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-rw-r--r--include/linux/kernel.h1
1 files changed, 1 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/include/linux/kernel.h b/include/linux/kernel.h
index 63fb18dcac3..e1a429ada97 100644
--- a/include/linux/kernel.h
+++ b/include/linux/kernel.h
@@ -200,6 +200,7 @@ extern enum system_states {
#define TAINT_FORCED_RMMOD (1<<3)
#define TAINT_MACHINE_CHECK (1<<4)
#define TAINT_BAD_PAGE (1<<5)
+#define TAINT_USER (1<<6)
extern void dump_stack(void);
generated by cgit (git 2.34.1) at 2025-06-13 05:43:17 +0000
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\input texinfo-suppl.tex        % contains @doubleleftarrow{} definition
                                % this line must come *before* \input texinfo
\input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*-
@c %**start of header
@c guide
@setfilename krb5-admin.info
@settitle Kerberos V5 System Administrator's Guide
@setchapternewpage odd                  @c chapter begins on next odd page
@c @setchapternewpage on                   @c chapter begins on next page
@c @smallbook                              @c Format for 7" X 9.25" paper
@c %**end of header
@paragraphindent 0
@iftex
@parskip 6pt plus 6pt
@end iftex

@dircategory Kerberos
@direntry
* krb5-admin: (krb5-admin).             Kerberos V5 Administrator's Guide
@end direntry

@include definitions.texinfo
@set EDITION 1.0
@set UPDATED June 16, 2000

@finalout                               @c don't print black warning boxes

@titlepage
@title @value{PRODUCT} System Administrator's Guide
@subtitle Release:  @value{RELEASE}
@subtitle Document Edition:  @value{EDITION}
@subtitle Last updated:  @value{UPDATED}
@author @value{COMPANY}

@page
@vskip 0pt plus 1filll

@end titlepage

@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@node Top, Copyright, (dir), (dir)

@ifinfo
This document describes how to administrate a @value{PRODUCT}
installation.
@end ifinfo

@c The master menu is updated using emacs19's M-x texinfo-all-menus-update
@c function.  Don't forget to run M-x texinfo-every-node-update after
@c you add a new section or subsection, or after you've rearranged the
@c order of sections or subsections.  Also, don't forget to add an @node
@c comand before each @section or @subsection!  All you need to enter
@c is:
@c
@c @node New Section Name
@c @section New Section Name
@c
@c M-x texinfo-every-node-update will take care of calculating the
@c node's forward and back pointers.
@c
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------

@menu
* Copyright::                   
* Introduction::                
* How Kerberos Works::          
* Configuration Files::         
* Using DNS::                   
* Administrating the Kerberos Database::  
* Application Servers::         
* Backups of Secure Hosts::     
* Bug Reporting::               
* Appendix::                    
@end menu

@node Copyright, Introduction, Top, Top
@unnumbered Copyright
@include copyright.texinfo


@node Introduction, How Kerberos Works, Copyright, Top
@chapter Introduction

@menu
* Why Should I use Kerberos?::  
* Documentation for Kerberos V5::  
* Overview of This Guide::      
@end menu

@node Why Should I use Kerberos?, Documentation for Kerberos V5, Introduction, Introduction
@section Why Should I use Kerberos?

Since Kerberos negotiates authenticated, and optionally encrypted,
communications between two points anywhere on the internet, it provides
a layer of security that is not dependent on which side of a firewall
either client is on.  Since studies have shown that half of the computer
security breaches in industry happen from @i{inside} firewalls,
@value{PRODUCT} from @value{COMPANY} will play a vital role in the
security of your network.

@node Documentation for Kerberos V5, Overview of This Guide, Why Should I use Kerberos?, Introduction
@section Documentation for @value{PRODUCT}

@include document-list.texinfo

@node Overview of This Guide,  , Documentation for Kerberos V5, Introduction
@section Overview of This Guide

The next chapter describes how Kerberos works.

Chapter three describes administration of the principals in the Kerberos
database.

Chapter four describes how you can use DNS in configuring your Kerberos realm.

Chapter five describes administrative programs for manipulating the
Kerberos database as a whole.

Chapter six describes issues to consider when adding an application
server to the database.

Chapter seven describes our problem reporting system.

The appendices include the list of Kerberos error messages, and a
complete list of the time zones understood by @code{kadmin}.

