2000 2001 Alexander Kirillov, Kirrily Robert 2001 Manuel de Vega Barreiro y grupo Gnome-es (traducción al Castellano) Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. You may obtain a copy of the GNU Free Documentation License from the Free Software Foundation by visiting their Web site or by writing to: Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. Many of the names used by companies to distinguish their products and services are claimed as trademarks. Where those names appear in any GNOME documentation, and those trademarks are made aware to the members of the GNOME Documentation Project, the names have been printed in caps or initial caps. Se permite la copia, distribución y/o modificación de este documento bajo los términos de la licencia de documentación libre de GNU, versión 1.1 o cualquier versión posterior publicada por la fundación para el software libre; sin secciones invariantes, sin portada, y sin contraportada. Una copia de esta licencia esta disponible en la fundación para el software libre y puede leerse en linea. Muchos de los nombres usados por las compañías para diferencias sus productos y servicios son reclamados como marcas registradas. Allí donde estos nombres aparezcan en la documentación de Gnome, y cuando los miembros del proyecto de documentación Gnome hayan sido informados de esas marcas registradas, los nombres estarán impresos en mayúsculas o como nombres propios. Aplique («Applet») Una aplicación que se ejecuta en una pequeña ventana en el panel. Lanzador de aplicaciones Un boton en el panel que lanza una aplicacion o ejecuta un comando cuando se pulsa. ASCII Codigo estandar americano para intercambio de infromacion; un estandar que describe un juego de caracteres y los codigos que tiene asignados (esto es secuencias de ceros y unos, o numeros). Los caracteres ASCII incluyen el alfabeto latinos, los simbolos de puntuación comunes, algunos simbolos especiales que se encuentran en el teclado como el & y el $ y algunos caracteres de control, esto es codigos usados para avisar del final de una linea y del final del fichero; No estan inlcuidos los caracteres acentuados. Los codigos correspondientes van del 0 al 127. Cuando vea en algu lado una mencion a un fichero ASCII o texto ASCII, indicanormalmente que se trata de un un fichero de texto plano que solo usa los simbolos definidos en ASCII estandar, sin necesidad de usar informacion de formato como tipografias. ASCII esta definido como un estandar el instituto nacional de estandares americano (ANSI); la referencia oficial es ANSI X3.4-1986. Puede encontrar una copia en muchos sitios de Internet, por ejemplo en la pagina web CNET. Anexo cualquier fichero que acompaña un mensaje de correo electronico en un formato especial que permite ser visto o salvado en el disco duro de forma independiente de la parte principal del mensaje. Segundo plano («background») Hacer que un programa se ejecute sin ninguna salida visible; poner un programa que este ya en ejecucion en segundo plano. En la linea de comandos de Unix, el caracter & añadido a un comando hara que este comando se ejecute en segundo plano. Binario Un programa ejecutable, llamado asi porque el fichero que contiene el programa consiste en digitos binarios legibles por la maquina, esto es unos y ceros. Bit La minima parte posible una unidad de informacion, un digito que puede valer 0 o 1. Decir que un fichero tiene una longitud de n bites es equivalente a decir que puede escribirse como una secuencia de n ceros y unos. Byte u octeto 8 bits, esto es una secuencia de 8 ceros y unos. Hay 256 posibles secuencias, asi que tambien se puede decir que un Byte representa un numero en el rango de 0 a 255. El byte es el bloque basico para contruir sistemas de ficheros: todos los sistemas de ficheros estan compuestos de bytes. Para los ficheros de textos, cada byte representa un simbolo (vease la definicion de cofificar para mas informacion). Caché Un area de almacenamiento transitorio en RAM o disco duro. Muchos programas usan la caché para almacenar los ficheros accedidos recientemente u otros elementos. Juego de caracteres («charset») Una coleccio de simbolos, como letras de uno o mas alfabetos, digitos, simbolos de puntuacion, etc. Habitualmente usados conjuntamente con una codificacion. Portapapeles («Clipboard») la memoria intermedia temporal en la que se copia texo u otros datos, para usarlos mas tarde pegandolos en una posicion diferente. La mayoria de las aplicaciones soportan el portapapeles bien a traves de la funcionalidad cortar y pegar del raton del sistema de ventanas X, bien a traves de menus especializados u otras interfaces. Command line options Parameters or arguments given on the UNIX command line after a program name, which tell the program how to run. For instance, in the command ls -l the -l is a command line option telling the ls program to produce a long listing. Cursor A highlighted or animated icon which indicates the current position of the mouse on the screen, or the position where keyboard input will occur in a text window. Daemon A background process providing basic system or network services. Desktop The visible screen area, on which windows, icons, and other graphical items may be placed. Desktop environment Software which provides graphical user interface for users desktop. In addtition to capabilities provided by a window manager (that is, ability to move, resize, and hide windows), a desktop environment usually also includes such elements of GUI as a File Manager with drag-and-drop capabilities, Panel used for keeping your favorite applications and applets, and a set of other utilities. Most popular desktop environments for UNIX include