for Instance %s")
+                                % instance_id)
+
     def snapshot(self, context, instance_id, name):
         """Snapshot the given instance.
 
@@ -503,14 +513,41 @@ class API(base.Base):
         """Reboot the given instance."""
         self._cast_compute_message('reboot_instance', context, instance_id)
 
+    def rebuild(self, context, instance_id, image_id, metadata=None,
+                files_to_inject=None):
+        """Rebuild the given instance with the provided metadata."""
+        instance = db.api.instance_get(context, instance_id)
+
+        if instance["state"] == power_state.BUILDING:
+            msg = _("Instance already building")
+            raise exception.BuildInProgress(msg)
+
+        metadata = metadata or {}
+        self._check_metadata_properties_quota(context, metadata)
+
+        files_to_inject = files_to_inject or []
+        self._check_injected_file_quota(context, files_to_inject)
+
+        self.db.instance_update(context, instance_id, {"metadata": metadata})
+
+        rebuild_params = {
+            "image_id": image_id,
+            "injected_files": files_to_inject,
+        }
+
+        self._cast_compute_message('rebuild_instance',
+                                   context,
+                                   instance_id,
+                                   params=rebuild_params)
+
     def revert_resize(self, context, instance_id):
         """Reverts a resize, deleting the 'new' instance in the process."""
         context = context.elevated()
         migration_ref = self.db.migration_get_by_instance_and_status(context,
                 instance_id, 'finished')
         if not migration_ref:
-            raise exception.NotFound(_("No finished migrations found for "
-                    "instance"))
+            raise exception.MigrationNotFoundByStatus(instance_id=instance_id,
+                                                      status='finished')
 
         params = {'migration_id': migration_ref['id']}
         self._cast_compute_message('revert_resize', context, instance_id,
@@ -524,8 +561,8 @@ class API(base.Base):
         migration_ref = self.db.migration_get_by_instance_and_status(context,
                 instance_id, 'finished')
         if not migration_ref:
-            raise exception.NotFound(_("No finished migrations found for "
-                    "instance"))
+            raise exception.MigrationNotFoundByStatus(instance_id=instance_id,
+                                                      status='finished')
         instance_ref = self.db.instance_get(context, instance_id)
         params = {'migration_id': migration_ref['id']}
         self._cast_compute_message('confirm_resize', context, instance_id,
@@ -609,8 +646,12 @@ class API(base.Base):
 
     def set_admin_password(self, context, instance_id, password=None):
         """Set the root/admin password for the given instance."""
-        self._cast_compute_message(
-                'set_admin_password', context, instance_id, password)
+        host = self._find_host(context, instance_id)
+
+        rpc.cast(context,
+                 self.db.queue_get_for(context, FLAGS.compute_topic, host),
+                 {"method": "set_admin_password",
+                  "args": {"instance_id": instance_id, "new_pass": password}})
 
     def inject_file(self, context, instance_id):
         """Write a file to the given instance."""
@@ -722,5 +763,8 @@ class API(base.Base):
     def update_or_create_instance_metadata(self, context, instance_id,
                                             metadata):
         """Updates or creates instance metadata."""
+        combined_metadata = self.get_instance_metadata(context, instance_id)
+        combined_metadata.update(metadata)
+        self._check_metadata_properties_quota(context, combined_metadata)
         self.db.instance_metadata_update_or_create(context, instance_id,
                                                     metadata)
diff --git a/nova/compute/instance_types.py b/nova/compute/instance_types.py
index 98b4425c8..1275a6fdd 100644
--- a/nova/compute/instance_types.py
+++ b/nova/compute/instance_types.py
@@ -37,11 +37,11 @@ def create(name, memory, vcpus, local_gb, flavorid, swap=0,
         try:
             int(option)
         except ValueError:
-            raise exception.InvalidInputException(
-                    _("create arguments must be positive integers"))
+            raise exception.InvalidInput(reason=_("create arguments must "
+                                                  "be positive integers"))
     if (int(memory) <= 0) or (int(vcpus) <= 0) or (int(local_gb) < 0):
-        raise exception.InvalidInputException(
-                _("create arguments must be positive integers"))
+        raise exception.InvalidInput(reason=_("create arguments must "
+                                              "be positive integers"))
 
     try:
         db.instance_type_create(
@@ -56,13 +56,15 @@ def create(name, memory, vcpus, local_gb, flavorid, swap=0,
                     rxtx_cap=rxtx_cap))
     except exception.DBError, e:
         LOG.exception(_('DB error: %s') % e)
-        raise exception.ApiError(_("Cannot create instance type: %s") % name)
+        raise exception.ApiError(_("Cannot create instance_type with "
+                                    "name %(name)s and flavorid %(flavorid)s")
+                                    % locals())
 
 
 def destroy(name):
     """Marks instance types as deleted."""
     if name is None:
-        raise exception.InvalidInputException(_("No instance type specified"))
+        raise exception.InvalidInstanceType(instance_type=name)
     else:
         try:
             db.instance_type_destroy(context.get_admin_context(), name)
@@ -74,7 +76,7 @@ def destroy(name):
 def purge(name):
     """Removes instance types from database."""
     if name is None:
-        raise exception.InvalidInputException(_("No instance type specified"))
+        raise exception.InvalidInstanceType(instance_type=name)
     else:
         try:
             db.instance_type_purge(context.get_admin_context(), name)
diff --git a/nova/compute/manager.py b/nova/compute/manager.py
index 39d7af9c1..556b3b3b9 100644
--- a/nova/compute/manager.py
+++ b/nova/compute/manager.py
@@ -17,8 +17,7 @@
 #    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
 #    under the License.
 
-"""
-Handles all processes relating to instances (guest vms).
+"""Handles all processes relating to instances (guest vms).
 
 The :py:class:`ComputeManager` class is a :py:class:`nova.manager.Manager` that
 handles RPC calls relating to creating instances.  It is responsible for
@@ -33,15 +32,15 @@ terminating it.
                   by :func:`nova.utils.import_object`
 :volume_manager:  Name of class that handles persistent storage, loaded by
                   :func:`nova.utils.import_object`
+
 """
 
 import datetime
 import os
-import random
-import string
 import socket
 import sys
 import tempfile
+import time
 import functools
 
 from eventlet import greenthread
@@ -50,11 +49,14 @@ from nova import exception
 from nova import flags
 from nova import log as logging
 from nova import manager
+from nova import network
 from nova import rpc
 from nova import utils
+from nova import volume
 from nova.compute import power_state
 from nova.virt import driver
 
+
 FLAGS = flags.FLAGS
 flags.DEFINE_string('instances_path', '$state_path/instances',
                     'where instances are stored on disk')
@@ -73,20 +75,17 @@ flags.DEFINE_integer('live_migration_retry_count', 30,
 flags.DEFINE_integer("rescue_timeout", 0,
                      "Automatically unrescue an instance after N seconds."
                      " Set to 0 to disable.")
+flags.DEFINE_bool('auto_assign_floating_ip', False,
+                  'Autoassigning floating ip to VM')
+
 
 LOG = logging.getLogger('nova.compute.manager')
 
 
 def checks_instance_lock(function):
-    """
-    decorator used for preventing action against locked instances
-    unless, of course, you happen to be admin
-
-    """
-
+    """Decorator to prevent action against locked instances for non-admins."""
     @functools.wraps(function)
     def decorated_function(self, context, instance_id, *args, **kwargs):
-
         LOG.info(_("check_instance_lock: decorating: |%s|"), function,
                  context=context)
         LOG.info(_("check_instance_lock: arguments: |%(self)s| |%(context)s|"
@@ -112,7 +111,6 @@ def checks_instance_lock(function):
 
 
 class ComputeManager(manager.SchedulerDependentManager):
-
     """Manages the running instances from creation to destruction."""
 
     def __init__(self, compute_driver=None, *args, **kwargs):
@@ -132,37 +130,55 @@ class ComputeManager(manager.SchedulerDependentManager):
 
         self.network_manager = utils.import_object(FLAGS.network_manager)
         self.volume_manager = utils.import_object(FLAGS.volume_manager)
+        self.network_api = network.API()
+        self._last_host_check = 0
         super(ComputeManager, self).__init__(service_name="compute",
                                              *args, **kwargs)
 
     def init_host(self):
-        """Do any initialization that needs to be run if this is a
-           standalone service.
-        """
+        """Initialization for a standalone compute service."""
         self.driver.init_host(host=self.host)
 
-    def _update_state(self, context, instance_id):
+    def _update_state(self, context, instance_id, state=None):
         """Update the state of an instance from the driver info."""
-        # FIXME(ja): include other fields from state?
         instance_ref = self.db.instance_get(context, instance_id)
-        try:
-            info = self.driver.get_info(instance_ref['name'])
-            state = info['state']
-        except exception.NotFound:
-            state = power_state.FAILED
+
+        if state is None:
+            try:
+                info = self.driver.get_info(instance_ref['name'])
+            except exception.NotFound:
+                info = None
+
+            if info is not None:
+                state = info['state']
+            else:
+                state = power_state.FAILED
+
         self.db.instance_set_state(context, instance_id, state)
 
+    def _update_launched_at(self, context, instance_id, launched_at=None):
+        """Update the launched_at parameter of the given instance."""
+        data = {'launched_at': launched_at or datetime.datetime.utcnow()}
+        self.db.instance_update(context, instance_id, data)
+
+    def _update_image_id(self, context, instance_id, image_id):
+        """Update the image_id for the given instance."""
+        data = {'image_id': image_id}
+        self.db.instance_update(context, instance_id, data)
+
     def get_console_topic(self, context, **kwargs):
-        """Retrieves the console host for a project on this host
-           Currently this is just set in the flags for each compute
-           host."""
+        """Retrieves the console host for a project on this host.
+
+        Currently this is just set in the flags for each compute host.
+
+        """
         #TODO(mdragon): perhaps make this variable by console_type?
         return self.db.queue_get_for(context,
                                      FLAGS.console_topic,
                                      FLAGS.console_host)
 
     def get_network_topic(self, context, **kwargs):
-        """Retrieves the network host for a project on this host"""
+        """Retrieves the network host for a project on this host."""
         # TODO(vish): This method should be memoized. This will make
         #             the call to get_network_host cheaper, so that
         #             it can pas messages instead of checking the db
@@ -179,15 +195,23 @@ class ComputeManager(manager.SchedulerDependentManager):
         return self.driver.get_console_pool_info(console_type)
 
     @exception.wrap_exception
-    def refresh_security_group_rules(self, context,
-                                     security_group_id, **kwargs):
-        """This call passes straight through to the virtualization driver."""
+    def refresh_security_group_rules(self, context, security_group_id,
+                                     **kwargs):
+        """Tell the virtualization driver to refresh security group rules.
+
+        Passes straight through to the virtualization driver.
+
+        """
         return self.driver.refresh_security_group_rules(security_group_id)
 
     @exception.wrap_exception
     def refresh_security_group_members(self, context,
                                        security_group_id, **kwargs):
-        """This call passes straight through to the virtualization driver."""
+        """Tell the virtualization driver to refresh security group members.
+
+        Passes straight through to the virtualization driver.
+
+        """
         return self.driver.refresh_security_group_members(security_group_id)
 
     @exception.wrap_exception
@@ -209,7 +233,7 @@ class ComputeManager(manager.SchedulerDependentManager):
                                    power_state.NOSTATE,
                                    'networking')
 
-        is_vpn = instance_ref['image_id'] == FLAGS.vpn_image_id
+        is_vpn = instance_ref['image_id'] == str(FLAGS.vpn_image_id)
         # NOTE(vish): This could be a cast because we don't do anything
         #             with the address currently, but I'm leaving it as
         #             a call to ensure that network setup completes.  We
@@ -225,31 +249,36 @@ class ComputeManager(manager.SchedulerDependentManager):
                                                        instance_id)
 
         # TODO(vish) check to make sure the availability zone matches
-        self.db.instance_set_state(context,
-                                   instance_id,
-                                   power_state.NOSTATE,
-                                   'spawning')
+        self._update_state(context, instance_id, power_state.BUILDING)
 
         try:
             self.driver.spawn(instance_ref)
-            now = datetime.datetime.utcnow()
-            self.db.instance_update(context,
-                                    instance_id,
-                                    {'launched_at': now})
-        except Exception:  # pylint: disable=W0702
-            LOG.exception(_("Instance '%s' failed to spawn. Is virtualization"
-                            " enabled in the BIOS?"), instance_id,
-                                                     context=context)
-            self.db.instance_set_state(context,
-                                       instance_id,
-                                       power_state.SHUTDOWN)
-
+        except Exception as ex:  # pylint: disable=W0702
+            msg = _("Instance '%(instance_id)s' failed to spawn. Is "
+                    "virtualization enabled in the BIOS? Details: "
+                    "%(ex)s") % locals()
+            LOG.exception(msg)
+
+        if not FLAGS.stub_network and FLAGS.auto_assign_floating_ip:
+            public_ip = self.network_api.allocate_floating_ip(context)
+
+            self.db.floating_ip_set_auto_assigned(context, public_ip)
+            fixed_ip = self.db.fixed_ip_get_by_address(context, address)
+            floating_ip = self.db.floating_ip_get_by_address(context,
+                                                             public_ip)
+
+            self.network_api.associate_floating_ip(context,
+                                                   floating_ip,
+                                                   fixed_ip,
+                                                   affect_auto_assigned=True)
+
+        self._update_launched_at(context, instance_id)
         self._update_state(context, instance_id)
 
     @exception.wrap_exception
     @checks_instance_lock
     def terminate_instance(self, context, instance_id):
-        """Terminate an instance on this machine."""
+        """Terminate an instance on this host."""
         context = context.elevated()
         instance_ref = self.db.instance_get(context, instance_id)
         LOG.audit(_("Terminating instance %s"), instance_id, context=context)
@@ -264,13 +293,17 @@ class ComputeManager(manager.SchedulerDependentManager):
                 # NOTE(vish): Right now we don't really care if the ip is
                 #             disassociated.  We may need to worry about
                 #             checking this later.
-                network_topic = self.db.queue_get_for(context,
-                                                      FLAGS.network_topic,
-                                                      floating_ip['host'])
-                rpc.cast(context,
-                         network_topic,
-                         {"method": "disassociate_floating_ip",
-                          "args": {"floating_address": address}})
+                self.network_api.disassociate_floating_ip(context,
+                                                          address,
+                                                          True)
+                if (FLAGS.auto_assign_floating_ip
+                        and floating_ip.get('auto_assigned')):
+                    LOG.debug(_("Deallocating floating ip %s"),
+                              floating_ip['address'],
+                              context=context)
+                    self.network_api.release_floating_ip(context,
+                                                         address,
+                                                         True)
 
             address = fixed_ip['address']
             if address:
@@ -296,8 +329,35 @@ class ComputeManager(manager.SchedulerDependentManager):
 
     @exception.wrap_exception
     @checks_instance_lock
+    def rebuild_instance(self, context, instance_id, image_id):
+        """Destroy and re-make this instance.
+
+        A 'rebuild' effectively purges all existing data from the system and
+        remakes the VM with given 'metadata' and 'personalities'.
+
+        :param context: `nova.RequestContext` object
+        :param instance_id: Instance identifier (integer)
+        :param image_id: Image identifier (integer)
+        """
+        context = context.elevated()
+
+        instance_ref = self.db.instance_get(context, instance_id)
+        LOG.audit(_("Rebuilding instance %s"), instance_id, context=context)
+
+        self._update_state(context, instance_id, power_state.BUILDING)
+
+        self.driver.destroy(instance_ref)
+        instance_ref.image_id = image_id
+        self.driver.spawn(instance_ref)
+
+        self._update_image_id(context, instance_id, image_id)
+        self._update_launched_at(context, instance_id)
+        self._update_state(context, instance_id)
+
+    @exception.wrap_exception
+    @checks_instance_lock
     def reboot_instance(self, context, instance_id):
-        """Reboot an instance on this server."""
+        """Reboot an instance on this host."""
         context = context.elevated()
         self._update_state(context, instance_id)
         instance_ref = self.db.instance_get(context, instance_id)
@@ -321,7 +381,7 @@ class ComputeManager(manager.SchedulerDependentManager):
 
     @exception.wrap_exception
     def snapshot_instance(self, context, instance_id, image_id):
-        """Snapshot an instance on this server."""
+        """Snapshot an instance on this host."""
         context = context.elevated()
         instance_ref = self.db.instance_get(context, instance_id)
 
@@ -344,28 +404,37 @@ class ComputeManager(manager.SchedulerDependentManager):
     @exception.wrap_exception
     @checks_instance_lock
     def set_admin_password(self, context, instance_id, new_pass=None):
-        """Set the root/admin password for an instance on this server."""
+        """Set the root/admin password for an instance on this host."""
         context = context.elevated()
-        instance_ref = self.db.instance_get(context, instance_id)
-        instance_id = instance_ref['id']
-        instance_state = instance_ref['state']
-        expected_state = power_state.RUNNING
-        if instance_state != expected_state:
-            LOG.warn(_('trying to reset the password on a non-running '
-                    'instance: %(instance_id)s (state: %(instance_state)s '
-                    'expected: %(expected_state)s)') % locals())
-        LOG.audit(_('instance %s: setting admin password'),
-                instance_ref['name'])
+
         if new_pass is None:
             # Generate a random password
             new_pass = utils.generate_password(FLAGS.password_length)
-        self.driver.set_admin_password(instance_ref, new_pass)
-        self._update_state(context, instance_id)
+
+        while True:
+            instance_ref = self.db.instance_get(context, instance_id)
+            instance_id = instance_ref["id"]
+            instance_state = instance_ref["state"]
+            expected_state = power_state.RUNNING
+
+            if instance_state != expected_state:
+                time.sleep(5)
+                continue
+            else:
+                try:
+                    self.driver.set_admin_password(instance_ref, new_pass)
+                    LOG.audit(_("Instance %s: Root password set"),
+                                instance_ref["name"])
+                    break
+                except Exception, e:
+                    # Catch all here because this could be anything.
+                    LOG.exception(e)
+                    continue
 
     @exception.wrap_exception
     @checks_instance_lock
     def inject_file(self, context, instance_id, path, file_contents):
-        """Write a file to the specified path on an instance on this server"""
+        """Write a file to the specified path in an instance on this host."""
         context = context.elevated()
         instance_ref = self.db.instance_get(context, instance_id)
         instance_id = instance_ref['id']
@@ -383,44 +452,34 @@ class ComputeManager(manager.SchedulerDependentManager):
     @exception.wrap_exception
     @checks_instance_lock
     def rescue_instance(self, context, instance_id):
-        """Rescue an instance on this server."""
+        """Rescue an instance on this host."""
         context = context.elevated()
         instance_ref = self.db.instance_get(context, instance_id)
         LOG.audit(_('instance %s: rescuing'), instance_id, context=context)
-        self.db.instance_set_state(
-            context,
-            instance_id,
-            power_state.NOSTATE,
-            'rescuing')
+        self.db.instance_set_state(context,
+                                   instance_id,
+                                   power_state.NOSTATE,
+                                   'rescuing')
         self.network_manager.setup_compute_network(context, instance_id)
-        self.driver.rescue(
-            instance_ref,
-            lambda result: self._update_state_callback(
-                self,
-                context,
-                instance_id,
-                result))
+        _update_state = lambda result: self._update_state_callback(
+                self, context, instance_id, result)
+        self.driver.rescue(instance_ref, _update_state)
         self._update_state(context, instance_id)
 
     @exception.wrap_exception
     @checks_instance_lock
     def unrescue_instance(self, context, instance_id):
-        """Rescue an instance on this server."""
+        """Rescue an instance on this host."""
         context = context.elevated()
         instance_ref = self.db.instance_get(context, instance_id)
         LOG.audit(_('instance %s: unrescuing'), instance_id, context=context)
-        self.db.instance_set_state(
-            context,
-            instance_id,
-            power_state.NOSTATE,
-            'unrescuing')
-        self.driver.unrescue(
-            instance_ref,
-            lambda result: self._update_state_callback(
-                self,
-                context,
-                instance_id,
-                result))
+        self.db.instance_set_state(context,
+                                   instance_id,
+                                   power_state.NOSTATE,
+                                   'unrescuing')
+        _update_state = lambda result: self._update_state_callback(
+                self, context, instance_id, result)
+        self.driver.unrescue(instance_ref, _update_state)
         self._update_state(context, instance_id)
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -431,18 +490,20 @@ class ComputeManager(manager.SchedulerDependentManager):
     @exception.wrap_exception
     @checks_instance_lock
     def confirm_resize(self, context, instance_id, migration_id):
-        """Destroys the source instance"""
+        """Destroys the source instance."""
         context = context.elevated()
         instance_ref = self.db.instance_get(context, instance_id)
-        migration_ref = self.db.migration_get(context, migration_id)
         self.driver.destroy(instance_ref)
 
     @exception.wrap_exception
     @checks_instance_lock
     def revert_resize(self, context, instance_id, migration_id):
-        """Destroys the new instance on the destination machine,
-        reverts the model changes, and powers on the old
-        instance on the source machine"""
+        """Destroys the new instance on the destination machine.
+
+        Reverts the model changes, and powers on the old instance on the
+        source machine.
+
+        """
         instance_ref = self.db.instance_get(context, instance_id)
         migration_ref = self.db.migration_get(context, migration_id)
 
@@ -459,9 +520,12 @@ class ComputeManager(manager.SchedulerDependentManager):
     @exception.wrap_exception
     @checks_instance_lock
     def finish_revert_resize(self, context, instance_id, migration_id):
-        """Finishes the second half of reverting a resize, powering back on
-        the source instance and reverting the resized attributes in the
-        database"""
+        """Finishes the second half of reverting a resize.
+
+        Power back on the source instance and revert the resized attributes
+        in the database.
+
+        """
         instance_ref = self.db.instance_get(context, instance_id)
         migration_ref = self.db.migration_get(context, migration_id)
         instance_type = self.db.instance_type_get_by_flavor_id(context,
@@ -481,8 +545,11 @@ class ComputeManager(manager.SchedulerDependentManager):
     @exception.wrap_exception
     @checks_instance_lock
     def prep_resize(self, context, instance_id, flavor_id):
-        """Initiates the process of moving a running instance to another
-        host, possibly changing the RAM and disk size in the process"""
+        """Initiates the process of moving a running instance to another host.
+
+        Possibly changes the RAM and disk size in the process.
+
+        """
         context = context.elevated()
         instance_ref = self.db.instance_get(context, instance_id)
         if instance_ref['host'] == FLAGS.host:
@@ -514,34 +581,38 @@ class ComputeManager(manager.SchedulerDependentManager):
     @exception.wrap_exception
     @checks_instance_lock
     def resize_instance(self, context, instance_id, migration_id):
-        """Starts the migration of a running instance to another host"""
+        """Starts the migration of a running instance to another host."""
         migration_ref = self.db.migration_get(context, migration_id)
         instance_ref = self.db.instance_get(context, instance_id)
-        self.db.migration_update(context, migration_id,
-                {'status': 'migrating', })
-
-        disk_info = self.driver.migrate_disk_and_power_off(instance_ref,
-                                  migration_ref['dest_host'])
-        self.db.migration_update(context, migration_id,
-                {'status': 'post-migrating', })
-
-        service = self.db.service_get_by_host_and_topic(context,
-                migration_ref['dest_compute'], FLAGS.compute_topic)
-        topic = self.db.queue_get_for(context, FLAGS.compute_topic,
-                migration_ref['dest_compute'])
-        rpc.cast(context, topic,
-                {'method': 'finish_resize',
-                 'args': {
-                       'migration_id': migration_id,
-                       'instance_id': instance_id,
-                       'disk_info': disk_info, },
-                })
+        self.db.migration_update(context,
+                                 migration_id,
+                                 {'status': 'migrating'})
+
+        disk_info = self.driver.migrate_disk_and_power_off(
+                instance_ref, migration_ref['dest_host'])
+        self.db.migration_update(context,
+                                 migration_id,
+                                 {'status': 'post-migrating'})
+
+        service = self.db.service_get_by_host_and_topic(
+                context, migration_ref['dest_compute'], FLAGS.compute_topic)
+        topic = self.db.queue_get_for(context,
+                                      FLAGS.compute_topic,
+                                      migration_ref['dest_compute'])
+        rpc.cast(context, topic, {'method': 'finish_resize',
+                                  'args': {'migration_id': migration_id,
+                                           'instance_id': instance_id,
+                                           'disk_info': disk_info}})
 
     @exception.wrap_exception
     @checks_instance_lock
     def finish_resize(self, context, instance_id, migration_id, disk_info):
-        """Completes the migration process by setting up the newly transferred
-        disk and turning on the instance on its new host machine"""
+        """Completes the migration process.
+
+        Sets up the newly transferred disk and turns on the instance at its
+        new host machine.
+
+        """
         migration_ref = self.db.migration_get(context, migration_id)
         instance_ref = self.db.instance_get(context,
                 migration_ref['instance_id'])
@@ -566,7 +637,7 @@ class ComputeManager(manager.SchedulerDependentManager):
     @exception.wrap_exception
     @checks_instance_lock
     def pause_instance(self, context, instance_id):
-        """Pause an instance on this server."""
+        """Pause an instance on this host."""
         context = context.elevated()
         instance_ref = self.db.instance_get(context, instance_id)
         LOG.audit(_('instance %s: pausing'), instance_id, context=context)
@@ -583,7 +654,7 @@ class ComputeManager(manager.SchedulerDependentManager):
     @exception.wrap_exception
     @checks_instance_lock
     def unpause_instance(self, context, instance_id):
-        """Unpause a paused instance on this server."""
+        """Unpause a paused instance on this host."""
         context = context.elevated()
         instance_ref = self.db.instance_get(context, instance_id)
         LOG.audit(_('instance %s: unpausing'), instance_id, context=context)
@@ -599,7 +670,7 @@ class ComputeManager(manager.SchedulerDependentManager):
 
     @exception.wrap_exception
     def get_diagnostics(self, context, instance_id):
-        """Retrieve diagnostics for an instance on this server."""
+        """Retrieve diagnostics for an instance on this host."""
         instance_ref = self.db.instance_get(context, instance_id)
 
         if instance_ref["state"] == power_state.RUNNING:
@@ -610,10 +681,7 @@ class ComputeManager(manager.SchedulerDependentManager):
     @exception.wrap_exception
     @checks_instance_lock
     def suspend_instance(self, context, instance_id):
-        """
-        suspend the instance with instance_id
-
-        """
+        """Suspend the given instance."""
         context = context.elevated()
         instance_ref = self.db.instance_get(context, instance_id)
         LOG.audit(_('instance %s: suspending'), instance_id, context=context)
@@ -629,10 +697,7 @@ class ComputeManager(manager.SchedulerDependentManager):
     @exception.wrap_exception
     @checks_instance_lock
     def resume_instance(self, context, instance_id):
-        """
-        resume the suspended instance with instance_id
-
-        """
+        """Resume the given suspended instance."""
         context = context.elevated()
         instance_ref = self.db.instance_get(context, instance_id)
         LOG.audit(_('instance %s: resuming'), instance_id, context=context)
@@ -647,34 +712,23 @@ class ComputeManager(manager.SchedulerDependentManager):
 
     @exception.wrap_exception
     def lock_instance(self, context, instance_id):
-        """
-        lock the instance with instance_id
-
-        """
+        """Lock the given instance."""
         context = context.elevated()
-        instance_ref = self.db.instance_get(context, instance_id)
 
         LOG.debug(_('instance %s: locking'), instance_id, context=context)
         self.db.instance_update(context, instance_id, {'locked': True})
 
     @exception.wrap_exception
     def unlock_instance(self, context, instance_id):
-        """
-        unlock the instance with instance_id
-
-        """
+        """Unlock the given instance."""
         context = context.elevated()
-        instance_ref = self.db.instance_get(context, instance_id)
 
         LOG.debug(_('instance %s: unlocking'), instance_id, context=context)
         self.db.instance_update(context, instance_id, {'locked': False})
 
     @exception.wrap_exception
     def get_lock(self, context, instance_id):
-        """
-        return the boolean state of (instance with instance_id)'s lock
-
-        """
+        """Return the boolean state of the given instance's lock."""
         context = context.elevated()
         LOG.debug(_('instance %s: getting locked state'), instance_id,
                   context=context)
@@ -683,10 +737,7 @@ class ComputeManager(manager.SchedulerDependentManager):
 
     @checks_instance_lock
     def reset_network(self, context, instance_id):
-        """
-        Reset networking on the instance.
-
-        """
+        """Reset networking on the given instance."""
         context = context.elevated()
         instance_ref = self.db.instance_get(context, instance_id)
         LOG.debug(_('instance %s: reset network'), instance_id,
@@ -695,10 +746,7 @@ class ComputeManager(manager.SchedulerDependentManager):
 
     @checks_instance_lock
     def inject_network_info(self, context, instance_id):
-        """
-        Inject network info for the instance.
-
-        """
+        """Inject network info for the given instance."""
         context = context.elevated()
         instance_ref = self.db.instance_get(context, instance_id)
         LOG.debug(_('instance %s: inject network info'), instance_id,
@@ -707,29 +755,28 @@ class ComputeManager(manager.SchedulerDependentManager):
 
     @exception.wrap_exception
     def get_console_output(self, context, instance_id):
-        """Send the console output for an instance."""
+        """Send the console output for the given instance."""
         context = context.elevated()
         instance_ref = self.db.instance_get(context, instance_id)
         LOG.audit(_("Get console output for instance %s"), instance_id,
                   context=context)
-        return self.driver.get_console_output(instance_ref)
+        output = self.driver.get_console_output(instance_ref)
+        return output.decode('utf-8', 'replace').encode('ascii', 'replace')
 
     @exception.wrap_exception
     def get_ajax_console(self, context, instance_id):
-        """Return connection information for an ajax console"""
+        """Return connection information for an ajax console."""
         context = context.elevated()
         LOG.debug(_("instance %s: getting ajax console"), instance_id)
         instance_ref = self.db.instance_get(context, instance_id)
-
         return self.driver.get_ajax_console(instance_ref)
 
     @exception.wrap_exception
     def get_vnc_console(self, context, instance_id):
-        """Return connection information for an vnc console."""
+        """Return connection information for a vnc console."""
         context = context.elevated()
         LOG.debug(_("instance %s: getting vnc console"), instance_id)
         instance_ref = self.db.instance_get(context, instance_id)
-
         return self.driver.get_vnc_console(instance_ref)
 
     @checks_instance_lock
@@ -781,9 +828,17 @@ class ComputeManager(manager.SchedulerDependentManager):
         self.db.volume_detached(context, volume_id)
         return True
 
+    def remove_volume(self, context, volume_id):
+        """Remove volume on compute host.
+
+        :param context: security context
+        :param volume_id: volume ID
+        """
+        self.volume_manager.remove_compute_volume(context, volume_id)
+
     @exception.wrap_exception
     def compare_cpu(self, context, cpu_info):
-        """Checks the host cpu is compatible to a cpu given by xml.
+        """Checks that the host cpu is compatible with a cpu given by xml.
 
         :param context: security context
         :param cpu_info: json string obtained from virConnect.getCapabilities
@@ -804,7 +859,6 @@ class ComputeManager(manager.SchedulerDependentManager):
         :returns: tmpfile name(basename)
 
         """
-
         dirpath = FLAGS.instances_path
         fd, tmp_file = tempfile.mkstemp(dir=dirpath)
         LOG.debug(_("Creating tmpfile %s to notify to other "
@@ -821,10 +875,9 @@ class ComputeManager(manager.SchedulerDependentManager):
         :param filename: confirm existence of FLAGS.instances_path/thisfile
 
         """
-
         tmp_file = os.path.join(FLAGS.instances_path, filename)
         if not os.path.exists(tmp_file):
-            raise exception.NotFound(_('%s not found') % tmp_file)
+            raise exception.FileNotFound(file_path=tmp_file)
 
     @exception.wrap_exception
     def cleanup_shared_storage_test_file(self, context, filename):
@@ -834,7 +887,6 @@ class ComputeManager(manager.SchedulerDependentManager):
         :param filename: remove existence of FLAGS.instances_path/thisfile
 
         """
-
         tmp_file = os.path.join(FLAGS.instances_path, filename)
         os.remove(tmp_file)
 
@@ -846,7 +898,6 @@ class ComputeManager(manager.SchedulerDependentManager):
         :returns: See driver.update_available_resource()
 
         """
-
         return self.driver.update_available_resource(context, self.host)
 
     def pre_live_migration(self, context, instance_id, time=None):
@@ -856,7 +907,6 @@ class ComputeManager(manager.SchedulerDependentManager):
         :param instance_id: nova.db.sqlalchemy.models.Instance.Id
 
         """
-
         if not time:
             time = greenthread
 
@@ -867,8 +917,7 @@ class ComputeManager(manager.SchedulerDependentManager):
         # Getting fixed ips
         fixed_ip = self.db.instance_get_fixed_address(context, instance_id)
         if not fixed_ip:
-            msg = _("%(instance_id)s(%(ec2_id)s) does not have fixed_ip.")
-            raise exception.NotFound(msg % locals())
+            raise exception.NoFixedIpsFoundForInstance(instance_id=instance_id)
 
         # If any volume is mounted, prepare here.
         if not instance_ref['volumes']:
@@ -915,7 +964,6 @@ class ComputeManager(manager.SchedulerDependentManager):
         :param dest: destination host
 
         """
-
         # Get instance for error handling.
         instance_ref = self.db.instance_get(context, instance_id)
         i_name = instance_ref.name
@@ -1006,17 +1054,15 @@ class ComputeManager(manager.SchedulerDependentManager):
                    "Domain not found: no domain with matching name.\" "
                    "This error can be safely ignored."))
 
-    def recover_live_migration(self, ctxt, instance_ref, host=None):
+    def recover_live_migration(self, ctxt, instance_ref, host=None, dest=None):
         """Recovers Instance/volume state from migrating -> running.
 
         :param ctxt: security context
         :param instance_id: nova.db.sqlalchemy.models.Instance.Id
-        :param host:
-            DB column value is updated by this hostname.
-            if none, the host instance currently running is selected.
+        :param host: DB column value is updated by this hostname.
+                     If none, the host instance currently running is selected.
 
         """
-
         if not host:
             host = instance_ref['host']
 
@@ -1026,8 +1072,13 @@ class ComputeManager(manager.SchedulerDependentManager):
                                  'state': power_state.RUNNING,
                                  'host': host})
 
-        for volume in instance_ref['volumes']:
-            self.db.volume_update(ctxt, volume['id'], {'status': 'in-use'})
+        if dest:
+            volume_api = volume.API()
+        for volume_ref in instance_ref['volumes']:
+            volume_id = volume_ref['id']
+            self.db.volume_update(ctxt, volume_id, {'status': 'in-use'})
+            if dest:
+                volume_api.remove_from_compute(ctxt, volume_id, dest)
 
     def periodic_tasks(self, context=None):
         """Tasks to be run at a periodic interval."""
@@ -1044,6 +1095,13 @@ class ComputeManager(manager.SchedulerDependentManager):
             error_list.append(ex)
 
         try:
+            self._report_driver_status()
+        except Exception as ex:
+            LOG.warning(_("Error during report_driver_status(): %s"),
+                        unicode(ex))
+            error_list.append(ex)
+
+        try:
             self._poll_instance_states(context)
         except Exception as ex:
             LOG.warning(_("Error during instance poll: %s"),
@@ -1052,6 +1110,16 @@ class ComputeManager(manager.SchedulerDependentManager):
 
         return error_list
 
+    def _report_driver_status(self):
+        curr_time = time.time()
+        if curr_time - self._last_host_check > FLAGS.host_state_interval:
+            self._last_host_check = curr_time
+            LOG.info(_("Updating host status"))
+            # This will grab info about the host and queue it
+            # to be sent to the Schedulers.
+            self.update_service_capabilities(
+                self.driver.get_host_stats(refresh=True))
+
     def _poll_instance_states(self, context):
         vm_instances = self.driver.list_instances_detail()
         vm_instances = dict((vm.name, vm) for vm in vm_instances)
@@ -1069,8 +1137,7 @@ class ComputeManager(manager.SchedulerDependentManager):
             if vm_instance is None:
                 # NOTE(justinsb): We have to be very careful here, because a
                 # concurrent operation could be in progress (e.g. a spawn)
-                if db_state == power_state.NOSTATE:
-                    # Assume that NOSTATE => spawning
+                if db_state == power_state.BUILDING:
                     # TODO(justinsb): This does mean that if we crash during a
                     # spawn, the machine will never leave the spawning state,
                     # but this is just the way nova is; this function isn't
@@ -1101,9 +1168,7 @@ class ComputeManager(manager.SchedulerDependentManager):
             if vm_state != db_state:
                 LOG.info(_("DB/VM state mismatch. Changing state from "
                            "'%(db_state)s' to '%(vm_state)s'") % locals())
-                self.db.instance_set_state(context,
-                                           db_instance['id'],
-                                           vm_state)
+                self._update_state(context, db_instance['id'], vm_state)
 
             # NOTE(justinsb): We no longer auto-remove SHUTOFF instances
             # It's quite hard to get them back when we do.
diff --git a/nova/compute/power_state.py b/nova/compute/power_state.py
index ef013b2ef..c468fe6b3 100644
--- a/nova/compute/power_state.py
+++ b/nova/compute/power_state.py
@@ -30,20 +30,23 @@ SHUTOFF = 0x05
 CRASHED = 0x06
 SUSPENDED = 0x07
 FAILED = 0x08
+BUILDING = 0x09
 
 # TODO(justinsb): Power state really needs to be a proper class,
 # so that we're not locked into the libvirt status codes and can put mapping
 # logic here rather than spread throughout the code
 _STATE_MAP = {
-        NOSTATE: 'pending',
-        RUNNING: 'running',
-        BLOCKED: 'blocked',
-        PAUSED: 'paused',
-        SHUTDOWN: 'shutdown',
-        SHUTOFF: 'shutdown',
-        CRASHED: 'crashed',
-        SUSPENDED: 'suspended',
-        FAILED: 'failed to spawn'}
+    NOSTATE: 'pending',
+    RUNNING: 'running',
+    BLOCKED: 'blocked',
+    PAUSED: 'paused',
+    SHUTDOWN: 'shutdown',
+    SHUTOFF: 'shutdown',
+    CRASHED: 'crashed',
+    SUSPENDED: 'suspended',
+    FAILED: 'failed to spawn',
+    BUILDING: 'building',
+}
 
 
 def name(code):
diff --git a/nova/console/api.py b/nova/console/api.py
index 3850d2c44..137ddcaac 100644
--- a/nova/console/api.py
+++ b/nova/console/api.py
@@ -15,23 +15,19 @@
 #    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
 #    under the License.
 
-"""
-Handles ConsoleProxy API requests
-"""
+"""Handles ConsoleProxy API requests."""
 
 from nova import exception
-from nova.db import base
-
-
 from nova import flags
 from nova import rpc
+from nova.db import base
 
 
 FLAGS = flags.FLAGS
 
 
 class API(base.Base):
-    """API for spining up or down console proxy connections"""
+    """API for spinning up or down console proxy connections."""
 
     def __init__(self, **kwargs):
         super(API, self).__init__(**kwargs)
@@ -51,8 +47,8 @@ class API(base.Base):
                  self.db.queue_get_for(context,
                                        FLAGS.console_topic,
                                        pool['host']),
-                 {"method": "remove_console",
-                  "args": {"console_id": console['id']}})
+                 {'method': 'remove_console',
+                  'args': {'console_id': console['id']}})
 
     def create_console(self, context, instance_id):
         instance = self.db.instance_get(context, instance_id)
@@ -63,13 +59,12 @@ class API(base.Base):
         #               here.
         rpc.cast(context,
                  self._get_console_topic(context, instance['host']),
-                 {"method": "add_console",
-                  "args": {"instance_id": instance_id}})
+                 {'method': 'add_console',
+                  'args': {'instance_id': instance_id}})
 
     def _get_console_topic(self, context, instance_host):
         topic = self.db.queue_get_for(context,
                                       FLAGS.compute_topic,
                                       instance_host)
-        return rpc.call(context,
-                        topic,
-                        {"method": "get_console_topic", "args": {'fake': 1}})
+        return rpc.call(context, topic, {'method': 'get_console_topic',
+                                         'args': {'fake': 1}})
diff --git a/nova/console/fake.py b/nova/console/fake.py
index 7a90d5221..e2eb886f8 100644
--- a/nova/console/fake.py
+++ b/nova/console/fake.py
@@ -15,9 +15,7 @@
 #    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
 #    under the License.
 
-"""
-Fake ConsoleProxy driver for tests.
-"""
+"""Fake ConsoleProxy driver for tests."""
 
 from nova import exception
 
@@ -27,32 +25,32 @@ class FakeConsoleProxy(object):
 
     @property
     def console_type(self):
-        return "fake"
+        return 'fake'
 
     def setup_console(self, context, console):
-        """Sets up actual proxies"""
+        """Sets up actual proxies."""
         pass
 
     def teardown_console(self, context, console):
-        """Tears down actual proxies"""
+        """Tears down actual proxies."""
         pass
 
     def init_host(self):
-        """Start up any config'ed consoles on start"""
+        """Start up any config'ed consoles on start."""
         pass
 
     def generate_password(self, length=8):
-        """Returns random console password"""
-        return "fakepass"
+        """Returns random console password."""
+        return 'fakepass'
 
     def get_port(self, context):
-        """get available port for consoles that need one"""
+        """Get available port for consoles that need one."""
         return 5999
 
     def fix_pool_password(self, password):
-        """Trim password to length, and any other massaging"""
+        """Trim password to length, and any other massaging."""
         return password
 
     def fix_console_password(self, password):
-        """Trim password to length, and any other massaging"""
+        """Trim password to length, and any other massaging."""
         return password
diff --git a/nova/console/manager.py b/nova/console/manager.py
index bfa571ea9..e0db21666 100644
--- a/nova/console/manager.py
+++ b/nova/console/manager.py
@@ -15,9 +15,7 @@
 #    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
 #    under the License.
 
-"""
-Console Proxy Service
-"""
+"""Console Proxy Service."""
 
 import functools
 import socket
@@ -29,6 +27,7 @@ from nova import manager
 from nova import rpc
 from nova import utils
 
+
 FLAGS = flags.FLAGS
 flags.DEFINE_string('console_driver',
                     'nova.console.xvp.XVPConsoleProxy',
@@ -41,9 +40,11 @@ flags.DEFINE_string('console_public_hostname',
 
 
 class ConsoleProxyManager(manager.Manager):
+    """Sets up and tears down any console proxy connections.
+
+    Needed for accessing instance consoles securely.
 
-    """ Sets up and tears down any proxy connections needed for accessing
-        instance consoles securely"""
+    """
 
     def __init__(self, console_driver=None, *args, **kwargs):
         if not console_driver:
@@ -67,7 +68,7 @@ class ConsoleProxyManager(manager.Manager):
                                                       pool['id'],
                                                       instance_id)
         except exception.NotFound:
-            logging.debug(_("Adding console"))
+            logging.debug(_('Adding console'))
             if not password:
                 password = utils.generate_password(8)
             if not port:
@@ -115,8 +116,8 @@ class ConsoleProxyManager(manager.Manager):
                                  self.db.queue_get_for(context,
                                                    FLAGS.compute_topic,
                                                    instance_host),
-                       {"method": "get_console_pool_info",
-                        "args": {"console_type": console_type}})
+                       {'method': 'get_console_pool_info',
+                        'args': {'console_type': console_type}})
             pool_info['password'] = self.driver.fix_pool_password(
                                                     pool_info['password'])
             pool_info['host'] = self.host
diff --git a/nova/console/vmrc.py b/nova/console/vmrc.py
index 521da289f..cc8b0cdf5 100644
--- a/nova/console/vmrc.py
+++ b/nova/console/vmrc.py
@@ -15,9 +15,7 @@
 #    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
 #    under the License.
 
-"""
-VMRC console drivers.
-"""
+"""VMRC console drivers."""
 
 import base64
 import json
@@ -27,6 +25,8 @@ from nova import flags
 from nova import log as logging
 from nova.virt.vmwareapi import vim_util
 
+
+FLAGS = flags.FLAGS
 flags.DEFINE_integer('console_vmrc_port',
                      443,
                      "port for VMware VMRC connections")
@@ -34,8 +34,6 @@ flags.DEFINE_integer('console_vmrc_error_retries',
                      10,
                      "number of retries for retrieving VMRC information")
 
-FLAGS = flags.FLAGS
-
 
 class VMRCConsole(object):
     """VMRC console driver with ESX credentials."""
@@ -69,34 +67,33 @@ class VMRCConsole(object):
         return password
 
     def generate_password(self, vim_session, pool, instance_name):
-        """
-        Returns VMRC Connection credentials.
+        """Returns VMRC Connection credentials.
 
         Return string is of the form '<VM PATH>:<ESX Username>@<ESX Password>'.
+
         """
         username, password = pool['username'], pool['password']
-        vms = vim_session._call_method(vim_util, "get_objects",
-                    "VirtualMachine", ["name", "config.files.vmPathName"])
+        vms = vim_session._call_method(vim_util, 'get_objects',
+                    'VirtualMachine', ['name', 'config.files.vmPathName'])
         vm_ds_path_name = None
         vm_ref = None
         for vm in vms:
             vm_name = None
             ds_path_name = None
             for prop in vm.propSet:
-                if prop.name == "name":
+                if prop.name == 'name':
                     vm_name = prop.val
-                elif prop.name == "config.files.vmPathName":
+                elif prop.name == 'config.files.vmPathName':
                     ds_path_name = prop.val
             if vm_name == instance_name:
                 vm_ref = vm.obj
                 vm_ds_path_name = ds_path_name
                 break
         if vm_ref is None:
-            raise exception.NotFound(_("instance - %s not present") %
-                                     instance_name)
-        json_data = json.dumps({"vm_id": vm_ds_path_name,
-                    "username": username,
-                    "password": password})
+            raise exception.InstanceNotFound(instance_id=instance_name)
+        json_data = json.dumps({'vm_id': vm_ds_path_name,
+                    'username': username,
+                    'password': password})
         return base64.b64encode(json_data)
 
     def is_otp(self):
@@ -115,28 +112,27 @@ class VMRCSessionConsole(VMRCConsole):
         return 'vmrc+session'
 
     def generate_password(self, vim_session, pool, instance_name):
-        """
-        Returns a VMRC Session.
+        """Returns a VMRC Session.
 
         Return string is of the form '<VM MOID>:<VMRC Ticket>'.
+
         """
-        vms = vim_session._call_method(vim_util, "get_objects",
-                    "VirtualMachine", ["name"])
-        vm_ref = None
+        vms = vim_session._call_method(vim_util, 'get_objects',
+                    'VirtualMachine', ['name'])
+        vm_ref = NoneV
         for vm in vms:
             if vm.propSet[0].val == instance_name:
                 vm_ref = vm.obj
         if vm_ref is None:
-            raise exception.NotFound(_("instance - %s not present") %
-                                     instance_name)
+            raise exception.InstanceNotFound(instance_id=instance_name)
         virtual_machine_ticket = \
                         vim_session._call_method(
             vim_session._get_vim(),
-            "AcquireCloneTicket",
+            'AcquireCloneTicket',
             vim_session._get_vim().get_service_content().sessionManager)
-        json_data = json.dumps({"vm_id": str(vm_ref.value),
-                     "username": virtual_machine_ticket,
-                     "password": virtual_machine_ticket})
+        json_data = json.dumps({'vm_id': str(vm_ref.value),
+                     'username': virtual_machine_ticket,
+                     'password': virtual_machine_ticket})
         return base64.b64encode(json_data)
 
     def is_otp(self):
diff --git a/nova/console/vmrc_manager.py b/nova/console/vmrc_manager.py
index 09beac7a0..acecc1075 100644
--- a/nova/console/vmrc_manager.py
+++ b/nova/console/vmrc_manager.py
@@ -15,9 +15,7 @@
 #    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
 #    under the License.
 