@node How Kerberos Works, Configuration Files, Introduction, Top
@chapter How Kerberos Works

This section provides a simplified description of a general user's
interaction with the Kerberos system.  This interaction happens
transparently---users don't need to know and probably don't care about
what's going on---but Kerberos administrators might find a schematic
description of the process useful.  This description glosses over a lot
of details; for more information, see @i{Kerberos: An Authentication
Service for Open Network Systems}, a paper presented at Winter USENIX
1988, in Dallas, Texas.  This paper can be retreived by FTP from
@code{athena-dist.mit.edu}, in the location:
@code{/pub/ATHENA/kerberos/doc/usenix.PS}.

@menu
* Network Services and Their Client Programs::  
* Kerberos Tickets::            
* The Kerberos Database::       
* Kerberos Realms::             
* The Ticket-Granting Ticket::  
* Network Services and the Master Database::  
* The User/Kerberos Interaction::  
* Definitions::                 
@end menu

@node Network Services and Their Client Programs, Kerberos Tickets, How Kerberos Works, How Kerberos Works
@section Network Services and Their Client Programs

In an environment that provides network services, you use @dfn{client}
programs to request @dfn{services} from @dfn{server} programs that are
somewhere on the network.  Suppose you have logged in to a workstation
and you want to @samp{rlogin} to a typical UNIX host.  You use the local
@samp{rlogin} client program to contact the remote machine's
@samp{rlogind} daemon.

@node Kerberos Tickets, The Kerberos Database, Network Services and Their Client Programs, How Kerberos Works
@section Kerberos Tickets

Under Kerberos, the @samp{klogind} daemon allows you to login to a
remote machine if you can provide @samp{klogind} a Kerberos ticket
which proves your identity.  In addition to the ticket, you must also
have possession of the corresponding ticket session key. The
combination of a ticket and the ticket's session key is known as a credential.

Typically, a client program automatically obtains credentials
identifying the person using the client program.  The credentials are
obtained from a Kerberos server that resides somewhere on the network.
A Kerberos server maintains a database of user, server, and password
information.

@node The Kerberos Database, Kerberos Realms, Kerberos Tickets, How Kerberos Works
@section The Kerberos Database

Kerberos will give you credentials only if you have an entry in the
Kerberos server's @dfn{Kerberos database}.  Your database entry includes
your Kerberos @dfn{principal} (an identifying string, which is often
just your username), and your Kerberos password.  Every Kerberos user
must have an entry in this database.

@node Kerberos Realms, The Ticket-Granting Ticket, The Kerberos Database, How Kerberos Works
@section Kerberos Realms

Each administrative domain will have its own Kerberos database, which
contains information about the users and services for that particular
site or administrative domain.  This administrative domain is the
@dfn{Kerberos realm}.

Each Kerberos realm will have at least one Kerberos server, where the
master Kerberos database for that site or administrative domain is
stored.  A Kerberos realm may also have one or more @dfn{slave servers},
which have read-only copies of the Kerberos database that are
periodically propagated from the master server.  For more details on how
this is done, see the ``Set Up the Slave KDCs for Database Propagation''
and ``Propagate the Database to Each Slave KDC'' sections of the
@value{PRODUCT} Installation Guide.

@node The Ticket-Granting Ticket, Network Services and the Master Database, Kerberos Realms, How Kerberos Works
@section The Ticket-Granting Ticket

The @samp{kinit} command prompts for your password.  If you enter it
successfully, you will obtain a @dfn{ticket-granting ticket} and a
@dfn{ticket session key} which gives you the right to use the ticket.
This combination of the ticket and its associated key is known as your
@dfn{credentials}.  As illustrated below, client programs use your
ticket-granting ticket credentials in order to obtain client-specific
credentials as needed.

Your credentials are stored in a @dfn{credentials cache}, which is often
just a file in @code{/tmp}.  The credentials cache is also called the
@dfn{ticket file}, especially in Kerberos V4 documentation.  Note,
however, that a credentials cache does not have to be stored in a file.

@node Network Services and the Master Database, The User/Kerberos Interaction, The Ticket-Granting Ticket, How Kerberos Works
@section Network Services and the Master Database

The master database also contains entries for all network services that
require Kerberos authentication.  Suppose that your site has a machine,
@samp{laughter.@value{PRIMARYDOMAIN}}, that requires Kerberos
authentication from anyone who wants to @samp{rlogin} to it.  The host's
Kerberos realm is @samp{@value{PRIMARYREALM}}.