GNOME, KDE and CDE (soon to be replaced by GNOME). Device A piece of hardware with which the system interacts, such as a hard disk, modem, or mouse. Directory A branch within UNIX's hierarchical file system; a folder containing files or other directories (called subdirectories). DNS Domain Name Service; converting domain names (such as www.gnome.org) into IP addresses such as 209.116.70.70. If you want to use domain names, your computer must be configured to connect to one of DNS servers which would do this conversion. Electronic mail (e-mail) A way of exchanging messages between users of computers connected to a network (local or Internet). Encoding A correspondence between characters of some character set and character codes, i.e. internal computer presentation of the symbols. In order to be able to read a text file, you need to know its character set and encoding. In most encodings, each symbol is represented by one byte, which is equivalent to a number from 0 to 255; the characters corresponding to codes 0 to 127 coincide with the ASCII standard, while the characters with codes higher than 127 vary between encodings. For Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and similar character sets, each symbol is represented by 2 bytes. The most common encoding is iso-8859-1; in addition to ASCII characters, it also contains accented letters covering most of Western European languages. Environment variable A global setting, or configuration parameter, which is available to all applications. Each environment variable has a name and a value (which usually is a string of symbols or an integer number). Any application you run can access any of the environment variables. For example, there is a standard environment variable HOME, whose value is the user's home directory (for example, /home/joe), and any application which wants to create a file in your home directory uses this variable to find out what your home directory is. To view all currenlty defined environment variables, use the command printenv (provided that you have GNU shell utils package installed). To modify a value of environment variable, use the command export NAME= VALUE; if you are using bash shell or setenv NAME VALUE; if you are using csh or tcsh shell. Ethernet A protocol for network communication, developed in the 1980s and commonly used for Local Area Networks (LANs) and other network communication. File Any piece of information (text, graphics, executable) put together and given a name. All the information you have on the hard drive is arranged as a collection of files. Filesystem A collection of all the files and directories on a system arranged in a tree-like hierarchy. Foreground To run a program so that its output is visible to the user, or to bring a previously backgrounded program to the foreground. Programs running in the foreground can display output and receive input from the user. File Transfer Protocol (FTP) A protocol for exchanging files over the Internet or local network. There is a number of utilities based on this protocol, such as gFTP; you can also use command ftp on the command line. In addition, most file managers and Web browsers have built-in FTP capabilities. Free software As defined by Free Software Foundation, free software is software that comes with permission for anyone to use, copy, and distribute, either verbatim or with modifications, either gratis or for a fee. In particular, this means that the source code must be available. This is very close, but not identical, to the notion of Open Source software. Detailed discussion of this and related topics can be found on Free Software Foundation's Web page. GNOME A free desktop environment for UNIX and UNIX-like operating systems; one of the two leading desktop environments for Linux (the other one is KDE). For more information, please visit GNOME Web site. Officially, GNOME stands for GNU Network Object Model Environment. The only part of this name that really matters is GNU, which is there to indicate that GNOME is a part of the larger GNU project. GNU GNU's Not UNIX; a project to develop a complete UNIX-like operating system which is free software. Combination of tools and utilities produced by GNU project with Linux kernel is widely known under the name Linux operating system; more accurately, such a system should be called GNU/Linux. For more information about GNU project, visit its Web page. GNU General Public License (GPL) A software license developed by the Free Software Foundation. In short, it allows anyone to use, copy, distribute, or sell the software, in original or modified form, as long as you distribute the program's source code along with the binaries, and you distribute them again under the GPL. A copy of the GPL is included as an appendix to GNOME User's guide. You can also view GPL on-line on FSF's Web page. GPL plays an extremely important role in the free software movement; almost all of GNU project software, as well as Linux kernel, is distributed under GPL. For a detailed discussion of history, ideas and philosophy related to GPL and free sofware in general, visit FSF's Web page. GIMP Toolkit (GTK) A collection of tools for creating screen widgets such as scrollbars, menus, checkbuttons, etc. in applications. GTK is used by all GNOME applications. Hot Key Hot-keys are keyboard combinations used to do actions on a computer instead of using the mouse to do the same action. Hot-keys can speed up computer usage. Also known under the name keyboard shortcut or keyboard accelerator. HTML Hypertext Markup Language; the language in which all the Web pages in the world are written. HTML can also be used for e-mails, which allows having