-"""
-VMRC Console Manager.
-"""
+"""VMRC Console Manager."""
 
 from nova import exception
 from nova import flags
@@ -25,24 +23,21 @@ from nova import log as logging
 from nova import manager
 from nova import rpc
 from nova import utils
-from nova.virt.vmwareapi_conn import VMWareAPISession
+from nova.virt import vmwareapi_conn
+
 
 LOG = logging.getLogger("nova.console.vmrc_manager")
 
+
 FLAGS = flags.FLAGS
-flags.DEFINE_string('console_public_hostname',
-                    '',
+flags.DEFINE_string('console_public_hostname', '',
                     'Publicly visible name for this console host')
-flags.DEFINE_string('console_driver',
-                    'nova.console.vmrc.VMRCConsole',
+flags.DEFINE_string('console_driver', 'nova.console.vmrc.VMRCConsole',
                     'Driver to use for the console')
 
 
 class ConsoleVMRCManager(manager.Manager):
-
-    """
-    Manager to handle VMRC connections needed for accessing instance consoles.
-    """
+    """Manager to handle VMRC connections for accessing instance consoles."""
 
     def __init__(self, console_driver=None, *args, **kwargs):
         self.driver = utils.import_object(FLAGS.console_driver)
@@ -56,16 +51,17 @@ class ConsoleVMRCManager(manager.Manager):
         """Get VIM session for the pool specified."""
         vim_session = None
         if pool['id'] not in self.sessions.keys():
-            vim_session = VMWareAPISession(pool['address'],
-                                           pool['username'],
-                                            pool['password'],
-                                           FLAGS.console_vmrc_error_retries)
+            vim_session = vmwareapi_conn.VMWareAPISession(
+                    pool['address'],
+                    pool['username'],
+                    pool['password'],
+                    FLAGS.console_vmrc_error_retries)
             self.sessions[pool['id']] = vim_session
         return self.sessions[pool['id']]
 
     def _generate_console(self, context, pool, name, instance_id, instance):
         """Sets up console for the instance."""
-        LOG.debug(_("Adding console"))
+        LOG.debug(_('Adding console'))
 
         password = self.driver.generate_password(
                         self._get_vim_session(pool),
@@ -84,9 +80,10 @@ class ConsoleVMRCManager(manager.Manager):
     @exception.wrap_exception
     def add_console(self, context, instance_id, password=None,
                     port=None, **kwargs):
-        """
-        Adds a console for the instance. If it is one time password, then we
-        generate new console credentials.
+        """Adds a console for the instance.
+
+        If it is one time password, then we generate new console credentials.
+
         """
         instance = self.db.instance_get(context, instance_id)
         host = instance['host']
@@ -97,19 +94,17 @@ class ConsoleVMRCManager(manager.Manager):
                                                       pool['id'],
                                                       instance_id)
             if self.driver.is_otp():
-                console = self._generate_console(
-                        context,
-                        pool,
-                        name,
-                        instance_id,
-                        instance)
+                console = self._generate_console(context,
+                                                 pool,
+                                                 name,
+                                                 instance_id,
+                                                 instance)
         except exception.NotFound:
-            console = self._generate_console(
-                        context,
-                        pool,
-                        name,
-                        instance_id,
-                        instance)
+            console = self._generate_console(context,
+                                             pool,
+                                             name,
+                                             instance_id,
+                                             instance)
         return console['id']
 
     @exception.wrap_exception
@@ -118,13 +113,11 @@ class ConsoleVMRCManager(manager.Manager):
         try:
             console = self.db.console_get(context, console_id)
         except exception.NotFound:
-            LOG.debug(_("Tried to remove non-existent console "
-                            "%(console_id)s.") %
-                            {'console_id': console_id})
+            LOG.debug(_('Tried to remove non-existent console '
+                        '%(console_id)s.') % {'console_id': console_id})
             return
-        LOG.debug(_("Removing console "
-                            "%(console_id)s.") %
-                            {'console_id': console_id})
+        LOG.debug(_('Removing console '
+                    '%(console_id)s.') % {'console_id': console_id})
         self.db.console_delete(context, console_id)
         self.driver.teardown_console(context, console)
 
@@ -139,11 +132,11 @@ class ConsoleVMRCManager(manager.Manager):
                                                          console_type)
         except exception.NotFound:
             pool_info = rpc.call(context,
-                             self.db.queue_get_for(context,
-                                               FLAGS.compute_topic,
-                                               instance_host),
-                   {"method": "get_console_pool_info",
-                    "args": {"console_type": console_type}})
+                                 self.db.queue_get_for(context,
+                                                       FLAGS.compute_topic,
+                                                       instance_host),
+                                 {'method': 'get_console_pool_info',
+                                  'args': {'console_type': console_type}})
             pool_info['password'] = self.driver.fix_pool_password(
                                                     pool_info['password'])
             pool_info['host'] = self.host
diff --git a/nova/console/xvp.py b/nova/console/xvp.py
index 0cedfbb13..3cd287183 100644
--- a/nova/console/xvp.py
+++ b/nova/console/xvp.py
@@ -15,16 +15,14 @@
 #    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
 #    under the License.
 
-"""
-XVP (Xenserver VNC Proxy) driver.
-"""
+"""XVP (Xenserver VNC Proxy) driver."""
 
 import fcntl
 import os
 import signal
 import subprocess
 
-from Cheetah.Template import Template
+from Cheetah import Template
 
 from nova import context
 from nova import db
@@ -33,6 +31,8 @@ from nova import flags
 from nova import log as logging
 from nova import utils
 
+
+FLAGS = flags.FLAGS
 flags.DEFINE_string('console_xvp_conf_template',
                     utils.abspath('console/xvp.conf.template'),
                     'XVP conf template')
@@ -47,12 +47,11 @@ flags.DEFINE_string('console_xvp_log',
                     'XVP log file')
 flags.DEFINE_integer('console_xvp_multiplex_port',
                      5900,
-                     "port for XVP to multiplex VNC connections on")
-FLAGS = flags.FLAGS
+                     'port for XVP to multiplex VNC connections on')
 
 
 class XVPConsoleProxy(object):
-    """Sets up XVP config, and manages xvp daemon"""
+    """Sets up XVP config, and manages XVP daemon."""
 
     def __init__(self):
         self.xvpconf_template = open(FLAGS.console_xvp_conf_template).read()
@@ -61,50 +60,51 @@ class XVPConsoleProxy(object):
 
     @property
     def console_type(self):
-        return "vnc+xvp"
+        return 'vnc+xvp'
 
     def get_port(self, context):
-        """get available port for consoles that need one"""
+        """Get available port for consoles that need one."""
         #TODO(mdragon): implement port selection for non multiplex ports,
         #               we are not using that, but someone else may want
         #               it.
         return FLAGS.console_xvp_multiplex_port
 
     def setup_console(self, context, console):
-        """Sets up actual proxies"""
+        """Sets up actual proxies."""
         self._rebuild_xvp_conf(context.elevated())
 
     def teardown_console(self, context, console):
-        """Tears down actual proxies"""
+        """Tears down actual proxies."""
         self._rebuild_xvp_conf(context.elevated())
 
     def init_host(self):
-        """Start up any config'ed consoles on start"""
+        """Start up any config'ed consoles on start."""
         ctxt = context.get_admin_context()
         self._rebuild_xvp_conf(ctxt)
 
     def fix_pool_password(self, password):
-        """Trim password to length, and encode"""
+        """Trim password to length, and encode."""
         return self._xvp_encrypt(password, is_pool_password=True)
 
     def fix_console_password(self, password):
-        """Trim password to length, and encode"""
+        """Trim password to length, and encode."""
         return self._xvp_encrypt(password)
 
     def _rebuild_xvp_conf(self, context):
-        logging.debug(_("Rebuilding xvp conf"))
+        logging.debug(_('Rebuilding xvp conf'))
         pools = [pool for pool in
                  db.console_pool_get_all_by_host_type(context, self.host,
                                                        self.console_type)
                   if pool['consoles']]
         if not pools:
-            logging.debug("No console pools!")
+            logging.debug('No console pools!')
             self._xvp_stop()
             return
         conf_data = {'multiplex_port': FLAGS.console_xvp_multiplex_port,
                      'pools': pools,
                      'pass_encode': self.fix_console_password}
-        config = str(Template(self.xvpconf_template, searchList=[conf_data]))
+        config = str(Template.Template(self.xvpconf_template,
+                                       searchList=[conf_data]))
         self._write_conf(config)
         self._xvp_restart()
 
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ class XVPConsoleProxy(object):
             cfile.write(config)
 
     def _xvp_stop(self):
-        logging.debug(_("Stopping xvp"))
+        logging.debug(_('Stopping xvp'))
         pid = self._xvp_pid()
         if not pid:
             return
@@ -127,19 +127,19 @@ class XVPConsoleProxy(object):
     def _xvp_start(self):
         if self._xvp_check_running():
             return
-        logging.debug(_("Starting xvp"))
+        logging.debug(_('Starting xvp'))
         try:
             utils.execute('xvp',
                           '-p', FLAGS.console_xvp_pid,
                           '-c', FLAGS.console_xvp_conf,
                           '-l', FLAGS.console_xvp_log)
         except exception.ProcessExecutionError, err:
-            logging.error(_("Error starting xvp: %s") % err)
+            logging.error(_('Error starting xvp: %s') % err)
 
     def _xvp_restart(self):
-        logging.debug(_("Restarting xvp"))
+        logging.debug(_('Restarting xvp'))
         if not self._xvp_check_running():
-            logging.debug(_("xvp not running..."))
+            logging.debug(_('xvp not running...'))
             self._xvp_start()
         else:
             pid = self._xvp_pid()
@@ -178,7 +178,9 @@ class XVPConsoleProxy(object):
 
         Note that xvp's obfuscation should not be considered 'real' encryption.
         It simply DES encrypts the passwords with static keys plainly viewable
-        in the xvp source code."""
+        in the xvp source code.
+
+        """
         maxlen = 8
         flag = '-e'
         if is_pool_password:
diff --git a/nova/context.py b/nova/context.py
index 0256bf448..c113f7ea7 100644
--- a/nova/context.py
+++ b/nova/context.py
@@ -16,9 +16,7 @@
 #    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
 #    under the License.
 
-"""
-RequestContext: context for requests that persist through all of nova.
-"""
+"""RequestContext: context for requests that persist through all of nova."""
 
 import datetime
 import random
@@ -28,6 +26,12 @@ from nova import utils
 
 
 class RequestContext(object):
+    """Security context and request information.
+
+    Represents the user taking a given action within the system.
+
+    """
+
     def __init__(self, user, project, is_admin=None, read_deleted=False,
                  remote_address=None, timestamp=None, request_id=None):
         if hasattr(user, 'id'):
diff --git a/nova/crypto.py b/nova/crypto.py
index 605be2a32..14b9cbef6 100644
--- a/nova/crypto.py
+++ b/nova/crypto.py
@@ -15,10 +15,11 @@
 #    WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
 #    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
 #    under the License.
-"""
-Wrappers around standard crypto data elements.
+
+"""Wrappers around standard crypto data elements.
 
 Includes root and intermediate CAs, SSH key_pairs and x509 certificates.
+
 """
 
 import base64
@@ -43,6 +44,8 @@ from nova import log as logging
 
 
 LOG = logging.getLogger("nova.crypto")
+
+
 FLAGS = flags.FLAGS
 flags.DEFINE_string('ca_file', 'cacert.pem', _('Filename of root CA'))
 flags.DEFINE_string('key_file',
@@ -90,13 +93,13 @@ def key_path(project_id=None):
 def fetch_ca(project_id=None, chain=True):
     if not FLAGS.use_project_ca:
         project_id = None
-    buffer = ""
+    buffer = ''
     if project_id:
-        with open(ca_path(project_id), "r") as cafile:
+        with open(ca_path(project_id), 'r') as cafile:
             buffer += cafile.read()
         if not chain:
             return buffer
-    with open(ca_path(None), "r") as cafile:
+    with open(ca_path(None), 'r') as cafile:
         buffer += cafile.read()
     return buffer
 
@@ -143,7 +146,7 @@ def ssl_pub_to_ssh_pub(ssl_public_key, name='root', suffix='nova'):
 
 
 def revoke_cert(project_id, file_name):
-    """Revoke a cert by file name"""
+    """Revoke a cert by file name."""
     start = os.getcwd()
     os.chdir(ca_folder(project_id))
     # NOTE(vish): potential race condition here
@@ -155,14 +158,14 @@ def revoke_cert(project_id, file_name):
 
 
 def revoke_certs_by_user(user_id):
-    """Revoke all user certs"""
+    """Revoke all user certs."""
     admin = context.get_admin_context()
     for cert in db.certificate_get_all_by_user(admin, user_id):
         revoke_cert(cert['project_id'], cert['file_name'])
 
 
 def revoke_certs_by_project(project_id):
-    """Revoke all project certs"""
+    """Revoke all project certs."""
     # NOTE(vish): This is somewhat useless because we can just shut down
     #             the vpn.
     admin = context.get_admin_context()
@@ -171,29 +174,29 @@ def revoke_certs_by_project(project_id):
 
 
 def revoke_certs_by_user_and_project(user_id, project_id):
-    """Revoke certs for user in project"""
+    """Revoke certs for user in project."""
     admin = context.get_admin_context()
     for cert in db.certificate_get_all_by_user(admin, user_id, project_id):
         revoke_cert(cert['project_id'], cert['file_name'])
 
 
 def _project_cert_subject(project_id):
-    """Helper to generate user cert subject"""
+    """Helper to generate user cert subject."""
     return FLAGS.project_cert_subject % (project_id, utils.isotime())
 
 
 def _vpn_cert_subject(project_id):
-    """Helper to generate user cert subject"""
+    """Helper to generate user cert subject."""
     return FLAGS.vpn_cert_subject % (project_id, utils.isotime())
 
 
 def _user_cert_subject(user_id, project_id):
-    """Helper to generate user cert subject"""
+    """Helper to generate user cert subject."""
     return FLAGS.user_cert_subject % (project_id, user_id, utils.isotime())
 
 
 def generate_x509_cert(user_id, project_id, bits=1024):
-    """Generate and sign a cert for user in project"""
+    """Generate and sign a cert for user in project."""
     subject = _user_cert_subject(user_id, project_id)
     tmpdir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
     keyfile = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(tmpdir, 'temp.key'))
@@ -205,7 +208,7 @@ def generate_x509_cert(user_id, project_id, bits=1024):
     csr = open(csrfile).read()
     shutil.rmtree(tmpdir)
     (serial, signed_csr) = sign_csr(csr, project_id)
-    fname = os.path.join(ca_folder(project_id), "newcerts/%s.pem" % serial)
+    fname = os.path.join(ca_folder(project_id), 'newcerts/%s.pem' % serial)
     cert = {'user_id': user_id,
             'project_id': project_id,
             'file_name': fname}
@@ -227,8 +230,8 @@ def _ensure_project_folder(project_id):
 
 def generate_vpn_files(project_id):
     project_folder = ca_folder(project_id)
-    csr_fn = os.path.join(project_folder, "server.csr")
-    crt_fn = os.path.join(project_folder, "server.crt")
+    csr_fn = os.path.join(project_folder, 'server.csr')
+    crt_fn = os.path.join(project_folder, 'server.crt')
 
     genvpn_sh_path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__),
                                   'CA',
@@ -241,10 +244,10 @@ def generate_vpn_files(project_id):
     # TODO(vish): the shell scripts could all be done in python
     utils.execute('sh', genvpn_sh_path,
                   project_id, _vpn_cert_subject(project_id))
-    with open(csr_fn, "r") as csrfile:
+    with open(csr_fn, 'r') as csrfile:
         csr_text = csrfile.read()
     (serial, signed_csr) = sign_csr(csr_text, project_id)
-    with open(crt_fn, "w") as crtfile:
+    with open(crt_fn, 'w') as crtfile:
         crtfile.write(signed_csr)
     os.chdir(start)
 
@@ -261,12 +264,12 @@ def sign_csr(csr_text, project_id=None):
 
 def _sign_csr(csr_text, ca_folder):
     tmpfolder = tempfile.mkdtemp()
-    inbound = os.path.join(tmpfolder, "inbound.csr")
-    outbound = os.path.join(tmpfolder, "outbound.csr")
-    csrfile = open(inbound, "w")
+    inbound = os.path.join(tmpfolder, 'inbound.csr')
+    outbound = os.path.join(tmpfolder, 'outbound.csr')
+    csrfile = open(inbound, 'w')
     csrfile.write(csr_text)
     csrfile.close()
-    LOG.debug(_("Flags path: %s"), ca_folder)
+    LOG.debug(_('Flags path: %s'), ca_folder)
     start = os.getcwd()
     # Change working dir to CA
     if not os.path.exists(ca_folder):
@@ -276,13 +279,13 @@ def _sign_csr(csr_text, ca_folder):
                   './openssl.cnf', '-infiles', inbound)
     out, _err = utils.execute('openssl', 'x509', '-in', outbound,
                               '-serial', '-noout')
-    serial = string.strip(out.rpartition("=")[2])
+    serial = string.strip(out.rpartition('=')[2])
     os.chdir(start)
-    with open(outbound, "r") as crtfile:
+    with open(outbound, 'r') as crtfile:
         return (serial, crtfile.read())
 
 
-def mkreq(bits, subject="foo", ca=0):
+def mkreq(bits, subject='foo', ca=0):
     pk = M2Crypto.EVP.PKey()
     req = M2Crypto.X509.Request()
     rsa = M2Crypto.RSA.gen_key(bits, 65537, callback=lambda: None)
@@ -314,7 +317,7 @@ def mkcacert(subject='nova', years=1):
     cert.set_not_before(now)
     cert.set_not_after(nowPlusYear)
     issuer = M2Crypto.X509.X509_Name()
-    issuer.C = "US"
+    issuer.C = 'US'
     issuer.CN = subject
     cert.set_issuer(issuer)
     cert.set_pubkey(pkey)
@@ -352,13 +355,15 @@ def mkcacert(subject='nova', years=1):
 # http://code.google.com/p/boto
 
 def compute_md5(fp):
-    """
+    """Compute an md5 hash.
+
     :type fp: file
     :param fp: File pointer to the file to MD5 hash.  The file pointer will be
                reset to the beginning of the file before the method returns.
 
     :rtype: tuple
-    :return: the hex digest version of the MD5 hash
+    :returns: the hex digest version of the MD5 hash
+
     """
     m = hashlib.md5()
     fp.seek(0)
diff --git a/nova/db/api.py b/nova/db/api.py
index 9fc4b8c0a..57e585a9c 100644
--- a/nova/db/api.py
+++ b/nova/db/api.py
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@
 #    WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
 #    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
 #    under the License.
-"""
-Defines interface for DB access.
+
+"""Defines interface for DB access.
 
 The underlying driver is loaded as a :class:`LazyPluggable`.
 
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ The underlying driver is loaded as a :class:`LazyPluggable`.
 
 :enable_new_services:  when adding a new service to the database, is it in the
                        pool of available hardware (Default: True)
+
 """
 
 from nova import exception
@@ -88,7 +89,7 @@ def service_get(context, service_id):
 
 
 def service_get_by_host_and_topic(context, host, topic):
-    """Get a service by host it's on and topic it listens to"""
+    """Get a service by host it's on and topic it listens to."""
     return IMPL.service_get_by_host_and_topic(context, host, topic)
 
 
@@ -115,7 +116,7 @@ def service_get_all_compute_by_host(context, host):
 def service_get_all_compute_sorted(context):
     """Get all compute services sorted by instance count.
 
-    Returns a list of (Service, instance_count) tuples.
+    :returns: a list of (Service, instance_count) tuples.
 
     """
     return IMPL.service_get_all_compute_sorted(context)
@@ -124,7 +125,7 @@ def service_get_all_compute_sorted(context):
 def service_get_all_network_sorted(context):
     """Get all network services sorted by network count.
 
-    Returns a list of (Service, network_count) tuples.
+    :returns: a list of (Service, network_count) tuples.
 
     """
     return IMPL.service_get_all_network_sorted(context)
@@ -133,7 +134,7 @@ def service_get_all_network_sorted(context):
 def service_get_all_volume_sorted(context):
     """Get all volume services sorted by volume count.
 
-    Returns a list of (Service, volume_count) tuples.
+    :returns: a list of (Service, volume_count) tuples.
 
     """
     return IMPL.service_get_all_volume_sorted(context)
@@ -243,7 +244,7 @@ def floating_ip_count_by_project(context, project_id):
 
 
 def floating_ip_deallocate(context, address):
-    """Deallocate an floating ip by address"""
+    """Deallocate an floating ip by address."""
     return IMPL.floating_ip_deallocate(context, address)
 
 
@@ -255,7 +256,7 @@ def floating_ip_destroy(context, address):
 def floating_ip_disassociate(context, address):
     """Disassociate an floating ip from a fixed ip by address.
 
-    Returns the address of the existing fixed ip.
+    :returns: the address of the existing fixed ip.
 
     """
     return IMPL.floating_ip_disassociate(context, address)
@@ -293,25 +294,30 @@ def floating_ip_update(context, address, values):
     return IMPL.floating_ip_update(context, address, values)
 
 
+def floating_ip_set_auto_assigned(context, address):
+    """Set auto_assigned flag to floating ip"""
+    return IMPL.floating_ip_set_auto_assigned(context, address)
+
 ####################
 
+
 def migration_update(context, id, values):
-    """Update a migration instance"""
+    """Update a migration instance."""
     return IMPL.migration_update(context, id, values)
 
 
 def migration_create(context, values):
-    """Create a migration record"""
+    """Create a migration record."""
     return IMPL.migration_create(context, values)
 
 
 def migration_get(context, migration_id):
-    """Finds a migration by the id"""
+    """Finds a migration by the id."""
     return IMPL.migration_get(context, migration_id)
 
 
 def migration_get_by_instance_and_status(context, instance_id, status):
-    """Finds a migration by the instance id its migrating"""
+    """Finds a migration by the instance id its migrating."""
     return IMPL.migration_get_by_instance_and_status(context, instance_id,
             status)
 
@@ -457,11 +463,6 @@ def instance_get_project_vpn(context, project_id):
     return IMPL.instance_get_project_vpn(context, project_id)
 
 
-def instance_is_vpn(context, instance_id):
-    """True if instance is a vpn."""
-    return IMPL.instance_is_vpn(context, instance_id)
-
-
 def instance_set_state(context, instance_id, state, description=None):
     """Set the state of an instance."""
     return IMPL.instance_set_state(context, instance_id, state, description)
@@ -581,7 +582,9 @@ def network_create_safe(context, values):
 
 def network_delete_safe(context, network_id):
     """Delete network with key network_id.
+
     This method assumes that the network is not associated with any project
+
     """
     return IMPL.network_delete_safe(context, network_id)
 
@@ -676,7 +679,6 @@ def project_get_network(context, project_id, associate=True):
     network if one is not found, otherwise it returns None.
 
     """
-
     return IMPL.project_get_network(context, project_id, associate)
 
 
@@ -724,7 +726,9 @@ def iscsi_target_create_safe(context, values):
 
     The device is not returned. If the create violates the unique
     constraints because the iscsi_target and host already exist,
-    no exception is raised."""
+    no exception is raised.
+
+    """
     return IMPL.iscsi_target_create_safe(context, values)
 
 
@@ -1089,10 +1093,7 @@ def project_delete(context, project_id):
 
 
 def host_get_networks(context, host):
-    """Return all networks for which the given host is the designated
-    network host.
-
-    """
+    """All networks for which the given host is the network host."""
     return IMPL.host_get_networks(context, host)
 
 
@@ -1154,38 +1155,40 @@ def console_get(context, console_id, instance_id=None):
 
 
 def instance_type_create(context, values):
-    """Create a new instance type"""
+    """Create a new instance type."""
     return IMPL.instance_type_create(context, values)
 
 
 def instance_type_get_all(context, inactive=False):
-    """Get all instance types"""
+    """Get all instance types."""
     return IMPL.instance_type_get_all(context, inactive)
 
 
 def instance_type_get_by_id(context, id):
-    """Get instance type by id"""
+    """Get instance type by id."""
     return IMPL.instance_type_get_by_id(context, id)
 
 
 def instance_type_get_by_name(context, name):
-    """Get instance type by name"""
+    """Get instance type by name."""
     return IMPL.instance_type_get_by_name(context, name)
 
 
 def instance_type_get_by_flavor_id(context, id):
-    """Get instance type by name"""
+    """Get instance type by name."""
     return IMPL.instance_type_get_by_flavor_id(context, id)
 
 
 def instance_type_destroy(context, name):
-    """Delete a instance type"""
+    """Delete a instance type."""
     return IMPL.instance_type_destroy(context, name)
 
 
 def instance_type_purge(context, name):
-    """Purges (removes) an instance type from DB
-       Use instance_type_destroy for most cases
+    """Purges (removes) an instance type from DB.
+
+    Use instance_type_destroy for most cases
+
     """
     return IMPL.instance_type_purge(context, name)
 
@@ -1222,15 +1225,15 @@ def zone_get_all(context):
 
 
 def instance_metadata_get(context, instance_id):
-    """Get all metadata for an instance"""
+    """Get all metadata for an instance."""
     return IMPL.instance_metadata_get(context, instance_id)
 
 
 def instance_metadata_delete(context, instance_id, key):
-    """Delete the given metadata item"""
+    """Delete the given metadata item."""
     IMPL.instance_metadata_delete(context, instance_id, key)
 
 
 def instance_metadata_update_or_create(context, instance_id, metadata):
-    """Create or update instance metadata"""
+    """Create or update instance metadata."""
     IMPL.instance_metadata_update_or_create(context, instance_id, metadata)
diff --git a/nova/db/base.py b/nova/db/base.py
index a0f2180c6..a0d055d5b 100644
--- a/nova/db/base.py
+++ b/nova/db/base.py
@@ -16,20 +16,20 @@
 #    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
 #    under the License.
 
-"""
-Base class for classes that need modular database access.
-"""
+"""Base class for classes that need modular database access."""
 
 from nova import utils
 from nova import flags
 
+
 FLAGS = flags.FLAGS
 flags.DEFINE_string('db_driver', 'nova.db.api',
                     'driver to use for database access')
 
 
 class Base(object):
-    """DB driver is injected in the init method"""
+    """DB driver is injected in the init method."""
+
     def __init__(self, db_driver=None):
         if not db_driver:
             db_driver = FLAGS.db_driver
diff --git a/nova/db/migration.py b/nova/db/migration.py
index e54b90cd8..ccd06cffe 100644
--- a/nova/db/migration.py
+++ b/nova/db/migration.py
@@ -15,11 +15,13 @@
 #    WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
 #    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
 #    under the License.
+
 """Database setup and migration commands."""
 
 from nova import flags
 from nova import utils
 
+
 FLAGS = flags.FLAGS
 flags.DECLARE('db_backend', 'nova.db.api')
 
diff --git a/nova/db/sqlalchemy/api.py b/nova/db/sqlalchemy/api.py
index 059a22cb9..7302f25b0 100644
--- a/nova/db/sqlalchemy/api.py
+++ b/nova/db/sqlalchemy/api.py
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ def require_admin_context(f):
     """
     def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
         if not is_admin_context(args[0]):
-            raise exception.NotAuthorized()
+            raise exception.AdminRequired()
         return f(*args, **kwargs)
     return wrapper
 
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ def require_context(f):
     """
     def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
         if not is_admin_context(args[0]) and not is_user_context(args[0]):
-            raise exception.NotAuthorized()
+            raise exception.AdminRequired()
         return f(*args, **kwargs)
     return wrapper
 
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ def service_get(context, service_id, session=None):
                      first()
 
     if not result:
-        raise exception.NotFound(_('No service for id %s') % service_id)
+        raise exception.ServiceNotFound(service_id=service_id)
 
     return result
 
@@ -196,8 +196,7 @@ def service_get_all_compute_by_host(context, host):
                   all()
 
     if not result:
-        raise exception.NotFound(_("%s does not exist or is not "
-                                   "a compute node.") % host)
+        raise exception.ComputeHostNotFound(host=host)
 
     return result
 
@@ -284,8 +283,7 @@ def service_get_by_args(context, host, binary):
                      filter_by(deleted=can_read_deleted(context)).\
                      first()
     if not result:
-        raise exception.NotFound(_('No service for %(host)s, %(binary)s')
-                % locals())
+        raise exception.HostBinaryNotFound(host=host, binary=binary)
 
     return result
 
@@ -323,7 +321,7 @@ def compute_node_get(context, compute_id, session=None):
                      first()
 
     if not result:
-        raise exception.NotFound(_('No computeNode for id %s') % compute_id)
+        raise exception.ComputeHostNotFound(host=compute_id)
 
     return result
 
@@ -359,7 +357,7 @@ def certificate_get(context, certificate_id, session=None):
                      first()
 
     if not result:
-        raise exception.NotFound('No certificate for id %s' % certificate_id)
+        raise exception.CertificateNotFound(certificate_id=certificate_id)
 
     return result
 
@@ -461,6 +459,7 @@ def floating_ip_count_by_project(context, project_id):
     session = get_session()
     return session.query(models.FloatingIp).\
                    filter_by(project_id=project_id).\
+                   filter_by(auto_assigned=False).\
                    filter_by(deleted=False).\
                    count()
 
@@ -489,6 +488,7 @@ def floating_ip_deallocate(context, address):
                                                      address,
                                                      session=session)
         floating_ip_ref['project_id'] = None
+        floating_ip_ref['auto_assigned'] = False
         floating_ip_ref.save(session=session)
 
 
@@ -522,6 +522,17 @@ def floating_ip_disassociate(context, address):
     return fixed_ip_address
 
 
+@require_context
+def floating_ip_set_auto_assigned(context, address):
+    session = get_session()
+    with session.begin():
+        floating_ip_ref = floating_ip_get_by_address(context,
+                                                     address,
+                                                     session=session)
+        floating_ip_ref.auto_assigned = True
+        floating_ip_ref.save(session=session)
+
+
 @require_admin_context
 def floating_ip_get_all(context):
     session = get_session()
@@ -548,6 +559,7 @@ def floating_ip_get_all_by_project(context, project_id):
     return session.query(models.FloatingIp).\
                    options(joinedload_all('fixed_ip.instance')).\
                    filter_by(project_id=project_id).\
+                   filter_by(auto_assigned=False).\
                    filter_by(deleted=False).\
                    all()
 
@@ -564,7 +576,7 @@ def floating_ip_get_by_address(context, address, session=None):
                      filter_by(deleted=can_read_deleted(context)).\
                      first()
     if not result:
-        raise exception.NotFound('No floating ip for address %s' % address)
+        raise exception.FloatingIpNotFound(fixed_ip=address)
 
     return result
 
@@ -672,7 +684,7 @@ def fixed_ip_get_all(context, session=None):
         session = get_session()
     result = session.query(models.FixedIp).all()
     if not result:
-        raise exception.NotFound(_('No fixed ips defined'))
+        raise exception.NoFloatingIpsDefined()
 
     return result
 
@@ -688,7 +700,7 @@ def fixed_ip_get_all_by_host(context, host=None):
                     all()
 
     if not result:
-        raise exception.NotFound(_('No fixed ips for this host defined'))
+        raise exception.NoFloatingIpsDefinedForHost(host=host)
 
     return result
 
@@ -704,7 +716,7 @@ def fixed_ip_get_by_address(context, address, session=None):
                      options(joinedload('instance')).\
                      first()
     if not result:
-        raise exception.NotFound(_('No floating ip for address %s') % address)
+        raise exception.FloatingIpNotFound(fixed_ip=address)
 
     if is_user_context(context):
         authorize_project_context(context, result.instance.project_id)
@@ -725,7 +737,7 @@ def fixed_ip_get_all_by_instance(context, instance_id):
                  filter_by(instance_id=instance_id).\
                  filter_by(deleted=False)
     if not rv:
-        raise exception.NotFound(_('No address for instance %s') % instance_id)
+        raise exception.NoFloatingIpsFoundForInstance(instance_id=instance_id)
     return rv
 
 
@@ -770,9 +782,10 @@ def instance_create(context, values):
     metadata = values.get('metadata')
     metadata_refs = []
     if metadata:
-        for metadata_item in metadata:
+        for k, v in metadata.iteritems():
             metadata_ref = models.InstanceMetadata()
-            metadata_ref.update(metadata_item)
+            metadata_ref['key'] = k
+            metadata_ref['value'] = v
             metadata_refs.append(metadata_ref)
     values['metadata'] = metadata_refs
 
@@ -803,17 +816,17 @@ def instance_destroy(context, instance_id):
     with session.begin():
         session.query(models.Instance).\
                 filter_by(id=instance_id).\
-                update({'deleted': 1,
+                update({'deleted': True,
                         'deleted_at': datetime.datetime.utcnow(),
                         'updated_at': literal_column('updated_at')})
         session.query(models.SecurityGroupInstanceAssociation).\
                 filter_by(instance_id=instance_id).\
-                update({'deleted': 1,
+                update({'deleted': True,
                         'deleted_at': datetime.datetime.utcnow(),
                         'updated_at': literal_column('updated_at')})
         session.query(models.InstanceMetadata).\
                 filter_by(instance_id=instance_id).\
-                update({'deleted': 1,
+                update({'deleted': True,
                         'deleted_at': datetime.datetime.utcnow(),
                         'updated_at': literal_column('updated_at')})
 
@@ -847,9 +860,7 @@ def instance_get(context, instance_id, session=None):
                          filter_by(deleted=False).\
                          first()
     if not result:
-        raise exception.InstanceNotFound(_('Instance %s not found')
-                                         % instance_id,
-                                         instance_id)
+        raise exception.InstanceNotFound(instance_id=instance_id)
 
     return result
 
@@ -940,7 +951,7 @@ def instance_get_project_vpn(context, project_id):
                    options(joinedload('security_groups')).\
                    options(joinedload('instance_type')).\
                    filter_by(project_id=project_id).\
-                   filter_by(image_id=FLAGS.vpn_image_id).\
+                   filter_by(image_id=str(FLAGS.vpn_image_id)).\
                    filter_by(deleted=can_read_deleted(context)).\
                    first()
 
@@ -980,13 +991,6 @@ def instance_get_floating_address(context, instance_id):
 
 
 @require_admin_context
-def instance_is_vpn(context, instance_id):
-    # TODO(vish): Move this into image code somewhere
-    instance_ref = instance_get(context, instance_id)
-    return instance_ref['image_id'] == FLAGS.vpn_image_id
-
-
-@require_admin_context
 def instance_set_state(context, instance_id, state, description=None):
     # TODO(devcamcar): Move this out of models and into driver
     from nova.compute import power_state
@@ -1125,8 +1129,7 @@ def key_pair_get(context, user_id, name, session=None):
                      filter_by(deleted=can_read_deleted(context)).\
                      first()
     if not result:
-        raise exception.NotFound(_('no keypair for user %(user_id)s,'
-                ' name %(name)s') % locals())
+        raise exception.KeypairNotFound(user_id=user_id, name=name)
     return result
 
 
@@ -1252,7 +1255,7 @@ def network_get(context, network_id, session=None):
                          filter_by(deleted=False).\
                          first()
     if not result:
-        raise exception.NotFound(_('No network for id %s') % network_id)
+        raise exception.NetworkNotFound(network_id=network_id)
 
     return result
 
@@ -1262,7 +1265,7 @@ def network_get_all(context):
     session = get_session()
     result = session.query(models.Network)
     if not result:
-        raise exception.NotFound(_('No networks defined'))
+        raise exception.NoNetworksFound()
     return result
 
 
@@ -1291,7 +1294,7 @@ def network_get_by_bridge(context, bridge):
                  first()
 
     if not result:
-        raise exception.NotFound(_('No network for bridge %s') % bridge)
+        raise exception.NetworkNotFoundForBridge(bridge=bridge)
     return result
 
 
@@ -1302,8 +1305,7 @@ def network_get_by_cidr(context, cidr):
                 filter_by(cidr=cidr).first()
 
     if not result:
-        raise exception.NotFound(_('Network with cidr %s does not exist') %
-                                  cidr)
+        raise exception.NetworkNotFoundForCidr(cidr=cidr)
     return result
 
 
@@ -1317,7 +1319,7 @@ def network_get_by_instance(_context, instance_id):
                  filter_by(deleted=False).\
                  first()
     if not rv:
-        raise exception.NotFound(_('No network for instance %s') % instance_id)
+        raise exception.NetworkNotFoundForInstance(instance_id=instance_id)
     return rv
 
 
@@ -1330,7 +1332,7 @@ def network_get_all_by_instance(_context, instance_id):
                  filter_by(instance_id=instance_id).\
                  filter_by(deleted=False)
     if not rv:
-        raise exception.NotFound(_('No network for instance %s') % instance_id)
+        raise exception.NetworkNotFoundForInstance(instance_id=instance_id)
     return rv
 
 
@@ -1344,7 +1346,7 @@ def network_set_host(context, network_id, host_id):
                               with_lockmode('update').\
                               first()
         if not network_ref:
-            raise exception.NotFound(_('No network for id %s') % network_id)
+            raise exception.NetworkNotFound(network_id=network_id)
 
         # NOTE(vish): if with_lockmode isn't supported, as in sqlite,
         #             then this has concurrency issues
@@ -1469,7 +1471,7 @@ def auth_token_get(context, token_hash, session=None):
                   filter_by(deleted=can_read_deleted(context)).\
                   first()
     if not tk:
-        raise exception.NotFound(_('Token %s does not exist') % token_hash)
+        raise exception.AuthTokenNotFound(token=token_hash)
     return tk
 
 
@@ -1503,7 +1505,7 @@ def quota_get(context, project_id, session=None):
                      filter_by(deleted=can_read_deleted(context)).\
                      first()
     if not result:
-        raise exception.NotFound(_('No quota for project_id %s') % project_id)
+        raise exception.ProjectQuotaNotFound(project_id=project_id)
 
     return result
 
@@ -1658,8 +1660,7 @@ def volume_get(context, volume_id, session=None):
                          filter_by(deleted=False).\
                          first()
     if not result:
-        raise exception.VolumeNotFound(_('Volume %s not found') % volume_id,
-                                       volume_id)
+        raise exception.VolumeNotFound(volume_id=volume_id)
 
     return result
 
@@ -1691,7 +1692,7 @@ def volume_get_all_by_instance(context, instance_id):
                      filter_by(deleted=False).\
                      all()
     if not result:
-        raise exception.NotFound(_('No volume for instance %s') % instance_id)
+        raise exception.VolumeNotFoundForInstance(instance_id=instance_id)
     return result
 
 
@@ -1716,8 +1717,7 @@ def volume_get_instance(context, volume_id):
                      options(joinedload('instance')).\
                      first()
     if not result:
-        raise exception.VolumeNotFound(_('Volume %s not found') % volume_id,
-                                       volume_id)
+        raise exception.VolumeNotFound(volume_id=volume_id)
 
     return result.instance
 
@@ -1729,8 +1729,7 @@ def volume_get_shelf_and_blade(context, volume_id):
                      filter_by(volume_id=volume_id).\
                      first()
     if not result:
-        raise exception.NotFound(_('No export device found for volume %s') %
-                                 volume_id)
+        raise exception.ExportDeviceNotFoundForVolume(volume_id=volume_id)
 
     return (result.shelf_id, result.blade_id)
 
@@ -1742,8 +1741,7 @@ def volume_get_iscsi_target_num(context, volume_id):
                      filter_by(volume_id=volume_id).\
                      first()
     if not result:
-        raise exception.NotFound(_('No target id found for volume %s') %
-                                 volume_id)
+        raise exception.ISCSITargetNotFoundForVolume(volume_id=volume_id)
 
     return result.target_num
 
@@ -1800,8 +1798,7 @@ def snapshot_get(context, snapshot_id, session=None):
                          filter_by(deleted=False).\
                          first()
     if not result:
-        raise exception.SnapshotNotFound(_('Snapshot %s not found') % snapshot_id,
-                                         snapshot_id)
+        raise exception.SnapshotNotFound(snapshot_id=snapshot_id)
 
     return result
 
@@ -1864,8 +1861,8 @@ def security_group_get(context, security_group_id, session=None):
                          options(joinedload_all('rules')).\
                          first()
     if not result:
-        raise exception.NotFound(_("No security group with id %s") %
-                                 security_group_id)
+        raise exception.SecurityGroupNotFound(
+                security_group_id=security_group_id)
     return result
 
 
@@ -1880,9 +1877,8 @@ def security_group_get_by_name(context, project_id, group_name):
                         options(joinedload_all('instances')).\
                         first()
     if not result:
-        raise exception.NotFound(
-            _('No security group named %(group_name)s'
-            ' for project: %(project_id)s') % locals())
+        raise exception.SecurityGroupNotFoundForProject(project_id=project_id,
+                                                 security_group_id=group_name)
     return result
 
 
@@ -1983,8 +1979,8 @@ def security_group_rule_get(context, security_group_rule_id, session=None):
                          filter_by(id=security_group_rule_id).\
                          first()
     if not result:
-        raise exception.NotFound(_("No secuity group rule with id %s") %
-                                 security_group_rule_id)
+        raise exception.SecurityGroupNotFoundForRule(
+                                               rule_id=security_group_rule_id)
     return result
 
 
@@ -2057,7 +2053,7 @@ def user_get(context, id, session=None):
                      first()
 
     if not result:
-        raise exception.NotFound(_('No user for id %s') % id)
+        raise exception.UserNotFound(user_id=id)
 
     return result
 
@@ -2073,7 +2069,7 @@ def user_get_by_access_key(context, access_key, session=None):
                    first()
 
     if not result:
-        raise exception.NotFound(_('No user for access key %s') % access_key)
+        raise exception.AccessKeyNotFound(access_key=access_key)
 
     return result
 
@@ -2138,7 +2134,7 @@ def project_get(context, id, session=None):
                      first()
 
     if not result:
-        raise exception.NotFound(_("No project with id %s") % id)
+        raise exception.ProjectNotFound(project_id=id)
 
     return result
 
@@ -2159,7 +2155,7 @@ def project_get_by_user(context, user_id):
                    options(joinedload_all('projects')).\
                    first()
     if not user:
-        raise exception.NotFound(_('Invalid user_id %s') % user_id)
+        raise exception.UserNotFound(user_id=user_id)
     return user.projects
 
 
@@ -2299,8 +2295,7 @@ def migration_get(context, id, session=None):
     result = session.query(models.Migration).\
                      filter_by(id=id).first()
     if not result:
-        raise exception.NotFound(_("No migration found with id %s")
-                % id)
+        raise exception.MigrationNotFound(migration_id=id)
     return result
 
 
@@ -2311,8 +2306,8 @@ def migration_get_by_instance_and_status(context, instance_id, status):
                      filter_by(instance_id=instance_id).\
                      filter_by(status=status).first()
     if not result:
-        raise exception.NotFound(_("No migration found for instance "
-                "%(instance_id)s with status %(status)s") % locals())
+        raise exception.MigrationNotFoundByStatus(instance_id=instance_id,
+                                                  status=status)
     return result
 
 
@@ -2333,8 +2328,7 @@ def console_pool_get(context, pool_id):
                      filter_by(id=pool_id).\
                      first()
     if not result:
-        raise exception.NotFound(_("No console pool with id %(pool_id)s")
-                % locals())
+        raise exception.ConsolePoolNotFound(pool_id=pool_id)
 
     return result
 
@@ -2350,9 +2344,9 @@ def console_pool_get_by_host_type(context, compute_host, host,
                    options(joinedload('consoles')).\
                    first()
     if not result:
-        raise exception.NotFound(_('No console pool of type %(console_type)s '
-                                   'for compute host %(compute_host)s '
-                                   'on proxy host %(host)s') % locals())
+        raise exception.ConsolePoolNotFoundForHostType(host=host,
+                                                  console_type=console_type,
+                                                  compute_host=compute_host)
     return result
 
 
@@ -2390,8 +2384,8 @@ def console_get_by_pool_instance(context, pool_id, instance_id):
                    options(joinedload('pool')).\
                    first()
     if not result:
-        raise exception.NotFound(_('No console for instance %(instance_id)s '
-                                 'in pool %(pool_id)s') % locals())
+        raise exception.ConsoleNotFoundInPoolForInstance(pool_id=pool_id,
+                                                 instance_id=instance_id)
     return result
 
 
@@ -2412,9 +2406,11 @@ def console_get(context, console_id, instance_id=None):
         query = query.filter_by(instance_id=instance_id)
     result = query.options(joinedload('pool')).first()
     if not result:
-        idesc = (_("on instance %s") % instance_id) if instance_id else ""
-        raise exception.NotFound(_("No console with id %(console_id)s"
-                                   " %(idesc)s") % locals())
+        if instance_id:
+            raise exception.ConsoleNotFoundForInstance(console_id=console_id,
+                                                       instance_id=instance_id)
+        else:
+            raise exception.ConsoleNotFound(console_id=console_id)
     return result
 
 
@@ -2453,7 +2449,7 @@ def instance_type_get_all(context, inactive=False):
             inst_dict[i['name']] = dict(i)
         return inst_dict
     else:
-        raise exception.NotFound
+        raise exception.NoInstanceTypesFound()
 
 
 @require_context
@@ -2464,7 +2460,7 @@ def instance_type_get_by_id(context, id):
                     filter_by(id=id).\
                     first()
     if not inst_type:
-        raise exception.NotFound(_("No instance type with id %s") % id)
+        raise exception.InstanceTypeNotFound(instance_type=id)
     else:
         return dict(inst_type)
 
@@ -2477,7 +2473,7 @@ def instance_type_get_by_name(context, name):
                     filter_by(name=name).\
                     first()
     if not inst_type:
-        raise exception.NotFound(_("No instance type with name %s") % name)
+        raise exception.InstanceTypeNotFoundByName(instance_type_name=name)
     else:
         return dict(inst_type)
 
@@ -2490,7 +2486,7 @@ def instance_type_get_by_flavor_id(context, id):
                                     filter_by(flavorid=int(id)).\
                                     first()
     if not inst_type:
-        raise exception.NotFound(_("No flavor with flavorid %s") % id)
+        raise exception.FlavorNotFound(flavor_id=id)
     else:
         return dict(inst_type)
 
@@ -2503,7 +2499,7 @@ def instance_type_destroy(context, name):
                                       filter_by(name=name)
     records = instance_type_ref.update(dict(deleted=True))
     if records == 0:
-        raise exception.NotFound
+        raise exception.InstanceTypeNotFoundByName(instance_type_name=name)
     else:
         return instance_type_ref
 
@@ -2518,7 +2514,7 @@ def instance_type_purge(context, name):
                                       filter_by(name=name)
     records = instance_type_ref.delete()
     if records == 0:
-        raise exception.NotFound
+        raise exception.InstanceTypeNotFoundByName(instance_type_name=name)
     else:
         return instance_type_ref
 
@@ -2539,7 +2535,7 @@ def zone_update(context, zone_id, values):
     session = get_session()
     zone = session.query(models.Zone).filter_by(id=zone_id).first()
     if not zone:
-        raise exception.NotFound(_("No zone with id %(zone_id)s") % locals())
+        raise exception.ZoneNotFound(zone_id=zone_id)
     zone.update(values)
     zone.save()
     return zone
@@ -2559,7 +2555,7 @@ def zone_get(context, zone_id):
     session = get_session()
     result = session.query(models.Zone).filter_by(id=zone_id).first()
     if not result:
-        raise exception.NotFound(_("No zone with id %(zone_id)s") % locals())
+        raise exception.ZoneNotFound(zone_id=zone_id)
     return result
 
 
@@ -2593,7 +2589,7 @@ def instance_metadata_delete(context, instance_id, key):
         filter_by(instance_id=instance_id).\
         filter_by(key=key).\
         filter_by(deleted=False).\
-        update({'deleted': 1,
+        update({'deleted': True,
                 'deleted_at': datetime.datetime.utcnow(),
                 'updated_at': literal_column('updated_at')})
 
@@ -2609,8 +2605,8 @@ def instance_metadata_get_item(context, instance_id, key):
                     first()
 
     if not meta_result:
-        raise exception.NotFound(_('Invalid metadata key for instance %s') %
-                                    instance_id)
+        raise exception.InstanceMetadataNotFound(metadata_key=key,
+                                                 instance_id=instance_id)
     return meta_result
 
 
diff --git a/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/001_austin.py b/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/001_austin.py
index 9e7ab3554..63bbaccc1 100644
--- a/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/001_austin.py
+++ b/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/001_austin.py
@@ -17,15 +17,13 @@
 #    under the License.
 