This service must be registered in the Kerberos database, using the
proper service name, which in this case is the @dfn{principal}:

@smallexample
host/laughter.@value{PRIMARYDOMAIN}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}
@end smallexample

@noindent
The @samp{/} character separates the Kerberos @dfn{primary} (in this
case, @samp{host}) from the @dfn{instance} (in this case,
@samp{laughter.@value{PRIMARYDOMAIN}}); the @samp{@@} character separates
the realm name (in this case, @samp{@value{PRIMARYREALM}}) from the rest
of the principal.  The primary, @samp{host}, denotes the name or type of
the service that is being offered:  generic host-level access to the
machine.  The instance, @samp{laughter.@value{PRIMARYDOMAIN}}, names the
specific machine that is offering this service.  There will generally be
many different machines, each offering one particular type of service,
and the instance serves to give each one of these servers a different
Kerberos principal.

@menu
* The Keytab File::             
@end menu

@node The Keytab File,  , Network Services and the Master Database, Network Services and the Master Database
@subsection The Keytab File

For each service, there must also be a @dfn{service key} known only by
Kerberos and the service.  On the Kerberos server, the service key is
stored in the Kerberos database.

On the server host, these service keys are stored in @dfn{key tables},
which are files known as @dfn{keytabs}.@footnote{Keytabs were called
@dfn{srvtabs} in Kerberos V4.}  For example, the service keys used by
services that run as root are usually stored in the keytab file
@code{/etc/krb5.keytab}.  @b{N.B.:} This service key is the equivalent
of the service's password, and must be kept secure.  Data which is meant
to be read only by the service is encrypted using this key.

@node The User/Kerberos Interaction, Definitions, Network Services and the Master Database, How Kerberos Works
@section The User/Kerberos Interaction

Suppose that you walk up to a host intending to login to it, and then
@samp{rlogin} to the machine @samp{laughter}.  Here's what happens:

@enumerate
@item
You login to the workstation and use the @samp{kinit} command to get a
ticket-granting ticket.  This command prompts you for your Kerberos
password.  (On systems running the @value{PRODUCT} @samp{login} program,
this may be done as part of the login process, not requiring the user to
run a separate program.)

@enumerate A
@item
The @samp{kinit} command sends your request to the Kerberos master
server machine.  The server software looks for your principal name's
entry in the Kerberos database.

@item
If this entry exists, the Kerberos server creates and returns a
ticket-granting ticket and the key which allows you to use it, encrypted
by your password.  If @samp{kinit} can decrypt the Kerberos reply using
the password you provide, it stores this ticket in a credentials cache
on your local machine for later use.  The name of the credentials cache
can be specified in the @samp{KRB5CCNAME} environment variable.  If this
variable is not set, the name of the file will be
@file{/tmp/krb5cc_<uid>}, where <uid> is your UNIX user-id, represented
in decimal format.
@end enumerate

@need 1500
@item
Now you use the @samp{rlogin} client to access the machine
@samp{laughter}.

@example
host% @b{rlogin laughter}
@end example

@enumerate A
@item
The @samp{rlogin} client checks your ticket file to see if you have a
ticket for the @samp{host} service for @samp{laughter}.  You don't, so
@samp{rlogin} uses the credential cache's ticket-granting ticket to make
a request to the master server's ticket-granting service.

@item
This ticket-granting service receives the request for a ticket for
@samp{host/laughter.@value{PRIMARYDOMAIN}}, and looks in the master
database for an entry for @samp{host/laughter.@value{PRIMARYDOMAIN}}.
If the entry exists, the ticket-granting service issues you a ticket for
that service.  That ticket is also cached in your credentials cache.

@item
The @samp{rlogin} client now sends that ticket to the @samp{laughter}
@samp{klogind} service program.  The service program checks the ticket
by using its own service key.  If the ticket is valid, it now knows your
identity.  If you are allowed to login to @samp{laughter} (because your
username matches one in /etc/passwd, or your Kerberos principal is in
the appropriate @file{.k5login} file), @code{klogind} will let you
login.
@end enumerate
@end enumerate

@node Definitions,  , The User/Kerberos Interaction, How Kerberos Works
@section Definitions

Following are definitions of some of the Kerberos terminology.

@include glossary.texinfo

@node Configuration Files, Using DNS, How Kerberos Works, Top
@chapter Configuration Files

@menu
* Supported Encryption Types::  
* Salts::                       
* krb5.conf::                   
* kdc.conf::                    
@end menu

@node Supported Encryption Types, Salts, Configuration Files, Configuration Files
@section Supported Encryption Types

Any tag in the configuration files which requires a list of encryption
types can be set to some combination of the following strings.