nicely formatted e-mails, possibly including images and links. More information about HTML can be found on the Web page of World Wide Web Consortium, which is the official maintainer of HTML standard. HTTP HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol; the protocol by which web pages and other web-accessible resources are delivered. Whenever you are browsing the Web, your browser uses HTTP to communicate with the Web server and request a Web page. HTTP is defined in RFC 1945 (HTTP 1.0) and RFC 2068 (HTTP 1.1). IDE Intergrated Drive Electronics; an interface for connecting hard drives and other similar devices to your computer. IDE is an old interface; nowadays, most drives use an enhanced version of IDE, EIDE. Icon A small picture used within a graphical user interface to indicate a program, file, or other part of a computer system. Internet Unless you spent the last 20 years on a deserted island, you probably know what Internet is. But just in case: Internet is the network of millions of computers all around the world, connected to each other by some hardware means (cables, wires, phone lines, communication satellites) and communicating with each other using some standard protocols. Internet makes it possible for users of these computers to send and receive electronic mail, browse the World Wide Web, exchange files (using FTP protocol), remotely login into your computer from other places (using telnet), and more. IP address A unique address assigned to each computer connected to the Internet or a local network. Has the form a.b.c.d, where a,b,c,d are numbers from 0 to 255, subject to a number of rules and conventions. All communication between computers on the Internet is based on IP addresses; however, on a properly set up network you can instead use domain names (such as www.gnome.org), which are automatically transformed to IP addresses using Domain Name Service (DNS). KDE A desktop environment for UNIX and UNIX-like operating systems; one of two leading desktop environments for Linux (the other one is GNOME). For more infrmation visit KDE Web site. Kernel The core component of an operating system, responsible for basic operations such as accessing the files, input/output, managing the processor and memory resources, etc. All other tools, utilities, and applications use the kernel. Linux A free (as in GNU GPL) UNIX-like operating system, written in collaboration by hundreds of developers all around the world, most of them volunteers. One of the most successful and famous free software projects. Strictly speaking, the name Linux only applies to the kernel of the operating system. Most of other tools and utilities necessary for system functioning came from GNU project, so the operating system should be properly called GNU/Linux; however, for convenience reasons most people use the name Linux for the whole operating system. There is a tremendous amount of information about Linux available on the Internet; good starting points are www.linux.com, www.linux.org. There is also a number of good books about Linux available in bookstores; if you have a Linux system, you probably also have a lot of Linux documentaion installed on your system. login The process by which a user authenticates herself to a computer system, usually by typing in a username and password. Mail Client An application which a user reads and sends their e-mail with. Also called Mail User Agent (MUA). Manual page (manpage) A documentation resource commonly provided with UNIX programs. Manual pages typically contain concise technical listings of available command line options and other settings which affect the running of the program. Can be viewed using GNOME Help Browser or by typing man commandname on the command line. Menu A list of possible actions or options available within a program. MIME type A type of the file, describing what kind of data and in which format this file contains; for example, MIME type image/jpeg is used for graphic files in JPEG format. Used by many applications (such as file manager) to determine what application should be used to open or edit a given file. This can be configured using GNOME Control Center. The acronym MIME stands for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension, since originally it was used to describe types of files sent in e-mail. Mount A command instructing the operating system to incorporate contents of a device (such as a hard drive or a CD-ROM) into the system's link file system. Requires the device name (e.g. /dev/cdrom) and the mount point, i.e. the name of the directory under which the contents of the device will be shown (e.g., /mnt/cdrom). You must mount any device before you can access files on it, and unmount it before physically disconnnecting or removing the drive. For more information, see Appendix If you are new to UNIX in GNOME User's Guide or manual page for mount. Mount point Mouse cursor An small icon (usually an arrow) used to indicate the position of the mouse on the desktop. Nautilus Nautilus is the next generation file manager for GNOME being written by Eazel. Open Source Refers to software for which both the executable files and the source code can be freely redistributed and re-used in other products. This term was introduced by Open Source Intiative; it is very close, but not identical to the notion of free software used by the Free software Foundation. Partition Hard disks and other similar devices can be divided into parts which, for all practical purposes, can be used as separate disks; these parts are called partitions. For example, you can create partitions of differrent types (e.g., FAT32 used by Windows and ext2 used by Linux) on the