 ## Table code mostly autogenerated by genmodel.py
-from sqlalchemy import *
-from migrate import *
-
+from sqlalchemy import Boolean, Column, DateTime, ForeignKey
+from sqlalchemy import ForeignKeyConstraint, Integer, MetaData, String
+from sqlalchemy import Table, Text
 from nova import log as logging
 
-
 meta = MetaData()
 
-
 auth_tokens = Table('auth_tokens', meta,
         Column('created_at', DateTime(timezone=False)),
         Column('updated_at', DateTime(timezone=False)),
diff --git a/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/002_bexar.py b/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/002_bexar.py
index 413536a59..9bb8a8ada 100644
--- a/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/002_bexar.py
+++ b/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/002_bexar.py
@@ -16,15 +16,12 @@
 #    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
 #    under the License.
 
-from sqlalchemy import *
-from migrate import *
-
+from sqlalchemy import Boolean, Column, DateTime, ForeignKey
+from sqlalchemy import Integer, MetaData, String, Table, Text
 from nova import log as logging
 
-
 meta = MetaData()
 
-
 # Just for the ForeignKey and column creation to succeed, these are not the
 # actual definitions of instances or services.
 instances = Table('instances', meta,
diff --git a/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/003_add_label_to_networks.py b/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/003_add_label_to_networks.py
index 5ba7910f1..8e0de4d2b 100644
--- a/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/003_add_label_to_networks.py
+++ b/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/003_add_label_to_networks.py
@@ -15,15 +15,10 @@
 #    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
 #    under the License.
 
-from sqlalchemy import *
-from migrate import *
-
-from nova import log as logging
-
+from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, MetaData, String, Table
 
 meta = MetaData()
 
-
 networks = Table('networks', meta,
         Column('id', Integer(),  primary_key=True, nullable=False),
         )
diff --git a/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/004_add_zone_tables.py b/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/004_add_zone_tables.py
index ade981687..0abea374c 100644
--- a/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/004_add_zone_tables.py
+++ b/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/004_add_zone_tables.py
@@ -13,15 +13,12 @@
 #    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
 #    under the License.
 
-from sqlalchemy import *
-from migrate import *
-
+from sqlalchemy import Boolean, Column, DateTime, Integer
+from sqlalchemy import MetaData, String, Table
 from nova import log as logging
 
-
 meta = MetaData()
 
-
 #
 # New Tables
 #
diff --git a/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/005_add_instance_metadata.py b/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/005_add_instance_metadata.py
index 4cb07e0d8..a1a86e3b4 100644
--- a/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/005_add_instance_metadata.py
+++ b/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/005_add_instance_metadata.py
@@ -15,15 +15,12 @@
 #    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
 #    under the License.
 
-from sqlalchemy import *
-from migrate import *
-
+from sqlalchemy import Boolean, Column, DateTime, ForeignKey, Integer
+from sqlalchemy import MetaData, String, Table
 from nova import log as logging
 
-
 meta = MetaData()
 
-
 # Just for the ForeignKey and column creation to succeed, these are not the
 # actual definitions of instances or services.
 instances = Table('instances', meta,
diff --git a/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/006_add_provider_data_to_volumes.py b/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/006_add_provider_data_to_volumes.py
index 705fc8ff3..4627d3332 100644
--- a/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/006_add_provider_data_to_volumes.py
+++ b/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/006_add_provider_data_to_volumes.py
@@ -15,11 +15,7 @@
 #    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
 #    under the License.
 
-from sqlalchemy import *
-from migrate import *
-
-from nova import log as logging
-
+from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, MetaData, String, Table
 
 meta = MetaData()
 
diff --git a/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/007_add_ipv6_to_fixed_ips.py b/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/007_add_ipv6_to_fixed_ips.py
index 427934d53..6f2668040 100644
--- a/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/007_add_ipv6_to_fixed_ips.py
+++ b/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/007_add_ipv6_to_fixed_ips.py
@@ -13,15 +13,10 @@
 #    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
 #    under the License.
 
-from sqlalchemy import *
-from migrate import *
-
-from nova import log as logging
-
+from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, MetaData, String, Table
 
 meta = MetaData()
 
-
 # Table stub-definitions
 # Just for the ForeignKey and column creation to succeed, these are not the
 # actual definitions of instances or services.
diff --git a/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/008_add_instance_types.py b/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/008_add_instance_types.py
index 5e2cb69d9..63999f6ff 100644
--- a/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/008_add_instance_types.py
+++ b/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/008_add_instance_types.py
@@ -13,15 +13,10 @@
 #    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
 #    under the License.
 
-from sqlalchemy import *
-from migrate import *
-
-from nova import api
-from nova import db
+from sqlalchemy import Boolean, Column, DateTime, Integer
+from sqlalchemy import MetaData, String, Table
 from nova import log as logging
 
-import datetime
-
 meta = MetaData()
 
 
diff --git a/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/009_add_instance_migrations.py b/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/009_add_instance_migrations.py
index 4fda525f1..0f2d0079a 100644
--- a/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/009_add_instance_migrations.py
+++ b/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/009_add_instance_migrations.py
@@ -15,12 +15,10 @@
 #    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
 #    under the License.from sqlalchemy import *
 
-from sqlalchemy import *
-from migrate import *
-
+from sqlalchemy import Boolean, Column, DateTime, ForeignKey, Integer
+from sqlalchemy import MetaData, String, Table
 from nova import log as logging
 
-
 meta = MetaData()
 
 # Just for the ForeignKey and column creation to succeed, these are not the
diff --git a/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/010_add_os_type_to_instances.py b/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/010_add_os_type_to_instances.py
index eb3066894..a5b80586e 100644
--- a/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/010_add_os_type_to_instances.py
+++ b/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/010_add_os_type_to_instances.py
@@ -14,12 +14,7 @@
 #    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
 #    under the License.
 
-from sqlalchemy import *
-from sqlalchemy.sql import text
-from migrate import *
-
-from nova import log as logging
-
+from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, MetaData, String, Table
 
 meta = MetaData()
 
diff --git a/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/011_live_migration.py b/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/011_live_migration.py
index 23ccccb4e..b2b0256d2 100644
--- a/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/011_live_migration.py
+++ b/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/011_live_migration.py
@@ -16,10 +16,9 @@
 #    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
 #    under the License.
 
-from migrate import *
+from sqlalchemy import Boolean, Column, DateTime, Integer, MetaData
+from sqlalchemy import Table, Text
 from nova import log as logging
-from sqlalchemy import *
-
 
 meta = MetaData()
 
diff --git a/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/012_add_ipv6_flatmanager.py b/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/012_add_ipv6_flatmanager.py
index e87085668..10d250522 100644
--- a/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/012_add_ipv6_flatmanager.py
+++ b/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/012_add_ipv6_flatmanager.py
@@ -13,15 +13,11 @@
 #    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
 #    under the License.
 
-from sqlalchemy import *
-from migrate import *
-
-from nova import log as logging
-
+from sqlalchemy import Boolean, Column, DateTime, ForeignKey, Integer
+from sqlalchemy import MetaData, String, Table
 
 meta = MetaData()
 
-
 # Table stub-definitions
 # Just for the ForeignKey and column creation to succeed, these are not the
 # actual definitions of instances or services.
diff --git a/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/013_add_flavors_to_migrations.py b/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/013_add_flavors_to_migrations.py
index 3fb92e85c..7246839b7 100644
--- a/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/013_add_flavors_to_migrations.py
+++ b/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/013_add_flavors_to_migrations.py
@@ -15,11 +15,7 @@
 #    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
 #    under the License.from sqlalchemy import *
 
-from sqlalchemy import *
-from migrate import *
-
-from nova import log as logging
-
+from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, MetaData, Table
 
 meta = MetaData()
 
diff --git a/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/014_add_instance_type_id_to_instances.py b/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/014_add_instance_type_id_to_instances.py
index b12a0a801..62216be12 100644
--- a/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/014_add_instance_type_id_to_instances.py
+++ b/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/014_add_instance_type_id_to_instances.py
@@ -14,16 +14,11 @@
 #    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
 #    under the License.
 
-from sqlalchemy import *
-from sqlalchemy.sql import text
-from migrate import *
-
+from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, MetaData, String, Table
 #from nova import log as logging
 
-
 meta = MetaData()
 
-
 c_instance_type = Column('instance_type',
                            String(length=255, convert_unicode=False,
                                   assert_unicode=None, unicode_error=None,
@@ -54,10 +49,12 @@ def upgrade(migrate_engine):
 
     instances.create_column(c_instance_type_id)
 
+    type_names = {}
     recs = migrate_engine.execute(instance_types.select())
     for row in recs:
-        type_id = row[0]
-        type_name = row[1]
+        type_names[row[0]] = row[1]
+
+    for type_id, type_name in type_names.iteritems():
         migrate_engine.execute(instances.update()\
             .where(instances.c.instance_type == type_name)\
             .values(instance_type_id=type_id))
diff --git a/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/015_add_auto_assign_to_floating_ips.py b/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/015_add_auto_assign_to_floating_ips.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..375760c84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/015_add_auto_assign_to_floating_ips.py
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# vim: tabstop=4 shiftwidth=4 softtabstop=4
+
+# Copyright 2011 OpenStack LLC.
+# Copyright 2011 Grid Dynamics
+#
+#    Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may
+#    not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain
+#    a copy of the License at
+#
+#         http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+#    Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+#    distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+#    WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+#    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
+#    under the License.
+
+from sqlalchemy import Boolean, Column, MetaData, Table
+
+meta = MetaData()
+
+c_auto_assigned = Column('auto_assigned', Boolean, default=False)
+
+
+def upgrade(migrate_engine):
+    # Upgrade operations go here. Don't create your own engine;
+    # bind migrate_engine to your metadata
+    meta.bind = migrate_engine
+
+    floating_ips = Table('floating_ips',
+                         meta,
+                         autoload=True,
+                         autoload_with=migrate_engine)
+
+    floating_ips.create_column(c_auto_assigned)
diff --git a/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/015_add_volume_snapshot_support.py b/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/016_add_volume_snapshot_support.py
index 288f63e72..288f63e72 100644
--- a/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/015_add_volume_snapshot_support.py
+++ b/nova/db/sqlalchemy/migrate_repo/versions/016_add_volume_snapshot_support.py
diff --git a/nova/db/sqlalchemy/models.py b/nova/db/sqlalchemy/models.py
index 9abe4d9ae..2e0ead5f9 100644
--- a/nova/db/sqlalchemy/models.py
+++ b/nova/db/sqlalchemy/models.py
@@ -616,6 +616,7 @@ class FloatingIp(BASE, NovaBase):
                                 'FloatingIp.deleted == False)')
     project_id = Column(String(255))
     host = Column(String(255))  # , ForeignKey('hosts.id'))
+    auto_assigned = Column(Boolean, default=False, nullable=False)
 
 
 class ConsolePool(BASE, NovaBase):
diff --git a/nova/exception.py b/nova/exception.py
index 7adc3d007..39620ccc1 100644
--- a/nova/exception.py
+++ b/nova/exception.py
@@ -16,94 +16,55 @@
 #    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
 #    under the License.
 
-"""
-Nova base exception handling, including decorator for re-raising
-Nova-type exceptions. SHOULD include dedicated exception logging.
+"""Nova base exception handling.
+
+Includes decorator for re-raising Nova-type exceptions.
+
+SHOULD include dedicated exception logging.
+
 """
 
 from nova import log as logging
+
+
 LOG = logging.getLogger('nova.exception')
 
 
 class ProcessExecutionError(IOError):
-
     def __init__(self, stdout=None, stderr=None, exit_code=None, cmd=None,
                  description=None):
         if description is None:
-            description = _("Unexpected error while running command.")
+            description = _('Unexpected error while running command.')
         if exit_code is None:
             exit_code = '-'
-        message = _("%(description)s\nCommand: %(cmd)s\n"
-                "Exit code: %(exit_code)s\nStdout: %(stdout)r\n"
-                "Stderr: %(stderr)r") % locals()
+        message = _('%(description)s\nCommand: %(cmd)s\n'
+                    'Exit code: %(exit_code)s\nStdout: %(stdout)r\n'
+                    'Stderr: %(stderr)r') % locals()
         IOError.__init__(self, message)
 
 
 class Error(Exception):
-
     def __init__(self, message=None):
         super(Error, self).__init__(message)
 
 
 class ApiError(Error):
-    def __init__(self, message='Unknown', code='ApiError'):
-        self.message = message
+    def __init__(self, message='Unknown', code=None):
+        self.msg = message
         self.code = code
-        super(ApiError, self).__init__('%s: %s' % (code, message))
+        if code:
+            outstr = '%s: %s' % (code, message)
+        else:
+            outstr = '%s' % message
+        super(ApiError, self).__init__(outstr)
 
 
-class NotFound(Error):
-    pass
-
-
-class InstanceNotFound(NotFound):
-    def __init__(self, message, instance_id):
-        self.instance_id = instance_id
-        super(InstanceNotFound, self).__init__(message)
-
-
-class VolumeNotFound(NotFound):
-    def __init__(self, message, volume_id):
-        self.volume_id = volume_id
-        super(VolumeNotFound, self).__init__(message)
-
-
-class SnapshotNotFound(NotFound):
-    def __init__(self, message, snapshot_id):
-        self.snapshot_id = snapshot_id
-        super(SnapshotNotFound, self).__init__(message)
-
-
-class Duplicate(Error):
-    pass
-
-
-class NotAuthorized(Error):
-    pass
-
-
-class NotEmpty(Error):
-    pass
-
-
-class Invalid(Error):
-    pass
-
-
-class InvalidInputException(Error):
-    pass
-
-
-class InvalidContentType(Error):
-    pass
-
-
-class TimeoutException(Error):
+class BuildInProgress(Error):
     pass
 
 
 class DBError(Error):
-    """Wraps an implementation specific exception"""
+    """Wraps an implementation specific exception."""
     def __init__(self, inner_exception):
         self.inner_exception = inner_exception
         super(DBError, self).__init__(str(inner_exception))
@@ -114,7 +75,7 @@ def wrap_db_error(f):
         try:
             return f(*args, **kwargs)
         except Exception, e:
-            LOG.exception(_('DB exception wrapped'))
+            LOG.exception(_('DB exception wrapped.'))
             raise DBError(e)
     return _wrap
     _wrap.func_name = f.func_name
@@ -133,3 +94,465 @@ def wrap_exception(f):
             raise
     _wrap.func_name = f.func_name
     return _wrap
+
+
+class NovaException(Exception):
+    """Base Nova Exception
+
+    To correctly use this class, inherit from it and define
+    a 'message' property. That message will get printf'd
+    with the keyword arguments provided to the constructor.
+
+    """
+    message = _("An unknown exception occurred.")
+
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+        try:
+            self._error_string = self.message % kwargs
+
+        except Exception:
+            # at least get the core message out if something happened
+            self._error_string = self.message
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self._error_string
+
+
+class NotAuthorized(NovaException):
+    message = _("Not authorized.")
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super(NotFound, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+
+
+class AdminRequired(NotAuthorized):
+    message = _("User does not have admin privileges")
+
+
+class Invalid(NovaException):
+    message = _("Unacceptable parameters.")
+
+
+class InvalidSignature(Invalid):
+    message = _("Invalid signature %(signature)s for user %(user)s.")
+
+
+class InvalidInput(Invalid):
+    message = _("Invalid input received") + ": %(reason)s"
+
+
+class InvalidInstanceType(Invalid):
+    message = _("Invalid instance type %(instance_type)s.")
+
+
+class InvalidPortRange(Invalid):
+    message = _("Invalid port range %(from_port)s:%(to_port)s.")
+
+
+class InvalidIpProtocol(Invalid):
+    message = _("Invalid IP protocol %(protocol)s.")
+
+
+class InvalidContentType(Invalid):
+    message = _("Invalid content type %(content_type)s.")
+
+
+class InstanceNotRunning(Invalid):
+    message = _("Instance %(instance_id)s is not running.")
+
+
+class InstanceNotSuspended(Invalid):
+    message = _("Instance %(instance_id)s is not suspended.")
+
+
+class InstanceNotInRescueMode(Invalid):
+    message = _("Instance %(instance_id)s is not in rescue mode")
+
+
+class InstanceSuspendFailure(Invalid):
+    message = _("Failed to suspend instance") + ": %(reason)s"
+
+
+class InstanceResumeFailure(Invalid):
+    message = _("Failed to resume server") + ": %(reason)s."
+
+
+class InstanceRebootFailure(Invalid):
+    message = _("Failed to reboot instance") + ": %(reason)s"
+
+
+class ServiceUnavailable(Invalid):
+    message = _("Service is unavailable at this time.")
+
+
+class VolumeServiceUnavailable(ServiceUnavailable):
+    message = _("Volume service is unavailable at this time.")
+
+
+class ComputeServiceUnavailable(ServiceUnavailable):
+    message = _("Compute service is unavailable at this time.")
+
+
+class UnableToMigrateToSelf(Invalid):
+    message = _("Unable to migrate instance (%(instance_id)s) "
+                "to current host (%(host)s).")
+
+
+class SourceHostUnavailable(Invalid):
+    message = _("Original compute host is unavailable at this time.")
+
+
+class InvalidHypervisorType(Invalid):
+    message = _("The supplied hypervisor type of is invalid.")
+
+
+class DestinationHypervisorTooOld(Invalid):
+    message = _("The instance requires a newer hypervisor version than "
+                "has been provided.")
+
+
+class InvalidDevicePath(Invalid):
+    message = _("The supplied device path (%(path)s) is invalid.")
+
+
+class InvalidCPUInfo(Invalid):
+    message = _("Unacceptable CPU info") + ": %(reason)s"
+
+
+class InvalidVLANTag(Invalid):
+    message = _("VLAN tag is not appropriate for the port group "
+                "%(bridge)s. Expected VLAN tag is %(tag)s, "
+                "but the one associated with the port group is %(pgroup)s.")
+
+
+class InvalidVLANPortGroup(Invalid):
+    message = _("vSwitch which contains the port group %(bridge)s is "
+                "not associated with the desired physical adapter. "
+                "Expected vSwitch is %(expected)s, but the one associated "
+                "is %(actual)s.")
+
+
+class InvalidDiskFormat(Invalid):
+    message = _("Disk format %(disk_format)s is not acceptable")
+
+
+class ImageUnacceptable(Invalid):
+    message = _("Image %(image_id)s is unacceptable") + ": %(reason)s"
+
+
+class InstanceUnacceptable(Invalid):
+    message = _("Instance %(instance_id)s is unacceptable") + ": %(reason)s"
+
+
+class InvalidEc2Id(Invalid):
+    message = _("Ec2 id %(ec2_id)s is unacceptable.")
+
+
+class NotFound(NovaException):
+    message = _("Resource could not be found.")
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super(NotFound, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+
+
+class InstanceNotFound(NotFound):
+    message = _("Instance %(instance_id)s could not be found.")
+
+
+class VolumeNotFound(NotFound):
+    message = _("Volume %(volume_id)s could not be found.")
+
+
+class VolumeNotFoundForInstance(VolumeNotFound):
+    message = _("Volume not found for instance %(instance_id)s.")
+
+
+class SnapshotNotFound(NotFound):
+    message = _("Snapshot %(snapshot_id)s could not be found.")
+
+
+class ExportDeviceNotFoundForVolume(NotFound):
+    message = _("No export device found for volume %(volume_id)s.")
+
+
+class ISCSITargetNotFoundForVolume(NotFound):
+    message = _("No target id found for volume %(volume_id)s.")
+
+
+class DiskNotFound(NotFound):
+    message = _("No disk at %(location)s")
+
+
+class ImageNotFound(NotFound):
+    message = _("Image %(image_id)s could not be found.")
+
+
+class KernelNotFoundForImage(ImageNotFound):
+    message = _("Kernel not found for image %(image_id)s.")
+
+
+class RamdiskNotFoundForImage(ImageNotFound):
+    message = _("Ramdisk not found for image %(image_id)s.")
+
+
+class UserNotFound(NotFound):
+    message = _("User %(user_id)s could not be found.")
+
+
+class ProjectNotFound(NotFound):
+    message = _("Project %(project_id)s could not be found.")
+
+
+class ProjectMembershipNotFound(NotFound):
+    message = _("User %(user_id)s is not a member of project %(project_id)s.")
+
+
+class UserRoleNotFound(NotFound):
+    message = _("Role %(role_id)s could not be found.")
+
+
+class StorageRepositoryNotFound(NotFound):
+    message = _("Cannot find SR to read/write VDI.")
+
+
+class NetworkNotFound(NotFound):
+    message = _("Network %(network_id)s could not be found.")
+
+
+class NetworkNotFoundForBridge(NetworkNotFound):
+    message = _("Network could not be found for bridge %(bridge)s")
+
+
+class NetworkNotFoundForCidr(NetworkNotFound):
+    message = _("Network could not be found with cidr %(cidr)s.")
+
+
+class NetworkNotFoundForInstance(NetworkNotFound):
+    message = _("Network could not be found for instance %(instance_id)s.")
+
+
+class NoNetworksFound(NotFound):
+    message = _("No networks defined.")
+
+
+class DatastoreNotFound(NotFound):
+    message = _("Could not find the datastore reference(s) which the VM uses.")
+
+
+class NoFixedIpsFoundForInstance(NotFound):
+    message = _("Instance %(instance_id)s has zero fixed ips.")
+
+
+class FloatingIpNotFound(NotFound):
+    message = _("Floating ip not found for fixed address %(fixed_ip)s.")
+
+
+class NoFloatingIpsDefined(NotFound):
+    message = _("Zero floating ips could be found.")
+
+
+class NoFloatingIpsDefinedForHost(NoFloatingIpsDefined):
+    message = _("Zero floating ips defined for host %(host)s.")
+
+
+class NoFloatingIpsDefinedForInstance(NoFloatingIpsDefined):
+    message = _("Zero floating ips defined for instance %(instance_id)s.")
+
+
+class KeypairNotFound(NotFound):
+    message = _("Keypair %(keypair_name)s not found for user %(user_id)s")
+
+
+class CertificateNotFound(NotFound):
+    message = _("Certificate %(certificate_id)s not found.")
+
+
+class ServiceNotFound(NotFound):
+    message = _("Service %(service_id)s could not be found.")
+
+
+class HostNotFound(NotFound):
+    message = _("Host %(host)s could not be found.")
+
+
+class ComputeHostNotFound(HostNotFound):
+    message = _("Compute host %(host)s could not be found.")
+
+
+class HostBinaryNotFound(NotFound):
+    message = _("Could not find binary %(binary)s on host %(host)s.")
+
+
+class AuthTokenNotFound(NotFound):
+    message = _("Auth token %(token)s could not be found.")
+
+
+class AccessKeyNotFound(NotFound):
+    message = _("Access Key %(access_key)s could not be found.")
+
+
+class QuotaNotFound(NotFound):
+    message = _("Quota could not be found")
+
+
+class ProjectQuotaNotFound(QuotaNotFound):
+    message = _("Quota for project %(project_id)s could not be found.")
+
+
+class SecurityGroupNotFound(NotFound):
+    message = _("Security group %(security_group_id)s not found.")
+
+
+class SecurityGroupNotFoundForProject(SecurityGroupNotFound):
+    message = _("Security group %(security_group_id)s not found "
+                "for project %(project_id)s.")
+
+
+class SecurityGroupNotFoundForRule(SecurityGroupNotFound):
+    message = _("Security group with rule %(rule_id)s not found.")
+
+
+class MigrationNotFound(NotFound):
+    message = _("Migration %(migration_id)s could not be found.")
+
+
+class MigrationNotFoundByStatus(MigrationNotFound):
+    message = _("Migration not found for instance %(instance_id)s "
+                "with status %(status)s.")
+
+
+class ConsolePoolNotFound(NotFound):
+    message = _("Console pool %(pool_id)s could not be found.")
+
+
+class ConsolePoolNotFoundForHostType(NotFound):
+    message = _("Console pool of type %(console_type)s "
+                "for compute host %(compute_host)s "
+                "on proxy host %(host)s not found.")
+
+
+class ConsoleNotFound(NotFound):
+    message = _("Console %(console_id)s could not be found.")
+
+
+class ConsoleNotFoundForInstance(ConsoleNotFound):
+    message = _("Console for instance %(instance_id)s could not be found.")
+
+
+class ConsoleNotFoundInPoolForInstance(ConsoleNotFound):
+    message = _("Console for instance %(instance_id)s "
+                "in pool %(pool_id)s could not be found.")
+
+
+class NoInstanceTypesFound(NotFound):
+    message = _("Zero instance types found.")
+
+
+class InstanceTypeNotFound(NotFound):
+    message = _("Instance type %(instance_type_id)s could not be found.")
+
+
+class InstanceTypeNotFoundByName(InstanceTypeNotFound):
+    message = _("Instance type with name %(instance_type_name)s "
+                "could not be found.")
+
+
+class FlavorNotFound(NotFound):
+    message = _("Flavor %(flavor_id)s could not be found.")
+
+
+class ZoneNotFound(NotFound):
+    message = _("Zone %(zone_id)s could not be found.")
+
+
+class SchedulerHostFilterDriverNotFound(NotFound):
+    message = _("Scheduler Host Filter Driver %(driver_name)s could"
+                " not be found.")
+
+
+class InstanceMetadataNotFound(NotFound):
+    message = _("Instance %(instance_id)s has no metadata with "
+                "key %(metadata_key)s.")
+
+
+class LDAPObjectNotFound(NotFound):
+    message = _("LDAP object could not be found")
+
+
+class LDAPUserNotFound(LDAPObjectNotFound):
+    message = _("LDAP user %(user_id)s could not be found.")
+
+
+class LDAPGroupNotFound(LDAPObjectNotFound):
+    message = _("LDAP group %(group_id)s could not be found.")
+
+
+class LDAPGroupMembershipNotFound(NotFound):
+    message = _("LDAP user %(user_id)s is not a member of group %(group_id)s.")
+
+
+class FileNotFound(NotFound):
+    message = _("File %(file_path)s could not be found.")
+
+
+class NoFilesFound(NotFound):
+    message = _("Zero files could be found.")
+
+
+class SwitchNotFoundForNetworkAdapter(NotFound):
+    message = _("Virtual switch associated with the "
+                "network adapter %(adapter)s not found.")
+
+
+class NetworkAdapterNotFound(NotFound):
+    message = _("Network adapter %(adapter)s could not be found.")
+
+
+class ClassNotFound(NotFound):
+    message = _("Class %(class_name)s could not be found")
+
+
+class NotAllowed(NovaException):
+    message = _("Action not allowed.")
+
+
+class GlobalRoleNotAllowed(NotAllowed):
+    message = _("Unable to use global role %(role_id)s")
+
+
+#TODO(bcwaldon): EOL this exception!
+class Duplicate(NovaException):
+    pass
+
+
+class KeyPairExists(Duplicate):
+    message = _("Key pair %(key_name)s already exists.")
+
+
+class UserExists(Duplicate):
+    message = _("User %(user)s already exists.")
+
+
+class LDAPUserExists(UserExists):
+    message = _("LDAP user %(user)s already exists.")
+
+
+class LDAPGroupExists(Duplicate):
+    message = _("LDAP group %(group)s already exists.")
+
+
+class LDAPMembershipExists(Duplicate):
+    message = _("User %(uid)s is already a member of "
+                "the group %(group_dn)s")
+
+
+class ProjectExists(Duplicate):
+    message = _("Project %(project)s already exists.")
+
+
+class InstanceExists(Duplicate):
+    message = _("Instance %(name)s already exists.")
+
+
+class MigrationError(NovaException):
+    message = _("Migration error") + ": %(reason)s"
diff --git a/nova/fakememcache.py b/nova/fakememcache.py
index 67f46dbdc..e4f238aa9 100644
--- a/nova/fakememcache.py
+++ b/nova/fakememcache.py
@@ -18,14 +18,14 @@
 
 """Super simple fake memcache client."""
 
-import utils
+from nova import utils
 
 
 class Client(object):
     """Replicates a tiny subset of memcached client interface."""
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        """Ignores the passed in args"""
+        """Ignores the passed in args."""
         self.cache = {}
 
     def get(self, key):
diff --git a/nova/flags.py b/nova/flags.py
index f011ab383..519793643 100644
--- a/nova/flags.py
+++ b/nova/flags.py
@@ -16,9 +16,13 @@
 #    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
 #    under the License.
 
-"""
+"""Command-line flag library.
+
+Wraps gflags.
+
 Package-level global flags are defined here, the rest are defined
 where they're used.
+
 """
 
 import getopt
@@ -145,10 +149,12 @@ class FlagValues(gflags.FlagValues):
 
 
 class StrWrapper(object):
-    """Wrapper around FlagValues objects
+    """Wrapper around FlagValues objects.
 
     Wraps FlagValues objects for string.Template so that we're
-    sure to return strings."""
+    sure to return strings.
+
+    """
     def __init__(self, context_objs):
         self.context_objs = context_objs
 
@@ -169,6 +175,7 @@ def _GetCallingModule():
 
     We generally use this function to get the name of the module calling a
     DEFINE_foo... function.
+
     """
     # Walk down the stack to find the first globals dict that's not ours.
     for depth in range(1, sys.getrecursionlimit()):
@@ -192,6 +199,7 @@ def __GetModuleName(globals_dict):
     Returns:
     A string (the name of the module) or None (if the module could not
     be identified.
+
     """
     for name, module in sys.modules.iteritems():
         if getattr(module, '__dict__', None) is globals_dict:
@@ -316,7 +324,7 @@ DEFINE_string('null_kernel', 'nokernel',
               'kernel image that indicates not to use a kernel,'
               ' but to use a raw disk image instead')
 
-DEFINE_string('vpn_image_id', 'ami-cloudpipe', 'AMI for cloudpipe vpn server')
+DEFINE_integer('vpn_image_id', 0, 'integer id for cloudpipe vpn server')
 DEFINE_string('vpn_key_suffix',
               '-vpn',
               'Suffix to add to project name for vpn key and secgroups')
@@ -326,7 +334,7 @@ DEFINE_integer('auth_token_ttl', 3600, 'Seconds for auth tokens to linger')
 DEFINE_string('state_path', os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), '../'),
               "Top-level directory for maintaining nova's state")
 DEFINE_string('lock_path', os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), '../'),
-              "Directory for lock files")
+              'Directory for lock files')
 DEFINE_string('logdir', None, 'output to a per-service log file in named '
                               'directory')
 
@@ -361,6 +369,9 @@ DEFINE_string('host', socket.gethostname(),
 DEFINE_string('node_availability_zone', 'nova',
               'availability zone of this node')
 
+DEFINE_list('memcached_servers', None,
+            'Memcached servers or None for in process cache.')
+
 DEFINE_string('zone_name', 'nova', 'name of this zone')
 DEFINE_list('zone_capabilities',
                 ['hypervisor=xenserver;kvm', 'os=linux;windows'],
diff --git a/nova/image/fake.py b/nova/image/fake.py
index e02b4127e..b400b2adb 100644
--- a/nova/image/fake.py
+++ b/nova/image/fake.py
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 #    WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
 #    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
 #    under the License.
+
 """Implementation of an fake image service"""
 
 import copy
@@ -69,14 +70,14 @@ class FakeImageService(service.BaseImageService):
         image = self.images.get(image_id)
         if image:
             return copy.deepcopy(image)
-        LOG.warn("Unable to find image id %s.  Have images: %s",
+        LOG.warn('Unable to find image id %s.  Have images: %s',
                  image_id, self.images)
-        raise exception.NotFound
+        raise exception.ImageNotFound(image_id=image_id)
 
     def create(self, context, data):
         """Store the image data and return the new image id.
 
-        :raises Duplicate if the image already exist.
+        :raises: Duplicate if the image already exist.
 
         """
         image_id = int(data['id'])
@@ -88,24 +89,24 @@ class FakeImageService(service.BaseImageService):
     def update(self, context, image_id, data):
         """Replace the contents of the given image with the new data.
 
-        :raises NotFound if the image does not exist.
+        :raises: ImageNotFound if the image does not exist.
 
         """
         image_id = int(image_id)
         if not self.images.get(image_id):
-            raise exception.NotFound
+            raise exception.ImageNotFound(image_id=image_id)
         self.images[image_id] = copy.deepcopy(data)
 
     def delete(self, context, image_id):
         """Delete the given image.
 
-        :raises NotFound if the image does not exist.
+        :raises: ImageNotFound if the image does not exist.
 
         """
         image_id = int(image_id)
         removed = self.images.pop(image_id, None)
         if not removed:
-            raise exception.NotFound
+            raise exception.ImageNotFound(image_id=image_id)
 
     def delete_all(self):
         """Clears out all images."""
diff --git a/nova/image/glance.py b/nova/image/glance.py
index 1a80bb2af..193e37273 100644
--- a/nova/image/glance.py
+++ b/nova/image/glance.py
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 #    WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
 #    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
 #    under the License.
+
 """Implementation of an image service that uses Glance as the backend"""
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import
@@ -31,16 +32,18 @@ from nova.image import service
 
 LOG = logging.getLogger('nova.image.glance')
 
+
 FLAGS = flags.FLAGS
 
+
 GlanceClient = utils.import_class('glance.client.Client')
 
 
 class GlanceImageService(service.BaseImageService):
     """Provides storage and retrieval of disk image objects within Glance."""
 
-    GLANCE_ONLY_ATTRS = ["size", "location", "disk_format",
-                         "container_format"]
+    GLANCE_ONLY_ATTRS = ['size', 'location', 'disk_format',
+                         'container_format']
 
     # NOTE(sirp): Overriding to use _translate_to_service provided by
     # BaseImageService
@@ -56,9 +59,7 @@ class GlanceImageService(service.BaseImageService):
             self.client = client
 
     def index(self, context):
-        """
-        Calls out to Glance for a list of images available
-        """
+        """Calls out to Glance for a list of images available."""
         # NOTE(sirp): We need to use `get_images_detailed` and not
         # `get_images` here because we need `is_public` and `properties`
         # included so we can filter by user
@@ -71,9 +72,7 @@ class GlanceImageService(service.BaseImageService):
         return filtered
 
     def detail(self, context):
-        """
-        Calls out to Glance for a list of detailed image information
-        """
+        """Calls out to Glance for a list of detailed image information."""
         filtered = []
         image_metas = self.client.get_images_detailed()
         for image_meta in image_metas:
@@ -83,40 +82,34 @@ class GlanceImageService(service.BaseImageService):
         return filtered
 
     def show(self, context, image_id):
-        """
-        Returns a dict containing image data for the given opaque image id.
-        """
+        """Returns a dict with image data for the given opaque image id."""
         try:
             image_meta = self.client.get_image_meta(image_id)
         except glance_exception.NotFound:
-            raise exception.NotFound
+            raise exception.ImageNotFound(image_id=image_id)
 
         if not self._is_image_available(context, image_meta):
-            raise exception.NotFound
+            raise exception.ImageNotFound(image_id=image_id)
 
         base_image_meta = self._translate_to_base(image_meta)
         return base_image_meta
 
     def show_by_name(self, context, name):
-        """
-        Returns a dict containing image data for the given name.
-        """
+        """Returns a dict containing image data for the given name."""
         # TODO(vish): replace this with more efficient call when glance
         #             supports it.
         image_metas = self.detail(context)
         for image_meta in image_metas:
             if name == image_meta.get('name'):
                 return image_meta
-        raise exception.NotFound
+        raise exception.ImageNotFound(image_id=name)
 
     def get(self, context, image_id, data):
-        """
-        Calls out to Glance for metadata and data and writes data.
-        """
+        """Calls out to Glance for metadata and data and writes data."""
         try:
             image_meta, image_chunks = self.client.get_image(image_id)
         except glance_exception.NotFound:
-            raise exception.NotFound
+            raise exception.ImageNotFound(image_id=image_id)
 
         for chunk in image_chunks:
             data.write(chunk)
@@ -125,16 +118,16 @@ class GlanceImageService(service.BaseImageService):
         return base_image_meta
 
     def create(self, context, image_meta, data=None):
-        """
-        Store the image data and return the new image id.
+        """Store the image data and return the new image id.
+
+        :raises: AlreadyExists if the image already exist.
 
-        :raises AlreadyExists if the image already exist.
         """
         # Translate Base -> Service
-        LOG.debug(_("Creating image in Glance. Metadata passed in %s"),
+        LOG.debug(_('Creating image in Glance. Metadata passed in %s'),
                   image_meta)
         sent_service_image_meta = self._translate_to_service(image_meta)
-        LOG.debug(_("Metadata after formatting for Glance %s"),
+        LOG.debug(_('Metadata after formatting for Glance %s'),
                   sent_service_image_meta)
 
         recv_service_image_meta = self.client.add_image(
@@ -142,50 +135,47 @@ class GlanceImageService(service.BaseImageService):
 
         # Translate Service -> Base
         base_image_meta = self._translate_to_base(recv_service_image_meta)
-        LOG.debug(_("Metadata returned from Glance formatted for Base %s"),
+        LOG.debug(_('Metadata returned from Glance formatted for Base %s'),
                   base_image_meta)
         return base_image_meta
 
     def update(self, context, image_id, image_meta, data=None):
         """Replace the contents of the given image with the new data.
 
-        :raises NotFound if the image does not exist.
+        :raises: ImageNotFound if the image does not exist.
+
         """
         # NOTE(vish): show is to check if image is available
         self.show(context, image_id)
         try:
             image_meta = self.client.update_image(image_id, image_meta, data)
         except glance_exception.NotFound:
-            raise exception.NotFound
+            raise exception.ImageNotFound(image_id=image_id)
 
         base_image_meta = self._translate_to_base(image_meta)
         return base_image_meta
 
     def delete(self, context, image_id):
-        """
-        Delete the given image.
+        """Delete the given image.
+
+        :raises: ImageNotFound if the image does not exist.
 
-        :raises NotFound if the image does not exist.
         """
         # NOTE(vish): show is to check if image is available
         self.show(context, image_id)
         try:
             result = self.client.delete_image(image_id)
         except glance_exception.NotFound:
-            raise exception.NotFound
+            raise exception.ImageNotFound(image_id=image_id)
         return result
 
     def delete_all(self):
-        """
-        Clears out all images
-        """
+        """Clears out all images."""
         pass
 
     @classmethod
     def _translate_to_base(cls, image_meta):
-        """Overriding the base translation to handle conversion to datetime
-        objects
-        """
+        """Override translation to handle conversion to datetime objects."""
         image_meta = service.BaseImageService._propertify_metadata(
                         image_meta, cls.SERVICE_IMAGE_ATTRS)
         image_meta = _convert_timestamps_to_datetimes(image_meta)
@@ -194,9 +184,7 @@ class GlanceImageService(service.BaseImageService):
 
 # utility functions
 def _convert_timestamps_to_datetimes(image_meta):
-    """
-    Returns image with known timestamp fields converted to datetime objects
-    """
+    """Returns image with timestamp fields converted to datetime objects."""
     for attr in ['created_at', 'updated_at', 'deleted_at']:
         if image_meta.get(attr):
             image_meta[attr] = _parse_glance_iso8601_timestamp(
@@ -205,10 +193,8 @@ def _convert_timestamps_to_datetimes(image_meta):
 
 
 def _parse_glance_iso8601_timestamp(timestamp):
-    """
-    Parse a subset of iso8601 timestamps into datetime objects
-    """
-    iso_formats = ["%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%f", "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S"]
+    """Parse a subset of iso8601 timestamps into datetime objects."""
+    iso_formats = ['%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%f', '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S']
 
     for iso_format in iso_formats:
         try:
@@ -216,5 +202,5 @@ def _parse_glance_iso8601_timestamp(timestamp):
         except ValueError:
             pass
 
-    raise ValueError(_("%(timestamp)s does not follow any of the "
-                       "signatures: %(ISO_FORMATS)s") % locals())
+    raise ValueError(_('%(timestamp)s does not follow any of the '
+                       'signatures: %(ISO_FORMATS)s') % locals())
diff --git a/nova/image/local.py b/nova/image/local.py
index fa5e93346..918180bae 100644
--- a/nova/image/local.py
+++ b/nova/image/local.py
@@ -23,14 +23,15 @@ import shutil
 from nova import exception
 from nova import flags
 from nova import log as logging
-from nova.image import service
 from nova import utils
+from nova.image import service
 
 
 FLAGS = flags.FLAGS
 flags.DEFINE_string('images_path', '$state_path/images',
                     'path to decrypted images')
 
+
 LOG = logging.getLogger('nova.image.local')
 
 
@@ -56,9 +57,8 @@ class LocalImageService(service.BaseImageService):
             try:
                 unhexed_image_id = int(image_dir, 16)
             except ValueError:
-                LOG.error(
-                    _("%s is not in correct directory naming format"\
-                       % image_dir))
+                LOG.error(_('%s is not in correct directory naming format')
+                          % image_dir)
             else:
                 images.append(unhexed_image_id)
         return images
@@ -86,10 +86,10 @@ class LocalImageService(service.BaseImageService):
             with open(self._path_to(image_id)) as metadata_file:
                 image_meta = json.load(metadata_file)
                 if not self._is_image_available(context, image_meta):
-                    raise exception.NotFound
+                    raise exception.ImageNotFound(image_id=image_id)
                 return image_meta
         except (IOError, ValueError):
-            raise exception.NotFound
+            raise exception.ImageNotFound(image_id=image_id)
 
     def show_by_name(self, context, name):
         """Returns a dict containing image data for the given name."""
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ class LocalImageService(service.BaseImageService):
                 image = cantidate
                 break
         if image is None:
-            raise exception.NotFound
+            raise exception.ImageNotFound(image_id=name)
         return image
 
     def get(self, context, image_id, data):
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ class LocalImageService(service.BaseImageService):
             with open(self._path_to(image_id, 'image')) as image_file:
                 shutil.copyfileobj(image_file, data)
         except (IOError, ValueError):
-            raise exception.NotFound
+            raise exception.ImageNotFound(image_id=image_id)
         return metadata
 
     def create(self, context, metadata, data=None):
@@ -143,12 +143,13 @@ class LocalImageService(service.BaseImageService):
             with open(self._path_to(image_id), 'w') as metadata_file:
                 json.dump(metadata, metadata_file)
         except (IOError, ValueError):
-            raise exception.NotFound
+            raise exception.ImageNotFound(image_id=image_id)
         return metadata
 
     def delete(self, context, image_id):
         """Delete the given image.
-        Raises NotFound if the image does not exist.
+
+        :raises: ImageNotFound if the image does not exist.
 
         """
         # NOTE(vish): show is to check if image is available
@@ -156,7 +157,7 @@ class LocalImageService(service.BaseImageService):
         try:
             shutil.rmtree(self._path_to(image_id, None))
         except (IOError, ValueError):
-            raise exception.NotFound
+            raise exception.ImageNotFound(image_id=image_id)
 
     def delete_all(self):
         """Clears out all images in local directory."""
diff --git a/nova/image/s3.py b/nova/image/s3.py
index 2a02d4674..c38c58d95 100644
--- a/nova/image/s3.py
+++ b/nova/image/s3.py
@@ -16,13 +16,9 @@
 #    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
 #    under the License.
 
-"""
-Proxy AMI-related calls from the cloud controller, to the running
-objectstore service.
-"""
+"""Proxy AMI-related calls from cloud controller to objectstore service."""
 
 import binascii
-import eventlet
 import os
 import shutil
 import tarfile
@@ -30,6 +26,7 @@ import tempfile
 from xml.etree import ElementTree
 
 import boto.s3.connection
+import eventlet
 
 from nova import crypto
 from nova import exception
@@ -46,7 +43,8 @@ flags.DEFINE_string('image_decryption_dir', '/tmp',
 
 
 class S3ImageService(service.BaseImageService):
-    """Wraps an existing image service to support s3 based register"""
+    """Wraps an existing image service to support s3 based register."""
+
     def __init__(self, service=None, *args, **kwargs):
         if service is None:
             service = utils.import_object(FLAGS.image_service)
@@ -54,7 +52,11 @@ class S3ImageService(service.BaseImageService):
         self.service.__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
     def create(self, context, metadata, data=None):
-        """metadata['properties'] should contain image_location"""
+        """Create an image.
+
+        metadata['properties'] should contain image_location.
+
+        """
         image = self._s3_create(context, metadata)
         return image
 
@@ -100,12 +102,12 @@ class S3ImageService(service.BaseImageService):
         return local_filename
 
     def _s3_create(self, context, metadata):
-        """Gets a manifext from s3 and makes an image"""
+        """Gets a manifext from s3 and makes an image."""
 
         image_path = tempfile.mkdtemp(dir=FLAGS.image_decryption_dir)
 
         image_location = metadata['properties']['image_location']
-        bucket_name = image_location.split("/")[0]
+        bucket_name = image_location.split('/')[0]
         manifest_path = image_location[len(bucket_name) + 1:]
         bucket = self._conn(context).get_bucket(bucket_name)
         key = bucket.get_key(manifest_path)
@@ -116,7 +118,7 @@ class S3ImageService(service.BaseImageService):
         image_type = 'machine'
 
         try:
-            kernel_id = manifest.find("machine_configuration/kernel_id").text
+            kernel_id = manifest.find('machine_configuration/kernel_id').text
             if kernel_id == 'true':
                 image_format = 'aki'
                 image_type = 'kernel'
@@ -125,7 +127,7 @@ class S3ImageService(service.BaseImageService):
             kernel_id = None
 
         try:
-            ramdisk_id = manifest.find("machine_configuration/ramdisk_id").text
+            ramdisk_id = manifest.find('machine_configuration/ramdisk_id').text
             if ramdisk_id == 'true':
                 image_format = 'ari'
                 image_type = 'ramdisk'
@@ -134,7 +136,7 @@ class S3ImageService(service.BaseImageService):
             ramdisk_id = None
 
         try:
-            arch = manifest.find("machine_configuration/architecture").text
+            arch = manifest.find('machine_configuration/architecture').text
         except Exception:
             arch = 'x86_64'
 
@@ -160,7 +162,7 @@ class S3ImageService(service.BaseImageService):
         def delayed_create():
             """This handles the fetching and decrypting of the part files."""
             parts = []
-            for fn_element in manifest.find("image").getiterator("filename"):
+            for fn_element in manifest.find('image').getiterator('filename'):
                 part = self._download_file(bucket, fn_element.text, image_path)
                 parts.append(part)
 
@@ -174,9 +176,9 @@ class S3ImageService(service.BaseImageService):
             metadata['properties']['image_state'] = 'decrypting'
             self.service.update(context, image_id, metadata)
 
-            hex_key = manifest.find("image/ec2_encrypted_key").text
+            hex_key = manifest.find('image/ec2_encrypted_key').text
             encrypted_key = binascii.a2b_hex(hex_key)
-            hex_iv = manifest.find("image/ec2_encrypted_iv").text
+            hex_iv = manifest.find('image/ec2_encrypted_iv').text
             encrypted_iv = binascii.a2b_hex(hex_iv)
 
             # FIXME(vish): grab key from common service so this can run on
@@ -214,7 +216,7 @@ class S3ImageService(service.BaseImageService):
                                  process_input=encrypted_key,
                                  check_exit_code=False)
         if err:
-            raise exception.Error(_("Failed to decrypt private key: %s")
+            raise exception.Error(_('Failed to decrypt private key: %s')
                                   % err)
         iv, err = utils.execute('openssl',
                                 'rsautl',
@@ -223,8 +225,8 @@ class S3ImageService(service.BaseImageService):
                                 process_input=encrypted_iv,
                                 check_exit_code=False)
         if err:
-            raise exception.Error(_("Failed to decrypt initialization "
-                                    "vector: %s") % err)
+            raise exception.Error(_('Failed to decrypt initialization '
+                                    'vector: %s') % err)
 
         _out, err = utils.execute('openssl', 'enc',
                                   '-d', '-aes-128-cbc',
@@ -234,14 +236,14 @@ class S3ImageService(service.BaseImageService):
                                   '-out', '%s' % (decrypted_filename,),
                                   check_exit_code=False)
         if err:
-            raise exception.Error(_("Failed to decrypt image file "
-                                    "%(image_file)s: %(err)s") %
+            raise exception.Error(_('Failed to decrypt image file '
+                                    '%(image_file)s: %(err)s') %
                                     {'image_file': encrypted_filename,
                                      'err': err})
 
     @staticmethod
     def _untarzip_image(path, filename):
-        tar_file = tarfile.open(filename, "r|gz")
+        tar_file = tarfile.open(filename, 'r|gz')
         tar_file.extractall(path)
         image_file = tar_file.getnames()[0]
         tar_file.close()
diff --git a/nova/image/service.py b/nova/image/service.py
index fddc72409..ab6749049 100644
--- a/nova/image/service.py
+++ b/nova/image/service.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ from nova import utils
 
 
 class BaseImageService(object):
-    """Base class for providing image search and retrieval services
+    """Base class for providing image search and retrieval services.
 