@include support-enc.texinfo

While aes128-cts and aes256-cts are supported for all Kerberos
operations, they are not supported by older versions of our GSSAPI
implementation (krb5-1.3.1 and earlier).

By default, AES is enabled in this release.  Sites wishing to use AES
encryption types on their KDCs need to be careful not to give GSSAPI
services AES keys if the servers have not been updated.  If older
GSSAPI services are given AES keys, then services may fail when
clients supporting AES for GSSAPI are used.  Sites may wish to use AES
for user keys and for the ticket granting ticket key, although doing
so requires specifying what encryption types are used as each
principal is created.

If all GSSAPI-based services have been updated before or with the KDC,
this is not an issue.

@node Salts, krb5.conf, Supported Encryption Types, Configuration Files
@section Salts

Your Kerberos key is derived from your password.  To ensure that people
who happen to pick the same password do not have the same key, Kerberos
5 incorporates more information into the key using something called a
salt.  The supported values for salts are as follows.

@include salts.texinfo

@node krb5.conf, kdc.conf, Salts, Configuration Files
@section krb5.conf

@include krb5conf.texinfo

@menu
* libdefaults::                 
* appdefaults::                 
* login::                       
* realms (krb5.conf)::          
* domain_realm::                
* logging::                     
* capaths::                     
* Sample krb5.conf File::       
@end menu

@node libdefaults, appdefaults, krb5.conf, krb5.conf
@subsection [libdefaults]

The @code{libdefaults} section may contain any of the following
relations:

@table @b
@itemx default_keytab_name
This relation specifies the default keytab name to be used by
application servers such as telnetd and rlogind.  The default is
@value{DefaultDefaultKeytabName}.

@itemx default_realm
Identifies the default Kerberos realm for the client.  Set its value to
your Kerberos realm.  If this is not specified and the TXT record
lookup is enabled (see @ref{Using DNS}), then that information will be
used to determine the default realm.  If this tag is not set in this
configuration file and there is no DNS information found, then an error
will be returned.

@itemx default_tgs_enctypes
Identifies the supported list of session key encryption types that
should be returned by the KDC.  The list may be delimited with commas
or whitespace.  Kerberos supports many different encryption types, and
support for more is planned in the future. (see @ref{Supported Encryption
Types} for a list of the accepted values for this tag).  The default
value is @value{DefaultDefaultTgsEnctypes}.

@itemx default_tkt_enctypes
Identifies the supported list of session key encryption types that
should be requested by the client.  The format is the same as for
@emph{default_tgs_enctypes}.  The default value for this tag is
@value{DefaultDefaultTktEnctypes}.

@itemx permitted_enctypes 
Identifies all encryption types that are permitted for use in session
key encryption.  The default value for this tag is
@value{DefaultPermittedEnctypes}.

@itemx clockskew
Sets the maximum allowable amount of clockskew in seconds that the
library  will tolerate before assuming that a Kerberos message is
invalid.  The default value is @value{DefaultClockskew}.

@itemx kdc_timesync
If this is set to 1 (for true), then client machines will compute the
difference between their time and the time returned by the KDC in the
timestamps in the tickets and use this value to correct for an
inaccurate system clock.  This corrective factor is only used by the
Kerberos library.  The default is @value{DefaultKDCTimesync}.

@itemx kdc_req_checksum_type
@itemx ap_req_checksum_type
@itemx safe_checksum_type
An integer which specifies the type of checksum to use.  Used for
compatability with DCE security servers which do not support the
default @value{DefaultChecksumType} used by this version of Kerberos.
The possible values and their meanings are as follows.

@comment taken from krb5/src/include/krb5.h[in]
@table @b
@item 1
CRC32
@item 2
RSA MD4
@item 3
RSA MD4 DES
@item 4
DES CBC
@item 7
RSA MD5
@item 8
RSA MD5 DES
@item 9
NIST SHA
@item 12
HMAC SHA1 DES3
@item -138
Microsoft MD5 HMAC checksum type
@end table

@comment see lib/krb5/ccache/fcc.h
@itemx ccache_type
Use this parameter on systems which are DCE clients, to specify the
type of cache to be created by kinit, or when forwarded tickets are
received.  DCE and Kerberos can share the cache, but some versions of
DCE do not support the default cache as created by this version of
Kerberos.  Use a value of 1 on DCE 1.0.3a systems, and a value of 2 on
DCE 1.1 systems.  The default value is @value{DefaultCcacheType}.