same disk, format them independently of each other, and so on. Password A string of typable characters (letters, numbers, punctuation marks, etc.) used to authenticate a user's identity. Required for logging in. Process ID (PID) The ID number by which the system identifies individual processes. The first process to run on the system has PID 0. Pixel A single element, or dot, on the computer's screen. A pixel's colour is made up of a mixture of red, green and blue light. Screen resolution is measured in pixels. Pointer Point-to-point protocol (PPP) A protocol allowing a computer to connect to a TCP/IP network via a modem. A PPP connection allows an ordinary home computer connected to a telephone line to become a part of the Internet Postscript A language for desribing printed pages, developed by Adobe Corporation. Can be used to describe both graphics and text, black and white or color. Postscript is the de-facto standard for quality printing; almost all printing in UNIX is done by converting the data to be printed to Postscript before sending it to printer. If your printer does not have built-in Postscript capabilities, then your system is probably configured to convert Postscript to something you printer can print. Postscript files can also be saved to disk; they usually have extension .ps. There is a number of utilities for viewing Postscript files, such as gv or ggv. Process A task run by the operating system. UNIX is a multitasking sytem, so at any given moment there are many processes running. Usually, each command or application you start is run as a new process; some applications may run several processes. In addition, there is also a number of system processes which run in the background to ensure proper functioning of the system. Each process has a unique ID number (PID). You can view the list of all the processes running on your system using GNOME System monitor (gtop) or Ktop. See the documentation for these applications for more information. Resolution A measurement indicating the height and width of the visible screen of a computer in pixels. Typical resolutions include 640x480, 800x600, 1024x768, 1280x1024. Root directory The top level directory of a UNIX file system, containing all other files and directories. Root directory is denoted by a single slash (/). Root (user) The privileged user on a UNIX system; has full control over the system and all files on it, including those of other users. Is typically used by system administartor for system maintenance. Root window The background of an X11 desktop, in which background images (wallpaper) or running programs may be displayed. RPM package A file containing in it in a packed form all the files comprising an application (executable files, documentation, configuration, etc.), plus some extra information about the application, such as a brief description and dependency information. The RPM format makes installing, un-installing, upgrading, and keeping track of the applications installed on your system very easy. There is a number of tools available for working with RPM packages, such as gnorpm or Kpackage. For those who prefer the command line, there is also the rpm command. See the documentation for these utilities or RPM's Web page for more information. RPM format was developed by Red Hat, Inc; the acronym RPM stands for RPM Package Manager. Screen The physical monitor device of a computer, consisting of a cathode ray tube, liquid crystal display, or similar means of displaying pixels; the visible picture displayed on the monitor. Screensaver A program which blanks the screen or displays pretty or entertaining graphics after a period of inactivity on the console. Originally intended to prevent burn-in of images on older cathode-ray tubes, screensavers are now used primarily for entertainment purposes or to lock an unused terminal, requiring the user to enter a password to return to the normal display. Script A program written in an interpreted language, i.e. a language where the commands are executed one by one as you enter them (as opposed to compiled languages, in which the whole program must first be translated into machine codes (compiled) to create an executable file). By far the most common type of scripts are shell scripts, which are simply sequences of shell commands. Other popular types of scripts are javascripts used in Web pages, perl scripts and Tcl/Tk scripts. SCSI Small Computer System Interface; an interface for connecting various computer components, such as hard drives. Works faster than the more common IDE interface, but is more expensive, so it is used mostly on servers. Segmentation fault (segfault) A program crash. More precisely, this is what happens when a program tries to access resources which do not belong to it; in such a case, for security reasons the operating system immediately kills the offending program. Segfaults are almost always caused by bugs in the program. Shell Any of a number of UNIX programs which interpret commands typed by the user before passing them to the operating system and provide other features such as command history, aliasing, and scripting. Examples include bash and tcsh. Shells are often displayed in a terminal window. SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol; a protocol used for exchanging electronic mail messages between machines on a network. Spam Useless e-mail. Spam normally comes in forms of chain-letters and advertisements for websites or services. Symbolic link (symlink) A file of special type which contains no data but instead, points to another file or directory. Equivalent to a shortcut under Windows. System administrator The person responsible for administration