     ImageService exposes two concepts of metadata:
 
@@ -35,7 +35,9 @@ class BaseImageService(object):
     This means that ImageServices will return BASE_IMAGE_ATTRS as keys in the
     metadata dict, all other attributes will be returned as keys in the nested
     'properties' dict.
+
     """
+
     BASE_IMAGE_ATTRS = ['id', 'name', 'created_at', 'updated_at',
                         'deleted_at', 'deleted', 'status', 'is_public']
 
@@ -45,23 +47,18 @@ class BaseImageService(object):
     SERVICE_IMAGE_ATTRS = []
 
     def index(self, context):
-        """
-        Returns a sequence of mappings of id and name information about
-        images.
+        """List images.
 
-        :rtype: array
-        :retval: a sequence of mappings with the following signature
-                    {'id': opaque id of image, 'name': name of image}
+        :returns: a sequence of mappings with the following signature
+                  {'id': opaque id of image, 'name': name of image}
 
         """
         raise NotImplementedError
 
     def detail(self, context):
-        """
-        Returns a sequence of mappings of detailed information about images.
+        """Detailed information about an images.
 
-        :rtype: array
-        :retval: a sequence of mappings with the following signature
+        :returns: a sequence of mappings with the following signature
                     {'id': opaque id of image,
                      'name': name of image,
                      'created_at': creation datetime object,
@@ -77,15 +74,14 @@ class BaseImageService(object):
         NotImplementedError, in which case Nova will emulate this method
         with repeated calls to show() for each image received from the
         index() method.
+
         """
         raise NotImplementedError
 
     def show(self, context, image_id):
-        """
-        Returns a dict containing image metadata for the given opaque image id.
-
-        :retval a mapping with the following signature:
+        """Detailed information about an image.
 
+        :returns: a mapping with the following signature:
             {'id': opaque id of image,
              'name': name of image,
              'created_at': creation datetime object,
@@ -96,54 +92,56 @@ class BaseImageService(object):
              'is_public': boolean indicating if image is public
              }, ...
 
-        :raises NotFound if the image does not exist
+        :raises: NotFound if the image does not exist
+
         """
         raise NotImplementedError
 
     def get(self, context, data):
-        """
-        Returns a dict containing image metadata and writes image data to data.
+        """Get an image.
 
         :param data: a file-like object to hold binary image data
+        :returns: a dict containing image metadata, writes image data to data.
+        :raises: NotFound if the image does not exist
 
-        :raises NotFound if the image does not exist
         """
         raise NotImplementedError
 
     def create(self, context, metadata, data=None):
-        """
-        Store the image metadata and data and return the new image metadata.
+        """Store the image metadata and data.
 
-        :raises AlreadyExists if the image already exist.
+        :returns: the new image metadata.
+        :raises: AlreadyExists if the image already exist.
 
         """
         raise NotImplementedError
 
     def update(self, context, image_id, metadata, data=None):
-        """Update the given image metadata and data and return the metadata
+        """Update the given image metadata and data and return the metadata.
 
-        :raises NotFound if the image does not exist.
+        :raises: NotFound if the image does not exist.
 
         """
         raise NotImplementedError
 
     def delete(self, context, image_id):
-        """
-        Delete the given image.
+        """Delete the given image.
 
-        :raises NotFound if the image does not exist.
+        :raises: NotFound if the image does not exist.
 
         """
         raise NotImplementedError
 
     @staticmethod
     def _is_image_available(context, image_meta):
-        """
+        """Check image availability.
+
         Images are always available if they are public or if the user is an
         admin.
 
         Otherwise, we filter by project_id (if present) and then fall-back to
         images owned by user.
+
         """
         # FIXME(sirp): We should be filtering by user_id on the Glance side
         # for security; however, we can't do that until we get authn/authz
@@ -169,29 +167,32 @@ class BaseImageService(object):
 
         This is used by subclasses to expose only a metadata dictionary that
         is the same across ImageService implementations.
+
         """
         return cls._propertify_metadata(metadata, cls.BASE_IMAGE_ATTRS)
 
     @classmethod
     def _translate_to_service(cls, metadata):
-        """Return a metadata dictionary that is usable by the ImageService
-        subclass.
+        """Return a metadata dict that is usable by the ImageService subclass.
 
         As an example, Glance has additional attributes (like 'location'); the
         BaseImageService considers these properties, but we need to translate
         these back to first-class attrs for sending to Glance. This method
         handles this by allowing you to specify the attributes an ImageService
         considers first-class.
+
         """
         if not cls.SERVICE_IMAGE_ATTRS:
-            raise NotImplementedError(_("Cannot use this without specifying "
-                                        "SERVICE_IMAGE_ATTRS for subclass"))
+            raise NotImplementedError(_('Cannot use this without specifying '
+                                        'SERVICE_IMAGE_ATTRS for subclass'))
         return cls._propertify_metadata(metadata, cls.SERVICE_IMAGE_ATTRS)
 
     @staticmethod
     def _propertify_metadata(metadata, keys):
-        """Return a dict with any unrecognized keys placed in the nested
-        'properties' dict.
+        """Move unknown keys to a nested 'properties' dict.
+
+        :returns: a new dict with the keys moved.
+
         """
         flattened = utils.flatten_dict(metadata)
         attributes, properties = utils.partition_dict(flattened, keys)
diff --git a/nova/log.py b/nova/log.py
index ea94be194..096279f7c 100644
--- a/nova/log.py
+++ b/nova/log.py
@@ -16,16 +16,15 @@
 #    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
 #    under the License.
 
-"""
-Nova logging handler.
+"""Nova logging handler.
 
 This module adds to logging functionality by adding the option to specify
 a context object when calling the various log methods.  If the context object
 is not specified, default formatting is used.
 
 It also allows setting of formatting information through flags.
-"""
 
+"""
 
 import cStringIO
 import inspect
@@ -41,34 +40,28 @@ from nova import version
 
 
 FLAGS = flags.FLAGS
-
 flags.DEFINE_string('logging_context_format_string',
                     '%(asctime)s %(levelname)s %(name)s '
                     '[%(request_id)s %(user)s '
                     '%(project)s] %(message)s',
                     'format string to use for log messages with context')
-
 flags.DEFINE_string('logging_default_format_string',
                     '%(asctime)s %(levelname)s %(name)s [-] '
                     '%(message)s',
                     'format string to use for log messages without context')
-
 flags.DEFINE_string('logging_debug_format_suffix',
                     'from (pid=%(process)d) %(funcName)s'
                     ' %(pathname)s:%(lineno)d',
                     'data to append to log format when level is DEBUG')
-
 flags.DEFINE_string('logging_exception_prefix',
                     '(%(name)s): TRACE: ',
                     'prefix each line of exception output with this format')
-
 flags.DEFINE_list('default_log_levels',
                   ['amqplib=WARN',
                    'sqlalchemy=WARN',
                    'boto=WARN',
                    'eventlet.wsgi.server=WARN'],
                   'list of logger=LEVEL pairs')
-
 flags.DEFINE_bool('use_syslog', False, 'output to syslog')
 flags.DEFINE_string('logfile', None, 'output to named file')
 
@@ -83,6 +76,8 @@ WARN = logging.WARN
 INFO = logging.INFO
 DEBUG = logging.DEBUG
 NOTSET = logging.NOTSET
+
+
 # methods
 getLogger = logging.getLogger
 debug = logging.debug
@@ -93,6 +88,8 @@ error = logging.error
 exception = logging.exception
 critical = logging.critical
 log = logging.log
+
+
 # handlers
 StreamHandler = logging.StreamHandler
 WatchedFileHandler = logging.handlers.WatchedFileHandler
@@ -127,17 +124,18 @@ def _get_log_file_path(binary=None):
 
 
 class NovaLogger(logging.Logger):
-    """
-    NovaLogger manages request context and formatting.
+    """NovaLogger manages request context and formatting.
 
     This becomes the class that is instanciated by logging.getLogger.
+
     """
+
     def __init__(self, name, level=NOTSET):
         logging.Logger.__init__(self, name, level)
         self.setup_from_flags()
 
     def setup_from_flags(self):
-        """Setup logger from flags"""
+        """Setup logger from flags."""
         level = NOTSET
         for pair in FLAGS.default_log_levels:
             logger, _sep, level_name = pair.partition('=')
@@ -148,7 +146,7 @@ class NovaLogger(logging.Logger):
         self.setLevel(level)
 
     def _log(self, level, msg, args, exc_info=None, extra=None, context=None):
-        """Extract context from any log call"""
+        """Extract context from any log call."""
         if not extra:
             extra = {}
         if context:
@@ -157,17 +155,17 @@ class NovaLogger(logging.Logger):
         return logging.Logger._log(self, level, msg, args, exc_info, extra)
 
     def addHandler(self, handler):
-        """Each handler gets our custom formatter"""
+        """Each handler gets our custom formatter."""
         handler.setFormatter(_formatter)
         return logging.Logger.addHandler(self, handler)
 
     def audit(self, msg, *args, **kwargs):
-        """Shortcut for our AUDIT level"""
+        """Shortcut for our AUDIT level."""
         if self.isEnabledFor(AUDIT):
             self._log(AUDIT, msg, args, **kwargs)
 
     def exception(self, msg, *args, **kwargs):
-        """Logging.exception doesn't handle kwargs, so breaks context"""
+        """Logging.exception doesn't handle kwargs, so breaks context."""
         if not kwargs.get('exc_info'):
             kwargs['exc_info'] = 1
         self.error(msg, *args, **kwargs)
@@ -181,14 +179,13 @@ class NovaLogger(logging.Logger):
             for k in env.keys():
                 if not isinstance(env[k], str):
                     env.pop(k)
-            message = "Environment: %s" % json.dumps(env)
+            message = 'Environment: %s' % json.dumps(env)
             kwargs.pop('exc_info')
             self.error(message, **kwargs)
 
 
 class NovaFormatter(logging.Formatter):
-    """
-    A nova.context.RequestContext aware formatter configured through flags.
+    """A nova.context.RequestContext aware formatter configured through flags.
 
     The flags used to set format strings are: logging_context_foramt_string
     and logging_default_format_string.  You can also specify
@@ -197,10 +194,11 @@ class NovaFormatter(logging.Formatter):
 
     For information about what variables are available for the formatter see:
     http://docs.python.org/library/logging.html#formatter
+
     """
 
     def format(self, record):
-        """Uses contextstring if request_id is set, otherwise default"""
+        """Uses contextstring if request_id is set, otherwise default."""
         if record.__dict__.get('request_id', None):
             self._fmt = FLAGS.logging_context_format_string
         else:
@@ -214,20 +212,21 @@ class NovaFormatter(logging.Formatter):
         return logging.Formatter.format(self, record)
 
     def formatException(self, exc_info, record=None):
-        """Format exception output with FLAGS.logging_exception_prefix"""
+        """Format exception output with FLAGS.logging_exception_prefix."""
         if not record:
             return logging.Formatter.formatException(self, exc_info)
         stringbuffer = cStringIO.StringIO()
         traceback.print_exception(exc_info[0], exc_info[1], exc_info[2],
                                   None, stringbuffer)
-        lines = stringbuffer.getvalue().split("\n")
+        lines = stringbuffer.getvalue().split('\n')
         stringbuffer.close()
         formatted_lines = []
         for line in lines:
             pl = FLAGS.logging_exception_prefix % record.__dict__
-            fl = "%s%s" % (pl, line)
+            fl = '%s%s' % (pl, line)
             formatted_lines.append(fl)
-        return "\n".join(formatted_lines)
+        return '\n'.join(formatted_lines)
+
 
 _formatter = NovaFormatter()
 
@@ -241,7 +240,7 @@ class NovaRootLogger(NovaLogger):
         NovaLogger.__init__(self, name, level)
 
     def setup_from_flags(self):
-        """Setup logger from flags"""
+        """Setup logger from flags."""
         global _filelog
         if FLAGS.use_syslog:
             self.syslog = SysLogHandler(address='/dev/log')
diff --git a/nova/manager.py b/nova/manager.py
index 804a50479..34338ac04 100644
--- a/nova/manager.py
+++ b/nova/manager.py
@@ -16,7 +16,8 @@
 #    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
 #    under the License.
 
-"""
+"""Base Manager class.
+
 Managers are responsible for a certain aspect of the sytem.  It is a logical
 grouping of code relating to a portion of the system.  In general other
 components should be using the manager to make changes to the components that
@@ -49,16 +50,19 @@ Managers will often provide methods for initial setup of a host or periodic
 tasksto a wrapping service.
 
 This module provides Manager, a base class for managers.
+
 """
 
-from nova import utils
 from nova import flags
 from nova import log as logging
+from nova import utils
 from nova.db import base
 from nova.scheduler import api
 
+
 FLAGS = flags.FLAGS
 
+
 LOG = logging.getLogger('nova.manager')
 
 
@@ -70,23 +74,29 @@ class Manager(base.Base):
         super(Manager, self).__init__(db_driver)
 
     def periodic_tasks(self, context=None):
-        """Tasks to be run at a periodic interval"""
+        """Tasks to be run at a periodic interval."""
         pass
 
     def init_host(self):
-        """Do any initialization that needs to be run if this is a standalone
-        service. Child classes should override this method."""
+        """Handle initialization if this is a standalone service.
+
+        Child classes should override this method.
+
+        """
         pass
 
 
 class SchedulerDependentManager(Manager):
     """Periodically send capability updates to the Scheduler services.
-       Services that need to update the Scheduler of their capabilities
-       should derive from this class. Otherwise they can derive from
-       manager.Manager directly. Updates are only sent after
-       update_service_capabilities is called with non-None values."""
 
-    def __init__(self, host=None, db_driver=None, service_name="undefined"):
+    Services that need to update the Scheduler of their capabilities
+    should derive from this class. Otherwise they can derive from
+    manager.Manager directly. Updates are only sent after
+    update_service_capabilities is called with non-None values.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, host=None, db_driver=None, service_name='undefined'):
         self.last_capabilities = None
         self.service_name = service_name
         super(SchedulerDependentManager, self).__init__(host, db_driver)
@@ -96,9 +106,9 @@ class SchedulerDependentManager(Manager):
         self.last_capabilities = capabilities
 
     def periodic_tasks(self, context=None):
-        """Pass data back to the scheduler at a periodic interval"""
+        """Pass data back to the scheduler at a periodic interval."""
         if self.last_capabilities:
-            LOG.debug(_("Notifying Schedulers of capabilities ..."))
+            LOG.debug(_('Notifying Schedulers of capabilities ...'))
             api.update_service_capabilities(context, self.service_name,
                                 self.host, self.last_capabilities)
 
diff --git a/nova/network/api.py b/nova/network/api.py
index c56e3062b..1d8193b28 100644
--- a/nova/network/api.py
+++ b/nova/network/api.py
@@ -51,8 +51,11 @@ class API(base.Base):
                         {"method": "allocate_floating_ip",
                          "args": {"project_id": context.project_id}})
 
-    def release_floating_ip(self, context, address):
+    def release_floating_ip(self, context, address,
+                            affect_auto_assigned=False):
         floating_ip = self.db.floating_ip_get_by_address(context, address)
+        if not affect_auto_assigned and floating_ip.get('auto_assigned'):
+            return
         # NOTE(vish): We don't know which network host should get the ip
         #             when we deallocate, so just send it to any one.  This
         #             will probably need to move into a network supervisor
@@ -62,10 +65,13 @@ class API(base.Base):
                  {"method": "deallocate_floating_ip",
                   "args": {"floating_address": floating_ip['address']}})
 
-    def associate_floating_ip(self, context, floating_ip, fixed_ip):
+    def associate_floating_ip(self, context, floating_ip, fixed_ip,
+                              affect_auto_assigned=False):
         if isinstance(fixed_ip, str) or isinstance(fixed_ip, unicode):
             fixed_ip = self.db.fixed_ip_get_by_address(context, fixed_ip)
         floating_ip = self.db.floating_ip_get_by_address(context, floating_ip)
+        if not affect_auto_assigned and floating_ip.get('auto_assigned'):
+            return
         # Check if the floating ip address is allocated
         if floating_ip['project_id'] is None:
             raise exception.ApiError(_("Address (%s) is not allocated") %
@@ -90,8 +96,11 @@ class API(base.Base):
                   "args": {"floating_address": floating_ip['address'],
                            "fixed_address": fixed_ip['address']}})
 
-    def disassociate_floating_ip(self, context, address):
+    def disassociate_floating_ip(self, context, address,
+                                 affect_auto_assigned=False):
         floating_ip = self.db.floating_ip_get_by_address(context, address)
+        if not affect_auto_assigned and floating_ip.get('auto_assigned'):
+            return
         if not floating_ip.get('fixed_ip'):
             raise exception.ApiError('Address is not associated.')
         # NOTE(vish): Get the topic from the host name of the network of
diff --git a/nova/network/linux_net.py b/nova/network/linux_net.py
index ec5579dee..b50a4b4ea 100644
--- a/nova/network/linux_net.py
+++ b/nova/network/linux_net.py
@@ -56,13 +56,12 @@ flags.DEFINE_string('input_chain', 'INPUT',
                     'chain to add nova_input to')
 flags.DEFINE_integer('dhcp_lease_time', 120,
                      'Lifetime of a DHCP lease')
-
 flags.DEFINE_string('dns_server', None,
                     'if set, uses specific dns server for dnsmasq')
 flags.DEFINE_string('dmz_cidr', '10.128.0.0/24',
                     'dmz range that should be accepted')
-
-
+flags.DEFINE_string('dnsmasq_config_file', "",
+                    'Override the default dnsmasq settings with this file')
 binary_name = os.path.basename(inspect.stack()[-1][1])
 
 
@@ -407,6 +406,10 @@ def ensure_vlan_forward(public_ip, port, private_ip):
                                           "-d %s -p udp "
                                           "--dport %s -j DNAT --to %s:1194" %
                                           (public_ip, port, private_ip))
+    iptables_manager.ipv4['nat'].add_rule("OUTPUT",
+                                          "-d %s -p udp "
+                                          "--dport %s -j DNAT --to %s:1194" %
+                                          (public_ip, port, private_ip))
     iptables_manager.apply()
 
 
@@ -678,7 +681,7 @@ def _dnsmasq_cmd(net):
     cmd = ['sudo', '-E', 'dnsmasq',
            '--strict-order',
            '--bind-interfaces',
-           '--conf-file=',
+           '--conf-file=%s' % FLAGS.dnsmasq_config_file,
            '--domain=%s' % FLAGS.dhcp_domain,
            '--pid-file=%s' % _dhcp_file(net['bridge'], 'pid'),
            '--listen-address=%s' % net['gateway'],
diff --git a/nova/network/vmwareapi_net.py b/nova/network/vmwareapi_net.py
index 93e6584f0..9b2db7b8f 100644
--- a/nova/network/vmwareapi_net.py
+++ b/nova/network/vmwareapi_net.py
@@ -52,16 +52,13 @@ def ensure_vlan_bridge(vlan_num, bridge, net_attrs=None):
     # Check if the vlan_interface physical network adapter exists on the host
     if not network_utils.check_if_vlan_interface_exists(session,
                                                         vlan_interface):
-        raise exception.NotFound(_("There is no physical network adapter with "
-                          "the name %s on the ESX host") % vlan_interface)
+        raise exception.NetworkAdapterNotFound(adapter=vlan_interface)
 
     # Get the vSwitch associated with the Physical Adapter
     vswitch_associated = network_utils.get_vswitch_for_vlan_interface(
                                         session, vlan_interface)
     if vswitch_associated is None:
-        raise exception.NotFound(_("There is no virtual switch associated "
-            "with the physical network adapter with name %s") %
-            vlan_interface)
+        raise exception.SwicthNotFoundForNetworkAdapter(adapter=vlan_interface)
     # Check whether bridge already exists and retrieve the the ref of the
     # network whose name_label is "bridge"
     network_ref = network_utils.get_network_with_the_name(session, bridge)
@@ -75,17 +72,13 @@ def ensure_vlan_bridge(vlan_num, bridge, net_attrs=None):
         pg_vlanid, pg_vswitch = \
             network_utils.get_vlanid_and_vswitch_for_portgroup(session, bridge)
 
-        # Check if the vsiwtch associated is proper
+        # Check if the vswitch associated is proper
         if pg_vswitch != vswitch_associated:
-            raise exception.Invalid(_("vSwitch which contains the port group "
-                            "%(bridge)s is not associated with the desired "
-                            "physical adapter. Expected vSwitch is "
-                            "%(vswitch_associated)s, but the one associated"
-                            " is %(pg_vswitch)s") % locals())
+            raise exception.InvalidVLANPortGroup(bridge=bridge,
+                                                 expected=vswitch_associated,
+                                                 actual=pg_vswitch)
 
         # Check if the vlan id is proper for the port group
         if pg_vlanid != vlan_num:
-            raise exception.Invalid(_("VLAN tag is not appropriate for the "
-                            "port group %(bridge)s. Expected VLAN tag is "
-                            "%(vlan_num)s, but the one associated with the "
-                            "port group is %(pg_vlanid)s") % locals())
+            raise exception.InvalidVLANTag(bridge=bridge, tag=vlan_num,
+                                           pgroup=pg_vlanid)
diff --git a/nova/quota.py b/nova/quota.py
index 2b24c0b5b..d8b5d9a93 100644
--- a/nova/quota.py
+++ b/nova/quota.py
@@ -15,16 +15,15 @@
 #    WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
 #    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
 #    under the License.
-"""
-Quotas for instances, volumes, and floating ips
-"""
+
+"""Quotas for instances, volumes, and floating ips."""
 
 from nova import db
 from nova import exception
 from nova import flags
 
-FLAGS = flags.FLAGS
 
+FLAGS = flags.FLAGS
 flags.DEFINE_integer('quota_instances', 10,
                      'number of instances allowed per project')
 flags.DEFINE_integer('quota_cores', 20,
@@ -64,7 +63,7 @@ def get_quota(context, project_id):
 
 
 def allowed_instances(context, num_instances, instance_type):
-    """Check quota and return min(num_instances, allowed_instances)"""
+    """Check quota and return min(num_instances, allowed_instances)."""
     project_id = context.project_id
     context = context.elevated()
     used_instances, used_cores = db.instance_data_get_for_project(context,
@@ -79,7 +78,7 @@ def allowed_instances(context, num_instances, instance_type):
 
 
 def allowed_volumes(context, num_volumes, size):
-    """Check quota and return min(num_volumes, allowed_volumes)"""
+    """Check quota and return min(num_volumes, allowed_volumes)."""
     project_id = context.project_id
     context = context.elevated()
     used_volumes, used_gigabytes = db.volume_data_get_for_project(context,
@@ -95,7 +94,7 @@ def allowed_volumes(context, num_volumes, size):
 
 
 def allowed_floating_ips(context, num_floating_ips):
-    """Check quota and return min(num_floating_ips, allowed_floating_ips)"""
+    """Check quota and return min(num_floating_ips, allowed_floating_ips)."""
     project_id = context.project_id
     context = context.elevated()
     used_floating_ips = db.floating_ip_count_by_project(context, project_id)
@@ -105,7 +104,7 @@ def allowed_floating_ips(context, num_floating_ips):
 
 
 def allowed_metadata_items(context, num_metadata_items):
-    """Check quota; return min(num_metadata_items,allowed_metadata_items)"""
+    """Check quota; return min(num_metadata_items,allowed_metadata_items)."""
     project_id = context.project_id
     context = context.elevated()
     quota = get_quota(context, project_id)
@@ -114,20 +113,20 @@ def allowed_metadata_items(context, num_metadata_items):
 
 
 def allowed_injected_files(context):
-    """Return the number of injected files allowed"""
+    """Return the number of injected files allowed."""
     return FLAGS.quota_max_injected_files
 
 
 def allowed_injected_file_content_bytes(context):
-    """Return the number of bytes allowed per injected file content"""
+    """Return the number of bytes allowed per injected file content."""
     return FLAGS.quota_max_injected_file_content_bytes
 
 
 def allowed_injected_file_path_bytes(context):
-    """Return the number of bytes allowed in an injected file path"""
+    """Return the number of bytes allowed in an injected file path."""
     return FLAGS.quota_max_injected_file_path_bytes
 
 
 class QuotaError(exception.ApiError):
-    """Quota Exceeeded"""
+    """Quota Exceeeded."""
     pass
diff --git a/nova/rpc.py b/nova/rpc.py
index b610cdf9b..2116f22c3 100644
--- a/nova/rpc.py
+++ b/nova/rpc.py
@@ -16,9 +16,12 @@
 #    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
 #    under the License.
 
-"""
-AMQP-based RPC. Queues have consumers and publishers.
+"""AMQP-based RPC.
+
+Queues have consumers and publishers.
+
 No fan-out support yet.
+
 """
 
 import json
@@ -40,17 +43,19 @@ from nova import log as logging
 from nova import utils
 
 
-FLAGS = flags.FLAGS
 LOG = logging.getLogger('nova.rpc')
 
+
+FLAGS = flags.FLAGS
 flags.DEFINE_integer('rpc_thread_pool_size', 1024, 'Size of RPC thread pool')
 
 
 class Connection(carrot_connection.BrokerConnection):
-    """Connection instance object"""
+    """Connection instance object."""
+
     @classmethod
     def instance(cls, new=True):
-        """Returns the instance"""
+        """Returns the instance."""
         if new or not hasattr(cls, '_instance'):
             params = dict(hostname=FLAGS.rabbit_host,
                           port=FLAGS.rabbit_port,
@@ -71,9 +76,11 @@ class Connection(carrot_connection.BrokerConnection):
 
     @classmethod
     def recreate(cls):
-        """Recreates the connection instance
+        """Recreates the connection instance.
+
+        This is necessary to recover from some network errors/disconnects.
 
-        This is necessary to recover from some network errors/disconnects"""
+        """
         try:
             del cls._instance
         except AttributeError, e:
@@ -84,10 +91,12 @@ class Connection(carrot_connection.BrokerConnection):
 
 
 class Consumer(messaging.Consumer):
-    """Consumer base class
+    """Consumer base class.
+
+    Contains methods for connecting the fetch method to async loops.
 
-    Contains methods for connecting the fetch method to async loops
     """
+
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         for i in xrange(FLAGS.rabbit_max_retries):
             if i > 0:
@@ -100,19 +109,18 @@ class Consumer(messaging.Consumer):
                 fl_host = FLAGS.rabbit_host
                 fl_port = FLAGS.rabbit_port
                 fl_intv = FLAGS.rabbit_retry_interval
-                LOG.error(_("AMQP server on %(fl_host)s:%(fl_port)d is"
-                        " unreachable: %(e)s. Trying again in %(fl_intv)d"
-                        " seconds.")
-                        % locals())
+                LOG.error(_('AMQP server on %(fl_host)s:%(fl_port)d is'
+                            ' unreachable: %(e)s. Trying again in %(fl_intv)d'
+                            ' seconds.') % locals())
                 self.failed_connection = True
         if self.failed_connection:
-            LOG.error(_("Unable to connect to AMQP server "
-                        "after %d tries. Shutting down."),
+            LOG.error(_('Unable to connect to AMQP server '
+                        'after %d tries. Shutting down.'),
                       FLAGS.rabbit_max_retries)
             sys.exit(1)
 
     def fetch(self, no_ack=None, auto_ack=None, enable_callbacks=False):
-        """Wraps the parent fetch with some logic for failed connections"""
+        """Wraps the parent fetch with some logic for failed connection."""
         # TODO(vish): the logic for failed connections and logging should be
         #             refactored into some sort of connection manager object
         try:
@@ -125,14 +133,14 @@ class Consumer(messaging.Consumer):
                 self.declare()
             super(Consumer, self).fetch(no_ack, auto_ack, enable_callbacks)
             if self.failed_connection:
-                LOG.error(_("Reconnected to queue"))
+                LOG.error(_('Reconnected to queue'))
                 self.failed_connection = False
         # NOTE(vish): This is catching all errors because we really don't
         #             want exceptions to be logged 10 times a second if some
         #             persistent failure occurs.
         except Exception, e:  # pylint: disable=W0703
             if not self.failed_connection:
-                LOG.exception(_("Failed to fetch message from queue: %s" % e))
+                LOG.exception(_('Failed to fetch message from queue: %s' % e))
                 self.failed_connection = True
 
     def attach_to_eventlet(self):
@@ -143,8 +151,9 @@ class Consumer(messaging.Consumer):
 
 
 class AdapterConsumer(Consumer):
-    """Calls methods on a proxy object based on method and args"""
-    def __init__(self, connection=None, topic="broadcast", proxy=None):
+    """Calls methods on a proxy object based on method and args."""
+
+    def __init__(self, connection=None, topic='broadcast', proxy=None):
         LOG.debug(_('Initing the Adapter Consumer for %s') % topic)
         self.proxy = proxy
         self.pool = greenpool.GreenPool(FLAGS.rpc_thread_pool_size)
@@ -156,13 +165,14 @@ class AdapterConsumer(Consumer):
 
     @exception.wrap_exception
     def _receive(self, message_data, message):
-        """Magically looks for a method on the proxy object and calls it
+        """Magically looks for a method on the proxy object and calls it.
 
         Message data should be a dictionary with two keys:
             method: string representing the method to call
             args: dictionary of arg: value
 
         Example: {'method': 'echo', 'args': {'value': 42}}
+
         """
         LOG.debug(_('received %s') % message_data)
         msg_id = message_data.pop('_msg_id', None)
@@ -189,22 +199,23 @@ class AdapterConsumer(Consumer):
             if msg_id:
                 msg_reply(msg_id, rval, None)
         except Exception as e:
-            logging.exception("Exception during message handling")
+            logging.exception('Exception during message handling')
             if msg_id:
                 msg_reply(msg_id, None, sys.exc_info())
         return
 
 
 class Publisher(messaging.Publisher):
-    """Publisher base class"""
+    """Publisher base class."""
     pass
 
 
 class TopicAdapterConsumer(AdapterConsumer):
-    """Consumes messages on a specific topic"""
-    exchange_type = "topic"
+    """Consumes messages on a specific topic."""
+
+    exchange_type = 'topic'
 
-    def __init__(self, connection=None, topic="broadcast", proxy=None):
+    def __init__(self, connection=None, topic='broadcast', proxy=None):
         self.queue = topic
         self.routing_key = topic
         self.exchange = FLAGS.control_exchange
@@ -214,27 +225,29 @@ class TopicAdapterConsumer(AdapterConsumer):
 
 
 class FanoutAdapterConsumer(AdapterConsumer):
-    """Consumes messages from a fanout exchange"""
-    exchange_type = "fanout"
+    """Consumes messages from a fanout exchange."""
 
-    def __init__(self, connection=None, topic="broadcast", proxy=None):
-        self.exchange = "%s_fanout" % topic
+    exchange_type = 'fanout'
+
+    def __init__(self, connection=None, topic='broadcast', proxy=None):
+        self.exchange = '%s_fanout' % topic
         self.routing_key = topic
         unique = uuid.uuid4().hex
-        self.queue = "%s_fanout_%s" % (topic, unique)
+        self.queue = '%s_fanout_%s' % (topic, unique)
         self.durable = False
-        LOG.info(_("Created '%(exchange)s' fanout exchange "
-                   "with '%(key)s' routing key"),
-                dict(exchange=self.exchange, key=self.routing_key))
+        LOG.info(_('Created "%(exchange)s" fanout exchange '
+                   'with "%(key)s" routing key'),
+                 dict(exchange=self.exchange, key=self.routing_key))
         super(FanoutAdapterConsumer, self).__init__(connection=connection,
                                     topic=topic, proxy=proxy)
 
 
 class TopicPublisher(Publisher):
-    """Publishes messages on a specific topic"""
-    exchange_type = "topic"
+    """Publishes messages on a specific topic."""
+
+    exchange_type = 'topic'
 
-    def __init__(self, connection=None, topic="broadcast"):
+    def __init__(self, connection=None, topic='broadcast'):
         self.routing_key = topic
         self.exchange = FLAGS.control_exchange
         self.durable = False
@@ -243,20 +256,22 @@ class TopicPublisher(Publisher):
 
 class FanoutPublisher(Publisher):
     """Publishes messages to a fanout exchange."""
-    exchange_type = "fanout"
+
+    exchange_type = 'fanout'
 
     def __init__(self, topic, connection=None):
-        self.exchange = "%s_fanout" % topic
-        self.queue = "%s_fanout" % topic
+        self.exchange = '%s_fanout' % topic
+        self.queue = '%s_fanout' % topic
         self.durable = False
-        LOG.info(_("Creating '%(exchange)s' fanout exchange"),
-                            dict(exchange=self.exchange))
+        LOG.info(_('Creating "%(exchange)s" fanout exchange'),
+                 dict(exchange=self.exchange))
         super(FanoutPublisher, self).__init__(connection=connection)
 
 
 class DirectConsumer(Consumer):
-    """Consumes messages directly on a channel specified by msg_id"""
-    exchange_type = "direct"
+    """Consumes messages directly on a channel specified by msg_id."""
+
+    exchange_type = 'direct'
 
     def __init__(self, connection=None, msg_id=None):
         self.queue = msg_id
@@ -268,8 +283,9 @@ class DirectConsumer(Consumer):
 
 
 class DirectPublisher(Publisher):
-    """Publishes messages directly on a channel specified by msg_id"""
-    exchange_type = "direct"
+    """Publishes messages directly on a channel specified by msg_id."""
+
+    exchange_type = 'direct'
 
     def __init__(self, connection=None, msg_id=None):
         self.routing_key = msg_id
@@ -279,9 +295,9 @@ class DirectPublisher(Publisher):
 
 
 def msg_reply(msg_id, reply=None, failure=None):
-    """Sends a reply or an error on the channel signified by msg_id
+    """Sends a reply or an error on the channel signified by msg_id.
 
-    failure should be a sys.exc_info() tuple.
+    Failure should be a sys.exc_info() tuple.
 
     """
     if failure:
@@ -303,17 +319,20 @@ def msg_reply(msg_id, reply=None, failure=None):
 
 
 class RemoteError(exception.Error):
-    """Signifies that a remote class has raised an exception
+    """Signifies that a remote class has raised an exception.
 
     Containes a string representation of the type of the original exception,
     the value of the original exception, and the traceback.  These are
     sent to the parent as a joined string so printing the exception
-    contains all of the relevent info."""
+    contains all of the relevent info.
+
+    """
+
     def __init__(self, exc_type, value, traceback):
         self.exc_type = exc_type
         self.value = value
         self.traceback = traceback
-        super(RemoteError, self).__init__("%s %s\n%s" % (exc_type,
+        super(RemoteError, self).__init__('%s %s\n%s' % (exc_type,
                                                          value,
                                                          traceback))
 
@@ -339,6 +358,7 @@ def _pack_context(msg, context):
     context out into a bunch of separate keys. If we want to support
     more arguments in rabbit messages, we may want to do the same
     for args at some point.
+
     """
     context = dict([('_context_%s' % key, value)
                    for (key, value) in context.to_dict().iteritems()])
@@ -346,11 +366,11 @@ def _pack_context(msg, context):
 
 
 def call(context, topic, msg):
-    """Sends a message on a topic and wait for a response"""
-    LOG.debug(_("Making asynchronous call on %s ..."), topic)
+    """Sends a message on a topic and wait for a response."""
+    LOG.debug(_('Making asynchronous call on %s ...'), topic)
     msg_id = uuid.uuid4().hex
     msg.update({'_msg_id': msg_id})
-    LOG.debug(_("MSG_ID is %s") % (msg_id))
+    LOG.debug(_('MSG_ID is %s') % (msg_id))
     _pack_context(msg, context)
 
     class WaitMessage(object):
@@ -387,8 +407,8 @@ def call(context, topic, msg):
 
 
 def cast(context, topic, msg):
-    """Sends a message on a topic without waiting for a response"""
-    LOG.debug(_("Making asynchronous cast on %s..."), topic)
+    """Sends a message on a topic without waiting for a response."""
+    LOG.debug(_('Making asynchronous cast on %s...'), topic)
     _pack_context(msg, context)
     conn = Connection.instance()
     publisher = TopicPublisher(connection=conn, topic=topic)
@@ -397,8 +417,8 @@ def cast(context, topic, msg):
 
 
 def fanout_cast(context, topic, msg):
-    """Sends a message on a fanout exchange without waiting for a response"""
-    LOG.debug(_("Making asynchronous fanout cast..."))
+    """Sends a message on a fanout exchange without waiting for a response."""
+    LOG.debug(_('Making asynchronous fanout cast...'))
     _pack_context(msg, context)
     conn = Connection.instance()
     publisher = FanoutPublisher(topic, connection=conn)
@@ -407,14 +427,14 @@ def fanout_cast(context, topic, msg):
 
 
 def generic_response(message_data, message):
-    """Logs a result and exits"""
+    """Logs a result and exits."""
     LOG.debug(_('response %s'), message_data)
     message.ack()
     sys.exit(0)
 
 
 def send_message(topic, message, wait=True):
-    """Sends a message for testing"""
+    """Sends a message for testing."""
     msg_id = uuid.uuid4().hex
     message.update({'_msg_id': msg_id})
     LOG.debug(_('topic is %s'), topic)
@@ -425,14 +445,14 @@ def send_message(topic, message, wait=True):
                                       queue=msg_id,
                                       exchange=msg_id,
                                       auto_delete=True,
-                                      exchange_type="direct",
+                                      exchange_type='direct',
                                       routing_key=msg_id)
         consumer.register_callback(generic_response)
 
     publisher = messaging.Publisher(connection=Connection.instance(),
                                     exchange=FLAGS.control_exchange,
                                     durable=False,
-                                    exchange_type="topic",
+                                    exchange_type='topic',
                                     routing_key=topic)
     publisher.send(message)
     publisher.close()
@@ -441,8 +461,8 @@ def send_message(topic, message, wait=True):
         consumer.wait()
 
 
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    # NOTE(vish): you can send messages from the command line using
-    #             topic and a json sting representing a dictionary
-    #             for the method
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    # You can send messages from the command line using
+    # topic and a json string representing a dictionary
+    # for the method
     send_message(sys.argv[1], json.loads(sys.argv[2]))
diff --git a/nova/scheduler/api.py b/nova/scheduler/api.py
index 6bb3bf3cd..816ae5513 100644
--- a/nova/scheduler/api.py
+++ b/nova/scheduler/api.py
@@ -76,11 +76,9 @@ def zone_update(context, zone_id, data):
     return db.zone_update(context, zone_id, data)
 
 
-def get_zone_capabilities(context, service=None):
-    """Returns a dict of key, value capabilities for this zone,
-       or for a particular class of services running in this zone."""
-    return _call_scheduler('get_zone_capabilities', context=context,
-                          params=dict(service=service))
+def get_zone_capabilities(context):
+    """Returns a dict of key, value capabilities for this zone."""
+    return _call_scheduler('get_zone_capabilities', context=context)
 
 
 def update_service_capabilities(context, service_name, host, capabilities):
diff --git a/nova/scheduler/driver.py b/nova/scheduler/driver.py
index ce05d9f6a..2094e3565 100644
--- a/nova/scheduler/driver.py
+++ b/nova/scheduler/driver.py
@@ -129,15 +129,14 @@ class Scheduler(object):
         if (power_state.RUNNING != instance_ref['state'] or \
            'running' != instance_ref['state_description']):
             ec2_id = instance_ref['hostname']
-            raise exception.Invalid(_('Instance(%s) is not running') % ec2_id)
+            raise exception.InstanceNotRunning(instance_id=ec2_id)
 
         # Checing volume node is running when any volumes are mounted
         # to the instance.
         if len(instance_ref['volumes']) != 0:
             services = db.service_get_all_by_topic(context, 'volume')
             if len(services) < 1 or  not self.service_is_up(services[0]):
-                raise exception.Invalid(_("volume node is not alive"
-                                          "(time synchronize problem?)"))
+                raise exception.VolumeServiceUnavailable()
 
         # Checking src host exists and compute node
         src = instance_ref['host']
@@ -145,8 +144,7 @@ class Scheduler(object):
 
         # Checking src host is alive.
         if not self.service_is_up(services[0]):
-            raise exception.Invalid(_("%s is not alive(time "
-                                      "synchronize problem?)") % src)
+            raise exception.ComputeServiceUnavailable(host=src)
 
     def _live_migration_dest_check(self, context, instance_ref, dest):
         """Live migration check routine (for destination host).
@@ -163,17 +161,15 @@ class Scheduler(object):
 
         # Checking dest host is alive.
         if not self.service_is_up(dservice_ref):
-            raise exception.Invalid(_("%s is not alive(time "
-                                      "synchronize problem?)") % dest)
+            raise exception.ComputeServiceUnavailable(host=dest)
 
         # Checking whether The host where instance is running
         # and dest is not same.
         src = instance_ref['host']
         if dest == src:
             ec2_id = instance_ref['hostname']
-            raise exception.Invalid(_("%(dest)s is where %(ec2_id)s is "
-                                       "running now. choose other host.")
-                                       % locals())
+            raise exception.UnableToMigrateToSelf(instance_id=ec2_id,
+                                                  host=dest)
 
         # Checking dst host still has enough capacities.
         self.assert_compute_node_has_enough_resources(context,
@@ -204,26 +200,20 @@ class Scheduler(object):
             oservice_refs = db.service_get_all_compute_by_host(context,
                                            instance_ref['launched_on'])
         except exception.NotFound:
-            raise exception.Invalid(_("host %s where instance was launched "
-                                      "does not exist.")
-                                       % instance_ref['launched_on'])
+            raise exception.SourceHostUnavailable()
         oservice_ref = oservice_refs[0]['compute_node'][0]
 
         # Checking hypervisor is same.
         orig_hypervisor = oservice_ref['hypervisor_type']
         dest_hypervisor = dservice_ref['hypervisor_type']
         if orig_hypervisor != dest_hypervisor:
-            raise exception.Invalid(_("Different hypervisor type"
-                                      "(%(orig_hypervisor)s->"
-                                      "%(dest_hypervisor)s)')" % locals()))
+            raise exception.InvalidHypervisorType()
 
         # Checkng hypervisor version.
         orig_hypervisor = oservice_ref['hypervisor_version']
         dest_hypervisor = dservice_ref['hypervisor_version']
         if orig_hypervisor > dest_hypervisor:
-            raise exception.Invalid(_("Older hypervisor version"
-                                      "(%(orig_hypervisor)s->"
-                                      "%(dest_hypervisor)s)") % locals())
+            raise exception.DestinationHypervisorTooOld()
 
