* Convert every string specifying a DN into a DN object

* Every place a dn was manipulated in some fashion it was replaced by
  the use of DN operators

* Add new DNParam parameter type for parameters which are DN's

* DN objects are used 100% of the time throughout the entire data
  pipeline whenever something is logically a dn.

* Many classes now enforce DN usage for their attributes which are
  dn's. This is implmented via ipautil.dn_attribute_property(). The
  only permitted types for a class attribute specified to be a DN are
  either None or a DN object.

* Require that every place a dn is used it must be a DN object.
  This translates into lot of::

    assert isinstance(dn, DN)

  sprinkled through out the code. Maintaining these asserts is
  valuable to preserve DN type enforcement. The asserts can be
  disabled in production.

  The goal of 100% DN usage 100% of the time has been realized, these
  asserts are meant to preserve that.

  The asserts also proved valuable in detecting functions which did
  not obey their function signatures, such as the baseldap pre and
  post callbacks.

* Moved ipalib.dn to ipapython.dn because DN class is shared with all
  components, not just the server which uses ipalib.

* All API's now accept DN's natively, no need to convert to str (or
  unicode).

* Removed ipalib.encoder and encode/decode decorators. Type conversion
  is now explicitly performed in each IPASimpleLDAPObject method which
  emulates a ldap.SimpleLDAPObject method.

* Entity & Entry classes now utilize DN's

* Removed __getattr__ in Entity & Entity clases. There were two
  problems with it. It presented synthetic Python object attributes
  based on the current LDAP data it contained. There is no way to
  validate synthetic attributes using code checkers, you can't search
  the code to find LDAP attribute accesses (because synthetic
  attriutes look like Python attributes instead of LDAP data) and
  error handling is circumscribed. Secondly __getattr__ was hiding
  Python internal methods which broke class semantics.

* Replace use of methods inherited from ldap.SimpleLDAPObject via
  IPAdmin class with IPAdmin methods. Directly using inherited methods
  was causing us to bypass IPA logic. Mostly this meant replacing the
  use of search_s() with getEntry() or getList(). Similarly direct
  access of the LDAP data in classes using IPAdmin were replaced with
  calls to getValue() or getValues().

* Objects returned by ldap2.find_entries() are now compatible with
  either the python-ldap access methodology or the Entity/Entry access
  methodology.

* All ldap operations now funnel through the common
  IPASimpleLDAPObject giving us a single location where we interface
  to python-ldap and perform conversions.

* The above 4 modifications means we've greatly reduced the
  proliferation of multiple inconsistent ways to perform LDAP
  operations. We are well on the way to having a single API in IPA for
  doing LDAP (a long range goal).

* All certificate subject bases are now DN's

* DN objects were enhanced thusly:
  - find, rfind, index, rindex, replace and insert methods were added
  - AVA, RDN and DN classes were refactored in immutable and mutable
    variants, the mutable variants are EditableAVA, EditableRDN and
    EditableDN. By default we use the immutable variants preserving
    important semantics. To edit a DN cast it to an EditableDN and
    cast it back to DN when done editing. These issues are fully
    described in other documentation.
  - first_key_match was removed
  - DN equalty comparison permits comparison to a basestring

* Fixed ldapupdate to work with DN's. This work included:
  - Enhance test_updates.py to do more checking after applying
    update. Add test for update_from_dict(). Convert code to use
    unittest classes.
  - Consolidated duplicate code.
  - Moved code which should have been in the class into the class.
  - Fix the handling of the 'deleteentry' update action. It's no longer
    necessary to supply fake attributes to make it work. Detect case
    where subsequent update applies a change to entry previously marked
    for deletetion. General clean-up and simplification of the
    'deleteentry' logic.
  - Rewrote a couple of functions to be clearer and more Pythonic.
  - Added documentation on the data structure being used.
  - Simplfy the use of update_from_dict()

* Removed all usage of get_schema() which was being called prior to
  accessing the .schema attribute of an object. If a class is using
  internal lazy loading as an optimization it's not right to require
  users of the interface to be aware of internal
  optimization's. schema is now a property and when the schema
  property is accessed it calls a private internal method to perform
  the lazy loading.

* Added SchemaCache class to cache the schema's from individual
  servers. This was done because of the observation we talk to
  different LDAP servers, each of which may have it's own
  schema. Previously we globally cached the schema from the first
  server we connected to and returned that schema in all contexts. The
  cache includes controls to invalidate it thus forcing a schema
  refresh.

* Schema caching is now senstive to the run time context. During
  install and upgrade the schema can change leading to errors due to
  out-of-date cached schema. The schema cache is refreshed in these
  contexts.

* We are aware of the LDAP syntax of all LDAP attributes. Every
  attribute returned from an LDAP operation is passed through a
  central table look-up based on it's LDAP syntax. The table key is
  the LDAP syntax it's value is a Python callable that returns a
  Python object matching the LDAP syntax. There are a handful of LDAP
  attributes whose syntax is historically incorrect
  (e.g. DistguishedNames that are defined as DirectoryStrings). The
  table driven conversion mechanism is augmented with a table of
  hard coded exceptions.