@ignore
@itemx tkt_lifetime
The default lifetime of a ticket.  The default is
@value{DefaultTktLifetime}.  This is currently not supported by the
code.
@end ignore

@itemx krb4_srvtab 
Specifies the location of the Kerberos V4 srvtab file.  Default is
@value{DefaultKrb4Srvtab}.

@itemx krb4_config
Specifies the location of hte Kerberos V4 configuration file.  Default
is @value{DefaultKrb4Config}.

@itemx krb4_realms
Specifies the location of the Kerberos V4 domain/realm translation
file.  Default is @value{DefaultKrb4Realms}.

@itemx dns_lookup_kdc
Indicate whether DNS SRV records should be used to locate the KDCs and
other servers for a realm, if they are not listed in the information for
the realm.  (Note that the @samp{admin_server} entry must be in the
file, because the DNS implementation for it is incomplete.)

Enabling this option does open up a type of denial-of-service attack, if
someone spoofs the DNS records and redirects you to another server.
However, it's no worse than a denial of service, because that fake KDC
will be unable to decode anything you send it (besides the initial
ticket request, which has no encrypted data), and anything the fake KDC
sends will not be trusted without verification using some secret that it
won't know.

If this option is not specified but @samp{dns_fallback} is, that value
will be used instead.  If neither option is specified, the behavior
depends on configure-time options; if none were given, the default is to
enable this option.  If the DNS support is not compiled in, this entry
has no effect.

@itemx dns_lookup_realm
Indicate whether DNS TXT records should be used to determine the
Kerberos realm of a host.

Enabling this option may permit a redirection attack, where spoofed DNS
replies persuade a client to authenticate to the wrong realm, when
talking to the wrong host (either by spoofing yet more DNS records or by
intercepting the net traffic).  Depending on how the client software
manages hostnames, however, it could already be vulnerable to such
attacks.  We are looking at possible ways to minimize or eliminate this
exposure.  For now, we encourage more adventurous sites to try using
Secure DNS.

If this option is not specified but @samp{dns_fallback} is, that value
will be used instead.  If neither option is specified, the behavior
depends on configure-time options; if none were given, the default is to
disable this option.  If the DNS support is not compiled in, this entry
has no effect.

@itemx dns_fallback
General flag controlling the use of DNS for Kerberos information.  If
both of the preceding options are specified, this option has no effect.

@itemx extra_addresses
This allows a computer to use multiple local addresses, in order to
allow Kerberos to work in a network that uses NATs.  The addresses
should be in a comma-separated list.

@itemx udp_preference_limit
When sending a message to the KDC, the library will try using TCP before
UDP if the size of the message is above @code{udp_preference_list}.
If the message is smaller than @code{udp_preference_list}, then UDP
will be tried before TCP.  Regardless of the size, both protocols will
be tried if the first attempt fails.

@itemx verify_ap_req_nofail
If this flag is set, then an attempt to get initial credentials will
fail if the client machine does not have a keytab.  The default for the
flag is @value{DefaultVerifyApReqNofail}.

@itemx renew_lifetime
The value of this tag is the default renewable lifetime for
initial tickets.  The default value for the tag is
@value{DefaultRenewLifetime}.

@itemx noaddresses
Setting this flag causes the initial Kerberos ticket to be addressless.
The default for the flag is @value{DefaultNoaddresses}.

@itemx forwardable
If this flag is set, initial tickets by default will be forwardable.
The default value for this flag is @value{DefaultForwardable}.

@itemx proxiable
If this flag is set, initial tickets by default will be proxiable.
The default value for this flag is @value{DefaultProxiable}.

@end table

@node appdefaults, login, libdefaults, krb5.conf
@subsection [appdefaults]

Each tag in the [appdefaults] section names a Kerberos V5 application
or an option that is used by some Kerberos V5 application[s].  The
value of the tag defines the default behaviors for that application.

For example:

@smallexample
@group
[appdefaults]
    telnet = @{
        @value{PRIMARYREALM} = @{
             option1 = false
        @}
    @}
    telnet = @{
        option1 = true
        option2 = true
    @}
    @value{PRIMARYREALM} = @{
        option2 = false
    @}
    option2 = true

@end group
@end smallexample

The above four ways of specifying the value of an option are shown
in order of decreasing precedence.   In this example, if telnet is
running in the realm @value{SECONDREALM}, it should, by default, have
option1 and option2 set to true.  However, a telnet program in the realm
@value{PRIMARYREALM} should have option1 set to false and option2 set
to true.  Any other programs in @value{PRIMARYREALM} should have option2
set to false by default.  Any programs running in other realms should
have option2 set to true.