         # Checking cpuinfo.
         try:
@@ -265,11 +255,9 @@ class Scheduler(object):
         mem_avail = mem_total - mem_used
         mem_inst = instance_ref['memory_mb']
         if mem_avail <= mem_inst:
-            raise exception.NotEmpty(_("Unable to migrate %(ec2_id)s "
-                                       "to destination: %(dest)s "
-                                       "(host:%(mem_avail)s "
-                                       "<= instance:%(mem_inst)s)")
-                                       % locals())
+            reason = _("Unable to migrate %(ec2_id)s to destination: %(dest)s "
+                       "(host:%(mem_avail)s <= instance:%(mem_inst)s)")
+            raise exception.MigrationError(reason=reason % locals())
 
     def mounted_on_same_shared_storage(self, context, instance_ref, dest):
         """Check if the src and dest host mount same shared storage.
diff --git a/nova/scheduler/host_filter.py b/nova/scheduler/host_filter.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..483f3225c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nova/scheduler/host_filter.py
@@ -0,0 +1,288 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2011 Openstack, LLC.
+# All Rights Reserved.
+#
+#    Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may
+#    not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain
+#    a copy of the License at
+#
+#         http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+#    Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+#    distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+#    WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+#    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
+#    under the License.
+
+"""
+Host Filter is a driver mechanism for requesting instance resources.
+Three drivers are included: AllHosts, Flavor & JSON. AllHosts just
+returns the full, unfiltered list of hosts. Flavor is a hard coded
+matching mechanism based on flavor criteria and JSON is an ad-hoc
+filter grammar.
+
+Why JSON? The requests for instances may come in through the
+REST interface from a user or a parent Zone.
+Currently Flavors and/or InstanceTypes are used for
+specifing the type of instance desired. Specific Nova users have
+noted a need for a more expressive way of specifying instances.
+Since we don't want to get into building full DSL this is a simple
+form as an example of how this could be done. In reality, most
+consumers will use the more rigid filters such as FlavorFilter.
+
+Note: These are "required" capability filters. These capabilities
+used must be present or the host will be excluded. The hosts
+returned are then weighed by the Weighted Scheduler. Weights
+can take the more esoteric factors into consideration (such as
+server affinity and customer separation).
+"""
+
+import json
+
+from nova import exception
+from nova import flags
+from nova import log as logging
+from nova import utils
+
+LOG = logging.getLogger('nova.scheduler.host_filter')
+
+FLAGS = flags.FLAGS
+flags.DEFINE_string('default_host_filter_driver',
+                    'nova.scheduler.host_filter.AllHostsFilter',
+                    'Which driver to use for filtering hosts.')
+
+
+class HostFilter(object):
+    """Base class for host filter drivers."""
+
+    def instance_type_to_filter(self, instance_type):
+        """Convert instance_type into a filter for most common use-case."""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def filter_hosts(self, zone_manager, query):
+        """Return a list of hosts that fulfill the filter."""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _full_name(self):
+        """module.classname of the filter driver"""
+        return "%s.%s" % (self.__module__, self.__class__.__name__)
+
+
+class AllHostsFilter(HostFilter):
+    """NOP host filter driver. Returns all hosts in ZoneManager.
+    This essentially does what the old Scheduler+Chance used
+    to give us."""
+
+    def instance_type_to_filter(self, instance_type):
+        """Return anything to prevent base-class from raising
+        exception."""
+        return (self._full_name(), instance_type)
+
+    def filter_hosts(self, zone_manager, query):
+        """Return a list of hosts from ZoneManager list."""
+        return [(host, services)
+               for host, services in zone_manager.service_states.iteritems()]
+
+
+class FlavorFilter(HostFilter):
+    """HostFilter driver hard-coded to work with flavors."""
+
+    def instance_type_to_filter(self, instance_type):
+        """Use instance_type to filter hosts."""
+        return (self._full_name(), instance_type)
+
+    def filter_hosts(self, zone_manager, query):
+        """Return a list of hosts that can create instance_type."""
+        instance_type = query
+        selected_hosts = []
+        for host, services in zone_manager.service_states.iteritems():
+            capabilities = services.get('compute', {})
+            host_ram_mb = capabilities['host_memory_free']
+            disk_bytes = capabilities['disk_available']
+            if host_ram_mb >= instance_type['memory_mb'] and \
+                disk_bytes >= instance_type['local_gb']:
+                    selected_hosts.append((host, capabilities))
+        return selected_hosts
+
+#host entries (currently) are like:
+#    {'host_name-description': 'Default install of XenServer',
+#    'host_hostname': 'xs-mini',
+#    'host_memory_total': 8244539392,
+#    'host_memory_overhead': 184225792,
+#    'host_memory_free': 3868327936,
+#    'host_memory_free_computed': 3840843776},
+#    'host_other-config': {},
+#    'host_ip_address': '192.168.1.109',
+#    'host_cpu_info': {},
+#    'disk_available': 32954957824,
+#    'disk_total': 50394562560,
+#    'disk_used': 17439604736},
+#    'host_uuid': 'cedb9b39-9388-41df-8891-c5c9a0c0fe5f',
+#    'host_name-label': 'xs-mini'}
+
+# instance_type table has:
+#name = Column(String(255), unique=True)
+#memory_mb = Column(Integer)
+#vcpus = Column(Integer)
+#local_gb = Column(Integer)
+#flavorid = Column(Integer, unique=True)
+#swap = Column(Integer, nullable=False, default=0)
+#rxtx_quota = Column(Integer, nullable=False, default=0)
+#rxtx_cap = Column(Integer, nullable=False, default=0)
+
+
+class JsonFilter(HostFilter):
+    """Host Filter driver to allow simple JSON-based grammar for
+       selecting hosts."""
+
+    def _equals(self, args):
+        """First term is == all the other terms."""
+        if len(args) < 2:
+            return False
+        lhs = args[0]
+        for rhs in args[1:]:
+            if lhs != rhs:
+                return False
+        return True
+
+    def _less_than(self, args):
+        """First term is < all the other terms."""
+        if len(args) < 2:
+            return False
+        lhs = args[0]
+        for rhs in args[1:]:
+            if lhs >= rhs:
+                return False
+        return True
+
+    def _greater_than(self, args):
+        """First term is > all the other terms."""
+        if len(args) < 2:
+            return False
+        lhs = args[0]
+        for rhs in args[1:]:
+            if lhs <= rhs:
+                return False
+        return True
+
+    def _in(self, args):
+        """First term is in set of remaining terms"""
+        if len(args) < 2:
+            return False
+        return args[0] in args[1:]
+
+    def _less_than_equal(self, args):
+        """First term is <= all the other terms."""
+        if len(args) < 2:
+            return False
+        lhs = args[0]
+        for rhs in args[1:]:
+            if lhs > rhs:
+                return False
+        return True
+
+    def _greater_than_equal(self, args):
+        """First term is >= all the other terms."""
+        if len(args) < 2:
+            return False
+        lhs = args[0]
+        for rhs in args[1:]:
+            if lhs < rhs:
+                return False
+        return True
+
+    def _not(self, args):
+        """Flip each of the arguments."""
+        if len(args) == 0:
+            return False
+        return [not arg for arg in args]
+
+    def _or(self, args):
+        """True if any arg is True."""
+        return True in args
+
+    def _and(self, args):
+        """True if all args are True."""
+        return False not in args
+
+    commands = {
+        '=': _equals,
+        '<': _less_than,
+        '>': _greater_than,
+        'in': _in,
+        '<=': _less_than_equal,
+        '>=': _greater_than_equal,
+        'not': _not,
+        'or': _or,
+        'and': _and,
+    }
+
+    def instance_type_to_filter(self, instance_type):
+        """Convert instance_type into JSON filter object."""
+        required_ram = instance_type['memory_mb']
+        required_disk = instance_type['local_gb']
+        query = ['and',
+                    ['>=', '$compute.host_memory_free', required_ram],
+                    ['>=', '$compute.disk_available', required_disk]
+                ]
+        return (self._full_name(), json.dumps(query))
+
+    def _parse_string(self, string, host, services):
+        """Strings prefixed with $ are capability lookups in the
+        form '$service.capability[.subcap*]'"""
+        if not string:
+            return None
+        if string[0] != '$':
+            return string
+
+        path = string[1:].split('.')
+        for item in path:
+            services = services.get(item, None)
+            if not services:
+                return None
+        return services
+
+    def _process_filter(self, zone_manager, query, host, services):
+        """Recursively parse the query structure."""
+        if len(query) == 0:
+            return True
+        cmd = query[0]
+        method = self.commands[cmd]  # Let exception fly.
+        cooked_args = []
+        for arg in query[1:]:
+            if isinstance(arg, list):
+                arg = self._process_filter(zone_manager, arg, host, services)
+            elif isinstance(arg, basestring):
+                arg = self._parse_string(arg, host, services)
+            if arg != None:
+                cooked_args.append(arg)
+        result = method(self, cooked_args)
+        return result
+
+    def filter_hosts(self, zone_manager, query):
+        """Return a list of hosts that can fulfill filter."""
+        expanded = json.loads(query)
+        hosts = []
+        for host, services in zone_manager.service_states.iteritems():
+            r = self._process_filter(zone_manager, expanded, host, services)
+            if isinstance(r, list):
+                r = True in r
+            if r:
+                hosts.append((host, services))
+        return hosts
+
+
+DRIVERS = [AllHostsFilter, FlavorFilter, JsonFilter]
+
+
+def choose_driver(driver_name=None):
+    """Since the caller may specify which driver to use we need
+       to have an authoritative list of what is permissible. This
+       function checks the driver name against a predefined set
+       of acceptable drivers."""
+
+    if not driver_name:
+        driver_name = FLAGS.default_host_filter_driver
+    for driver in DRIVERS:
+        if "%s.%s" % (driver.__module__, driver.__name__) == driver_name:
+            return driver()
+    raise exception.SchedulerHostFilterDriverNotFound(driver_name=driver_name)
diff --git a/nova/scheduler/manager.py b/nova/scheduler/manager.py
index 7d62cfc4e..55cd7208b 100644
--- a/nova/scheduler/manager.py
+++ b/nova/scheduler/manager.py
@@ -60,10 +60,9 @@ class SchedulerManager(manager.Manager):
         """Get a list of zones from the ZoneManager."""
         return self.zone_manager.get_zone_list()
 
-    def get_zone_capabilities(self, context=None, service=None):
-        """Get the normalized set of capabilites for this zone,
-           or for a particular service."""
-        return self.zone_manager.get_zone_capabilities(context, service)
+    def get_zone_capabilities(self, context=None):
+        """Get the normalized set of capabilites for this zone."""
+        return self.zone_manager.get_zone_capabilities(context)
 
     def update_service_capabilities(self, context=None, service_name=None,
                                                 host=None, capabilities={}):
diff --git a/nova/scheduler/zone_manager.py b/nova/scheduler/zone_manager.py
index 198f9d4cc..3ddf6f3c3 100644
--- a/nova/scheduler/zone_manager.py
+++ b/nova/scheduler/zone_manager.py
@@ -106,28 +106,26 @@ class ZoneManager(object):
     def __init__(self):
         self.last_zone_db_check = datetime.min
         self.zone_states = {}  # { <zone_id> : ZoneState }
-        self.service_states = {}  # { <service> : { <host> : { cap k : v }}}
+        self.service_states = {}  # { <host> : { <service> : { cap k : v }}}
         self.green_pool = greenpool.GreenPool()
 
     def get_zone_list(self):
         """Return the list of zones we know about."""
         return [zone.to_dict() for zone in self.zone_states.values()]
 
-    def get_zone_capabilities(self, context, service=None):
+    def get_zone_capabilities(self, context):
         """Roll up all the individual host info to generic 'service'
            capabilities. Each capability is aggregated into
            <cap>_min and <cap>_max values."""
-        service_dict = self.service_states
-        if service:
-            service_dict = {service: self.service_states.get(service, {})}
+        hosts_dict = self.service_states
 
         # TODO(sandy) - be smarter about fabricating this structure.
         # But it's likely to change once we understand what the Best-Match
         # code will need better.
         combined = {}  # { <service>_<cap> : (min, max), ... }
-        for service_name, host_dict in service_dict.iteritems():
-            for host, caps_dict in host_dict.iteritems():
-                for cap, value in caps_dict.iteritems():
+        for host, host_dict in hosts_dict.iteritems():
+            for service_name, service_dict in host_dict.iteritems():
+                for cap, value in service_dict.iteritems():
                     key = "%s_%s" % (service_name, cap)
                     min_value, max_value = combined.get(key, (value, value))
                     min_value = min(min_value, value)
@@ -171,6 +169,6 @@ class ZoneManager(object):
         """Update the per-service capabilities based on this notification."""
         logging.debug(_("Received %(service_name)s service update from "
                             "%(host)s: %(capabilities)s") % locals())
-        service_caps = self.service_states.get(service_name, {})
-        service_caps[host] = capabilities
-        self.service_states[service_name] = service_caps
+        service_caps = self.service_states.get(host, {})
+        service_caps[service_name] = capabilities
+        self.service_states[host] = service_caps
diff --git a/nova/service.py b/nova/service.py
index 47c0b96c0..2532b9df2 100644
--- a/nova/service.py
+++ b/nova/service.py
@@ -17,9 +17,7 @@
 #    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
 #    under the License.
 
-"""
-Generic Node baseclass for all workers that run on hosts
-"""
+"""Generic Node baseclass for all workers that run on hosts."""
 
 import inspect
 import os
@@ -30,13 +28,11 @@ from eventlet import event
 from eventlet import greenthread
 from eventlet import greenpool
 
-from sqlalchemy.exc import OperationalError
-
 from nova import context
 from nova import db
 from nova import exception
-from nova import log as logging
 from nova import flags
+from nova import log as logging
 from nova import rpc
 from nova import utils
 from nova import version
@@ -79,7 +75,7 @@ class Service(object):
 
     def start(self):
         vcs_string = version.version_string_with_vcs()
-        logging.audit(_("Starting %(topic)s node (version %(vcs_string)s)"),
+        logging.audit(_('Starting %(topic)s node (version %(vcs_string)s)'),
                       {'topic': self.topic, 'vcs_string': vcs_string})
         self.manager.init_host()
         self.model_disconnected = False
@@ -140,29 +136,24 @@ class Service(object):
         return getattr(manager, key)
 
     @classmethod
-    def create(cls,
-               host=None,
-               binary=None,
-               topic=None,
-               manager=None,
-               report_interval=None,
-               periodic_interval=None):
+    def create(cls, host=None, binary=None, topic=None, manager=None,
+               report_interval=None, periodic_interval=None):
         """Instantiates class and passes back application object.
 
-        Args:
-            host, defaults to FLAGS.host
-            binary, defaults to basename of executable
-            topic, defaults to bin_name - "nova-" part
-            manager, defaults to FLAGS.<topic>_manager
-            report_interval, defaults to FLAGS.report_interval
-            periodic_interval, defaults to FLAGS.periodic_interval
+        :param host: defaults to FLAGS.host
+        :param binary: defaults to basename of executable
+        :param topic: defaults to bin_name - 'nova-' part
+        :param manager: defaults to FLAGS.<topic>_manager
+        :param report_interval: defaults to FLAGS.report_interval
+        :param periodic_interval: defaults to FLAGS.periodic_interval
+
         """
         if not host:
             host = FLAGS.host
         if not binary:
             binary = os.path.basename(inspect.stack()[-1][1])
         if not topic:
-            topic = binary.rpartition("nova-")[2]
+            topic = binary.rpartition('nova-')[2]
         if not manager:
             manager = FLAGS.get('%s_manager' % topic, None)
         if not report_interval:
@@ -175,12 +166,12 @@ class Service(object):
         return service_obj
 
     def kill(self):
-        """Destroy the service object in the datastore"""
+        """Destroy the service object in the datastore."""
         self.stop()
         try:
             db.service_destroy(context.get_admin_context(), self.service_id)
         except exception.NotFound:
-            logging.warn(_("Service killed that has no database entry"))
+            logging.warn(_('Service killed that has no database entry'))
 
     def stop(self):
         for x in self.timers:
@@ -198,7 +189,7 @@ class Service(object):
                 pass
 
     def periodic_tasks(self):
-        """Tasks to be run at a periodic interval"""
+        """Tasks to be run at a periodic interval."""
         self.manager.periodic_tasks(context.get_admin_context())
 
     def report_state(self):
@@ -208,8 +199,8 @@ class Service(object):
             try:
                 service_ref = db.service_get(ctxt, self.service_id)
             except exception.NotFound:
-                logging.debug(_("The service database object disappeared, "
-                                "Recreating it."))
+                logging.debug(_('The service database object disappeared, '
+                                'Recreating it.'))
                 self._create_service_ref(ctxt)
                 service_ref = db.service_get(ctxt, self.service_id)
 
@@ -218,23 +209,24 @@ class Service(object):
                              {'report_count': service_ref['report_count'] + 1})
 
             # TODO(termie): make this pattern be more elegant.
-            if getattr(self, "model_disconnected", False):
+            if getattr(self, 'model_disconnected', False):
                 self.model_disconnected = False
-                logging.error(_("Recovered model server connection!"))
+                logging.error(_('Recovered model server connection!'))
 
         # TODO(vish): this should probably only catch connection errors
         except Exception:  # pylint: disable=W0702
-            if not getattr(self, "model_disconnected", False):
+            if not getattr(self, 'model_disconnected', False):
                 self.model_disconnected = True
-                logging.exception(_("model server went away"))
+                logging.exception(_('model server went away'))
 
 
 class WsgiService(object):
     """Base class for WSGI based services.
 
     For each api you define, you must also define these flags:
-    :<api>_listen:            The address on which to listen
-    :<api>_listen_port:       The port on which to listen
+    :<api>_listen: The address on which to listen
+    :<api>_listen_port: The port on which to listen
+
     """
 
     def __init__(self, conf, apis):
@@ -250,13 +242,14 @@ class WsgiService(object):
 
 
 class ApiService(WsgiService):
-    """Class for our nova-api service"""
+    """Class for our nova-api service."""
+
     @classmethod
     def create(cls, conf=None):
         if not conf:
             conf = wsgi.paste_config_file(FLAGS.api_paste_config)
             if not conf:
-                message = (_("No paste configuration found for: %s"),
+                message = (_('No paste configuration found for: %s'),
                            FLAGS.api_paste_config)
                 raise exception.Error(message)
         api_endpoints = ['ec2', 'osapi']
@@ -280,11 +273,11 @@ def serve(*services):
         FLAGS.ParseNewFlags()
 
     name = '_'.join(x.binary for x in services)
-    logging.debug(_("Serving %s"), name)
-    logging.debug(_("Full set of FLAGS:"))
+    logging.debug(_('Serving %s'), name)
+    logging.debug(_('Full set of FLAGS:'))
     for flag in FLAGS:
         flag_get = FLAGS.get(flag, None)
-        logging.debug("%(flag)s : %(flag_get)s" % locals())
+        logging.debug('%(flag)s : %(flag_get)s' % locals())
 
     for x in services:
         x.start()
@@ -315,20 +308,20 @@ def serve_wsgi(cls, conf=None):
 
 
 def _run_wsgi(paste_config_file, apis):
-    logging.debug(_("Using paste.deploy config at: %s"), paste_config_file)
+    logging.debug(_('Using paste.deploy config at: %s'), paste_config_file)
     apps = []
     for api in apis:
         config = wsgi.load_paste_configuration(paste_config_file, api)
         if config is None:
-            logging.debug(_("No paste configuration for app: %s"), api)
+            logging.debug(_('No paste configuration for app: %s'), api)
             continue
-        logging.debug(_("App Config: %(api)s\n%(config)r") % locals())
-        logging.info(_("Running %s API"), api)
+        logging.debug(_('App Config: %(api)s\n%(config)r') % locals())
+        logging.info(_('Running %s API'), api)
         app = wsgi.load_paste_app(paste_config_file, api)
-        apps.append((app, getattr(FLAGS, "%s_listen_port" % api),
-                     getattr(FLAGS, "%s_listen" % api)))
+        apps.append((app, getattr(FLAGS, '%s_listen_port' % api),
+                     getattr(FLAGS, '%s_listen' % api)))
     if len(apps) == 0:
-        logging.error(_("No known API applications configured in %s."),
+        logging.error(_('No known API applications configured in %s.'),
                       paste_config_file)
         return
 
diff --git a/nova/test.py b/nova/test.py
index 3b608520a..4deb2a175 100644
--- a/nova/test.py
+++ b/nova/test.py
@@ -16,12 +16,12 @@
 #    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
 #    under the License.
 
-"""
-Base classes for our unit tests.
-Allows overriding of flags for use of fakes,
-and some black magic for inline callbacks.
-"""
+"""Base classes for our unit tests.
 
+Allows overriding of flags for use of fakes, and some black magic for
+inline callbacks.
+
+"""
 
 import datetime
 import functools
@@ -52,9 +52,9 @@ flags.DEFINE_bool('fake_tests', True,
 
 
 def skip_if_fake(func):
-    """Decorator that skips a test if running in fake mode"""
+    """Decorator that skips a test if running in fake mode."""
     def _skipper(*args, **kw):
-        """Wrapped skipper function"""
+        """Wrapped skipper function."""
         if FLAGS.fake_tests:
             raise unittest.SkipTest('Test cannot be run in fake mode')
         else:
@@ -63,9 +63,10 @@ def skip_if_fake(func):
 
 
 class TestCase(unittest.TestCase):
-    """Test case base class for all unit tests"""
+    """Test case base class for all unit tests."""
+
     def setUp(self):
-        """Run before each test method to initialize test environment"""
+        """Run before each test method to initialize test environment."""
         super(TestCase, self).setUp()
         # NOTE(vish): We need a better method for creating fixtures for tests
         #             now that we have some required db setup for the system
@@ -86,8 +87,7 @@ class TestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         self._original_flags = FLAGS.FlagValuesDict()
 
     def tearDown(self):
-        """Runs after each test method to finalize/tear down test
-        environment."""
+        """Runs after each test method to tear down test environment."""
         try:
             self.mox.UnsetStubs()
             self.stubs.UnsetAll()
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ class TestCase(unittest.TestCase):
                     pass
 
     def flags(self, **kw):
-        """Override flag variables for a test"""
+        """Override flag variables for a test."""
         for k, v in kw.iteritems():
             if k in self.flag_overrides:
                 self.reset_flags()
@@ -131,7 +131,11 @@ class TestCase(unittest.TestCase):
             setattr(FLAGS, k, v)
 
     def reset_flags(self):
-        """Resets all flag variables for the test.  Runs after each test"""
+        """Resets all flag variables for the test.
+
+        Runs after each test.
+
+        """
         FLAGS.Reset()
         for k, v in self._original_flags.iteritems():
             setattr(FLAGS, k, v)
@@ -158,7 +162,6 @@ class TestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def _monkey_patch_wsgi(self):
         """Allow us to kill servers spawned by wsgi.Server."""
-        # TODO(termie): change these patterns to use functools
         self.original_start = wsgi.Server.start
 
         @functools.wraps(self.original_start)
@@ -189,12 +192,13 @@ class TestCase(unittest.TestCase):
             If you don't care (or don't know) a given value, you can specify
             the string DONTCARE as the value. This will cause that dict-item
             to be skipped.
+
         """
         def raise_assertion(msg):
             d1str = str(d1)
             d2str = str(d2)
-            base_msg = ("Dictionaries do not match. %(msg)s d1: %(d1str)s "
-                        "d2: %(d2str)s" % locals())
+            base_msg = ('Dictionaries do not match. %(msg)s d1: %(d1str)s '
+                        'd2: %(d2str)s' % locals())
             raise AssertionError(base_msg)
 
         d1keys = set(d1.keys())
@@ -202,8 +206,8 @@ class TestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         if d1keys != d2keys:
             d1only = d1keys - d2keys
             d2only = d2keys - d1keys
-            raise_assertion("Keys in d1 and not d2: %(d1only)s. "
-                            "Keys in d2 and not d1: %(d2only)s" % locals())
+            raise_assertion('Keys in d1 and not d2: %(d1only)s. '
+                            'Keys in d2 and not d1: %(d2only)s' % locals())
 
         for key in d1keys:
             d1value = d1[key]
@@ -217,19 +221,19 @@ class TestCase(unittest.TestCase):
                                 "d2['%(key)s']=%(d2value)s" % locals())
 
     def assertDictListMatch(self, L1, L2):
-        """Assert a list of dicts are equivalent"""
+        """Assert a list of dicts are equivalent."""
         def raise_assertion(msg):
             L1str = str(L1)
             L2str = str(L2)
-            base_msg = ("List of dictionaries do not match: %(msg)s "
-                        "L1: %(L1str)s L2: %(L2str)s" % locals())
+            base_msg = ('List of dictionaries do not match: %(msg)s '
+                        'L1: %(L1str)s L2: %(L2str)s' % locals())
             raise AssertionError(base_msg)
 
         L1count = len(L1)
         L2count = len(L2)
         if L1count != L2count:
-            raise_assertion("Length mismatch: len(L1)=%(L1count)d != "
-                            "len(L2)=%(L2count)d" % locals())
+            raise_assertion('Length mismatch: len(L1)=%(L1count)d != '
+                            'len(L2)=%(L2count)d' % locals())
 
         for d1, d2 in zip(L1, L2):
             self.assertDictMatch(d1, d2)
diff --git a/nova/tests/api/openstack/test_flavors.py b/nova/tests/api/openstack/test_flavors.py
index 954d72adf..d1c62e454 100644
--- a/nova/tests/api/openstack/test_flavors.py
+++ b/nova/tests/api/openstack/test_flavors.py
@@ -47,8 +47,8 @@ def return_instance_types(context, num=2):
     return instance_types
 
 
-def return_instance_type_not_found(context, flavorid):
-    raise exception.NotFound()
+def return_instance_type_not_found(context, flavor_id):
+    raise exception.InstanceTypeNotFound(flavor_id=flavor_id)
 
 
 class FlavorsTest(test.TestCase):
diff --git a/nova/tests/api/openstack/test_images.py b/nova/tests/api/openstack/test_images.py
index ae86d0686..2c329f920 100644
--- a/nova/tests/api/openstack/test_images.py
+++ b/nova/tests/api/openstack/test_images.py
@@ -75,6 +75,18 @@ class _BaseImageServiceTests(test.TestCase):
                           self.context,
                           'bad image id')
 
+    def test_create_and_show_non_existing_image_by_name(self):
+        fixture = self._make_fixture('test image')
+        num_images = len(self.service.index(self.context))
+
+        image_id = self.service.create(self.context, fixture)['id']
+
+        self.assertNotEquals(None, image_id)
+        self.assertRaises(exception.ImageNotFound,
+                          self.service.show_by_name,
+                          self.context,
+                          'bad image id')
+
     def test_update(self):
         fixture = self._make_fixture('test image')
         image_id = self.service.create(self.context, fixture)['id']
@@ -538,7 +550,8 @@ class ImageControllerWithGlanceServiceTest(test.TestCase):
         },
         {
             'id': 127,
-            'name': 'killed backup', 'serverId': 42,
+            'name': 'killed backup',
+            'serverId': 42,
             'updated': self.NOW_API_FORMAT,
             'created': self.NOW_API_FORMAT,
             'status': 'FAILED',
@@ -584,7 +597,7 @@ class ImageControllerWithGlanceServiceTest(test.TestCase):
         {
             'id': 124,
             'name': 'queued backup',
-            'serverId': 42,
+            'serverRef': "http://localhost/v1.1/servers/42",
             'updated': self.NOW_API_FORMAT,
             'created': self.NOW_API_FORMAT,
             'status': 'QUEUED',
@@ -606,7 +619,7 @@ class ImageControllerWithGlanceServiceTest(test.TestCase):
         {
             'id': 125,
             'name': 'saving backup',
-            'serverId': 42,
+            'serverRef': "http://localhost/v1.1/servers/42",
             'updated': self.NOW_API_FORMAT,
             'created': self.NOW_API_FORMAT,
             'status': 'SAVING',
@@ -629,7 +642,7 @@ class ImageControllerWithGlanceServiceTest(test.TestCase):
         {
             'id': 126,
             'name': 'active backup',
-            'serverId': 42,
+            'serverRef': "http://localhost/v1.1/servers/42",
             'updated': self.NOW_API_FORMAT,
             'created': self.NOW_API_FORMAT,
             'status': 'ACTIVE',
@@ -650,7 +663,8 @@ class ImageControllerWithGlanceServiceTest(test.TestCase):
         },
         {
             'id': 127,
-            'name': 'killed backup', 'serverId': 42,
+            'name': 'killed backup',
+            'serverRef': "http://localhost/v1.1/servers/42",
             'updated': self.NOW_API_FORMAT,
             'created': self.NOW_API_FORMAT,
             'status': 'FAILED',
diff --git a/nova/tests/api/openstack/test_limits.py b/nova/tests/api/openstack/test_limits.py
index df367005d..45bd4d501 100644
--- a/nova/tests/api/openstack/test_limits.py
+++ b/nova/tests/api/openstack/test_limits.py
@@ -28,15 +28,14 @@ import webob
 from xml.dom.minidom import parseString
 
 from nova.api.openstack import limits
-from nova.api.openstack.limits import Limit
 
 
 TEST_LIMITS = [
-    Limit("GET", "/delayed", "^/delayed", 1, limits.PER_MINUTE),
-    Limit("POST", "*", ".*", 7, limits.PER_MINUTE),
-    Limit("POST", "/servers", "^/servers", 3, limits.PER_MINUTE),
-    Limit("PUT", "*", "", 10, limits.PER_MINUTE),
-    Limit("PUT", "/servers", "^/servers", 5, limits.PER_MINUTE),
+    limits.Limit("GET", "/delayed", "^/delayed", 1, limits.PER_MINUTE),
+    limits.Limit("POST", "*", ".*", 7, limits.PER_MINUTE),
+    limits.Limit("POST", "/servers", "^/servers", 3, limits.PER_MINUTE),
+    limits.Limit("PUT", "*", "", 10, limits.PER_MINUTE),
+    limits.Limit("PUT", "/servers", "^/servers", 5, limits.PER_MINUTE),
 ]
 
 
@@ -58,15 +57,15 @@ class BaseLimitTestSuite(unittest.TestCase):
         return self.time
 
 
-class LimitsControllerTest(BaseLimitTestSuite):
+class LimitsControllerV10Test(BaseLimitTestSuite):
     """
-    Tests for `limits.LimitsController` class.
+    Tests for `limits.LimitsControllerV10` class.
     """
 
     def setUp(self):
         """Run before each test."""
         BaseLimitTestSuite.setUp(self)
-        self.controller = limits.LimitsController()
+        self.controller = limits.LimitsControllerV10()
 
     def _get_index_request(self, accept_header="application/json"):
         """Helper to set routing arguments."""
@@ -81,8 +80,8 @@ class LimitsControllerTest(BaseLimitTestSuite):
     def _populate_limits(self, request):
         """Put limit info into a request."""
         _limits = [
-            Limit("GET", "*", ".*", 10, 60).display(),
-            Limit("POST", "*", ".*", 5, 60 * 60).display(),
+            limits.Limit("GET", "*", ".*", 10, 60).display(),
+            limits.Limit("POST", "*", ".*", 5, 60 * 60).display(),
         ]
         request.environ["nova.limits"] = _limits
         return request
@@ -171,6 +170,100 @@ class LimitsControllerTest(BaseLimitTestSuite):
         self.assertEqual(expected.toxml(), body.toxml())
 
 
+class LimitsControllerV11Test(BaseLimitTestSuite):
+    """
+    Tests for `limits.LimitsControllerV11` class.
+    """
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        """Run before each test."""
+        BaseLimitTestSuite.setUp(self)
+        self.controller = limits.LimitsControllerV11()
+
+    def _get_index_request(self, accept_header="application/json"):
+        """Helper to set routing arguments."""
+        request = webob.Request.blank("/")
+        request.accept = accept_header
+        request.environ["wsgiorg.routing_args"] = (None, {
+            "action": "index",
+            "controller": "",
+        })
+        return request
+
+    def _populate_limits(self, request):
+        """Put limit info into a request."""
+        _limits = [
+            limits.Limit("GET", "*", ".*", 10, 60).display(),
+            limits.Limit("POST", "*", ".*", 5, 60 * 60).display(),
+            limits.Limit("GET", "changes-since*", "changes-since",
+                         5, 60).display(),
+        ]
+        request.environ["nova.limits"] = _limits
+        return request
+
+    def test_empty_index_json(self):
+        """Test getting empty limit details in JSON."""
+        request = self._get_index_request()
+        response = request.get_response(self.controller)
+        expected = {
+            "limits": {
+                "rate": [],
+                "absolute": {},
+            },
+        }
+        body = json.loads(response.body)
+        self.assertEqual(expected, body)
+
+    def test_index_json(self):
+        """Test getting limit details in JSON."""
+        request = self._get_index_request()
+        request = self._populate_limits(request)
+        response = request.get_response(self.controller)
+        expected = {
+            "limits": {
+                "rate": [
+                    {
+                        "regex": ".*",
+                        "uri": "*",
+                        "limit": [
+                            {
+                                "verb": "GET",
+                                "next-available": 0,
+                                "unit": "MINUTE",
+                                "value": 10,
+                                "remaining": 10,
+                            },
+                            {
+                                "verb": "POST",
+                                "next-available": 0,
+                                "unit": "HOUR",
+                                "value": 5,
+                                "remaining": 5,
+                            },
+                        ],
+                    },
+                    {
+                        "regex": "changes-since",
+                        "uri": "changes-since*",
+                        "limit": [
+                            {
+                                "verb": "GET",
+                                "next-available": 0,
+                                "unit": "MINUTE",
+                                "value": 5,
+                                "remaining": 5,
+                            },
+                        ],
+                    },
+
+                ],
+                "absolute": {},
+            },
+        }
+        body = json.loads(response.body)
+        self.assertEqual(expected, body)
+
+
 class LimitMiddlewareTest(BaseLimitTestSuite):
     """
     Tests for the `limits.RateLimitingMiddleware` class.
@@ -185,7 +278,7 @@ class LimitMiddlewareTest(BaseLimitTestSuite):
         """Prepare middleware for use through fake WSGI app."""
         BaseLimitTestSuite.setUp(self)
         _limits = [
-            Limit("GET", "*", ".*", 1, 60),
+            limits.Limit("GET", "*", ".*", 1, 60),
         ]
         self.app = limits.RateLimitingMiddleware(self._empty_app, _limits)
 
@@ -238,7 +331,7 @@ class LimitTest(BaseLimitTestSuite):
 
     def test_GET_no_delay(self):
         """Test a limit handles 1 GET per second."""
-        limit = Limit("GET", "*", ".*", 1, 1)
+        limit = limits.Limit("GET", "*", ".*", 1, 1)
         delay = limit("GET", "/anything")
         self.assertEqual(None, delay)
         self.assertEqual(0, limit.next_request)
@@ -246,7 +339,7 @@ class LimitTest(BaseLimitTestSuite):
 
     def test_GET_delay(self):
         """Test two calls to 1 GET per second limit."""
-        limit = Limit("GET", "*", ".*", 1, 1)
+        limit = limits.Limit("GET", "*", ".*", 1, 1)
         delay = limit("GET", "/anything")
         self.assertEqual(None, delay)
 
diff --git a/nova/tests/api/openstack/test_server_metadata.py b/nova/tests/api/openstack/test_server_metadata.py
index 680ff3e2c..c4d1d4fd8 100644
--- a/nova/tests/api/openstack/test_server_metadata.py
+++ b/nova/tests/api/openstack/test_server_metadata.py
@@ -21,11 +21,19 @@ import unittest
 import webob
 
 
+from nova import flags
 from nova.api import openstack
 from nova.tests.api.openstack import fakes
 import nova.wsgi
 
 
+FLAGS = flags.FLAGS
+
+
+def return_create_instance_metadata_max(context, server_id, metadata):
+    return stub_max_server_metadata()
+
+
 def return_create_instance_metadata(context, server_id, metadata):
     return stub_server_metadata()
 
@@ -52,6 +60,13 @@ def stub_server_metadata():
     return metadata
 
 
+def stub_max_server_metadata():
+    metadata = {"metadata": {}}
+    for num in range(FLAGS.quota_metadata_items):
+        metadata['metadata']['key%i' % num] = "blah"
+    return metadata
+
+
 class ServerMetaDataTest(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def setUp(self):
@@ -68,7 +83,7 @@ class ServerMetaDataTest(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_index(self):
         self.stubs.Set(nova.db.api, 'instance_metadata_get',
-                        return_server_metadata)
+                       return_server_metadata)
         req = webob.Request.blank('/v1.1/servers/1/meta')
         req.environ['api.version'] = '1.1'
         res = req.get_response(fakes.wsgi_app())
@@ -78,7 +93,7 @@ class ServerMetaDataTest(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_index_no_data(self):
         self.stubs.Set(nova.db.api, 'instance_metadata_get',
-                        return_empty_server_metadata)
+                       return_empty_server_metadata)
         req = webob.Request.blank('/v1.1/servers/1/meta')
         req.environ['api.version'] = '1.1'
         res = req.get_response(fakes.wsgi_app())
@@ -88,7 +103,7 @@ class ServerMetaDataTest(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_show(self):
         self.stubs.Set(nova.db.api, 'instance_metadata_get',
-                        return_server_metadata)
+                       return_server_metadata)
         req = webob.Request.blank('/v1.1/servers/1/meta/key5')
         req.environ['api.version'] = '1.1'
         res = req.get_response(fakes.wsgi_app())
@@ -98,7 +113,7 @@ class ServerMetaDataTest(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_show_meta_not_found(self):
         self.stubs.Set(nova.db.api, 'instance_metadata_get',
-                        return_empty_server_metadata)
+                       return_empty_server_metadata)
         req = webob.Request.blank('/v1.1/servers/1/meta/key6')
         req.environ['api.version'] = '1.1'
         res = req.get_response(fakes.wsgi_app())
@@ -107,7 +122,7 @@ class ServerMetaDataTest(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_delete(self):
         self.stubs.Set(nova.db.api, 'instance_metadata_delete',
-                        delete_server_metadata)
+                       delete_server_metadata)
         req = webob.Request.blank('/v1.1/servers/1/meta/key5')
         req.environ['api.version'] = '1.1'
         req.method = 'DELETE'
@@ -116,7 +131,7 @@ class ServerMetaDataTest(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_create(self):
         self.stubs.Set(nova.db.api, 'instance_metadata_update_or_create',
-                        return_create_instance_metadata)
+                       return_create_instance_metadata)
         req = webob.Request.blank('/v1.1/servers/1/meta')
         req.environ['api.version'] = '1.1'
         req.method = 'POST'
@@ -129,7 +144,7 @@ class ServerMetaDataTest(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_update_item(self):
         self.stubs.Set(nova.db.api, 'instance_metadata_update_or_create',
-                        return_create_instance_metadata)
+                       return_create_instance_metadata)
         req = webob.Request.blank('/v1.1/servers/1/meta/key1')
         req.environ['api.version'] = '1.1'
         req.method = 'PUT'
@@ -142,7 +157,7 @@ class ServerMetaDataTest(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_update_item_too_many_keys(self):
         self.stubs.Set(nova.db.api, 'instance_metadata_update_or_create',
-                        return_create_instance_metadata)
+                       return_create_instance_metadata)
         req = webob.Request.blank('/v1.1/servers/1/meta/key1')
         req.environ['api.version'] = '1.1'
         req.method = 'PUT'
@@ -153,7 +168,7 @@ class ServerMetaDataTest(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_update_item_body_uri_mismatch(self):
         self.stubs.Set(nova.db.api, 'instance_metadata_update_or_create',
-                        return_create_instance_metadata)
+                       return_create_instance_metadata)
         req = webob.Request.blank('/v1.1/servers/1/meta/bad')
         req.environ['api.version'] = '1.1'
         req.method = 'PUT'
@@ -161,3 +176,29 @@ class ServerMetaDataTest(unittest.TestCase):
         req.headers["content-type"] = "application/json"
         res = req.get_response(fakes.wsgi_app())
         self.assertEqual(400, res.status_int)
+
+    def test_too_many_metadata_items_on_create(self):
+        self.stubs.Set(nova.db.api, 'instance_metadata_update_or_create',
+                       return_create_instance_metadata)
+        data = {"metadata": {}}
+        for num in range(FLAGS.quota_metadata_items + 1):
+            data['metadata']['key%i' % num] = "blah"
+        json_string = str(data).replace("\'", "\"")
+        req = webob.Request.blank('/v1.1/servers/1/meta')
+        req.environ['api.version'] = '1.1'
+        req.method = 'POST'
+        req.body = json_string
+        req.headers["content-type"] = "application/json"
+        res = req.get_response(fakes.wsgi_app())
+        self.assertEqual(400, res.status_int)
+
+    def test_to_many_metadata_items_on_update_item(self):
+        self.stubs.Set(nova.db.api, 'instance_metadata_update_or_create',
+                       return_create_instance_metadata_max)
+        req = webob.Request.blank('/v1.1/servers/1/meta/key1')
+        req.environ['api.version'] = '1.1'
+        req.method = 'PUT'
+        req.body = '{"a new key": "a new value"}'
+        req.headers["content-type"] = "application/json"
+        res = req.get_response(fakes.wsgi_app())
+        self.assertEqual(400, res.status_int)
diff --git a/nova/tests/api/openstack/test_servers.py b/nova/tests/api/openstack/test_servers.py
index 556046e9d..89edece42 100644
--- a/nova/tests/api/openstack/test_servers.py
+++ b/nova/tests/api/openstack/test_servers.py
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ import nova.api.openstack
 from nova.api.openstack import servers
 import nova.compute.api
 from nova.compute import instance_types
+from nova.compute import power_state
 import nova.db.api
 from nova.db.sqlalchemy.models import Instance
 from nova.db.sqlalchemy.models import InstanceMetadata
@@ -56,6 +57,12 @@ def return_server_with_addresses(private, public):
     return _return_server
 
 
+def return_server_with_power_state(power_state):
+    def _return_server(context, id):
+        return stub_instance(id, power_state=power_state)
+    return _return_server
+
+
 def return_servers(context, user_id=1):
     return [stub_instance(i, user_id) for i in xrange(5)]
 
@@ -73,7 +80,7 @@ def instance_address(context, instance_id):
 
 
 def stub_instance(id, user_id=1, private_address=None, public_addresses=None,
-                  host=None):
+                  host=None, power_state=0):
     metadata = []
     metadata.append(InstanceMetadata(key='seq', value=id))
 
@@ -96,7 +103,7 @@ def stub_instance(id, user_id=1, private_address=None, public_addresses=None,
         "launch_index": 0,
         "key_name": "",
         "key_data": "",
-        "state": 0,
+        "state": power_state,
         "state_description": "",
         "memory_mb": 0,
         "vcpus": 0,
@@ -127,6 +134,10 @@ def fake_compute_api(cls, req, id):
     return True
 
 
+def find_host(self, context, instance_id):
+    return "nova"
+
+
 class ServersTest(test.TestCase):
 
     def setUp(self):
@@ -466,6 +477,7 @@ class ServersTest(test.TestCase):
             "_get_kernel_ramdisk_from_image", kernel_ramdisk_mapping)
         self.stubs.Set(nova.api.openstack.common,
             "get_image_id_from_image_hash", image_id_from_hash)
+        self.stubs.Set(nova.compute.api.API, "_find_host", find_host)
 
     def _test_create_instance_helper(self):
         self._setup_for_create_instance()
@@ -613,6 +625,33 @@ class ServersTest(test.TestCase):
         res = req.get_response(fakes.wsgi_app())
         self.assertEqual(res.status_int, 400)
 
+    def test_create_instance_v11_local_href(self):
+        self._setup_for_create_instance()
+
+        imageRef = 'http://localhost/v1.1/images/2'
+        imageRefLocal = '2'
+        flavorRef = 'http://localhost/v1.1/flavors/3'
+        body = {
+            'server': {
+                'name': 'server_test',
+                'imageRef': imageRefLocal,
+                'flavorRef': flavorRef,
+            },
+        }
+
+        req = webob.Request.blank('/v1.1/servers')
+        req.method = 'POST'
+        req.body = json.dumps(body)
+        req.headers["content-type"] = "application/json"
+
+        res = req.get_response(fakes.wsgi_app())
+
+        server = json.loads(res.body)['server']
+        self.assertEqual(1, server['id'])
+        self.assertEqual(flavorRef, server['flavorRef'])
+        self.assertEqual(imageRef, server['imageRef'])
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_int, 200)
+
     def test_create_instance_with_admin_pass_v10(self):
         self._setup_for_create_instance()
 
@@ -733,6 +772,7 @@ class ServersTest(test.TestCase):
 
         self.stubs.Set(nova.db.api, 'instance_update',
             server_update)
+        self.stubs.Set(nova.compute.api.API, "_find_host", find_host)
 
         req = webob.Request.blank('/v1.0/servers/1')
         req.method = 'PUT'
@@ -1024,15 +1064,175 @@ class ServersTest(test.TestCase):
         req.body = json.dumps(body)
         res = req.get_response(fakes.wsgi_app())
 
-    def test_server_rebuild(self):
-        body = dict(server=dict(
-            name='server_test', imageId=2, flavorId=2, metadata={},
-            personality={}))
+    def test_server_rebuild_accepted(self):
+        body = {
+            "rebuild": {
+                "imageId": 2,
+            },
+        }
+
+        req = webob.Request.blank('/v1.0/servers/1/action')
+        req.method = 'POST'
+        req.content_type = 'application/json'
+        req.body = json.dumps(body)
+
+        res = req.get_response(fakes.wsgi_app())
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_int, 202)
+        self.assertEqual(res.body, "")
+
+    def test_server_rebuild_rejected_when_building(self):
+        body = {
+            "rebuild": {
+                "imageId": 2,
+            },
+        }
+
+        state = power_state.BUILDING
+        new_return_server = return_server_with_power_state(state)
+        self.stubs.Set(nova.db.api, 'instance_get', new_return_server)
+
+        req = webob.Request.blank('/v1.0/servers/1/action')
+        req.method = 'POST'
+        req.content_type = 'application/json'
+        req.body = json.dumps(body)
+
+        res = req.get_response(fakes.wsgi_app())
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_int, 409)
+
+    def test_server_rebuild_bad_entity(self):
+        body = {
+            "rebuild": {
+            },
+        }
+
         req = webob.Request.blank('/v1.0/servers/1/action')
         req.method = 'POST'
         req.content_type = 'application/json'
         req.body = json.dumps(body)
+
+        res = req.get_response(fakes.wsgi_app())
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_int, 400)
+
+    def test_server_rebuild_accepted_minimum_v11(self):
+        body = {
+            "rebuild": {
+                "imageRef": "http://localhost/images/2",
+            },
+        }
+
+        req = webob.Request.blank('/v1.1/servers/1/action')
+        req.method = 'POST'
+        req.content_type = 'application/json'
+        req.body = json.dumps(body)
+
+        res = req.get_response(fakes.wsgi_app())
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_int, 202)
+
+    def test_server_rebuild_rejected_when_building_v11(self):
+        body = {
+            "rebuild": {
+                "imageRef": "http://localhost/images/2",
+            },
+        }
+
+        state = power_state.BUILDING
+        new_return_server = return_server_with_power_state(state)
+        self.stubs.Set(nova.db.api, 'instance_get', new_return_server)
+
+        req = webob.Request.blank('/v1.1/servers/1/action')
+        req.method = 'POST'
+        req.content_type = 'application/json'
+        req.body = json.dumps(body)
+
+        res = req.get_response(fakes.wsgi_app())
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_int, 409)
+
+    def test_server_rebuild_accepted_with_metadata_v11(self):
+        body = {
+            "rebuild": {
+                "imageRef": "http://localhost/images/2",
+                "metadata": {
+                    "new": "metadata",
+                },
+            },
+        }
+
+        req = webob.Request.blank('/v1.1/servers/1/action')
+        req.method = 'POST'
+        req.content_type = 'application/json'
+        req.body = json.dumps(body)
+
+        res = req.get_response(fakes.wsgi_app())
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_int, 202)
+
+    def test_server_rebuild_accepted_with_bad_metadata_v11(self):
+        body = {
+            "rebuild": {
+                "imageRef": "http://localhost/images/2",
+                "metadata": "stack",
+            },
+        }
+
+        req = webob.Request.blank('/v1.1/servers/1/action')
+        req.method = 'POST'
+        req.content_type = 'application/json'
+        req.body = json.dumps(body)
+
+        res = req.get_response(fakes.wsgi_app())
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_int, 400)
+
+    def test_server_rebuild_bad_entity_v11(self):
+        body = {
+            "rebuild": {
+                "imageId": 2,
+            },
+        }
+
+        req = webob.Request.blank('/v1.1/servers/1/action')
+        req.method = 'POST'
+        req.content_type = 'application/json'
+        req.body = json.dumps(body)
+
+        res = req.get_response(fakes.wsgi_app())
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_int, 400)
+
+    def test_server_rebuild_bad_personality_v11(self):
+        body = {
+            "rebuild": {
+                "imageRef": "http://localhost/images/2",
+                "personality": [{
+                    "path": "/path/to/file",
+                    "contents": "INVALID b64",
+                }]
+            },
+        }
+
+        req = webob.Request.blank('/v1.1/servers/1/action')
+        req.method = 'POST'
+        req.content_type = 'application/json'
+        req.body = json.dumps(body)
+
+        res = req.get_response(fakes.wsgi_app())
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_int, 400)
+
+    def test_server_rebuild_personality_v11(self):
+        body = {
+            "rebuild": {
+                "imageRef": "http://localhost/images/2",
+                "personality": [{
+                    "path": "/path/to/file",
+                    "contents": base64.b64encode("Test String"),
+                }]
+            },
+        }
+
+        req = webob.Request.blank('/v1.1/servers/1/action')
+        req.method = 'POST'
+        req.content_type = 'application/json'
+        req.body = json.dumps(body)
+
         res = req.get_response(fakes.wsgi_app())
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_int, 202)
 
     def test_delete_server_instance(self):
         req = webob.Request.blank('/v1.0/servers/1')
@@ -1155,6 +1355,24 @@ class ServersTest(test.TestCase):
         res = req.get_response(fakes.wsgi_app())
         self.assertEqual(res.status_int, 400)
 