and maintenance of a computer system. Tar archive (tarball) A file created using the tar (Tape ARchive) program, which conglomerates multiple files, or even a whole directory tree, into one file for easy storage or transfer. These archives are often compressed using the gzip program and given a filename extension of .tar.gz. TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol; pair of protocols used for all communication between computers on the Internet and most local networks. TCP/IP serves as a basis for higher level protocols (FTP, telnet, SMTP, …): all information sent from one computer to another on the Internet, be it an e-mail message or a Web page, is sent as a collection of TCP/IP packets. Telnet A protocol allowing logging into your computer account via Internet or local network from another computer; also, the command using this protocol. For more information, see manual page for telnet. Terminal Originally, a physical device, a monitor capable of showing text output with a connected keyboard. Nowadays, mostly used to refer to a window on your screen which emulates one of these terminals and provides a command line prompt for entering commands and running text-based applications. Theme An integrated collection of graphical elements intended to give the desktop a certain look and feel. Common theme components include matching backgrounds, icons, and window decorations. The look of GNOME desktop is determined by 2 themes: a GTK theme, which determines the look of application menus, toolbars and other widgets, and window manager theme, which determines window borders, buttons, and window title font. Unicode A character set which strives to include all symbols in all human alphabets, and all special symbol used by people. It is a work in progress; the latest version of Unicode (3.0) includes 49,194 characters and covers languages ranging from English to Chinese to Cherokee. For more information, see Unicode Consortium Web site. UNIX An operating system originally developed at Bell Labs in the early 1970s by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie; any of a large number of operating systems sharing many features with the original UNIX operating system, such as Sun's Solaris or IBM's AIX. For legal reasons, operating systems such as FreeBSD and Linux can not be called UNIX, but they do share all important features with UNIX systems; thus, they are commonly called UNIX-like. USB Universal Serial Bus; an interface for connecting various peripherals, from keyboard to digital cameras, to the computer. User An actual person who uses a computer system, identified by a unique username, or a virtual person or role similarly identified by a unique username. Virtual users may be used to run daemons or other software. Username A string of alphanumeric characters uniquely identifying a user of a computer system. Most usernames are based on the user's real name, so Mary Smith might have the username mary or msmith. Uniform Resource Locator (URL) An address, or location, of a document. Most common URL types are a Web address (such as http://www.gnome.org), a file on a FTP server (e.g., ftp://ftp.gnome.org/pub), or a file on your own local system (e.g., file:/usr/doc/). Formal definition of URL (which is a subset of more general notion, Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)) is given in RFC2396, (beware: as any formal deinition, this one is way too technical for greater majority of users). Virtual desktop Some window managers allow the user to have several virtual desktops;you could have application windows open and working on all of them, even though at every moment, only one of the virtual desktops is shown on your screen. Similar to having several physical desks in your office so that you can put your papers on all of them, even though you can only work at one desk at a time Widget A single element of a graphical user interface, such as a button, scrollbar, or text input area. Window The interface element used to display most applications under a windowing GUI such as X Window System. Windows typically consist of a main area in which typing or other work occurs, a title bar (which may contain buttons to minimize, maximize or close the window), window-specific menus, and a scroll bar down either side of the window if required. Gestor de ventanas Un programa que amplia las funcionalidades del sistema de ventanas X proporcionando A program which extends the capabilities of the X Window System by providing most of the user-friendly widgets people expect from a windowing system, such as window borders, buttons and menus, ways of moving, resizing, and hiding windows, placing the icons on your desktop, and so on. Examples of window managers include Sawfish and Windowmaker. Espacio de trabajo(«Workspace») Lo mismo que el escritorio virtual. Same as virtual desktop. La telaraña de paginas de Internet. «World Wide Web» (WWW) La parte nas visible de Internet; la telaraña de paginas de Internet esta formada por todas las paginas web disponibles en Internet y todos los enlaces entre ellas. Sistema de ventanas X Un sistema grafico comunmente usado en los sistemas operativos Unix; tambien conocido como X11 o simplemente X. X es responsable de situar las ventanas, iconos, texto, y otros elementos graficos en la pantalla. X se usa siempre en combinacion con un gestor de ventanas, que proporciona las funciones de lato nivel, como mover, minimizar, y maximizar las ventanas. X11 XFree86 Una implementacion del sistema de ventanas X de libre distribucion que se ejecuta en los sistemas operativos de tipo Unix ( y en OS/2). Para mas informacion, visite la pagina web XFree86. Servidor X