  Currently only the following conversions occur via the table:

  - dn's are converted to DN objects

  - binary objects are converted to Python str objects (IPA
    convention).

  - everything else is converted to unicode using UTF-8 decoding (IPA
    convention).

  However, now that the table driven conversion mechanism is in place
  it would be trivial to do things such as converting attributes
  which have LDAP integer syntax into a Python integer, etc.

* Expected values in the unit tests which are a DN no longer need to
  use lambda expressions to promote the returned value to a DN for
  equality comparison. The return value is automatically promoted to
  a DN. The lambda expressions have been removed making the code much
  simpler and easier to read.

* Add class level logging to a number of classes which did not support
  logging, less need for use of root_logger.

* Remove ipaserver/conn.py, it was unused.

* Consolidated duplicate code wherever it was found.

* Fixed many places that used string concatenation to form a new
  string rather than string formatting operators. This is necessary
  because string formatting converts it's arguments to a string prior
  to building the result string. You can't concatenate a string and a
  non-string.

* Simplify logic in rename_managed plugin. Use DN operators to edit
  dn's.

* The live version of ipa-ldap-updater did not generate a log file.
  The offline version did, now both do.

https://fedorahosted.org/freeipa/ticket/1670
https://fedorahosted.org/freeipa/ticket/1671
https://fedorahosted.org/freeipa/ticket/1672
https://fedorahosted.org/freeipa/ticket/1673
https://fedorahosted.org/freeipa/ticket/1674
https://fedorahosted.org/freeipa/ticket/1392
https://fedorahosted.org/freeipa/ticket/2872

Try to use the URI /ipa/session/xml if there is a key in the kernel
keyring. If there is no cookie or it turns out to be invalid (expired,
whatever) then use the standard URI /ipa/xml. This in turn will create
a session that the user can then use later.

https://fedorahosted.org/freeipa/ticket/2331

IPA server web form-based authentication allows logins for users
which for some reason cannot use Kerberos authentication. However,
when a password for such users expires, they are unable change the
password via web interface.

This patch adds a new WSGI script attached to URL
/ipa/session/change_password which can be accessed without
authentication and which provides password change capability
for web services.

The actual password change in the script is processed by LDAP
password change command.

Password result is passed both in the resulting HTML page, but
also in HTTP headers for easier parsing in web services:
  X-IPA-Pwchange-Result: {ok, invalid-password, policy-error, error}
  (optional) X-IPA-Pwchange-Policy-Error: $policy_error_text

https://fedorahosted.org/freeipa/ticket/2276

IPA has some unused code from abandoned features (Radius, ipa 1.x user
input, commant-line tab completion), as well as some duplicate utilities.
This patch cleans up the utility modules.

Duplicate code consolidated into ipapython.ipautil:
    {ipalib.util,ipaserver.ipautil,ipapython.ipautil}.realm_to_suffix
    {ipaserver,ipapython}.ipautil.CIDict
            (with style improvements from the ipaserver version)
    {ipapython.entity,ipaserver.ipautil}.utf8_encode_value
    {ipapython.entity,ipaserver.ipautil}.utf8_encode_values

ipalib.util.get_fqdn was removed in favor of the same function in
ipaserver.install.installutils

Removed unused code:
    ipalib.util:
        load_plugins_in_dir
        import_plugins_subpackage
        make_repr (was imported but unused; also removed from tests)

    ipapython.ipautil:
        format_list
        parse_key_value_pairs
        read_pairs_file
        read_items_file
        user_input_plain
        AttributeValueCompleter
        ItemCompleter

    ipaserver.ipautil:
        get_gsserror (a different version exists in ipapython.ipautil)

ipaserver.ipautil ended up empty and is removed entirely.

https://fedorahosted.org/freeipa/ticket/2650

Move the code for encoding boolean values to LDAP boolean syntax from the
Parameter class to the Encoder class, where the rest of LDAP encoding takes
place. Remove encoding code from the Parameter class altogether, as all LDAP
encoding should be done in the Encoder class.

This reverts commit a58cbb985ec007c0ef83010b32408efb2f4784d2.

We are going to take another approach to this. Instead of erroring
out on attributes that don't seem to be allowed we are going to
eventually return a warning.

ldap2 plugin returns NotFound error for find_entries/get_entry
queries when the server did not manage to return an entry
due to time limits. This may be confusing for user when the
entry he searches actually exists.

This patch fixes the behavior in ldap2 plugin to
1) Return even a zero search results + truncated bool set in
   ldap2.find_entries
2) Raise LimitsExceeded in ldap2.get_entry and
   ldap2.find_entry_by_attr instead of NotFound error

This changed several assumptions about ldap2.find_entries
results. Several calls accross IPA code base had to be
amended.

https://fedorahosted.org/freeipa/ticket/2606

Replace all occurences of create_default with equivalent default_from
and remove create_default from the framework. This is needed for
proper parameter validation, as there is no way to tell which
parameters to validate prior to calling create_default, because
create_default does not provide information about which parameters are
used for generating the default value.