+    def test_shutdown_status(self):
+        new_server = return_server_with_power_state(power_state.SHUTDOWN)
+        self.stubs.Set(nova.db.api, 'instance_get', new_server)
+        req = webob.Request.blank('/v1.0/servers/1')
+        res = req.get_response(fakes.wsgi_app())
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_int, 200)
+        res_dict = json.loads(res.body)
+        self.assertEqual(res_dict['server']['status'], 'SHUTDOWN')
+
+    def test_shutoff_status(self):
+        new_server = return_server_with_power_state(power_state.SHUTOFF)
+        self.stubs.Set(nova.db.api, 'instance_get', new_server)
+        req = webob.Request.blank('/v1.0/servers/1')
+        res = req.get_response(fakes.wsgi_app())
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_int, 200)
+        res_dict = json.loads(res.body)
+        self.assertEqual(res_dict['server']['status'], 'SHUTOFF')
+
 
 class TestServerCreateRequestXMLDeserializer(unittest.TestCase):
 
diff --git a/nova/tests/api/openstack/test_zones.py b/nova/tests/api/openstack/test_zones.py
index a3f191aaa..5d5799b59 100644
--- a/nova/tests/api/openstack/test_zones.py
+++ b/nova/tests/api/openstack/test_zones.py
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ def zone_get_all_db(context):
     ]
 
 
-def zone_capabilities(method, context, params):
+def zone_capabilities(method, context):
     return dict()
 
 
diff --git a/nova/tests/api/test_wsgi.py b/nova/tests/api/test_wsgi.py
index 1ecdd1cfb..5820ecdc2 100644
--- a/nova/tests/api/test_wsgi.py
+++ b/nova/tests/api/test_wsgi.py
@@ -136,6 +136,12 @@ class RequestTest(test.TestCase):
         request.body = "asdf<br />"
         self.assertRaises(webob.exc.HTTPBadRequest, request.get_content_type)
 
+    def test_request_content_type_with_charset(self):
+        request = wsgi.Request.blank('/tests/123')
+        request.headers["Content-Type"] = "application/json; charset=UTF-8"
+        result = request.get_content_type()
+        self.assertEqual(result, "application/json")
+
     def test_content_type_from_accept_xml(self):
         request = wsgi.Request.blank('/tests/123')
         request.headers["Accept"] = "application/xml"
diff --git a/nova/tests/integrated/test_servers.py b/nova/tests/integrated/test_servers.py
index 749ea8955..e89d0100a 100644
--- a/nova/tests/integrated/test_servers.py
+++ b/nova/tests/integrated/test_servers.py
@@ -134,50 +134,50 @@ class ServersTest(integrated_helpers._IntegratedTestBase):
         # Should be gone
         self.assertFalse(found_server)
 
-# TODO(justinsb): Enable this unit test when the metadata bug is fixed
-#    def test_create_server_with_metadata(self):
-#        """Creates a server with metadata"""
-#
-#        # Build the server data gradually, checking errors along the way
-#        server = self._build_minimal_create_server_request()
-#
-#        for metadata_count in range(30):
-#            metadata = {}
-#            for i in range(metadata_count):
-#                metadata['key_%s' % i] = 'value_%s' % i
-#            server['metadata'] = metadata
-#
-#            post = {'server': server}
-#            created_server = self.api.post_server(post)
-#            LOG.debug("created_server: %s" % created_server)
-#            self.assertTrue(created_server['id'])
-#            created_server_id = created_server['id']
-#            # Reenable when bug fixed
-#            # self.assertEqual(metadata, created_server.get('metadata'))
-#
-#            # Check it's there
-#            found_server = self.api.get_server(created_server_id)
-#            self.assertEqual(created_server_id, found_server['id'])
-#            self.assertEqual(metadata, found_server.get('metadata'))
-#
-#            # The server should also be in the all-servers details list
-#            servers = self.api.get_servers(detail=True)
-#            server_map = dict((server['id'], server) for server in servers)
-#            found_server = server_map.get(created_server_id)
-#            self.assertTrue(found_server)
-#            # Details do include metadata
-#            self.assertEqual(metadata, found_server.get('metadata'))
-#
-#            # The server should also be in the all-servers summary list
-#            servers = self.api.get_servers(detail=False)
-#            server_map = dict((server['id'], server) for server in servers)
-#            found_server = server_map.get(created_server_id)
-#            self.assertTrue(found_server)
-#            # Summary should not include metadata
-#            self.assertFalse(found_server.get('metadata'))
-#
-#            # Cleanup
-#            self._delete_server(created_server_id)
+    def test_create_server_with_metadata(self):
+        """Creates a server with metadata."""
+
+        # Build the server data gradually, checking errors along the way
+        server = self._build_minimal_create_server_request()
+
+        metadata = {}
+        for i in range(30):
+            metadata['key_%s' % i] = 'value_%s' % i
+
+        server['metadata'] = metadata
+
+        post = {'server': server}
+        created_server = self.api.post_server(post)
+        LOG.debug("created_server: %s" % created_server)
+        self.assertTrue(created_server['id'])
+        created_server_id = created_server['id']
+
+        # Reenable when bug fixed
+        self.assertEqual(metadata, created_server.get('metadata'))
+        # Check it's there
+
+        found_server = self.api.get_server(created_server_id)
+        self.assertEqual(created_server_id, found_server['id'])
+        self.assertEqual(metadata, found_server.get('metadata'))
+
+        # The server should also be in the all-servers details list
+        servers = self.api.get_servers(detail=True)
+        server_map = dict((server['id'], server) for server in servers)
+        found_server = server_map.get(created_server_id)
+        self.assertTrue(found_server)
+        # Details do include metadata
+        self.assertEqual(metadata, found_server.get('metadata'))
+
+        # The server should also be in the all-servers summary list
+        servers = self.api.get_servers(detail=False)
+        server_map = dict((server['id'], server) for server in servers)
+        found_server = server_map.get(created_server_id)
+        self.assertTrue(found_server)
+        # Summary should not include metadata
+        self.assertFalse(found_server.get('metadata'))
+
+        # Cleanup
+        self._delete_server(created_server_id)
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
diff --git a/nova/tests/test_api.py b/nova/tests/test_api.py
index fa0e56597..97f401b87 100644
--- a/nova/tests/test_api.py
+++ b/nova/tests/test_api.py
@@ -28,10 +28,12 @@ import StringIO
 import webob
 
 from nova import context
+from nova import exception
 from nova import test
 from nova.api import ec2
-from nova.api.ec2 import cloud
 from nova.api.ec2 import apirequest
+from nova.api.ec2 import cloud
+from nova.api.ec2 import ec2utils
 from nova.auth import manager
 
 
@@ -101,6 +103,21 @@ class XmlConversionTestCase(test.TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(conv('-0'), 0)
 
 
+class Ec2utilsTestCase(test.TestCase):
+    def test_ec2_id_to_id(self):
+        self.assertEqual(ec2utils.ec2_id_to_id('i-0000001e'), 30)
+        self.assertEqual(ec2utils.ec2_id_to_id('ami-1d'), 29)
+
+    def test_bad_ec2_id(self):
+        self.assertRaises(exception.InvalidEc2Id,
+                          ec2utils.ec2_id_to_id,
+                          'badone')
+
+    def test_id_to_ec2_id(self):
+        self.assertEqual(ec2utils.id_to_ec2_id(30), 'i-0000001e')
+        self.assertEqual(ec2utils.id_to_ec2_id(29, 'ami-%08x'), 'ami-0000001d')
+
+
 class ApiEc2TestCase(test.TestCase):
     """Unit test for the cloud controller on an EC2 API"""
     def setUp(self):
diff --git a/nova/tests/test_auth.py b/nova/tests/test_auth.py
index f8a1b1564..f02dd94b7 100644
--- a/nova/tests/test_auth.py
+++ b/nova/tests/test_auth.py
@@ -101,9 +101,43 @@ class _AuthManagerBaseTestCase(test.TestCase):
             self.assertEqual('private-party', u.access)
 
     def test_004_signature_is_valid(self):
-        #self.assertTrue(self.manager.authenticate(**boto.generate_url ...? ))
-        pass
-        #raise NotImplementedError
+        with user_generator(self.manager, name='admin', secret='admin',
+                            access='admin'):
+            with project_generator(self.manager, name="admin",
+                                   manager_user='admin'):
+                accesskey = 'admin:admin'
+                expected_result = (self.manager.get_user('admin'),
+                                   self.manager.get_project('admin'))
+                # captured sig and query string using boto 1.9b/euca2ools 1.2
+                sig = 'd67Wzd9Bwz8xid9QU+lzWXcF2Y3tRicYABPJgrqfrwM='
+                auth_params = {'AWSAccessKeyId': 'admin:admin',
+                               'Action': 'DescribeAvailabilityZones',
+                               'SignatureMethod': 'HmacSHA256',
+                               'SignatureVersion': '2',
+                               'Timestamp': '2011-04-22T11:29:29',
+                               'Version': '2009-11-30'}
+                self.assertTrue(expected_result, self.manager.authenticate(
+                        accesskey,
+                        sig,
+                        auth_params,
+                        'GET',
+                        '127.0.0.1:8773',
+                        '/services/Cloud/'))
+                # captured sig and query string using RightAWS 1.10.0
+                sig = 'ECYLU6xdFG0ZqRVhQybPJQNJ5W4B9n8fGs6+/fuGD2c='
+                auth_params = {'AWSAccessKeyId': 'admin:admin',
+                               'Action': 'DescribeAvailabilityZones',
+                               'SignatureMethod': 'HmacSHA256',
+                               'SignatureVersion': '2',
+                               'Timestamp': '2011-04-22T11:29:49.000Z',
+                               'Version': '2008-12-01'}
+                self.assertTrue(expected_result, self.manager.authenticate(
+                        accesskey,
+                        sig,
+                        auth_params,
+                        'GET',
+                        '127.0.0.1',
+                        '/services/Cloud'))
 
     def test_005_can_get_credentials(self):
         return
diff --git a/nova/tests/test_cloud.py b/nova/tests/test_cloud.py
index c45bdd12c..f271c03f2 100644
--- a/nova/tests/test_cloud.py
+++ b/nova/tests/test_cloud.py
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ class CloudTestCase(test.TestCase):
         instance_id = rv['instancesSet'][0]['instanceId']
         output = self.cloud.get_console_output(context=self.context,
                                                instance_id=[instance_id])
-        self.assertEquals(b64decode(output['output']), 'FAKE CONSOLE OUTPUT')
+        self.assertEquals(b64decode(output['output']), 'FAKE CONSOLE?OUTPUT')
         # TODO(soren): We need this until we can stop polling in the rpc code
         #              for unit tests.
         greenthread.sleep(0.3)
diff --git a/nova/tests/test_compute.py b/nova/tests/test_compute.py
index 393110791..55e7ae0c4 100644
--- a/nova/tests/test_compute.py
+++ b/nova/tests/test_compute.py
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ Tests For Compute
 
 import datetime
 import mox
+import stubout
 
 from nova import compute
 from nova import context
@@ -52,6 +53,10 @@ class FakeTime(object):
         self.counter += t
 
 
+def nop_report_driver_status(self):
+    pass
+
+
 class ComputeTestCase(test.TestCase):
     """Test case for compute"""
     def setUp(self):
@@ -649,6 +654,10 @@ class ComputeTestCase(test.TestCase):
 
     def test_run_kill_vm(self):
         """Detect when a vm is terminated behind the scenes"""
+        self.stubs = stubout.StubOutForTesting()
+        self.stubs.Set(compute_manager.ComputeManager,
+                '_report_driver_status', nop_report_driver_status)
+
         instance_id = self._create_instance()
 
         self.compute.run_instance(self.context, instance_id)
diff --git a/nova/tests/test_exception.py b/nova/tests/test_exception.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4d3b9cc73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nova/tests/test_exception.py
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# vim: tabstop=4 shiftwidth=4 softtabstop=4
+
+# Copyright 2010 United States Government as represented by the
+# Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
+# All Rights Reserved.
+#
+#    Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may
+#    not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain
+#    a copy of the License at
+#
+#         http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+#    Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+#    distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+#    WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+#    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
+#    under the License.
+
+from nova import test
+from nova import exception
+
+
+class ApiErrorTestCase(test.TestCase):
+    def test_return_valid_error(self):
+        # without 'code' arg
+        err = exception.ApiError('fake error')
+        self.assertEqual(err.__str__(), 'fake error')
+        self.assertEqual(err.code, None)
+        self.assertEqual(err.msg, 'fake error')
+        # with 'code' arg
+        err = exception.ApiError('fake error', 'blah code')
+        self.assertEqual(err.__str__(), 'blah code: fake error')
+        self.assertEqual(err.code, 'blah code')
+        self.assertEqual(err.msg, 'fake error')
diff --git a/nova/tests/test_host_filter.py b/nova/tests/test_host_filter.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c029d41e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nova/tests/test_host_filter.py
@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+# Copyright 2011 OpenStack LLC.
+# All Rights Reserved.
+#
+#    Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may
+#    not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain
+#    a copy of the License at
+#
+#         http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+#    Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+#    distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+#    WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+#    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
+#    under the License.
+"""
+Tests For Scheduler Host Filter Drivers.
+"""
+
+import json
+
+from nova import exception
+from nova import flags
+from nova import test
+from nova.scheduler import host_filter
+
+FLAGS = flags.FLAGS
+
+
+class FakeZoneManager:
+    pass
+
+
+class HostFilterTestCase(test.TestCase):
+    """Test case for host filter drivers."""
+
+    def _host_caps(self, multiplier):
+        # Returns host capabilities in the following way:
+        # host1 = memory:free 10 (100max)
+        #         disk:available 100 (1000max)
+        # hostN = memory:free 10 + 10N
+        #         disk:available 100 + 100N
+        # in other words: hostN has more resources than host0
+        # which means ... don't go above 10 hosts.
+        return {'host_name-description': 'XenServer %s' % multiplier,
+                'host_hostname': 'xs-%s' % multiplier,
+                'host_memory_total': 100,
+                'host_memory_overhead': 10,
+                'host_memory_free': 10 + multiplier * 10,
+                'host_memory_free-computed': 10 + multiplier * 10,
+                'host_other-config': {},
+                'host_ip_address': '192.168.1.%d' % (100 + multiplier),
+                'host_cpu_info': {},
+                'disk_available': 100 + multiplier * 100,
+                'disk_total': 1000,
+                'disk_used': 0,
+                'host_uuid': 'xxx-%d' % multiplier,
+                'host_name-label': 'xs-%s' % multiplier}
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.old_flag = FLAGS.default_host_filter_driver
+        FLAGS.default_host_filter_driver = \
+                            'nova.scheduler.host_filter.AllHostsFilter'
+        self.instance_type = dict(name='tiny',
+                memory_mb=50,
+                vcpus=10,
+                local_gb=500,
+                flavorid=1,
+                swap=500,
+                rxtx_quota=30000,
+                rxtx_cap=200)
+
+        self.zone_manager = FakeZoneManager()
+        states = {}
+        for x in xrange(10):
+            states['host%02d' % (x + 1)] = {'compute': self._host_caps(x)}
+        self.zone_manager.service_states = states
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        FLAGS.default_host_filter_driver = self.old_flag
+
+    def test_choose_driver(self):
+        # Test default driver ...
+        driver = host_filter.choose_driver()
+        self.assertEquals(driver._full_name(),
+                        'nova.scheduler.host_filter.AllHostsFilter')
+        # Test valid driver ...
+        driver = host_filter.choose_driver(
+                        'nova.scheduler.host_filter.FlavorFilter')
+        self.assertEquals(driver._full_name(),
+                        'nova.scheduler.host_filter.FlavorFilter')
+        # Test invalid driver ...
+        try:
+            host_filter.choose_driver('does not exist')
+            self.fail("Should not find driver")
+        except exception.SchedulerHostFilterDriverNotFound:
+            pass
+
+    def test_all_host_driver(self):
+        driver = host_filter.AllHostsFilter()
+        cooked = driver.instance_type_to_filter(self.instance_type)
+        hosts = driver.filter_hosts(self.zone_manager, cooked)
+        self.assertEquals(10, len(hosts))
+        for host, capabilities in hosts:
+            self.assertTrue(host.startswith('host'))
+
+    def test_flavor_driver(self):
+        driver = host_filter.FlavorFilter()
+        # filter all hosts that can support 50 ram and 500 disk
+        name, cooked = driver.instance_type_to_filter(self.instance_type)
+        self.assertEquals('nova.scheduler.host_filter.FlavorFilter', name)
+        hosts = driver.filter_hosts(self.zone_manager, cooked)
+        self.assertEquals(6, len(hosts))
+        just_hosts = [host for host, caps in hosts]
+        just_hosts.sort()
+        self.assertEquals('host05', just_hosts[0])
+        self.assertEquals('host10', just_hosts[5])
+
+    def test_json_driver(self):
+        driver = host_filter.JsonFilter()
+        # filter all hosts that can support 50 ram and 500 disk
+        name, cooked = driver.instance_type_to_filter(self.instance_type)
+        self.assertEquals('nova.scheduler.host_filter.JsonFilter', name)
+        hosts = driver.filter_hosts(self.zone_manager, cooked)
+        self.assertEquals(6, len(hosts))
+        just_hosts = [host for host, caps in hosts]
+        just_hosts.sort()
+        self.assertEquals('host05', just_hosts[0])
+        self.assertEquals('host10', just_hosts[5])
+
+        # Try some custom queries
+
+        raw = ['or',
+                   ['and',
+                       ['<', '$compute.host_memory_free', 30],
+                       ['<', '$compute.disk_available', 300]
+                   ],
+                   ['and',
+                       ['>', '$compute.host_memory_free', 70],
+                       ['>', '$compute.disk_available', 700]
+                   ]
+              ]
+        cooked = json.dumps(raw)
+        hosts = driver.filter_hosts(self.zone_manager, cooked)
+
+        self.assertEquals(5, len(hosts))
+        just_hosts = [host for host, caps in hosts]
+        just_hosts.sort()
+        for index, host in zip([1, 2, 8, 9, 10], just_hosts):
+            self.assertEquals('host%02d' % index, host)
+
+        raw = ['not',
+                  ['=', '$compute.host_memory_free', 30],
+              ]
+        cooked = json.dumps(raw)
+        hosts = driver.filter_hosts(self.zone_manager, cooked)
+
+        self.assertEquals(9, len(hosts))
+        just_hosts = [host for host, caps in hosts]
+        just_hosts.sort()
+        for index, host in zip([1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10], just_hosts):
+            self.assertEquals('host%02d' % index, host)
+
+        raw = ['in', '$compute.host_memory_free', 20, 40, 60, 80, 100]
+        cooked = json.dumps(raw)
+        hosts = driver.filter_hosts(self.zone_manager, cooked)
+
+        self.assertEquals(5, len(hosts))
+        just_hosts = [host for host, caps in hosts]
+        just_hosts.sort()
+        for index, host in zip([2, 4, 6, 8, 10], just_hosts):
+            self.assertEquals('host%02d' % index, host)
+
+        # Try some bogus input ...
+        raw = ['unknown command', ]
+        cooked = json.dumps(raw)
+        try:
+            driver.filter_hosts(self.zone_manager, cooked)
+            self.fail("Should give KeyError")
+        except KeyError, e:
+            pass
+
+        self.assertTrue(driver.filter_hosts(self.zone_manager, json.dumps([])))
+        self.assertTrue(driver.filter_hosts(self.zone_manager, json.dumps({})))
+        self.assertTrue(driver.filter_hosts(self.zone_manager, json.dumps(
+                ['not', True, False, True, False]
+            )))
+
+        try:
+            driver.filter_hosts(self.zone_manager, json.dumps(
+                'not', True, False, True, False
+            ))
+            self.fail("Should give KeyError")
+        except KeyError, e:
+            pass
+
+        self.assertFalse(driver.filter_hosts(self.zone_manager, json.dumps(
+                ['=', '$foo', 100]
+            )))
+        self.assertFalse(driver.filter_hosts(self.zone_manager, json.dumps(
+                ['=', '$.....', 100]
+            )))
+        self.assertFalse(driver.filter_hosts(self.zone_manager, json.dumps(
+            ['>', ['and', ['or', ['not', ['<', ['>=', ['<=', ['in', ]]]]]]]]
+        )))
+
+        self.assertFalse(driver.filter_hosts(self.zone_manager, json.dumps(
+                ['=', {}, ['>', '$missing....foo']]
+            )))
diff --git a/nova/tests/test_instance_types.py b/nova/tests/test_instance_types.py
index 5d6d5e1f4..ef271518c 100644
--- a/nova/tests/test_instance_types.py
+++ b/nova/tests/test_instance_types.py
@@ -75,16 +75,25 @@ class InstanceTypeTestCase(test.TestCase):
     def test_invalid_create_args_should_fail(self):
         """Ensures that instance type creation fails with invalid args"""
         self.assertRaises(
-                exception.InvalidInputException,
+                exception.InvalidInput,
                 instance_types.create, self.name, 0, 1, 120, self.flavorid)
         self.assertRaises(
-                exception.InvalidInputException,
+                exception.InvalidInput,
                 instance_types.create, self.name, 256, -1, 120, self.flavorid)
         self.assertRaises(
-                exception.InvalidInputException,
+                exception.InvalidInput,
                 instance_types.create, self.name, 256, 1, "aa", self.flavorid)
 
     def test_non_existant_inst_type_shouldnt_delete(self):
         """Ensures that instance type creation fails with invalid args"""
         self.assertRaises(exception.ApiError,
                           instance_types.destroy, "sfsfsdfdfs")
+
+    def test_repeated_inst_types_should_raise_api_error(self):
+        """Ensures that instance duplicates raises ApiError"""
+        new_name = self.name + "dup"
+        instance_types.create(new_name, 256, 1, 120, self.flavorid + 1)
+        instance_types.destroy(new_name)
+        self.assertRaises(
+                exception.ApiError,
+                instance_types.create, new_name, 256, 1, 120, self.flavorid)
diff --git a/nova/tests/test_misc.py b/nova/tests/test_misc.py
index 4e17e1ce0..cf8f4c05e 100644
--- a/nova/tests/test_misc.py
+++ b/nova/tests/test_misc.py
@@ -29,11 +29,12 @@ from nova.utils import parse_mailmap, str_dict_replace
 class ProjectTestCase(test.TestCase):
     def test_authors_up_to_date(self):
         topdir = os.path.normpath(os.path.dirname(__file__) + '/../../')
-        if os.path.exists(os.path.join(topdir, '.bzr')):
-            contributors = set()
-
-            mailmap = parse_mailmap(os.path.join(topdir, '.mailmap'))
+        missing = set()
+        contributors = set()
+        mailmap = parse_mailmap(os.path.join(topdir, '.mailmap'))
+        authors_file = open(os.path.join(topdir, 'Authors'), 'r').read()
 
+        if os.path.exists(os.path.join(topdir, '.bzr')):
             import bzrlib.workingtree
             tree = bzrlib.workingtree.WorkingTree.open(topdir)
             tree.lock_read()
@@ -47,22 +48,36 @@ class ProjectTestCase(test.TestCase):
                     for r in revs:
                         for author in r.get_apparent_authors():
                             email = author.split(' ')[-1]
-                            contributors.add(str_dict_replace(email, mailmap))
+                            contributors.add(str_dict_replace(email,
+                                                              mailmap))
+            finally:
+                tree.unlock()
 
-                authors_file = open(os.path.join(topdir, 'Authors'),
-                                    'r').read()
+        elif os.path.exists(os.path.join(topdir, '.git')):
+            import git
+            repo = git.Repo(topdir)
+            for commit in repo.head.commit.iter_parents():
+                email = commit.author.email
+                if email is None:
+                    email = commit.author.name
+                if 'nova-core' in email:
+                    continue
+                if email.split(' ')[-1] == '<>':
+                    email = email.split(' ')[-2]
+                email = '<' + email + '>'
+                contributors.add(str_dict_replace(email, mailmap))
 
-                missing = set()
-                for contributor in contributors:
-                    if contributor == 'nova-core':
-                        continue
-                    if not contributor in authors_file:
-                        missing.add(contributor)
+        else:
+            return
 
-                self.assertTrue(len(missing) == 0,
-                                '%r not listed in Authors' % missing)
-            finally:
-                tree.unlock()
+        for contributor in contributors:
+            if contributor == 'nova-core':
+                continue
+            if not contributor in authors_file:
+                missing.add(contributor)
+
+        self.assertTrue(len(missing) == 0,
+                        '%r not listed in Authors' % missing)
 
 
 class LockTestCase(test.TestCase):
diff --git a/nova/tests/test_scheduler.py b/nova/tests/test_scheduler.py
index 51d987288..968ef9d6c 100644
--- a/nova/tests/test_scheduler.py
+++ b/nova/tests/test_scheduler.py
@@ -120,12 +120,11 @@ class SchedulerTestCase(test.TestCase):
         dest = 'dummydest'
         ctxt = context.get_admin_context()
 
-        try:
-            scheduler.show_host_resources(ctxt, dest)
-        except exception.NotFound, e:
-            c1 = (e.message.find(_("does not exist or is not a "
-                                   "compute node.")) >= 0)
-        self.assertTrue(c1)
+        self.assertRaises(exception.NotFound, scheduler.show_host_resources,
+                          ctxt, dest)
+        #TODO(bcwaldon): reimplement this functionality
+        #c1 = (e.message.find(_("does not exist or is not a "
+        #                       "compute node.")) >= 0)
 
     def _dic_is_equal(self, dic1, dic2, keys=None):
         """Compares 2 dictionary contents(Helper method)"""
@@ -698,14 +697,10 @@ class SimpleDriverTestCase(test.TestCase):
                'topic': 'volume', 'report_count': 0}
         s_ref = db.service_create(self.context, dic)
 
-        try:
-            self.scheduler.driver.schedule_live_migration(self.context,
-                                                          instance_id,
-                                                          i_ref['host'])
-        except exception.Invalid, e:
-            c = (e.message.find('volume node is not alive') >= 0)
+        self.assertRaises(exception.VolumeServiceUnavailable,
+                          self.scheduler.driver.schedule_live_migration,
+                          self.context, instance_id, i_ref['host'])
 
-        self.assertTrue(c)
         db.instance_destroy(self.context, instance_id)
         db.service_destroy(self.context, s_ref['id'])
         db.volume_destroy(self.context, v_ref['id'])
@@ -718,13 +713,10 @@ class SimpleDriverTestCase(test.TestCase):
         s_ref = self._create_compute_service(created_at=t, updated_at=t,
                                              host=i_ref['host'])
 
-        try:
-            self.scheduler.driver._live_migration_src_check(self.context,
-                                                            i_ref)
-        except exception.Invalid, e:
-            c = (e.message.find('is not alive') >= 0)
+        self.assertRaises(exception.ComputeServiceUnavailable,
+                          self.scheduler.driver._live_migration_src_check,
+                          self.context, i_ref)
 
-        self.assertTrue(c)
         db.instance_destroy(self.context, instance_id)
         db.service_destroy(self.context, s_ref['id'])
 
@@ -749,14 +741,10 @@ class SimpleDriverTestCase(test.TestCase):
         s_ref = self._create_compute_service(created_at=t, updated_at=t,
                                              host=i_ref['host'])
 
-        try:
-            self.scheduler.driver._live_migration_dest_check(self.context,
-                                                             i_ref,
-                                                             i_ref['host'])
-        except exception.Invalid, e:
-            c = (e.message.find('is not alive') >= 0)
+        self.assertRaises(exception.ComputeServiceUnavailable,
+                          self.scheduler.driver._live_migration_dest_check,
+                          self.context, i_ref, i_ref['host'])
 
-        self.assertTrue(c)
         db.instance_destroy(self.context, instance_id)
         db.service_destroy(self.context, s_ref['id'])
 
@@ -766,14 +754,10 @@ class SimpleDriverTestCase(test.TestCase):
         i_ref = db.instance_get(self.context, instance_id)
         s_ref = self._create_compute_service(host=i_ref['host'])
 
-        try:
-            self.scheduler.driver._live_migration_dest_check(self.context,
-                                                             i_ref,
-                                                             i_ref['host'])
-        except exception.Invalid, e:
-            c = (e.message.find('choose other host') >= 0)
+        self.assertRaises(exception.UnableToMigrateToSelf,
+                          self.scheduler.driver._live_migration_dest_check,
+                          self.context, i_ref, i_ref['host'])
 
-        self.assertTrue(c)
         db.instance_destroy(self.context, instance_id)
         db.service_destroy(self.context, s_ref['id'])
 
@@ -784,14 +768,10 @@ class SimpleDriverTestCase(test.TestCase):
         s_ref = self._create_compute_service(host='somewhere',
                                              memory_mb_used=12)
 
-        try:
-            self.scheduler.driver._live_migration_dest_check(self.context,
-                                                             i_ref,
-                                                             'somewhere')
-        except exception.NotEmpty, e:
-            c = (e.message.find('Unable to migrate') >= 0)
+        self.assertRaises(exception.MigrationError,
+                          self.scheduler.driver._live_migration_dest_check,
+                          self.context, i_ref, 'somewhere')
 
-        self.assertTrue(c)
         db.instance_destroy(self.context, instance_id)
         db.service_destroy(self.context, s_ref['id'])
 
@@ -837,14 +817,10 @@ class SimpleDriverTestCase(test.TestCase):
              "args": {'filename': fpath}})
 
         self.mox.ReplayAll()
-        try:
-            self.scheduler.driver._live_migration_common_check(self.context,
-                                                               i_ref,
-                                                               dest)
-        except exception.Invalid, e:
-            c = (e.message.find('does not exist') >= 0)
+        self.assertRaises(exception.SourceHostUnavailable,
+                          self.scheduler.driver._live_migration_common_check,
+                          self.context, i_ref, dest)
 
-        self.assertTrue(c)
         db.instance_destroy(self.context, instance_id)
         db.service_destroy(self.context, s_ref['id'])
 
@@ -865,14 +841,10 @@ class SimpleDriverTestCase(test.TestCase):
         driver.mounted_on_same_shared_storage(mox.IgnoreArg(), i_ref, dest)
 
         self.mox.ReplayAll()
-        try:
-            self.scheduler.driver._live_migration_common_check(self.context,
-                                                               i_ref,
-                                                               dest)
-        except exception.Invalid, e:
-            c = (e.message.find(_('Different hypervisor type')) >= 0)
+        self.assertRaises(exception.InvalidHypervisorType,
+                          self.scheduler.driver._live_migration_common_check,
+                          self.context, i_ref, dest)
 
-        self.assertTrue(c)
         db.instance_destroy(self.context, instance_id)
         db.service_destroy(self.context, s_ref['id'])
         db.service_destroy(self.context, s_ref2['id'])
@@ -895,14 +867,10 @@ class SimpleDriverTestCase(test.TestCase):
         driver.mounted_on_same_shared_storage(mox.IgnoreArg(), i_ref, dest)
 
         self.mox.ReplayAll()
-        try:
-            self.scheduler.driver._live_migration_common_check(self.context,
-                                                               i_ref,
-                                                               dest)
-        except exception.Invalid, e:
-            c = (e.message.find(_('Older hypervisor version')) >= 0)
+        self.assertRaises(exception.DestinationHypervisorTooOld,
+                          self.scheduler.driver._live_migration_common_check,
+                          self.context, i_ref, dest)
 
-        self.assertTrue(c)
         db.instance_destroy(self.context, instance_id)
         db.service_destroy(self.context, s_ref['id'])
         db.service_destroy(self.context, s_ref2['id'])
@@ -968,7 +936,7 @@ class FakeRerouteCompute(api.reroute_compute):
 
 
 def go_boom(self, context, instance):
-    raise exception.InstanceNotFound("boom message", instance)
+    raise exception.InstanceNotFound(instance_id=instance)
 
 
 def found_instance(self, context, instance):
@@ -1017,11 +985,8 @@ class ZoneRedirectTest(test.TestCase):
     def test_routing_flags(self):
         FLAGS.enable_zone_routing = False
         decorator = FakeRerouteCompute("foo")
-        try:
-            result = decorator(go_boom)(None, None, 1)
-            self.assertFail(_("Should have thrown exception."))
-        except exception.InstanceNotFound, e:
-            self.assertEquals(e.message, 'boom message')
+        self.assertRaises(exception.InstanceNotFound, decorator(go_boom),
+                          None, None, 1)
 
     def test_get_collection_context_and_id(self):
         decorator = api.reroute_compute("foo")
diff --git a/nova/tests/test_utils.py b/nova/tests/test_utils.py
index e08d229b0..8f7e83c3e 100644
--- a/nova/tests/test_utils.py
+++ b/nova/tests/test_utils.py
@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@
 import os
 import tempfile
 
+from nova import exception
 from nova import test
 from nova import utils
-from nova import exception
 
 
 class ExecuteTestCase(test.TestCase):
@@ -250,3 +250,28 @@ class GetFromPathTestCase(test.TestCase):
         input = {'a': [1, 2, {'b': 'b_1'}]}
         self.assertEquals([1, 2, {'b': 'b_1'}], f(input, "a"))
         self.assertEquals(['b_1'], f(input, "a/b"))
+
+
+class GenericUtilsTestCase(test.TestCase):
+    def test_parse_server_string(self):
+        result = utils.parse_server_string('::1')
+        self.assertEqual(('::1', ''), result)
+        result = utils.parse_server_string('[::1]:8773')
+        self.assertEqual(('::1', '8773'), result)
+        result = utils.parse_server_string('2001:db8::192.168.1.1')
+        self.assertEqual(('2001:db8::192.168.1.1', ''), result)
+        result = utils.parse_server_string('[2001:db8::192.168.1.1]:8773')
+        self.assertEqual(('2001:db8::192.168.1.1', '8773'), result)
+        result = utils.parse_server_string('192.168.1.1')
+        self.assertEqual(('192.168.1.1', ''), result)
+        result = utils.parse_server_string('192.168.1.2:8773')
+        self.assertEqual(('192.168.1.2', '8773'), result)
+        result = utils.parse_server_string('192.168.1.3')
+        self.assertEqual(('192.168.1.3', ''), result)
+        result = utils.parse_server_string('www.example.com:8443')
+        self.assertEqual(('www.example.com', '8443'), result)
+        result = utils.parse_server_string('www.example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(('www.example.com', ''), result)
+        # error case
+        result = utils.parse_server_string('www.exa:mple.com:8443')
+        self.assertEqual(('', ''), result)
diff --git a/nova/tests/test_virt.py b/nova/tests/test_virt.py
index aeaea91c7..1311ba361 100644
--- a/nova/tests/test_virt.py
+++ b/nova/tests/test_virt.py
@@ -31,9 +31,7 @@ from nova import test
 from nova import utils
 from nova.api.ec2 import cloud
 from nova.auth import manager
-from nova.compute import manager as compute_manager
 from nova.compute import power_state
-from nova.db.sqlalchemy import models
 from nova.virt import libvirt_conn
 
 libvirt = None
@@ -46,6 +44,27 @@ def _concurrency(wait, done, target):
     done.send()
 
 
+def _create_network_info(count=1, ipv6=None):
+    if ipv6 is None:
+        ipv6 = FLAGS.use_ipv6
+    fake = 'fake'
+    fake_ip = '0.0.0.0/0'
+    fake_ip_2 = '0.0.0.1/0'
+    fake_ip_3 = '0.0.0.1/0'
+    network = {'gateway': fake,
+               'gateway_v6': fake,
+               'bridge': fake,
+               'cidr': fake_ip,
+               'cidr_v6': fake_ip}
+    mapping = {'mac': fake,
+               'ips': [{'ip': fake_ip}, {'ip': fake_ip}]}
+    if ipv6:
+        mapping['ip6s'] = [{'ip': fake_ip},
+                           {'ip': fake_ip_2},
+                           {'ip': fake_ip_3}]
+    return [(network, mapping) for x in xrange(0, count)]
+
+
 class CacheConcurrencyTestCase(test.TestCase):
     def setUp(self):
         super(CacheConcurrencyTestCase, self).setUp()
@@ -194,6 +213,37 @@ class LibvirtConnTestCase(test.TestCase):
 
         return db.service_create(context.get_admin_context(), service_ref)
 
+    def test_preparing_xml_info(self):
+        conn = libvirt_conn.LibvirtConnection(True)
+        instance_ref = db.instance_create(self.context, self.test_instance)
+
+        result = conn._prepare_xml_info(instance_ref, False)
+        self.assertFalse(result['nics'])
+
+        result = conn._prepare_xml_info(instance_ref, False,
+                                        _create_network_info())
+        self.assertTrue(len(result['nics']) == 1)
+
+        result = conn._prepare_xml_info(instance_ref, False,
+                                        _create_network_info(2))
+        self.assertTrue(len(result['nics']) == 2)
+
+    def test_get_nic_for_xml_v4(self):
+        conn = libvirt_conn.LibvirtConnection(True)
+        network, mapping = _create_network_info()[0]
+        self.flags(use_ipv6=False)
+        params = conn._get_nic_for_xml(network, mapping)['extra_params']
+        self.assertTrue(params.find('PROJNETV6') == -1)
+        self.assertTrue(params.find('PROJMASKV6') == -1)
+
+    def test_get_nic_for_xml_v6(self):
+        conn = libvirt_conn.LibvirtConnection(True)
+        network, mapping = _create_network_info()[0]
+        self.flags(use_ipv6=True)
+        params = conn._get_nic_for_xml(network, mapping)['extra_params']
+        self.assertTrue(params.find('PROJNETV6') > -1)
+        self.assertTrue(params.find('PROJMASKV6') > -1)
+
     def test_xml_and_uri_no_ramdisk_no_kernel(self):
         instance_data = dict(self.test_instance)
         self._check_xml_and_uri(instance_data,
@@ -229,6 +279,22 @@ class LibvirtConnTestCase(test.TestCase):
         instance_data = dict(self.test_instance)
         self._check_xml_and_container(instance_data)
 
+    def test_multi_nic(self):
+        instance_data = dict(self.test_instance)
+        network_info = _create_network_info(2)
+        conn = libvirt_conn.LibvirtConnection(True)
+        instance_ref = db.instance_create(self.context, instance_data)
+        xml = conn.to_xml(instance_ref, False, network_info)
+        tree = xml_to_tree(xml)
+        interfaces = tree.findall("./devices/interface")
+        self.assertEquals(len(interfaces), 2)
+        parameters = interfaces[0].findall('./filterref/parameter')
+        self.assertEquals(interfaces[0].get('type'), 'bridge')
+        self.assertEquals(parameters[0].get('name'), 'IP')
+        self.assertEquals(parameters[0].get('value'), '0.0.0.0/0')
+        self.assertEquals(parameters[1].get('name'), 'DHCPSERVER')
+        self.assertEquals(parameters[1].get('value'), 'fake')
+
     def _check_xml_and_container(self, instance):
         user_context = context.RequestContext(project=self.project,
                                               user=self.user)
@@ -327,19 +393,13 @@ class LibvirtConnTestCase(test.TestCase):
                     check = (lambda t: t.find('./os/initrd'), None)
                 check_list.append(check)
 
+        parameter = './devices/interface/filterref/parameter'
         common_checks = [
             (lambda t: t.find('.').tag, 'domain'),
-            (lambda t: t.find(
-                './devices/interface/filterref/parameter').get('name'), 'IP'),
-            (lambda t: t.find(
-                './devices/interface/filterref/parameter').get(
-                    'value'), '10.11.12.13'),
-            (lambda t: t.findall(
-                './devices/interface/filterref/parameter')[1].get(
-                    'name'), 'DHCPSERVER'),
-            (lambda t: t.findall(
-                './devices/interface/filterref/parameter')[1].get(
-                    'value'), '10.0.0.1'),
+            (lambda t: t.find(parameter).get('name'), 'IP'),
+            (lambda t: t.find(parameter).get('value'), '10.11.12.13'),
+            (lambda t: t.findall(parameter)[1].get('name'), 'DHCPSERVER'),
+            (lambda t: t.findall(parameter)[1].get('value'), '10.0.0.1'),
             (lambda t: t.find('./devices/serial/source').get(
                 'path').split('/')[1], 'console.log'),
             (lambda t: t.find('./memory').text, '2097152')]
@@ -451,7 +511,7 @@ class LibvirtConnTestCase(test.TestCase):
 
         self.mox.ReplayAll()
         conn = libvirt_conn.LibvirtConnection(False)
-        self.assertRaises(exception.Invalid,
+        self.assertRaises(exception.ComputeServiceUnavailable,
                           conn.update_available_resource,
                           self.context, 'dummy')
 
@@ -549,6 +609,48 @@ class LibvirtConnTestCase(test.TestCase):
         db.volume_destroy(self.context, volume_ref['id'])
         db.instance_destroy(self.context, instance_ref['id'])
 
+    def test_spawn_with_network_info(self):
+        # Skip if non-libvirt environment
+        if not self.lazy_load_library_exists():
+            return
+
+        # Preparing mocks
+        def fake_none(self, instance):
+            return
+
+        self.create_fake_libvirt_mock()
+        instance = db.instance_create(self.context, self.test_instance)
+
+        # Start test
+        self.mox.ReplayAll()
+        conn = libvirt_conn.LibvirtConnection(False)
+        conn.firewall_driver.setattr('setup_basic_filtering', fake_none)
+        conn.firewall_driver.setattr('prepare_instance_filter', fake_none)
+
+        network = db.project_get_network(context.get_admin_context(),
+                                         self.project.id)
+        ip_dict = {'ip': self.test_ip,
+                   'netmask': network['netmask'],
+                   'enabled': '1'}
+        mapping = {'label': network['label'],
+                   'gateway': network['gateway'],
+                   'mac': instance['mac_address'],
+                   'dns': [network['dns']],
+                   'ips': [ip_dict]}
+        network_info = [(network, mapping)]
+
+        try:
+            conn.spawn(instance, network_info)
+        except Exception, e:
+            count = (0 <= e.message.find('Unexpected method call'))
+
+        self.assertTrue(count)
+
+    def test_get_host_ip_addr(self):
+        conn = libvirt_conn.LibvirtConnection(False)
+        ip = conn.get_host_ip_addr()
+        self.assertEquals(ip, FLAGS.my_ip)
+
     def tearDown(self):
         self.manager.delete_project(self.project)
         self.manager.delete_user(self.user)
@@ -614,11 +716,15 @@ class IptablesFirewallTestCase(test.TestCase):
       '# Completed on Tue Jan 18 23:47:56 2011',
     ]
 
+    def _create_instance_ref(self):
+        return db.instance_create(self.context,
+                                  {'user_id': 'fake',
+                                   'project_id': 'fake',
+                                   'mac_address': '56:12:12:12:12:12',
+                                   'instance_type_id': 1})
+
     def test_static_filters(self):
-        instance_ref = db.instance_create(self.context,
-                                          {'user_id': 'fake',
-                                          'project_id': 'fake',
-                                          'mac_address': '56:12:12:12:12:12'})
+        instance_ref = self._create_instance_ref()
         ip = '10.11.12.13'
 
         network_ref = db.project_get_network(self.context,
@@ -729,6 +835,40 @@ class IptablesFirewallTestCase(test.TestCase):
                         "TCP port 80/81 acceptance rule wasn't added")
         db.instance_destroy(admin_ctxt, instance_ref['id'])
 
+    def test_filters_for_instance_with_ip_v6(self):
+        self.flags(use_ipv6=True)
+        network_info = _create_network_info()
+        rulesv4, rulesv6 = self.fw._filters_for_instance("fake", network_info)
+        self.assertEquals(len(rulesv4), 2)
+        self.assertEquals(len(rulesv6), 3)
+
+    def test_filters_for_instance_without_ip_v6(self):
+        self.flags(use_ipv6=False)
+        network_info = _create_network_info()
+        rulesv4, rulesv6 = self.fw._filters_for_instance("fake", network_info)
+        self.assertEquals(len(rulesv4), 2)
+        self.assertEquals(len(rulesv6), 0)
+
+    def multinic_iptables_test(self):
+        ipv4_rules_per_network = 2
+        ipv6_rules_per_network = 3
+        networks_count = 5
+        instance_ref = self._create_instance_ref()
+        network_info = _create_network_info(networks_count)
+        ipv4_len = len(self.fw.iptables.ipv4['filter'].rules)
+        ipv6_len = len(self.fw.iptables.ipv6['filter'].rules)
+        inst_ipv4, inst_ipv6 = self.fw.instance_rules(instance_ref,
+                                                      network_info)
+        self.fw.add_filters_for_instance(instance_ref, network_info)
+        ipv4 = self.fw.iptables.ipv4['filter'].rules
+        ipv6 = self.fw.iptables.ipv6['filter'].rules
+        ipv4_network_rules = len(ipv4) - len(inst_ipv4) - ipv4_len
+        ipv6_network_rules = len(ipv6) - len(inst_ipv6) - ipv6_len
+        self.assertEquals(ipv4_network_rules,
+                          ipv4_rules_per_network * networks_count)
+        self.assertEquals(ipv6_network_rules,
+                          ipv6_rules_per_network * networks_count)
+
 
 class NWFilterTestCase(test.TestCase):
     def setUp(self):
@@ -810,6 +950,28 @@ class NWFilterTestCase(test.TestCase):
 
         return db.security_group_get_by_name(self.context, 'fake', 'testgroup')
 
+    def _create_instance(self):
+        return db.instance_create(self.context,
+                                  {'user_id': 'fake',
+                                   'project_id': 'fake',
+                                   'mac_address': '00:A0:C9:14:C8:29',
+                                   'instance_type_id': 1})
+
+    def _create_instance_type(self, params={}):
+        """Create a test instance"""
+        context = self.context.elevated()
+        inst = {}
+        inst['name'] = 'm1.small'
+        inst['memory_mb'] = '1024'
+        inst['vcpus'] = '1'
+        inst['local_gb'] = '20'
+        inst['flavorid'] = '1'
+        inst['swap'] = '2048'
+        inst['rxtx_quota'] = 100
+        inst['rxtx_cap'] = 200
+        inst.update(params)
+        return db.instance_type_create(context, inst)['id']
+
     def test_creates_base_rule_first(self):
         # These come pre-defined by libvirt
         self.defined_filters = ['no-mac-spoofing',
@@ -838,24 +1000,18 @@ class NWFilterTestCase(test.TestCase):
 
         self.fake_libvirt_connection.nwfilterDefineXML = _filterDefineXMLMock
 
-        instance_ref = db.instance_create(self.context,
-                                          {'user_id': 'fake',
-                                          'project_id': 'fake',
-                                          'mac_address': '00:A0:C9:14:C8:29'})
+        instance_ref = self._create_instance()
         inst_id = instance_ref['id']
 
         ip = '10.11.12.13'
 
-        network_ref = db.project_get_network(self.context,
-                                             'fake')
-
-        fixed_ip = {'address': ip,
-                    'network_id': network_ref['id']}
+        network_ref = db.project_get_network(self.context, 'fake')
+        fixed_ip = {'address': ip, 'network_id': network_ref['id']}
 
         admin_ctxt = context.get_admin_context()
         db.fixed_ip_create(admin_ctxt, fixed_ip)
         db.fixed_ip_update(admin_ctxt, ip, {'allocated': True,
-                                            'instance_id': instance_ref['id']})
+                                            'instance_id': inst_id})
 
         def _ensure_all_called():
             instance_filter = 'nova-instance-%s-%s' % (instance_ref['name'],
@@ -881,3 +1037,11 @@ class NWFilterTestCase(test.TestCase):
         _ensure_all_called()
         self.teardown_security_group()
         db.instance_destroy(admin_ctxt, instance_ref['id'])
+
+    def test_create_network_filters(self):
+        instance_ref = self._create_instance()
+        network_info = _create_network_info(3)
+        result = self.fw._create_network_filters(instance_ref,
+                                                 network_info,
+                                                 "fake")
+        self.assertEquals(len(result), 3)
diff --git a/nova/tests/test_volume.py b/nova/tests/test_volume.py
index e9d8289aa..236d12434 100644
--- a/nova/tests/test_volume.py
+++ b/nova/tests/test_volume.py
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ class VolumeTestCase(test.TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(vol['status'], "available")
 
         self.volume.delete_volume(self.context, volume_id)
-        self.assertRaises(exception.Error,
+        self.assertRaises(exception.VolumeNotFound,
                           db.volume_get,
                           self.context,
                           volume_id)
diff --git a/nova/tests/test_xenapi.py b/nova/tests/test_xenapi.py
index 375480a2e..6072f5455 100644
--- a/nova/tests/test_xenapi.py
+++ b/nova/tests/test_xenapi.py
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 """Test suite for XenAPI."""
 
 import functools
+import json
 import os
 import re
 import stubout
@@ -665,3 +666,52 @@ class XenAPIDetermineDiskImageTestCase(test.TestCase):
         self.fake_instance.image_id = glance_stubs.FakeGlance.IMAGE_VHD
         self.fake_instance.kernel_id = None
         self.assert_disk_type(vm_utils.ImageType.DISK_VHD)
+
+
+class FakeXenApi(object):
+    """Fake XenApi for testing HostState."""
+
+    class FakeSR(object):
+        def get_record(self, ref):
+            return {'virtual_allocation': 10000,
+                    'physical_utilisation': 20000}
+
+    SR = FakeSR()
+
+
+class FakeSession(object):
+    """Fake Session class for HostState testing."""
+
+    def async_call_plugin(self, *args):
+        return None
+
+    def wait_for_task(self, *args):
+        vm = {'total': 10,
+              'overhead': 20,
+              'free': 30,
+              'free-computed': 40}
+        return json.dumps({'host_memory': vm})
+
+    def get_xenapi(self):
+        return FakeXenApi()
+
+
+class HostStateTestCase(test.TestCase):
+    """Tests HostState, which holds metrics from XenServer that get
+    reported back to the Schedulers."""
+
+    def _fake_safe_find_sr(self, session):
+        """None SR ref since we're ignoring it in FakeSR."""
+        return None
+
+    def test_host_state(self):
+        self.stubs = stubout.StubOutForTesting()
+        self.stubs.Set(vm_utils, 'safe_find_sr', self._fake_safe_find_sr)
+        host_state = xenapi_conn.HostState(FakeSession())
+        stats = host_state._stats
+        self.assertEquals(stats['disk_total'], 10000)
+        self.assertEquals(stats['disk_used'], 20000)
+        self.assertEquals(stats['host_memory_total'], 10)
+        self.assertEquals(stats['host_memory_overhead'], 20)
+        self.assertEquals(stats['host_memory_free'], 30)
+        self.assertEquals(stats['host_memory_free_computed'], 40)
diff --git a/nova/tests/test_zones.py b/nova/tests/test_zones.py
index 688dc704d..e132809dc 100644
--- a/nova/tests/test_zones.py
+++ b/nova/tests/test_zones.py
@@ -78,38 +78,32 @@ class ZoneManagerTestCase(test.TestCase):
 
     def test_service_capabilities(self):
         zm = zone_manager.ZoneManager()
-        caps = zm.get_zone_capabilities(self, None)
+        caps = zm.get_zone_capabilities(None)
         self.assertEquals(caps, {})
 
         zm.update_service_capabilities("svc1", "host1", dict(a=1, b=2))
-        caps = zm.get_zone_capabilities(self, None)
+        caps = zm.get_zone_capabilities(None)
         self.assertEquals(caps, dict(svc1_a=(1, 1), svc1_b=(2, 2)))
 
         zm.update_service_capabilities("svc1", "host1", dict(a=2, b=3))
-        caps = zm.get_zone_capabilities(self, None)
+        caps = zm.get_zone_capabilities(None)
         self.assertEquals(caps, dict(svc1_a=(2, 2), svc1_b=(3, 3)))
 
         zm.update_service_capabilities("svc1", "host2", dict(a=20, b=30))
-        caps = zm.get_zone_capabilities(self, None)
+        caps = zm.get_zone_capabilities(None)
         self.assertEquals(caps, dict(svc1_a=(2, 20), svc1_b=(3, 30)))
 
         zm.update_service_capabilities("svc10", "host1", dict(a=99, b=99))
-        caps = zm.get_zone_capabilities(self, None)
+        caps = zm.get_zone_capabilities(None)
         self.assertEquals(caps, dict(svc1_a=(2, 20), svc1_b=(3, 30),
                                      svc10_a=(99, 99), svc10_b=(99, 99)))
 
         zm.update_service_capabilities("svc1", "host3", dict(c=5))
-        caps = zm.get_zone_capabilities(self, None)
+        caps = zm.get_zone_capabilities(None)
         self.assertEquals(caps, dict(svc1_a=(2, 20), svc1_b=(3, 30),
                                      svc1_c=(5, 5), svc10_a=(99, 99),
                                      svc10_b=(99, 99)))
 
-        caps = zm.get_zone_capabilities(self, 'svc1')
-        self.assertEquals(caps, dict(svc1_a=(2, 20), svc1_b=(3, 30),
-                                     svc1_c=(5, 5)))
-        caps = zm.get_zone_capabilities(self, 'svc10')
-        self.assertEquals(caps, dict(svc10_a=(99, 99), svc10_b=(99, 99)))
-
     def test_refresh_from_db_replace_existing(self):
         zm = zone_manager.ZoneManager()
         zone_state = zone_manager.ZoneState()
diff --git a/nova/utils.py b/nova/utils.py
index 76cba1a08..b55e83e5a 100644
--- a/nova/utils.py
+++ b/nova/utils.py
@@ -17,9 +17,7 @@
 #    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
 #    under the License.
 
-"""
-System-level utilities and helper functions.
-"""
+"""Utilities and helper functions."""
 
 import base64
 import datetime
@@ -43,9 +41,8 @@ from eventlet import event
 from eventlet import greenthread
 from eventlet import semaphore
 from eventlet.green import subprocess
-None
+
 from nova import exception
-from nova.exception import ProcessExecutionError
 from nova import flags
 from nova import log as logging
 
@@ -56,18 +53,18 @@ FLAGS = flags.FLAGS
 
 
 def import_class(import_str):
-    """Returns a class from a string including module and class"""
+    """Returns a class from a string including module and class."""
     mod_str, _sep, class_str = import_str.rpartition('.')
     try:
         __import__(mod_str)
         return getattr(sys.modules[mod_str], class_str)
     except (ImportError, ValueError, AttributeError), exc:
         LOG.debug(_('Inner Exception: %s'), exc)
-        raise exception.NotFound(_('Class %s cannot be found') % class_str)
+        raise exception.ClassNotFound(class_name=class_str)
 
 
 def import_object(import_str):
-    """Returns an object including a module or module and class"""
+    """Returns an object including a module or module and class."""
     try:
         __import__(import_str)
         return sys.modules[import_str]
@@ -99,11 +96,12 @@ def vpn_ping(address, port, timeout=0.05, session_id=None):
     cli_id = 64 bit identifier
     ? = unknown, probably flags/padding
     bit 9 was 1 and the rest were 0 in testing
+
     """
     if session_id is None:
         session_id = random.randint(0, 0xffffffffffffffff)
     sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
-    data = struct.pack("!BQxxxxxx", 0x38, session_id)
+    data = struct.pack('!BQxxxxxx', 0x38, session_id)
     sock.sendto(data, (address, port))
     sock.settimeout(timeout)
     try:
@@ -112,7 +110,7 @@ def vpn_ping(address, port, timeout=0.05, session_id=None):
         return False
     finally:
         sock.close()
-    fmt = "!BQxxxxxQxxxx"
+    fmt = '!BQxxxxxQxxxx'
     if len(received) != struct.calcsize(fmt):
         print struct.calcsize(fmt)
         return False
@@ -122,15 +120,8 @@ def vpn_ping(address, port, timeout=0.05, session_id=None):
 
 
 def fetchfile(url, target):
-    LOG.debug(_("Fetching %s") % url)
-#    c = pycurl.Curl()
-#    fp = open(target, "wb")
-#    c.setopt(c.URL, url)
-#    c.setopt(c.WRITEDATA, fp)
-#    c.perform()
-#    c.close()
-#    fp.close()
-    execute("curl", "--fail", url, "-o", target)
+    LOG.debug(_('Fetching %s') % url)
+    execute('curl', '--fail', url, '-o', target)
 
 
 def execute(*cmd, **kwargs):
@@ -147,7 +138,7 @@ def execute(*cmd, **kwargs):
     while attempts > 0:
         attempts -= 1
         try:
-            LOG.debug(_("Running cmd (subprocess): %s"), ' '.join(cmd))
+            LOG.debug(_('Running cmd (subprocess): %s'), ' '.join(cmd))
             env = os.environ.copy()
             if addl_env:
                 env.update(addl_env)
@@ -163,20 +154,21 @@ def execute(*cmd, **kwargs):
                 result = obj.communicate()
             obj.stdin.close()
             if obj.returncode:
-                LOG.debug(_("Result was %s") % obj.returncode)
+                LOG.debug(_('Result was %s') % obj.returncode)
                 if type(check_exit_code) == types.IntType \
                         and obj.returncode != check_exit_code:
                     (stdout, stderr) = result
-                    raise ProcessExecutionError(exit_code=obj.returncode,
-                                                stdout=stdout,
-                                                stderr=stderr,
-                                                cmd=' '.join(cmd))
+                    raise exception.ProcessExecutionError(
+                            exit_code=obj.returncode,
+                            stdout=stdout,
+                            stderr=stderr,
+                            cmd=' '.join(cmd))
             return result
-        except ProcessExecutionError:
+        except exception.ProcessExecutionError:
             if not attempts:
                 raise
             else:
-                LOG.debug(_("%r failed. Retrying."), cmd)
+                LOG.debug(_('%r failed. Retrying.'), cmd)
                 if delay_on_retry:
                     greenthread.sleep(random.randint(20, 200) / 100.0)
         finally:
@@ -188,13 +180,13 @@ def execute(*cmd, **kwargs):
 
 def ssh_execute(ssh, cmd, process_input=None,
                 addl_env=None, check_exit_code=True):
-    LOG.debug(_("Running cmd (SSH): %s"), ' '.join(cmd))
+    LOG.debug(_('Running cmd (SSH): %s'), ' '.join(cmd))
     if addl_env:
-        raise exception.Error("Environment not supported over SSH")
+        raise exception.Error(_('Environment not supported over SSH'))
 
     if process_input:
         # This is (probably) fixable if we need it...
-        raise exception.Error("process_input not supported over SSH")
+        raise exception.Error(_('process_input not supported over SSH'))
 
     stdin_stream, stdout_stream, stderr_stream = ssh.exec_command(cmd)
     channel = stdout_stream.channel
@@ -212,7 +204,7 @@ def ssh_execute(ssh, cmd, process_input=None,
 
     # exit_status == -1 if no exit code was returned
     if exit_status != -1:
-        LOG.debug(_("Result was %s") % exit_status)
+        LOG.debug(_('Result was %s') % exit_status)
         if check_exit_code and exit_status != 0:
             raise exception.ProcessExecutionError(exit_code=exit_status,
                                                   stdout=stdout,
@@ -240,9 +232,12 @@ def default_flagfile(filename='nova.conf'):
             # turn relative filename into an absolute path
             script_dir = os.path.dirname(inspect.stack()[-1][1])
             filename = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(script_dir, filename))
-        if os.path.exists(filename):
-            flagfile = ['--flagfile=%s' % filename]
-            sys.argv = sys.argv[:1] + flagfile + sys.argv[1:]
+        if not os.path.exists(filename):
+            filename = "./nova.conf"
+            if not os.path.exists(filename):
+                filename = '/etc/nova/nova.conf'
+        flagfile = ['--flagfile=%s' % filename]
+        sys.argv = sys.argv[:1] + flagfile + sys.argv[1:]
 
 
 def debug(arg):
@@ -251,7 +246,7 @@ def debug(arg):
 
 
 def runthis(prompt, *cmd, **kwargs):
-    LOG.debug(_("Running %s"), (" ".join(cmd)))
+    LOG.debug(_('Running %s'), (' '.join(cmd)))
     rv, err = execute(*cmd, **kwargs)
 
 
@@ -266,48 +261,49 @@ def generate_mac():
            random.randint(0x00, 0x7f),
            random.randint(0x00, 0xff),
            random.randint(0x00, 0xff)]
-    return ':'.join(map(lambda x: "%02x" % x, mac))
+    return ':'.join(map(lambda x: '%02x' % x, mac))
 
 
 # Default symbols to use for passwords. Avoids visually confusing characters.
 # ~6 bits per symbol
-DEFAULT_PASSWORD_SYMBOLS = ("23456789"  # Removed: 0,1
-                            "ABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZ"  # Removed: I, O
-                            "abcdefghijkmnopqrstuvwxyz")  # Removed: l
+DEFAULT_PASSWORD_SYMBOLS = ('23456789'  # Removed: 0,1
+                            'ABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZ'  # Removed: I, O
+                            'abcdefghijkmnopqrstuvwxyz')  # Removed: l
 
 
 # ~5 bits per symbol
-EASIER_PASSWORD_SYMBOLS = ("23456789"  # Removed: 0, 1
-                           "ABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZ")  # Removed: I, O
+EASIER_PASSWORD_SYMBOLS = ('23456789'  # Removed: 0, 1
+                           'ABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZ')  # Removed: I, O
 
 
 def generate_password(length=20, symbols=DEFAULT_PASSWORD_SYMBOLS):
     """Generate a random password from the supplied symbols.
 
     Believed to be reasonably secure (with a reasonable password length!)
+
     """
     r = random.SystemRandom()
-    return "".join([r.choice(symbols) for _i in xrange(length)])
+    return ''.join([r.choice(symbols) for _i in xrange(length)])
 
 
 def last_octet(address):
-    return int(address.split(".")[-1])
+    return int(address.split('.')[-1])
 
 
 def  get_my_linklocal(interface):
     try:
-        if_str = execute("ip", "-f", "inet6", "-o", "addr", "show", interface)
-        condition = "\s+inet6\s+([0-9a-f:]+)/\d+\s+scope\s+link"
+        if_str = execute('ip', '-f', 'inet6', '-o', 'addr', 'show', interface)
+        condition = '\s+inet6\s+([0-9a-f:]+)/\d+\s+scope\s+link'
         links = [re.search(condition, x) for x in if_str[0].split('\n')]
         address = [w.group(1) for w in links if w is not None]
         if address[0] is not None:
             return address[0]
         else:
-            raise exception.Error(_("Link Local address is not found.:%s")
+            raise exception.Error(_('Link Local address is not found.:%s')
                                   % if_str)
     except Exception as ex:
         raise exception.Error(_("Couldn't get Link Local IP of %(interface)s"
-                " :%(ex)s") % locals())
+                                " :%(ex)s") % locals())
 
 
 def to_global_ipv6(prefix, mac):
@@ -319,15 +315,15 @@ def to_global_ipv6(prefix, mac):
         return (mac64_addr ^ netaddr.IPAddress('::0200:0:0:0') | maskIP).\
                                                                     format()
     except TypeError:
-        raise TypeError(_("Bad mac for to_global_ipv6: %s") % mac)
+        raise TypeError(_('Bad mac for to_global_ipv6: %s') % mac)
 
 
 def to_mac(ipv6_address):
     address = netaddr.IPAddress(ipv6_address)
-    mask1 = netaddr.IPAddress("::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff")
-    mask2 = netaddr.IPAddress("::0200:0:0:0")
+    mask1 = netaddr.IPAddress('::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff')
+    mask2 = netaddr.IPAddress('::0200:0:0:0')
     mac64 = netaddr.EUI(int(address & mask1 ^ mask2)).words
-    return ":".join(["%02x" % i for i in mac64[0:3] + mac64[5:8]])
+    return ':'.join(['%02x' % i for i in mac64[0:3] + mac64[5:8]])
 
 
 def utcnow():
@@ -341,7 +337,7 @@ utcnow.override_time = None
 
 
 def is_older_than(before, seconds):
-    """Return True if before is older than seconds"""
+    """Return True if before is older than seconds."""
     return utcnow() - before > datetime.timedelta(seconds=seconds)
 
 
@@ -379,7 +375,7 @@ def isotime(at=None):
 
 
 def parse_isotime(timestr):
-    """Turn an iso formatted time back into a datetime"""
+    """Turn an iso formatted time back into a datetime."""
     return datetime.datetime.strptime(timestr, TIME_FORMAT)
 
 
@@ -433,16 +429,19 @@ class LazyPluggable(object):
 
 
 class LoopingCallDone(Exception):
-    """The poll-function passed to LoopingCall can raise this exception to
+    """Exception to break out and stop a LoopingCall.
+
+    The poll-function passed to LoopingCall can raise this exception to
     break out of the loop normally. This is somewhat analogous to
     StopIteration.
 
     An optional return-value can be included as the argument to the exception;
     this return-value will be returned by LoopingCall.wait()
+
     """
 
     def __init__(self, retvalue=True):
-        """:param retvalue: Value that LoopingCall.wait() should return"""
+        """:param retvalue: Value that LoopingCall.wait() should return."""
         self.retvalue = retvalue
 
 
@@ -493,7 +492,7 @@ def xhtml_escape(value):
     http://github.com/facebook/tornado/blob/master/tornado/escape.py
 
     """
-    return saxutils.escape(value, {'"': "&quot;"})
+    return saxutils.escape(value, {'"': '&quot;'})
 
 
 def utf8(value):
@@ -504,7 +503,7 @@ def utf8(value):
 
     """
     if isinstance(value, unicode):
-        return value.encode("utf-8")
+        return value.encode('utf-8')
     assert isinstance(value, str)
     return value
 
@@ -554,7 +553,7 @@ class _NoopContextManager(object):
 
 
 def synchronized(name, external=False):
-    """Synchronization decorator
+    """Synchronization decorator.
 
     Decorating a method like so:
     @synchronized('mylock')
@@ -578,6 +577,7 @@ def synchronized(name, external=False):
     multiple processes. This means that if two different workers both run a
     a method decorated with @synchronized('mylock', external=True), only one
     of them will execute at a time.
+
     """
 
     def wrap(f):
@@ -590,13 +590,13 @@ def synchronized(name, external=False):
                 _semaphores[name] = semaphore.Semaphore()
             sem = _semaphores[name]
             LOG.debug(_('Attempting to grab semaphore "%(lock)s" for method '
-                      '"%(method)s"...' % {"lock": name,
-                                           "method": f.__name__}))
+                        '"%(method)s"...' % {'lock': name,
+                                             'method': f.__name__}))
             with sem:
                 if external:
                     LOG.debug(_('Attempting to grab file lock "%(lock)s" for '
                                 'method "%(method)s"...' %
-                                {"lock": name, "method": f.__name__}))
+                                {'lock': name, 'method': f.__name__}))
                     lock_file_path = os.path.join(FLAGS.lock_path,
                                                   'nova-%s.lock' % name)
                     lock = lockfile.FileLock(lock_file_path)
@@ -617,21 +617,23 @@ def synchronized(name, external=False):
 
 
 def get_from_path(items, path):
-    """ Returns a list of items matching the specified path.  Takes an
-    XPath-like expression e.g. prop1/prop2/prop3, and for each item in items,
-    looks up items[prop1][prop2][prop3].  Like XPath, if any of the
+    """Returns a list of items matching the specified path.
+
+    Takes an XPath-like expression e.g. prop1/prop2/prop3, and for each item
+    in items, looks up items[prop1][prop2][prop3].  Like XPath, if any of the
     intermediate results are lists it will treat each list item individually.
     A 'None' in items or any child expressions will be ignored, this function
     will not throw because of None (anywhere) in items.  The returned list
-    will contain no None values."""
+    will contain no None values.
 
+    """
     if path is None:
-        raise exception.Error("Invalid mini_xpath")
+        raise exception.Error('Invalid mini_xpath')
 
-    (first_token, sep, remainder) = path.partition("/")
+    (first_token, sep, remainder) = path.partition('/')
 
-    if first_token == "":
-        raise exception.Error("Invalid mini_xpath")
+    if first_token == '':
+        raise exception.Error('Invalid mini_xpath')
 
     results = []
 
@@ -645,7 +647,7 @@ def get_from_path(items, path):
     for item in items:
         if item is None:
             continue
-        get_method = getattr(item, "get", None)
+        get_method = getattr(item, 'get', None)
         if get_method is None:
             continue
         child = get_method(first_token)
@@ -666,7 +668,7 @@ def get_from_path(items, path):
 
 
 def flatten_dict(dict_, flattened=None):
-    """Recursively flatten a nested dictionary"""
+    """Recursively flatten a nested dictionary."""
     flattened = flattened or {}
     for key, value in dict_.iteritems():
         if hasattr(value, 'iteritems'):
@@ -677,9 +679,7 @@ def flatten_dict(dict_, flattened=None):
 
 
 def partition_dict(dict_, keys):
-    """Return two dicts, one containing only `keys` the other containing
-    everything but `keys`
-    """
+    """Return two dicts, one with `keys` the other with everything else."""
     intersection = {}
     difference = {}
     for key, value in dict_.iteritems():
@@ -691,9 +691,7 @@ def partition_dict(dict_, keys):
 
 
 def map_dict_keys(dict_, key_map):
-    """Return a dictionary in which the dictionaries keys are mapped to
-    new keys.
-    """
+    """Return a dict in which the dictionaries keys are mapped to new keys."""
     mapped = {}
     for key, value in dict_.iteritems():
         mapped_key = key_map[key] if key in key_map else key
@@ -702,15 +700,45 @@ def map_dict_keys(dict_, key_map):
 
 
 def subset_dict(dict_, keys):
-    """Return a dict that only contains a subset of keys"""
+    """Return a dict that only contains a subset of keys."""
     subset = partition_dict(dict_, keys)[0]
     return subset
 
 
 def check_isinstance(obj, cls):
-    """Checks that obj is of type cls, and lets PyLint infer types"""
+    """Checks that obj is of type cls, and lets PyLint infer types."""
     if isinstance(obj, cls):
         return obj
-    raise Exception(_("Expected object of type: %s") % (str(cls)))
+    raise Exception(_('Expected object of type: %s') % (str(cls)))
     # TODO(justinsb): Can we make this better??
     return cls()  # Ugly PyLint hack
+
+
+def parse_server_string(server_str):
+    """
+    Parses the given server_string and returns a list of host and port.
+    If it's not a combination of host part and port, the port element
+    is a null string. If the input is invalid expression, return a null
+    list.
+    """
+    try:
+        # First of all, exclude pure IPv6 address (w/o port).
+        if netaddr.valid_ipv6(server_str):
+            return (server_str, '')
+
+        # Next, check if this is IPv6 address with a port number combination.
+        if server_str.find("]:") != -1:
+            (address, port) = server_str.replace('[', '', 1).split(']:')
+            return (address, port)
+
+        # Third, check if this is a combination of an address and a port
+        if server_str.find(':') == -1:
+            return (server_str, '')
+
+        # This must be a combination of an address and a port
+        (address, port) = server_str.split(':')
+        return (address, port)
+
+    except:
+        LOG.debug(_('Invalid server_string: %s' % server_str))
+        return ('', '')
diff --git a/nova/version.py b/nova/version.py
index c43d12cf8..1f8d08e8c 100644
--- a/nova/version.py
+++ b/nova/version.py
@@ -21,9 +21,9 @@ except ImportError:
                     'revision_id': 'LOCALREVISION',
                     'revno': 0}
 
+
 NOVA_VERSION = ['2011', '3']
 YEAR, COUNT = NOVA_VERSION
-
 FINAL = False   # This becomes true at Release Candidate time
 
 
@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ def version_string():
 
 
 def vcs_version_string():
-    return "%s:%s" % (version_info['branch_nick'], version_info['revision_id'])
+    return '%s:%s' % (version_info['branch_nick'], version_info['revision_id'])
 
 
 def version_string_with_vcs():
-    return "%s-%s" % (canonical_version_string(), vcs_version_string())
+    return '%s-%s' % (canonical_version_string(), vcs_version_string())
diff --git a/nova/virt/fake.py b/nova/virt/fake.py
index c3d5230df..5ac376e46 100644
--- a/nova/virt/fake.py
+++ b/nova/virt/fake.py
@@ -288,8 +288,7 @@ class FakeConnection(driver.ComputeDriver):
         knowledge of the instance
         """
         if instance_name not in self.instances:
-            raise exception.NotFound(_("Instance %s Not Found")
-                                     % instance_name)
+            raise exception.InstanceNotFound(instance_id=instance_name)
         i = self.instances[instance_name]
         return {'state': i.state,
                 'max_mem': 0,
@@ -368,7 +367,7 @@ class FakeConnection(driver.ComputeDriver):
         return [0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L]
 
     def get_console_output(self, instance):
-        return 'FAKE CONSOLE OUTPUT'
+        return 'FAKE CONSOLE\xffOUTPUT'
 
     def get_ajax_console(self, instance):
         return {'token': 'FAKETOKEN',
diff --git a/nova/virt/hyperv.py b/nova/virt/hyperv.py
index 13f403a66..1142e97a4 100644
--- a/nova/virt/hyperv.py
+++ b/nova/virt/hyperv.py
@@ -143,8 +143,7 @@ class HyperVConnection(driver.ComputeDriver):
         """ Create a new VM and start it."""
         vm = self._lookup(instance.name)
         if vm is not None:
-            raise exception.Duplicate(_('Attempt to create duplicate vm %s') %
-                    instance.name)
+            raise exception.InstanceExists(name=instance.name)
 
         user = manager.AuthManager().get_user(instance['user_id'])
         project = manager.AuthManager().get_project(instance['project_id'])
@@ -368,7 +367,7 @@ class HyperVConnection(driver.ComputeDriver):
         """Reboot the specified instance."""
         vm = self._lookup(instance.name)
         if vm is None:
-            raise exception.NotFound('instance not present %s' % instance.name)
+            raise exception.InstanceNotFound(instance_id=instance.id)
         self._set_vm_state(instance.name, 'Reboot')
 
     def destroy(self, instance):
@@ -412,7 +411,7 @@ class HyperVConnection(driver.ComputeDriver):
         """Get information about the VM"""
         vm = self._lookup(instance_id)
         if vm is None:
-            raise exception.NotFound('instance not present %s' % instance_id)
+            raise exception.InstanceNotFound(instance_id=instance_id)
         vm = self._conn.Msvm_ComputerSystem(ElementName=instance_id)[0]
         vs_man_svc = self._conn.Msvm_VirtualSystemManagementService()[0]
         vmsettings = vm.associators(
@@ -474,14 +473,12 @@ class HyperVConnection(driver.ComputeDriver):
     def attach_volume(self, instance_name, device_path, mountpoint):
         vm = self._lookup(instance_name)
         if vm is None:
-            raise exception.NotFound('Cannot attach volume to missing %s vm'
-                    % instance_name)
+            raise exception.InstanceNotFound(instance_id=instance_name)
 
     def detach_volume(self, instance_name, mountpoint):
         vm = self._lookup(instance_name)
         if vm is None:
-            raise exception.NotFound('Cannot detach volume from missing %s '
-                    % instance_name)
+            raise exception.InstanceNotFound(instance_id=instance_name)
 
     def poll_rescued_instances(self, timeout):
         pass
@@ -489,3 +486,11 @@ class HyperVConnection(driver.ComputeDriver):
     def update_available_resource(self, ctxt, host):
         """This method is supported only by libvirt."""
         return
+
+    def update_host_status(self):
+        """See xenapi_conn.py implementation."""
+        pass
+
+    def get_host_stats(self, refresh=False):
+        """See xenapi_conn.py implementation."""
+        pass
diff --git a/nova/virt/libvirt_conn.py b/nova/virt/libvirt_conn.py
index d212be3c9..555e44ce2 100644
--- a/nova/virt/libvirt_conn.py
+++ b/nova/virt/libvirt_conn.py
@@ -154,8 +154,8 @@ def _get_net_and_prefixlen(cidr):
 
 
 def _get_ip_version(cidr):
-        net = IPy.IP(cidr)
-        return int(net.version())
+    net = IPy.IP(cidr)
+    return int(net.version())
 
 
 def _get_network_info(instance):
@@ -165,9 +165,10 @@ def _get_network_info(instance):
 
     ip_addresses = db.fixed_ip_get_all_by_instance(admin_context,
                                                    instance['id'])
-
     networks = db.network_get_all_by_instance(admin_context,
                                               instance['id'])
+    flavor = db.instance_type_get_by_id(admin_context,
+                                        instance['instance_type_id'])
     network_info = []
 
     for network in networks:
@@ -191,7 +192,9 @@ def _get_network_info(instance):
         mapping = {
             'label': network['label'],
             'gateway': network['gateway'],
+            'broadcast': network['broadcast'],
             'mac': instance['mac_address'],
+            'rxtx_cap': flavor['rxtx_cap'],
             'dns': [network['dns']],
             'ips': [ip_dict(ip) for ip in network_ips]}
 
@@ -309,19 +312,10 @@ class LibvirtConnection(driver.ComputeDriver):
     def destroy(self, instance, cleanup=True):
         instance_name = instance['name']
 
-        # TODO(justinsb): Refactor all lookupByName calls for error-handling
         try:
-            virt_dom = self._conn.lookupByName(instance_name)
-        except libvirt.libvirtError as e:
-            errcode = e.get_error_code()
-            if errcode == libvirt.VIR_ERR_NO_DOMAIN:
-                virt_dom = None
-            else:
-                LOG.warning(_("Error from libvirt during lookup of "
-                              "%(instance_name)s. Code=%(errcode)s "
-                              "Error=%(e)s") %
-                            locals())
-                raise
+            virt_dom = self._lookup_by_name(instance_name)
+        except exception.NotFound:
+            virt_dom = None
 
         # If the instance is already terminated, we're still happy
         # Otherwise, destroy it
@@ -359,28 +353,19 @@ class LibvirtConnection(driver.ComputeDriver):
                             locals())
                 raise
 
-        # We'll save this for when we do shutdown,
-        # instead of destroy - but destroy returns immediately
-        timer = utils.LoopingCall(f=None)
+        def _wait_for_destroy():
+            """Called at an interval until the VM is gone."""
+            instance_name = instance['name']
 
-        while True:
             try:
-                state = self.get_info(instance['name'])['state']
-                db.instance_set_state(context.get_admin_context(),
-                                      instance['id'], state)
-                if state == power_state.SHUTOFF:
-                    break
-
-                # Let's not hammer on the DB
-                time.sleep(1)
-            except Exception as ex:
-                msg = _("Error encountered when destroying instance '%(id)s': "
-                        "%(ex)s") % {"id": instance["id"], "ex": ex}
-                LOG.debug(msg)
-                db.instance_set_state(context.get_admin_context(),
-                                      instance['id'],
-                                      power_state.SHUTOFF)
-                break
+                state = self.get_info(instance_name)['state']
+            except exception.NotFound:
+                msg = _("Instance %s destroyed successfully.") % instance_name
+                LOG.info(msg)
+                raise utils.LoopingCallDone
+
+        timer = utils.LoopingCall(_wait_for_destroy)
+        timer.start(interval=0.5, now=True)
 
         self.firewall_driver.unfilter_instance(instance)
 
@@ -401,7 +386,7 @@ class LibvirtConnection(driver.ComputeDriver):
 
     @exception.wrap_exception
     def attach_volume(self, instance_name, device_path, mountpoint):
-        virt_dom = self._conn.lookupByName(instance_name)
+        virt_dom = self._lookup_by_name(instance_name)
         mount_device = mountpoint.rpartition("/")[2]
         if device_path.startswith('/dev/'):
             xml = """<disk type='block'>
@@ -419,7 +404,7 @@ class LibvirtConnection(driver.ComputeDriver):
                                    name,
                                    mount_device)
         else:
-            raise exception.Invalid(_("Invalid device path %s") % device_path)
+            raise exception.InvalidDevicePath(path=device_path)
 
         virt_dom.attachDevice(xml)
 
@@ -445,11 +430,11 @@ class LibvirtConnection(driver.ComputeDriver):
 
     @exception.wrap_exception
     def detach_volume(self, instance_name, mountpoint):
-        virt_dom = self._conn.lookupByName(instance_name)
+        virt_dom = self._lookup_by_name(instance_name)
         mount_device = mountpoint.rpartition("/")[2]
         xml = self._get_disk_xml(virt_dom.XMLDesc(0), mount_device)
         if not xml:
-            raise exception.NotFound(_("No disk at %s") % mount_device)
+            raise exception.DiskNotFound(location=mount_device)
         virt_dom.detachDevice(xml)
 
     @exception.wrap_exception
@@ -462,7 +447,7 @@ class LibvirtConnection(driver.ComputeDriver):
 
         """
         image_service = utils.import_object(FLAGS.image_service)
-        virt_dom = self._conn.lookupByName(instance['name'])
+        virt_dom = self._lookup_by_name(instance['name'])
         elevated = context.get_admin_context()
 
         base = image_service.show(elevated, instance['image_id'])
@@ -522,31 +507,43 @@ class LibvirtConnection(driver.ComputeDriver):
 
     @exception.wrap_exception
     def reboot(self, instance):
+        """Reboot a virtual machine, given an instance reference.
+
+        This method actually destroys and re-creates the domain to ensure the
+        reboot happens, as the guest OS cannot ignore this action.
+
+        """
+        virt_dom = self._conn.lookupByName(instance['name'])
+        # NOTE(itoumsn): Use XML delived from the running instance
+        # instead of using to_xml(instance). This is almost the ultimate
+        # stupid workaround.
+        xml = virt_dom.XMLDesc(0)
+        # NOTE(itoumsn): self.shutdown() and wait instead of self.destroy() is
+        # better because we cannot ensure flushing dirty buffers
+        # in the guest OS. But, in case of KVM, shutdown() does not work...
         self.destroy(instance, False)
-        xml = self.to_xml(instance)
         self.firewall_driver.setup_basic_filtering(instance)
         self.firewall_driver.prepare_instance_filter(instance)
         self._create_new_domain(xml)
         self.firewall_driver.apply_instance_filter(instance)
 
-        timer = utils.LoopingCall(f=None)
-
         def _wait_for_reboot():
+            """Called at an interval until the VM is running again."""
+            instance_name = instance['name']
+
             try:
-                state = self.get_info(instance['name'])['state']
-                db.instance_set_state(context.get_admin_context(),
-                                      instance['id'], state)
-                if state == power_state.RUNNING:
-                    LOG.debug(_('instance %s: rebooted'), instance['name'])
-                    timer.stop()
-            except Exception, exn:
-                LOG.exception(_('_wait_for_reboot failed: %s'), exn)
-                db.instance_set_state(context.get_admin_context(),
-                                      instance['id'],
-                                      power_state.SHUTDOWN)
-                timer.stop()
+                state = self.get_info(instance_name)['state']
+            except exception.NotFound:
+                msg = _("During reboot, %s disappeared.") % instance_name
+                LOG.error(msg)
+                raise utils.LoopingCallDone
 
-        timer.f = _wait_for_reboot
+            if state == power_state.RUNNING:
+                msg = _("Instance %s rebooted successfully.") % instance_name
+                LOG.info(msg)
+                raise utils.LoopingCallDone
+
+        timer = utils.LoopingCall(_wait_for_reboot)
         return timer.start(interval=0.5, now=True)
 
     @exception.wrap_exception
@@ -566,7 +563,15 @@ class LibvirtConnection(driver.ComputeDriver):
         raise exception.ApiError("resume not supported for libvirt")
 
     @exception.wrap_exception
-    def rescue(self, instance, callback=None):
+    def rescue(self, instance):
+        """Loads a VM using rescue images.
+
+        A rescue is normally performed when something goes wrong with the
+        primary images and data needs to be corrected/recovered. Rescuing
+        should not edit or over-ride the original image, only allow for
+        data recovery.
+
+        """
         self.destroy(instance, False)
 
         xml = self.to_xml(instance, rescue=True)
@@ -576,29 +581,33 @@ class LibvirtConnection(driver.ComputeDriver):
         self._create_image(instance, xml, '.rescue', rescue_images)
         self._create_new_domain(xml)
 
-        timer = utils.LoopingCall(f=None)
-
         def _wait_for_rescue():
+            """Called at an interval until the VM is running again."""
+            instance_name = instance['name']
+
             try:
-                state = self.get_info(instance['name'])['state']
-                db.instance_set_state(None, instance['id'], state)
-                if state == power_state.RUNNING:
-                    LOG.debug(_('instance %s: rescued'), instance['name'])
-                    timer.stop()
-            except Exception, exn:
-                LOG.exception(_('_wait_for_rescue failed: %s'), exn)
-                db.instance_set_state(None,
-                                      instance['id'],
-                                      power_state.SHUTDOWN)
-                timer.stop()
+                state = self.get_info(instance_name)['state']
+            except exception.NotFound:
+                msg = _("During reboot, %s disappeared.") % instance_name
+                LOG.error(msg)
+                raise utils.LoopingCallDone
+
+            if state == power_state.RUNNING:
+                msg = _("Instance %s rescued successfully.") % instance_name
+                LOG.info(msg)
+                raise utils.LoopingCallDone
 
-        timer.f = _wait_for_rescue
+        timer = utils.LoopingCall(_wait_for_rescue)
         return timer.start(interval=0.5, now=True)
 
     @exception.wrap_exception
-    def unrescue(self, instance, callback=None):
-        # NOTE(vish): Because reboot destroys and recreates an instance using
-        #             the normal xml file, we can just call reboot here
+    def unrescue(self, instance):
+        """Reboot the VM which is being rescued back into primary images.
+
+        Because reboot destroys and re-creates instances, unresue should
+        simply call reboot.
+
+        """
         self.reboot(instance)
 
     @exception.wrap_exception
@@ -610,13 +619,9 @@ class LibvirtConnection(driver.ComputeDriver):
     @exception.wrap_exception
     def spawn(self, instance, network_info=None):
         xml = self.to_xml(instance, False, network_info)
-        db.instance_set_state(context.get_admin_context(),
-                              instance['id'],
-                              power_state.NOSTATE,
-                              'launching')
         self.firewall_driver.setup_basic_filtering(instance, network_info)
         self.firewall_driver.prepare_instance_filter(instance, network_info)
-        self._create_image(instance, xml, network_info)
+        self._create_image(instance, xml, network_info=network_info)
         domain = self._create_new_domain(xml)
         LOG.debug(_("instance %s: is running"), instance['name'])
         self.firewall_driver.apply_instance_filter(instance)
@@ -626,25 +631,23 @@ class LibvirtConnection(driver.ComputeDriver):
                       instance['name'])
             domain.setAutostart(1)
 
-        timer = utils.LoopingCall(f=None)
-
         def _wait_for_boot():
+            """Called at an interval until the VM is running."""
+            instance_name = instance['name']
+
             try:
-                state = self.get_info(instance['name'])['state']
-                db.instance_set_state(context.get_admin_context(),
-                                      instance['id'], state)
-                if state == power_state.RUNNING:
-                    LOG.debug(_('instance %s: booted'), instance['name'])
-                    timer.stop()
-            except:
-                LOG.exception(_('instance %s: failed to boot'),
-                              instance['name'])
-                db.instance_set_state(context.get_admin_context(),
-                                      instance['id'],
-                                      power_state.SHUTDOWN)
-                timer.stop()
+                state = self.get_info(instance_name)['state']
+            except exception.NotFound:
+                msg = _("During reboot, %s disappeared.") % instance_name
+                LOG.error(msg)
+                raise utils.LoopingCallDone
 
-        timer.f = _wait_for_boot
+            if state == power_state.RUNNING:
+                msg = _("Instance %s spawned successfully.") % instance_name
+                LOG.info(msg)
+                raise utils.LoopingCallDone
+
+        timer = utils.LoopingCall(_wait_for_boot)
         return timer.start(interval=0.5, now=True)
 
     def _flush_xen_console(self, virsh_output):
@@ -710,7 +713,7 @@ class LibvirtConnection(driver.ComputeDriver):
             raise Exception(_('Unable to find an open port'))
 
         def get_pty_for_instance(instance_name):
-            virt_dom = self._conn.lookupByName(instance_name)
+            virt_dom = self._lookup_by_name(instance_name)
             xml = virt_dom.XMLDesc(0)
             dom = minidom.parseString(xml)
 
@@ -732,10 +735,13 @@ class LibvirtConnection(driver.ComputeDriver):
         subprocess.Popen(cmd, shell=True)
         return {'token': token, 'host': host, 'port': port}
 
+    def get_host_ip_addr(self):
+        return FLAGS.my_ip
+
     @exception.wrap_exception
     def get_vnc_console(self, instance):
         def get_vnc_port_for_instance(instance_name):
-            virt_dom = self._conn.lookupByName(instance_name)
+            virt_dom = self._lookup_by_name(instance_name)
             xml = virt_dom.XMLDesc(0)
             # TODO: use etree instead of minidom
             dom = minidom.parseString(xml)
@@ -957,26 +963,16 @@ class LibvirtConnection(driver.ComputeDriver):
         mac_id = mapping['mac'].replace(':', '')
 
         if FLAGS.allow_project_net_traffic:
+            template = "<parameter name=\"%s\"value=\"%s\" />\n"
+            net, mask = _get_net_and_mask(network['cidr'])
+            values = [("PROJNET", net), ("PROJMASK", mask)]
             if FLAGS.use_ipv6:
-                net, mask = _get_net_and_mask(network['cidr'])
                 net_v6, prefixlen_v6 = _get_net_and_prefixlen(
                                            network['cidr_v6'])
-                extra_params = ("<parameter name=\"PROJNET\" "
-                            "value=\"%s\" />\n"
-                            "<parameter name=\"PROJMASK\" "
-                            "value=\"%s\" />\n"
-                            "<parameter name=\"PROJNETV6\" "
-                            "value=\"%s\" />\n"
-                            "<parameter name=\"PROJMASKV6\" "
-                            "value=\"%s\" />\n") % \
-                              (net, mask, net_v6, prefixlen_v6)
-            else:
-                net, mask = _get_net_and_mask(network['cidr'])
-                extra_params = ("<parameter name=\"PROJNET\" "
-                            "value=\"%s\" />\n"
-                            "<parameter name=\"PROJMASK\" "
-                            "value=\"%s\" />\n") % \
-                              (net, mask)
+                values.extend([("PROJNETV6", net_v6),
+                               ("PROJMASKV6", prefixlen_v6)])
+
+            extra_params = "".join([template % value for value in values])
         else:
             extra_params = "\n"
 
@@ -994,10 +990,7 @@ class LibvirtConnection(driver.ComputeDriver):
 
         return result
 
-    def to_xml(self, instance, rescue=False, network_info=None):
-        # TODO(termie): cache?
-        LOG.debug(_('instance %s: starting toXML method'), instance['name'])
-
+    def _prepare_xml_info(self, instance, rescue=False, network_info=None):
         # TODO(adiantum) remove network_info creation code
         # when multinics will be completed
         if not network_info:
@@ -1005,8 +998,7 @@ class LibvirtConnection(driver.ComputeDriver):
 
         nics = []
         for (network, mapping) in network_info:
-            nics.append(self._get_nic_for_xml(network,
-                                              mapping))
+            nics.append(self._get_nic_for_xml(network, mapping))
         # FIXME(vish): stick this in db
         inst_type_id = instance['instance_type_id']
         inst_type = instance_types.get_instance_type(inst_type_id)
@@ -1038,29 +1030,43 @@ class LibvirtConnection(driver.ComputeDriver):
                 xml_info['ramdisk'] = xml_info['basepath'] + "/ramdisk"
 
             xml_info['disk'] = xml_info['basepath'] + "/disk"
+        return xml_info
 
+    def to_xml(self, instance, rescue=False, network_info=None):
+        # TODO(termie): cache?
+        LOG.debug(_('instance %s: starting toXML method'), instance['name'])
+        xml_info = self._prepare_xml_info(instance, rescue, network_info)
         xml = str(Template(self.libvirt_xml, searchList=[xml_info]))
-        LOG.debug(_('instance %s: finished toXML method'),
-                        instance['name'])
+        LOG.debug(_('instance %s: finished toXML method'), instance['name'])
         return xml
 
-    def get_info(self, instance_name):
-        # NOTE(justinsb): When libvirt isn't running / can't connect, we get:
-        # libvir: Remote error : unable to connect to
-        #  '/var/run/libvirt/libvirt-sock', libvirtd may need to be started:
-        #  No such file or directory
+    def _lookup_by_name(self, instance_name):
+        """Retrieve libvirt domain object given an instance name.
+
+        All libvirt error handling should be handled in this method and
+        relevant nova exceptions should be raised in response.
+
+        """
         try:
-            virt_dom = self._conn.lookupByName(instance_name)
-        except libvirt.libvirtError as e:
-            errcode = e.get_error_code()
-            if errcode == libvirt.VIR_ERR_NO_DOMAIN:
-                raise exception.NotFound(_("Instance %s not found")
-                                         % instance_name)
-            LOG.warning(_("Error from libvirt during lookup. "
-                          "Code=%(errcode)s Error=%(e)s") %
-                        locals())
-            raise
+            return self._conn.lookupByName(instance_name)
+        except libvirt.libvirtError as ex:
+            error_code = ex.get_error_code()
+            if error_code == libvirt.VIR_ERR_NO_DOMAIN:
+                raise exception.InstanceNotFound(instance_id=instance_name)
+
+            msg = _("Error from libvirt while looking up %(instance_name)s: "
+                    "[Error Code %(error_code)s] %(ex)s") % locals()
+            raise exception.Error(msg)
+
+    def get_info(self, instance_name):
+        """Retrieve information from libvirt for a specific instance name.
 
+        If a libvirt error is encountered during lookup, we might raise a
+        NotFound exception or Error exception depending on how severe the
+        libvirt error is.
+
+        """
+        virt_dom = self._lookup_by_name(instance_name)
         (state, max_mem, mem, num_cpu, cpu_time) = virt_dom.info()
         return {'state': state,
                 'max_mem': max_mem,
@@ -1097,7 +1103,7 @@ class LibvirtConnection(driver.ComputeDriver):
 
         Returns a list of all block devices for this domain.
         """
-        domain = self._conn.lookupByName(instance_name)
+        domain = self._lookup_by_name(instance_name)
         # TODO(devcamcar): Replace libxml2 with etree.
         xml = domain.XMLDesc(0)
         doc = None
@@ -1139,7 +1145,7 @@ class LibvirtConnection(driver.ComputeDriver):
 
         Returns a list of all network interfaces for this instance.
         """
-        domain = self._conn.lookupByName(instance_name)
+        domain = self._lookup_by_name(instance_name)
         # TODO(devcamcar): Replace libxml2 with etree.
         xml = domain.XMLDesc(0)
         doc = None
@@ -1305,9 +1311,9 @@ class LibvirtConnection(driver.ComputeDriver):
         xml = libxml2.parseDoc(xml)
         nodes = xml.xpathEval('//host/cpu')
         if len(nodes) != 1:
-            raise exception.Invalid(_("Invalid xml. '<cpu>' must be 1,"
-                                      "but %d\n") % len(nodes)
-                                      + xml.serialize())
+            reason = _("'<cpu>' must be 1, but %d\n") % len(nodes)
+            reason += xml.serialize()
+            raise exception.InvalidCPUInfo(reason=reason)
 
         cpu_info = dict()
 
@@ -1336,9 +1342,8 @@ class LibvirtConnection(driver.ComputeDriver):
             tkeys = topology.keys()
             if set(tkeys) != set(keys):
                 ks = ', '.join(keys)
-                raise exception.Invalid(_("Invalid xml: topology"
-                                          "(%(topology)s) must have "
-                                          "%(ks)s") % locals())
+                reason = _("topology (%(topology)s) must have %(ks)s")
+                raise exception.InvalidCPUInfo(reason=reason % locals())
 
         feature_nodes = xml.xpathEval('//host/cpu/feature')
         features = list()
@@ -1354,7 +1359,7 @@ class LibvirtConnection(driver.ComputeDriver):
         Note that this function takes an instance name, not an Instance, so
         that it can be called by monitor.
         """
-        domain = self._conn.lookupByName(instance_name)
+        domain = self._lookup_by_name(instance_name)
         return domain.blockStats(disk)
 
     def interface_stats(self, instance_name, interface):
@@ -1362,7 +1367,7 @@ class LibvirtConnection(driver.ComputeDriver):
         Note that this function takes an instance name, not an Instance, so
         that it can be called by monitor.
         """
-        domain = self._conn.lookupByName(instance_name)
+        domain = self._lookup_by_name(instance_name)
         return domain.interfaceStats(interface)
 
     def get_console_pool_info(self, console_type):
@@ -1393,9 +1398,7 @@ class LibvirtConnection(driver.ComputeDriver):
         try:
             service_ref = db.service_get_all_compute_by_host(ctxt, host)[0]
         except exception.NotFound:
-            raise exception.Invalid(_("Cannot update compute manager "
-                                      "specific info, because no service "
-                                      "record was found."))
+            raise exception.ComputeServiceUnavailable(host=host)
 
         # Updating host information
         dic = {'vcpus': self.get_vcpu_total(),
@@ -1448,7 +1451,7 @@ class LibvirtConnection(driver.ComputeDriver):
             raise
 
         if ret <= 0:
-            raise exception.Invalid(m % locals())
+            raise exception.InvalidCPUInfo(reason=m % locals())
 
         return
 
@@ -1558,7 +1561,7 @@ class LibvirtConnection(driver.ComputeDriver):
                                  FLAGS.live_migration_bandwidth)
 
         except Exception:
-            recover_method(ctxt, instance_ref)
+            recover_method(ctxt, instance_ref, dest=dest)
             raise
 
         # Waiting for completion of live_migration.
@@ -1579,6 +1582,14 @@ class LibvirtConnection(driver.ComputeDriver):
         """See comments of same method in firewall_driver."""
         self.firewall_driver.unfilter_instance(instance_ref)
 
+    def update_host_status(self):
+        """See xenapi_conn.py implementation."""
+        pass
+
+    def get_host_stats(self, refresh=False):
+        """See xenapi_conn.py implementation."""
+        pass
+
 
 class FirewallDriver(object):
     def prepare_instance_filter(self, instance, network_info=None):
@@ -1734,11 +1745,16 @@ class NWFilterFirewall(FirewallDriver):
         logging.info('ensuring static filters')
         self._ensure_static_filters()
 
+        if instance['image_id'] == str(FLAGS.vpn_image_id):
+            base_filter = 'nova-vpn'
+        else:
+            base_filter = 'nova-base'
+
         for (network, mapping) in network_info:
             nic_id = mapping['mac'].replace(':', '')
             instance_filter_name = self._instance_filter_name(instance, nic_id)
             self._define_filter(self._filter_container(instance_filter_name,
-                                                       ['nova-base']))
+                                                       [base_filter]))
 
     def _ensure_static_filters(self):
         if self.static_filters_configured:
@@ -1749,11 +1765,12 @@ class NWFilterFirewall(FirewallDriver):
                                                     'no-ip-spoofing',
                                                     'no-arp-spoofing',
                                                     'allow-dhcp-server']))
+        self._define_filter(self._filter_container('nova-vpn',
+                                                   ['allow-dhcp-server']))
         self._define_filter(self.nova_base_ipv4_filter)
         self._define_filter(self.nova_base_ipv6_filter)
         self._define_filter(self.nova_dhcp_filter)
         self._define_filter(self.nova_ra_filter)
-        self._define_filter(self.nova_vpn_filter)
         if FLAGS.allow_project_net_traffic:
             self._define_filter(self.nova_project_filter)
             if FLAGS.use_ipv6:
@@ -1767,14 +1784,6 @@ class NWFilterFirewall(FirewallDriver):
                  ''.join(["<filterref filter='%s'/>" % (f,) for f in filters]))
         return xml
 
-    nova_vpn_filter = '''<filter name='nova-vpn' chain='root'>
-                           <uuid>2086015e-cf03-11df-8c5d-080027c27973</uuid>
-                           <filterref filter='allow-dhcp-server'/>
-                           <filterref filter='nova-allow-dhcp-server'/>
-                           <filterref filter='nova-base-ipv4'/>
-                           <filterref filter='nova-base-ipv6'/>
-                         </filter>'''
-
     def nova_base_ipv4_filter(self):
         retval = "<filter name='nova-base-ipv4' chain='ipv4'>"
         for protocol in ['tcp', 'udp', 'icmp']:
@@ -1837,10 +1846,6 @@ class NWFilterFirewall(FirewallDriver):
         """
         if not network_info:
             network_info = _get_network_info(instance)
-        if instance['image_id'] == FLAGS.vpn_image_id:
-            base_filter = 'nova-vpn'
-        else:
-            base_filter = 'nova-base'
 
         ctxt = context.get_admin_context()
 
@@ -1852,41 +1857,59 @@ class NWFilterFirewall(FirewallDriver):
                                              'nova-base-ipv6',
                                              'nova-allow-dhcp-server']
 
+        if FLAGS.use_ipv6:
+            networks = [network for (network, _m) in network_info if
+                        network['gateway_v6']]
+
+            if networks:
+                instance_secgroup_filter_children.\
+                    append('nova-allow-ra-server')
+
         for security_group in \
                 db.security_group_get_by_instance(ctxt, instance['id']):
 
             self.refresh_security_group_rules(security_group['id'])
 
-            instance_secgroup_filter_children += [('nova-secgroup-%s' %
-                                                    security_group['id'])]
+            instance_secgroup_filter_children.append('nova-secgroup-%s' %
+                                                    security_group['id'])
 
             self._define_filter(
                     self._filter_container(instance_secgroup_filter_name,
                                            instance_secgroup_filter_children))
 
-        for (network, mapping) in network_info:
-            nic_id = mapping['mac'].replace(':', '')
-            instance_filter_name = self._instance_filter_name(instance, nic_id)
-            instance_filter_children = \
-                [base_filter, instance_secgroup_filter_name]
+        network_filters = self.\
+            _create_network_filters(instance, network_info,
+                                    instance_secgroup_filter_name)
 
-            if FLAGS.use_ipv6:
-                gateway_v6 = network['gateway_v6']
+        for (name, children) in network_filters:
+            self._define_filters(name, children)
 
-                if gateway_v6:
-                    instance_secgroup_filter_children += \
-                        ['nova-allow-ra-server']
+    def _create_network_filters(self, instance, network_info,
+                               instance_secgroup_filter_name):
+        if instance['image_id'] == str(FLAGS.vpn_image_id):
+            base_filter = 'nova-vpn'
+        else:
+            base_filter = 'nova-base'
+
+        result = []
+        for (_n, mapping) in network_info:
+            nic_id = mapping['mac'].replace(':', '')
+            instance_filter_name = self._instance_filter_name(instance, nic_id)
+            instance_filter_children = [base_filter,
+                                        instance_secgroup_filter_name]
 
             if FLAGS.allow_project_net_traffic:
-                instance_filter_children += ['nova-project']
+                instance_filter_children.append('nova-project')
                 if FLAGS.use_ipv6:
-                    instance_filter_children += ['nova-project-v6']
+                    instance_filter_children.append('nova-project-v6')
 
-            self._define_filter(
-                    self._filter_container(instance_filter_name,
-                                           instance_filter_children))
+            result.append((instance_filter_name, instance_filter_children))
 
-        return
+        return result
+
+    def _define_filters(self, filter_name, filter_children):
+        self._define_filter(self._filter_container(filter_name,
+                                                   filter_children))
 
     def refresh_security_group_rules(self, security_group_id):
         return self._define_filter(
@@ -1988,34 +2011,23 @@ class IptablesFirewallDriver(FirewallDriver):
         self.add_filters_for_instance(instance, network_info)
         self.iptables.apply()
 
-    def add_filters_for_instance(self, instance, network_info=None):
-        if not network_info:
-            network_info = _get_network_info(instance)
-        chain_name = self._instance_chain_name(instance)
+    def _create_filter(self, ips, chain_name):
+        return ['-d %s -j $%s' % (ip, chain_name) for ip in ips]
 
-        self.iptables.ipv4['filter'].add_chain(chain_name)
-
-        ips_v4 = [ip['ip'] for (_, mapping) in network_info
-                            for ip in mapping['ips']]
-
-        for ipv4_address in ips_v4:
-            self.iptables.ipv4['filter'].add_rule('local',
-                                                  '-d %s -j $%s' %
-                                                  (ipv4_address, chain_name))
+    def _filters_for_instance(self, chain_name, network_info):
+        ips_v4 = [ip['ip'] for (_n, mapping) in network_info
+                 for ip in mapping['ips']]
+        ipv4_rules = self._create_filter(ips_v4, chain_name)
 
+        ipv6_rules = []
         if FLAGS.use_ipv6:
-            self.iptables.ipv6['filter'].add_chain(chain_name)
-            ips_v6 = [ip['ip'] for (_, mapping) in network_info
-                                 for ip in mapping['ip6s']]
+            ips_v6 = [ip['ip'] for (_n, mapping) in network_info
+                     for ip in mapping['ip6s']]
+            ipv6_rules = self._create_filter(ips_v6, chain_name)
 
-            for ipv6_address in ips_v6:
-                self.iptables.ipv6['filter'].add_rule('local',
-                                                      '-d %s -j $%s' %
-                                                      (ipv6_address,
-                                                       chain_name))
-
-        ipv4_rules, ipv6_rules = self.instance_rules(instance, network_info)
+        return ipv4_rules, ipv6_rules
 
+    def _add_filters(self, chain_name, ipv4_rules, ipv6_rules):
         for rule in ipv4_rules:
             self.iptables.ipv4['filter'].add_rule(chain_name, rule)
 
@@ -2023,6 +2035,17 @@ class IptablesFirewallDriver(FirewallDriver):
             for rule in ipv6_rules:
                 self.iptables.ipv6['filter'].add_rule(chain_name, rule)
 
+    def add_filters_for_instance(self, instance, network_info=None):
+        chain_name = self._instance_chain_name(instance)
+        if FLAGS.use_ipv6:
+            self.iptables.ipv6['filter'].add_chain(chain_name)
+        self.iptables.ipv4['filter'].add_chain(chain_name)
+        ipv4_rules, ipv6_rules = self._filters_for_instance(chain_name,
+                                                            network_info)
+        self._add_filters('local', ipv4_rules, ipv6_rules)
+        ipv4_rules, ipv6_rules = self.instance_rules(instance, network_info)
+        self._add_filters(chain_name, ipv4_rules, ipv6_rules)
+
     def remove_filters_for_instance(self, instance):
         chain_name = self._instance_chain_name(instance)
 
diff --git a/nova/virt/vmwareapi/fake.py b/nova/virt/vmwareapi/fake.py
index 4bb467fa9..7370684bd 100644
--- a/nova/virt/vmwareapi/fake.py
+++ b/nova/virt/vmwareapi/fake.py
@@ -387,12 +387,11 @@ def _add_file(file_path):
 def _remove_file(file_path):

     """Removes a file reference from the db."""

     if _db_content.get("files") is None:

-        raise exception.NotFound(_("No files have been added yet"))

+        raise exception.NoFilesFound()

     # Check if the remove is for a single file object or for a folder

     if file_path.find(".vmdk") != -1:

         if file_path not in _db_content.get("files"):

-            raise exception.NotFound(_("File- '%s' is not there in the "

-                           "datastore") % file_path)

+            raise exception.FileNotFound(file_path=file_path)

         _db_content.get("files").remove(file_path)

     else:

         # Removes the files in the folder and the folder too from the db

@@ -579,7 +578,7 @@ class FakeVim(object):
         """Searches the datastore for a file."""

         ds_path = kwargs.get("datastorePath")

         if _db_content.get("files", None) is None:

-            raise exception.NotFound(_("No files have been added yet"))

+            raise exception.NoFilesFound()

         for file in _db_content.get("files"):

             if file.find(ds_path) != -1:

                 task_mdo = create_task(method, "success")

@@ -591,7 +590,7 @@ class FakeVim(object):
         """Creates a directory in the datastore."""

         ds_path = kwargs.get("name")

         if _db_content.get("files", None) is None:

-            raise exception.NotFound(_("No files have been added yet"))

+            raise exception.NoFilesFound()

         _db_content["files"].append(ds_path)

 

     def _set_power_state(self, method, vm_ref, pwr_state="poweredOn"):

diff --git a/nova/virt/vmwareapi/vmops.py b/nova/virt/vmwareapi/vmops.py
index cf6c88bbd..c3e79a92f 100644
--- a/nova/virt/vmwareapi/vmops.py
+++ b/nova/virt/vmwareapi/vmops.py
@@ -100,8 +100,7 @@ class VMWareVMOps(object):
         """

         vm_ref = self._get_vm_ref_from_the_name(instance.name)

         if vm_ref:

-            raise exception.Duplicate(_("Attempted to create a VM with a name"

-                " %s, but that already exists on the host") % instance.name)

+            raise exception.InstanceExists(name=instance.name)

 

         client_factory = self._session._get_vim().client.factory

         service_content = self._session._get_vim().get_service_content()

@@ -116,8 +115,7 @@ class VMWareVMOps(object):
                 network_utils.get_network_with_the_name(self._session,

                                                         net_name)

             if network_ref is None:

-                raise exception.NotFound(_("Network with the name '%s' doesn't"

-                        " exist on the ESX host") % net_name)

+                raise exception.NetworkNotFoundForBridge(bridge=net_name)

 

         _check_if_network_bridge_exists()

 

@@ -337,8 +335,7 @@ class VMWareVMOps(object):
         """

         vm_ref = self._get_vm_ref_from_the_name(instance.name)

         if vm_ref is None:

-            raise exception.NotFound(_("instance - %s not present") %

-                                     instance.name)

+            raise exception.InstanceNotFound(instance_id=instance.id)

 

         client_factory = self._session._get_vim().client.factory

         service_content = self._session._get_vim().get_service_content()

@@ -388,8 +385,7 @@ class VMWareVMOps(object):
                                     "VirtualMachine",

                                     "datastore")

             if not ds_ref_ret:

-                raise exception.NotFound(_("Failed to get the datastore "

-                                "reference(s) which the VM uses"))

+                raise exception.DatastoreNotFound()

             ds_ref = ds_ref_ret.ManagedObjectReference[0]

             ds_browser = vim_util.get_dynamic_property(

                                        self._session._get_vim(),

@@ -480,8 +476,7 @@ class VMWareVMOps(object):
         """Reboot a VM instance."""

         vm_ref = self._get_vm_ref_from_the_name(instance.name)

         if vm_ref is None:

-            raise exception.NotFound(_("instance - %s not present") %

-                                     instance.name)

+            raise exception.InstanceNotFound(instance_id=instance.id)

         lst_properties = ["summary.guest.toolsStatus", "runtime.powerState",

                           "summary.guest.toolsRunningStatus"]

         props = self._session._call_method(vim_util, "get_object_properties",

@@ -501,8 +496,8 @@ class VMWareVMOps(object):
 

         # Raise an exception if the VM is not powered On.

         if pwr_state not in ["poweredOn"]:

-            raise exception.Invalid(_("instance - %s not poweredOn. So can't "

-                            "be rebooted.") % instance.name)

+            reason = _("instance is not powered on")

+            raise exception.InstanceRebootFailure(reason=reason)

 

         # If latest vmware tools are installed in the VM, and that the tools

         # are running, then only do a guest reboot. Otherwise do a hard reset.

@@ -605,8 +600,7 @@ class VMWareVMOps(object):
         """Suspend the specified instance."""

         vm_ref = self._get_vm_ref_from_the_name(instance.name)

         if vm_ref is None:

-            raise exception.NotFound(_("instance - %s not present") %

-                                     instance.name)

+            raise exception.InstanceNotFound(instance_id=instance.id)

 

         pwr_state = self._session._call_method(vim_util,

                     "get_dynamic_property", vm_ref,

@@ -620,8 +614,9 @@ class VMWareVMOps(object):
             LOG.debug(_("Suspended the VM %s ") % instance.name)

         # Raise Exception if VM is poweredOff

         elif pwr_state == "poweredOff":

-            raise exception.Invalid(_("instance - %s is poweredOff and hence "

-                            " can't be suspended.") % instance.name)

+            reason = _("instance is powered off and can not be suspended.")

+            raise exception.InstanceSuspendFailure(reason=reason)

+

         LOG.debug(_("VM %s was already in suspended state. So returning "

                     "without doing anything") % instance.name)

 

@@ -629,8 +624,7 @@ class VMWareVMOps(object):
         """Resume the specified instance."""

         vm_ref = self._get_vm_ref_from_the_name(instance.name)

         if vm_ref is None:

-            raise exception.NotFound(_("instance - %s not present") %

-                                     instance.name)

+            raise exception.InstanceNotFound(instance_id=instance.id)

 

         pwr_state = self._session._call_method(vim_util,

                                      "get_dynamic_property", vm_ref,

@@ -643,15 +637,14 @@ class VMWareVMOps(object):
             self._wait_with_callback(instance.id, suspend_task, callback)

             LOG.debug(_("Resumed the VM %s ") % instance.name)

         else:

-            raise exception.Invalid(_("instance - %s not in Suspended state "

-                            "and hence can't be Resumed.") % instance.name)

+            reason = _("instance is not in a suspended state")

+            raise exception.InstanceResumeFailure(reason=reason)

 

     def get_info(self, instance_name):

         """Return data about the VM instance."""

         vm_ref = self._get_vm_ref_from_the_name(instance_name)

         if vm_ref is None:

-            raise exception.NotFound(_("instance - %s not present") %

-                                     instance_name)

+            raise exception.InstanceNotFound(instance_id=instance_name)

 

         lst_properties = ["summary.config.numCpu",

                     "summary.config.memorySizeMB",

@@ -687,8 +680,7 @@ class VMWareVMOps(object):
         """Return snapshot of console."""

         vm_ref = self._get_vm_ref_from_the_name(instance.name)

         if vm_ref is None:

-            raise exception.NotFound(_("instance - %s not present") %

-                                     instance.name)

+            raise exception.InstanceNotFound(instance_id=instance.id)

         param_list = {"id": str(vm_ref)}

         base_url = "%s://%s/screen?%s" % (self._session._scheme,

                                          self._session._host_ip,

@@ -716,8 +708,7 @@ class VMWareVMOps(object):
         """

         vm_ref = self._get_vm_ref_from_the_name(instance.name)

         if vm_ref is None:

-            raise exception.NotFound(_("instance - %s not present") %

-                                     instance.name)

+            raise exception.InstanceNotFound(instance_id=instance.id)

         network = db.network_get_by_instance(context.get_admin_context(),

                                             instance['id'])

         mac_addr = instance.mac_address

diff --git a/nova/virt/xenapi/fake.py b/nova/virt/xenapi/fake.py
index 4434dbf0b..e36ef3288 100644
--- a/nova/virt/xenapi/fake.py
+++ b/nova/virt/xenapi/fake.py
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ class Failure(Exception):
     def __str__(self):
         try:
             return str(self.details)
-        except Exception, exc:
+        except Exception:
             return "XenAPI Fake Failure: %s" % str(self.details)
 
     def _details_map(self):
diff --git a/nova/virt/xenapi/vm_utils.py b/nova/virt/xenapi/vm_utils.py
index d2045a557..c8f342aa8 100644
--- a/nova/virt/xenapi/vm_utils.py
+++ b/nova/virt/xenapi/vm_utils.py
@@ -28,10 +28,7 @@ import urllib
 import uuid
 from xml.dom import minidom
 
-from eventlet import event
 import glance.client
-from nova import context
-from nova import db
 from nova import exception
 from nova import flags
 from nova import log as logging
@@ -306,7 +303,6 @@ class VMHelper(HelperBase):
                 % locals())
 
         vm_vdi_ref, vm_vdi_rec = cls.get_vdi_for_vm_safely(session, vm_ref)
-        vm_vdi_uuid = vm_vdi_rec["uuid"]
         sr_ref = vm_vdi_rec["SR"]
 
         original_parent_uuid = get_vhd_parent_uuid(session, vm_vdi_ref)
@@ -510,9 +506,7 @@ class VMHelper(HelperBase):
             try:
                 return glance_disk_format2nova_type[disk_format]
             except KeyError:
-                raise exception.NotFound(
-                    _("Unrecognized disk_format '%(disk_format)s'")
-                    % locals())
+                raise exception.InvalidDiskFormat(disk_format=disk_format)
 
         def determine_from_instance():
             if instance.kernel_id:
@@ -647,8 +641,7 @@ class VMHelper(HelperBase):
         if n == 0:
             return None
         elif n > 1:
-            raise exception.Duplicate(_('duplicate name found: %s') %
-                                        name_label)
+            raise exception.InstanceExists(name=name_label)
         else:
             return vm_refs[0]
 
@@ -755,14 +748,14 @@ class VMHelper(HelperBase):
         session.call_xenapi('SR.scan', sr_ref)
 
 
-def get_rrd(host, uuid):
+def get_rrd(host, vm_uuid):
     """Return the VM RRD XML as a string"""
     try:
         xml = urllib.urlopen("http://%s:%s@%s/vm_rrd?uuid=%s" % (
             FLAGS.xenapi_connection_username,
             FLAGS.xenapi_connection_password,
             host,
-            uuid))
+            vm_uuid))
         return xml.read()
     except IOError:
         return None
@@ -857,7 +850,7 @@ def safe_find_sr(session):
     """
     sr_ref = find_sr(session)
     if sr_ref is None:
-        raise exception.NotFound(_('Cannot find SR to read/write VDI'))
+        raise exception.StorageRepositoryNotFound()
     return sr_ref
 
 
@@ -1020,7 +1013,6 @@ def _stream_disk(dev, image_type, virtual_size, image_file):
 
 def _write_partition(virtual_size, dev):
     dest = '/dev/%s' % dev
-    mbr_last = MBR_SIZE_SECTORS - 1
     primary_first = MBR_SIZE_SECTORS
     primary_last = MBR_SIZE_SECTORS + (virtual_size / SECTOR_SIZE) - 1
 
diff --git a/nova/virt/xenapi/vmops.py b/nova/virt/xenapi/vmops.py
index 7c7aa8e98..fe9a74dd6 100644
--- a/nova/virt/xenapi/vmops.py
+++ b/nova/virt/xenapi/vmops.py
@@ -127,8 +127,7 @@ class VMOps(object):
         instance_name = instance.name
         vm_ref = VMHelper.lookup(self._session, instance_name)
         if vm_ref is not None:
-            raise exception.Duplicate(_('Attempted to create'
-                    ' non-unique name %s') % instance_name)
+            raise exception.InstanceExists(name=instance_name)
 
         #ensure enough free memory is available
         if not VMHelper.ensure_free_mem(self._session, instance):
@@ -211,8 +210,6 @@ class VMOps(object):
         def _wait_for_boot():
             try:
                 state = self.get_info(instance_name)['state']
-                db.instance_set_state(context.get_admin_context(),
-                                      instance['id'], state)
                 if state == power_state.RUNNING:
                     LOG.debug(_('Instance %s: booted'), instance_name)
                     timer.stop()
@@ -220,11 +217,7 @@ class VMOps(object):
                     return True
             except Exception, exc:
                 LOG.warn(exc)
-                LOG.exception(_('instance %s: failed to boot'),
-                              instance_name)
-                db.instance_set_state(context.get_admin_context(),
-                                      instance['id'],
-                                      power_state.SHUTDOWN)
+                LOG.exception(_('Instance %s: failed to boot'), instance_name)
                 timer.stop()
                 return False
 
@@ -260,8 +253,7 @@ class VMOps(object):
             instance_name = instance_or_vm.name
         vm_ref = VMHelper.lookup(self._session, instance_name)
         if vm_ref is None:
-            raise exception.NotFound(
-                            _('Instance not present %s') % instance_name)
+            raise exception.InstanceNotFound(instance_id=instance_obj.id)
         return vm_ref
 
     def _acquire_bootlock(self, vm):
@@ -387,7 +379,6 @@ class VMOps(object):
 
     def link_disks(self, instance, base_copy_uuid, cow_uuid):
         """Links the base copy VHD to the COW via the XAPI plugin."""
-        vm_ref = VMHelper.lookup(self._session, instance.name)
         new_base_copy_uuid = str(uuid.uuid4())
         new_cow_uuid = str(uuid.uuid4())
         params = {'instance_id': instance.id,
@@ -437,11 +428,12 @@ class VMOps(object):
 
         """
         # Need to uniquely identify this request.
-        transaction_id = str(uuid.uuid4())
+        key_init_transaction_id = str(uuid.uuid4())
         # The simple Diffie-Hellman class is used to manage key exchange.
         dh = SimpleDH()
-        args = {'id': transaction_id, 'pub': str(dh.get_public())}
-        resp = self._make_agent_call('key_init', instance, '', args)
+        key_init_args = {'id': key_init_transaction_id,
+                         'pub': str(dh.get_public())}
+        resp = self._make_agent_call('key_init', instance, '', key_init_args)
         if resp is None:
             # No response from the agent
             return
@@ -455,8 +447,9 @@ class VMOps(object):
         dh.compute_shared(agent_pub)
         enc_pass = dh.encrypt(new_pass)
         # Send the encrypted password
-        args['enc_pass'] = enc_pass
-        resp = self._make_agent_call('password', instance, '', args)
+        password_transaction_id = str(uuid.uuid4())
+        password_args = {'id': password_transaction_id, 'enc_pass': enc_pass}
+        resp = self._make_agent_call('password', instance, '', password_args)
         if resp is None:
             # No response from the agent
             return
@@ -579,9 +572,8 @@ class VMOps(object):
 
         if not (instance.kernel_id and instance.ramdisk_id):
             # 2. We only have kernel xor ramdisk
-            raise exception.NotFound(
-                _("Instance %(instance_id)s has a kernel or ramdisk but not "
-                  "both" % locals()))
+            raise exception.InstanceUnacceptable(instance_id=instance_id,
+               reason=_("instance has a kernel or ramdisk but not both"))
 
         # 3. We have both kernel and ramdisk
         (kernel, ramdisk) = VMHelper.lookup_kernel_ramdisk(self._session,
@@ -722,8 +714,7 @@ class VMOps(object):
                                         "%s-rescue" % instance.name)
 
         if not rescue_vm_ref:
-            raise exception.NotFound(_(
-                "Instance is not in Rescue Mode: %s" % instance.name))
+            raise exception.InstanceNotInRescueMode(instance_id=instance.id)
 
         original_vm_ref = VMHelper.lookup(self._session, instance.name)
         instance._rescue = False
@@ -760,7 +751,6 @@ class VMOps(object):
                                                               instance)))
 
         for vm in rescue_vms:
-            rescue_name = vm["name"]
             rescue_vm_ref = vm["vm_ref"]
 
             self._destroy_rescue_instance(rescue_vm_ref)
@@ -798,7 +788,7 @@ class VMOps(object):
     def _get_network_info(self, instance):
         """Creates network info list for instance."""
         admin_context = context.get_admin_context()
-        IPs = db.fixed_ip_get_all_by_instance(admin_context,
+        ips = db.fixed_ip_get_all_by_instance(admin_context,
                                               instance['id'])
         networks = db.network_get_all_by_instance(admin_context,
                                                   instance['id'])
@@ -808,7 +798,7 @@ class VMOps(object):
 
         network_info = []
         for network in networks:
-            network_IPs = [ip for ip in IPs if ip.network_id == network.id]
+            network_ips = [ip for ip in ips if ip.network_id == network.id]
 
             def ip_dict(ip):
                 return {
@@ -830,7 +820,7 @@ class VMOps(object):
                 'mac': instance.mac_address,
                 'rxtx_cap': inst_type['rxtx_cap'],
                 'dns': [network['dns']],
-                'ips': [ip_dict(ip) for ip in network_IPs]}
+                'ips': [ip_dict(ip) for ip in network_ips]}
             if network['cidr_v6']:
                 info['ip6s'] = [ip6_dict()]
             if network['gateway_v6']:
@@ -923,7 +913,7 @@ class VMOps(object):
         try:
             ret = self._make_xenstore_call('read_record', vm, path,
                     {'ignore_missing_path': 'True'})
-        except self.XenAPI.Failure, e:
+        except self.XenAPI.Failure:
             return None
         ret = json.loads(ret)
         if ret == "None":
diff --git a/nova/virt/xenapi/volumeops.py b/nova/virt/xenapi/volumeops.py
index 757ecf5ad..afcb8cf47 100644
--- a/nova/virt/xenapi/volumeops.py
+++ b/nova/virt/xenapi/volumeops.py
@@ -45,8 +45,7 @@ class VolumeOps(object):
         # Before we start, check that the VM exists
         vm_ref = VMHelper.lookup(self._session, instance_name)
         if vm_ref is None:
-            raise exception.NotFound(_('Instance %s not found')
-                                      % instance_name)
+            raise exception.InstanceNotFound(instance_id=instance_name)
         # NOTE: No Resource Pool concept so far
         LOG.debug(_("Attach_volume: %(instance_name)s, %(device_path)s,"
                 " %(mountpoint)s") % locals())
@@ -98,8 +97,7 @@ class VolumeOps(object):
         # Before we start, check that the VM exists
         vm_ref = VMHelper.lookup(self._session, instance_name)
         if vm_ref is None:
-            raise exception.NotFound(_('Instance %s not found')
-                                     % instance_name)
+            raise exception.InstanceNotFound(instance_id=instance_name)
         # Detach VBD from VM
         LOG.debug(_("Detach_volume: %(instance_name)s, %(mountpoint)s")
                 % locals())
diff --git a/nova/virt/xenapi_conn.py b/nova/virt/xenapi_conn.py
index 0cabccf08..8e9085277 100644
--- a/nova/virt/xenapi_conn.py
+++ b/nova/virt/xenapi_conn.py
@@ -57,6 +57,8 @@ reactor thread if the VM.get_by_name_label or VM.get_record calls block.
 - suffix "_rec" for record objects
 """
 
+import json
+import random
 import sys
 import urlparse
 import xmlrpclib
@@ -67,10 +69,12 @@ from eventlet import timeout
 
 from nova import context
 from nova import db
+from nova import exception
 from nova import utils
 from nova import flags
 from nova import log as logging
 from nova.virt import driver
+from nova.virt.xenapi import vm_utils
 from nova.virt.xenapi.vmops import VMOps
 from nova.virt.xenapi.volumeops import VolumeOps
 
@@ -168,6 +172,13 @@ class XenAPIConnection(driver.ComputeDriver):
         session = XenAPISession(url, user, pw)
         self._vmops = VMOps(session)
         self._volumeops = VolumeOps(session)
+        self._host_state = None
+
+    @property
+    def HostState(self):
+        if not self._host_state:
+            self._host_state = HostState(self.session)
+        return self._host_state
 
     def init_host(self, host):
         #FIXME(armando): implement this
@@ -315,6 +326,16 @@ class XenAPIConnection(driver.ComputeDriver):
         """This method is supported only by libvirt."""
         raise NotImplementedError('This method is supported only by libvirt.')
 
+    def update_host_status(self):
+        """Update the status info of the host, and return those values
+            to the calling program."""
+        return self.HostState.update_status()
+
+    def get_host_stats(self, refresh=False):
+        """Return the current state of the host. If 'refresh' is
+           True, run the update first."""
+        return self.HostState.get_host_stats(refresh=refresh)
+
 
 class XenAPISession(object):
     """The session to invoke XenAPI SDK calls"""
@@ -436,6 +457,65 @@ class XenAPISession(object):
             raise
 
 
+class HostState(object):
+    """Manages information about the XenServer host this compute
+    node is running on.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, session):
+        super(HostState, self).__init__()
+        self._session = session
+        self._stats = {}
+        self.update_status()
+
+    def get_host_stats(self, refresh=False):
+        """Return the current state of the host. If 'refresh' is
+        True, run the update first.
+        """
+        if refresh:
+            self.update_status()
+        return self._stats
+
+    def update_status(self):
+        """Since under Xenserver, a compute node runs on a given host,
+        we can get host status information using xenapi.
+        """
+        LOG.debug(_("Updating host stats"))
+        # Make it something unlikely to match any actual instance ID
+        task_id = random.randint(-80000, -70000)
+        task = self._session.async_call_plugin("xenhost", "host_data", {})
+        task_result = self._session.wait_for_task(task, task_id)
+        if not task_result:
+            task_result = json.dumps("")
+        try:
+            data = json.loads(task_result)
+        except ValueError as e:
+            # Invalid JSON object
+            LOG.error(_("Unable to get updated status: %s") % e)
+            return
+        # Get the SR usage
+        try:
+            sr_ref = vm_utils.safe_find_sr(self._session)
+        except exception.NotFound as e:
+            # No SR configured
+            LOG.error(_("Unable to get SR for this host: %s") % e)
+            return
+        sr_rec = self._session.get_xenapi().SR.get_record(sr_ref)
+        total = int(sr_rec["virtual_allocation"])
+        used = int(sr_rec["physical_utilisation"])
+        data["disk_total"] = total
+        data["disk_used"] = used
+        data["disk_available"] = total - used
+        host_memory = data.get('host_memory', None)
+        if host_memory:
+            data["host_memory_total"] = host_memory.get('total', 0)
+            data["host_memory_overhead"] = host_memory.get('overhead', 0)
+            data["host_memory_free"] = host_memory.get('free', 0)
+            data["host_memory_free_computed"] = \
+                        host_memory.get('free-computed', 0)
+            del data['host_memory']
+        self._stats = data
+
+
 def _parse_xmlrpc_value(val):
     """Parse the given value as if it were an XML-RPC value. This is
     sometimes used as the format for the task.result field."""
diff --git a/nova/volume/api.py b/nova/volume/api.py
index f5285f31f..c1af30de0 100644
--- a/nova/volume/api.py
+++ b/nova/volume/api.py
@@ -113,6 +113,13 @@ class API(base.Base):
         if volume['status'] == "available":
             raise exception.ApiError(_("Volume is already detached"))
 
+    def remove_from_compute(self, context, volume_id, host):
+        """Remove volume from specified compute host."""
+        rpc.call(context,
+                 self.db.queue_get_for(context, FLAGS.compute_topic, host),
+                 {"method": "remove_volume",
+                  "args": {'volume_id': volume_id}})
+
     def create_snapshot(self, context, volume_id, name, description):
         volume = self.get(context, volume_id)
         if volume['status'] != "available":
diff --git a/nova/wsgi.py b/nova/wsgi.py
index de2e0749f..e60a8820d 100644
--- a/nova/wsgi.py
+++ b/nova/wsgi.py
@@ -17,9 +17,7 @@
 #    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
 #    under the License.
 
-"""
-Utility methods for working with WSGI servers
-"""
+"""Utility methods for working with WSGI servers."""
 
 import os
 import sys
@@ -33,7 +31,6 @@ import routes.middleware
 import webob
 import webob.dec
 import webob.exc
-
 from paste import deploy
 
 from nova import exception
@@ -66,7 +63,7 @@ class Server(object):
     def start(self, application, port, host='0.0.0.0', backlog=128):
         """Run a WSGI server with the given application."""
         arg0 = sys.argv[0]
-        logging.audit(_("Starting %(arg0)s on %(host)s:%(port)s") % locals())
+        logging.audit(_('Starting %(arg0)s on %(host)s:%(port)s') % locals())
         socket = eventlet.listen((host, port), backlog=backlog)
         self.pool.spawn_n(self._run, application, socket)
 
@@ -87,30 +84,34 @@ class Server(object):
 class Request(webob.Request):
 
     def best_match_content_type(self):
-        """
-        Determine the most acceptable content-type based on the
-        query extension then the Accept header
-        """
+        """Determine the most acceptable content-type.
 
-        parts = self.path.rsplit(".", 1)
+        Based on the query extension then the Accept header.
+
+        """
+        parts = self.path.rsplit('.', 1)
 
         if len(parts) > 1:
             format = parts[1]
-            if format in ["json", "xml"]:
-                return "application/{0}".format(parts[1])
+            if format in ['json', 'xml']:
+                return 'application/{0}'.format(parts[1])
 
-        ctypes = ["application/json", "application/xml"]
+        ctypes = ['application/json', 'application/xml']
         bm = self.accept.best_match(ctypes)
 
-        return bm or "application/json"
+        return bm or 'application/json'
 
     def get_content_type(self):
-        try:
-            ct = self.headers["Content-Type"]
-            assert ct in ("application/xml", "application/json")
-            return ct
-        except Exception:
-            raise webob.exc.HTTPBadRequest("Invalid content type")
+        allowed_types = ("application/xml", "application/json")
+        if not "Content-Type" in self.headers:
+            msg = _("Missing Content-Type")
+            LOG.debug(msg)
+            raise webob.exc.HTTPBadRequest(msg)
+        type = self.content_type
+        if type in allowed_types:
+            return type
+        LOG.debug(_("Wrong Content-Type: %s") % type)
+        raise webob.exc.HTTPBadRequest("Invalid content type")
 
 
 class Application(object):
@@ -118,7 +119,7 @@ class Application(object):
 
     @classmethod
     def factory(cls, global_config, **local_config):
-        """Used for paste app factories in paste.deploy config fles.
+        """Used for paste app factories in paste.deploy config files.
 
         Any local configuration (that is, values under the [app:APPNAME]
         section of the paste config) will be passed into the `__init__` method
@@ -173,8 +174,9 @@ class Application(object):
 
         See the end of http://pythonpaste.org/webob/modules/dec.html
         for more info.
+
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError(_("You must implement __call__"))
+        raise NotImplementedError(_('You must implement __call__'))
 
 
 class Middleware(Application):
@@ -184,11 +186,12 @@ class Middleware(Application):
     initialized that will be called next.  By default the middleware will
     simply call its wrapped app, or you can override __call__ to customize its
     behavior.
+
     """
 
     @classmethod
     def factory(cls, global_config, **local_config):
-        """Used for paste app factories in paste.deploy config fles.
+        """Used for paste app factories in paste.deploy config files.
 
         Any local configuration (that is, values under the [filter:APPNAME]
         section of the paste config) will be passed into the `__init__` method
@@ -240,20 +243,24 @@ class Middleware(Application):
 
 
 class Debug(Middleware):
-    """Helper class that can be inserted into any WSGI application chain
-    to get information about the request and response."""
+    """Helper class for debugging a WSGI application.
+
+    Can be inserted into any WSGI application chain to get information
+    about the request and response.
+
+    """
 
     @webob.dec.wsgify(RequestClass=Request)
     def __call__(self, req):
-        print ("*" * 40) + " REQUEST ENVIRON"
+        print ('*' * 40) + ' REQUEST ENVIRON'
         for key, value in req.environ.items():
-            print key, "=", value
+            print key, '=', value
         print
         resp = req.get_response(self.application)
 
-        print ("*" * 40) + " RESPONSE HEADERS"
+        print ('*' * 40) + ' RESPONSE HEADERS'
         for (key, value) in resp.headers.iteritems():
-            print key, "=", value
+            print key, '=', value
         print
 
         resp.app_iter = self.print_generator(resp.app_iter)
@@ -262,11 +269,8 @@ class Debug(Middleware):
 
     @staticmethod
     def print_generator(app_iter):
-        """
-        Iterator that prints the contents of a wrapper string iterator
-        when iterated.
-        """
-        print ("*" * 40) + " BODY"
+        """Iterator that prints the contents of a wrapper string."""
+        print ('*' * 40) + ' BODY'
         for part in app_iter:
             sys.stdout.write(part)
             sys.stdout.flush()
@@ -275,13 +279,10 @@ class Debug(Middleware):
 
 
 class Router(object):
-    """
-    WSGI middleware that maps incoming requests to WSGI apps.
-    """
+    """WSGI middleware that maps incoming requests to WSGI apps."""
 
     def __init__(self, mapper):
-        """
-        Create a router for the given routes.Mapper.
+        """Create a router for the given routes.Mapper.
 
         Each route in `mapper` must specify a 'controller', which is a
         WSGI app to call.  You'll probably want to specify an 'action' as
@@ -293,15 +294,16 @@ class Router(object):
           sc = ServerController()
 
           # Explicit mapping of one route to a controller+action
-          mapper.connect(None, "/svrlist", controller=sc, action="list")
+          mapper.connect(None, '/svrlist', controller=sc, action='list')
 
           # Actions are all implicitly defined
-          mapper.resource("server", "servers", controller=sc)
+          mapper.resource('server', 'servers', controller=sc)
 
           # Pointing to an arbitrary WSGI app.  You can specify the
           # {path_info:.*} parameter so the target app can be handed just that
           # section of the URL.
-          mapper.connect(None, "/v1.0/{path_info:.*}", controller=BlogApp())
+          mapper.connect(None, '/v1.0/{path_info:.*}', controller=BlogApp())
+
         """
         self.map = mapper
         self._router = routes.middleware.RoutesMiddleware(self._dispatch,
@@ -309,19 +311,22 @@ class Router(object):
 
     @webob.dec.wsgify(RequestClass=Request)
     def __call__(self, req):
-        """
-        Route the incoming request to a controller based on self.map.
+        """Route the incoming request to a controller based on self.map.
+
         If no match, return a 404.
+
         """
         return self._router
 
     @staticmethod
     @webob.dec.wsgify(RequestClass=Request)
     def _dispatch(req):
-        """
+        """Dispatch the request to the appropriate controller.
+
         Called by self._router after matching the incoming request to a route
         and putting the information into req.environ.  Either returns 404
         or the routed WSGI app's response.
+
         """
         match = req.environ['wsgiorg.routing_args'][1]
         if not match:
@@ -331,19 +336,19 @@ class Router(object):
 
 
 class Controller(object):
-    """
+    """WSGI app that dispatched to methods.
+
     WSGI app that reads routing information supplied by RoutesMiddleware
     and calls the requested action method upon itself.  All action methods
     must, in addition to their normal parameters, accept a 'req' argument
     which is the incoming wsgi.Request.  They raise a webob.exc exception,
     or return a dict which will be serialized by requested content type.
+
     """
 
     @webob.dec.wsgify(RequestClass=Request)
     def __call__(self, req):
-        """
-        Call the method specified in req.environ by RoutesMiddleware.
-        """
+        """Call the method specified in req.environ by RoutesMiddleware."""
         arg_dict = req.environ['wsgiorg.routing_args'][1]
         action = arg_dict['action']
         method = getattr(self, action)
@@ -361,7 +366,7 @@ class Controller(object):
             body = self._serialize(result, content_type, default_xmlns)
 
             response = webob.Response()
-            response.headers["Content-Type"] = content_type
+            response.headers['Content-Type'] = content_type
             response.body = body
             msg_dict = dict(url=req.url, status=response.status_int)
             msg = _("%(url)s returned with HTTP %(status)d") % msg_dict
@@ -371,12 +376,13 @@ class Controller(object):
             return result
 
     def _serialize(self, data, content_type, default_xmlns):
-        """
-        Serialize the given dict to the provided content_type.
+        """Serialize the given dict to the provided content_type.
+
         Uses self._serialization_metadata if it exists, which is a dict mapping
         MIME types to information needed to serialize to that type.
+
         """
-        _metadata = getattr(type(self), "_serialization_metadata", {})
+        _metadata = getattr(type(self), '_serialization_metadata', {})
 
         serializer = Serializer(_metadata, default_xmlns)
         try:
@@ -385,12 +391,13 @@ class Controller(object):
             raise webob.exc.HTTPNotAcceptable()
 
     def _deserialize(self, data, content_type):
-        """
-        Deserialize the request body to the specefied content type.
+        """Deserialize the request body to the specefied content type.
+
         Uses self._serialization_metadata if it exists, which is a dict mapping
         MIME types to information needed to serialize to that type.
+
         """
-        _metadata = getattr(type(self), "_serialization_metadata", {})
+        _metadata = getattr(type(self), '_serialization_metadata', {})
         serializer = Serializer(_metadata)
         return serializer.deserialize(data, content_type)
 
@@ -400,55 +407,51 @@ class Controller(object):
 
 
 class Serializer(object):
-    """
-    Serializes and deserializes dictionaries to certain MIME types.
-    """
+    """Serializes and deserializes dictionaries to certain MIME types."""
 
     def __init__(self, metadata=None, default_xmlns=None):
-        """
-        Create a serializer based on the given WSGI environment.
+        """Create a serializer based on the given WSGI environment.
+
         'metadata' is an optional dict mapping MIME types to information
         needed to serialize a dictionary to that type.
+
         """
         self.metadata = metadata or {}
         self.default_xmlns = default_xmlns
 
     def _get_serialize_handler(self, content_type):
         handlers = {
-            "application/json": self._to_json,
-            "application/xml": self._to_xml,
+            'application/json': self._to_json,
+            'application/xml': self._to_xml,
         }
 
         try:
             return handlers[content_type]
         except Exception:
-            raise exception.InvalidContentType()
+            raise exception.InvalidContentType(content_type=content_type)
 
     def serialize(self, data, content_type):
-        """
-        Serialize a dictionary into a string of the specified content type.
-        """
+        """Serialize a dictionary into the specified content type."""
         return self._get_serialize_handler(content_type)(data)
 
     def deserialize(self, datastring, content_type):
-        """
-        Deserialize a string to a dictionary.
+        """Deserialize a string to a dictionary.
 
         The string must be in the format of a supported MIME type.
+
         """
         return self.get_deserialize_handler(content_type)(datastring)
 
     def get_deserialize_handler(self, content_type):
         handlers = {
-            "application/json": self._from_json,
-            "application/xml": self._from_xml,
+            'application/json': self._from_json,
+            'application/xml': self._from_xml,
         }
 
         try:
             return handlers[content_type]
         except Exception:
-            raise exception.InvalidContentType(_("Invalid content type %s"
-                                                 % content_type))
+            raise exception.InvalidContentType(content_type=content_type)
 
     def _from_json(self, datastring):
         return utils.loads(datastring)
@@ -460,11 +463,11 @@ class Serializer(object):
         return {node.nodeName: self._from_xml_node(node, plurals)}
 
     def _from_xml_node(self, node, listnames):
-        """
-        Convert a minidom node to a simple Python type.
+        """Convert a minidom node to a simple Python type.
 
         listnames is a collection of names of XML nodes whose subnodes should
         be considered list items.
+
         """
         if len(node.childNodes) == 1 and node.childNodes[0].nodeType == 3:
             return node.childNodes[0].nodeValue
@@ -571,7 +574,6 @@ def paste_config_file(basename):
     * /etc/nova, which may not be diffrerent from state_path on your distro
 
     """
-
     configfiles = [basename,
                    os.path.join(FLAGS.state_path, 'etc', 'nova', basename),
                    os.path.join(FLAGS.state_path, 'etc', basename),
@@ -587,7 +589,7 @@ def load_paste_configuration(filename, appname):
     filename = os.path.abspath(filename)
     config = None
     try:
-        config = deploy.appconfig("config:%s" % filename, name=appname)
+        config = deploy.appconfig('config:%s' % filename, name=appname)
     except LookupError:
         pass
     return config
@@ -598,7 +600,7 @@ def load_paste_app(filename, appname):
     filename = os.path.abspath(filename)
     app = None
     try:
-        app = deploy.loadapp("config:%s" % filename, name=appname)
+        app = deploy.loadapp('config:%s' % filename, name=appname)
     except LookupError:
         pass
     return app