The list of specifiable options for each application may be found in
that application's man pages.  The application defaults specified here
are overridden by those specified in the [realms] section.

A special application name (afs_krb5) is used by the krb524 service to
know whether new format AFS tokens based on Kerberos 5 can be used
rather than the older format which used a converted Kerberos 4 ticket.
The new format allows for cross-realm authentication without
introducing a security hole.  It is used by default.  Older AFS
servers (before OpenAFS 1.2.8) will not support the new format.  If
servers in your cell do not support the new format, you will need to
add an @code{afs_krb5} relation to the @code{appdefaults} section.
The following config file shows how to disable new format AFS tickets
for the @code{afs.example.com} cell in the @code{EXAMPLE.COM} realm.

@smallexample
@group
[appdefaults]
    afs_krb5 = @{ 
        EXAMPLE.COM = @{
            afs/afs.example.com = false
        @}
    @}

@end group
@end smallexample





@node login, realms (krb5.conf), appdefaults, krb5.conf
@subsection [login]

Each tag in the [login] section of the file is an option for
login.krb5.  This section may contain any of the following relations:

@table @b
@itemx krb5_get_tickets
Indicate whether or not to use a user's password to get V5 tickets.
The default value is @value{DefaultKrb5GetTickets}.

@itemx krb4_get_tickets
Indicate whether or not to user a user's password to get V4 tickets.
The default value is @value{DefaultKrb4GetTickets}.

@itemx krb4_convert
Indicate whether or not to use the Kerberos conversion daemon to get V4
tickets.  The default value is @value{DefaultKrb4Convert}.  If this is
set to false and krb4_get_tickets is true, then login will get the V5
tickets directly using the Kerberos V4 protocol directly.  This does
not currently work with non-MIT-V4 salt types (such as the AFS3 salt
type).  Note that if this is set to true and krb524d is not running,
login will hang for approximately a minute under Solaris, due to a
Solaris socket emulation bug.

@itemx krb_run_aklog
Indicate whether or not to run aklog.  The default value is
@value{DefaultKrbRunAklog}.

@itemx aklog_path
Indicate where to find aklog.  The default value is
@value{DefaultAklogPath}.

@itemx accept_passwd
A true value will cause login not to accept plaintext passwords.  The
default value is @value{DefaultAcceptPasswd}.  This is not yet
implemented.
@end table

@node realms (krb5.conf), domain_realm, login, krb5.conf
@subsection [realms]

Each tag in the [realms] section of the file is the name of a Kerberos
realm.  The value of the tag is a subsection with relations that define
the properties of that particular realm.  For each realm, the following
tags may be specified in the realm's subsection:

@table @b
@itemx kdc
The name of a host running a KDC for that realm.  An optional port
number (separated from the hostname by a colon) may be included.  For
your computer to be able to communicate with the KDC for each realm,
this tag must be given a value in each realm subsection in the
configuration file, or there must be DNS SRV records specifying the
KDCs (see @ref{Using DNS}).

@itemx master_kdc
Identifies the master KDC(s).  Currently, this tag is used in only one
case: If an attempt to get credentials fails because of an invalid
password, the client software will attempt to contact the master KDC,
in case the user's password has just been changed, and the updated
database has not been propagated to the slave servers yet.  (We don't
currently check whether the KDC from which the initial response came
is on the master KDC list.  That may be fixed in the future.)

@itemx admin_server
Identifies the host where the administration server is running.
Typically, this is the master Kerberos server.  This tag must be given
a value in order to communicate with the kadmin server for the realm.

@ignore
this doesn't seem to be used in the code
@itemx application defaults
Application defaults that are specific to a particular realm may be
specified within that realm's tag.  Realm-specific application defaults
override the global defaults specified in the [appdefaults] section.
@end ignore

@itemx default_domain
This tag is used for Kerberos 4 compatibility.  Kerberos 4 does not
require the entire hostname of a server to be in its principal like
Kerberos 5 does.  This tag provides the domain name needed to produce a
full hostname when translating V4 principal names into V5 principal
names.  All servers in this realm are assumed to be in the domain given
as the value of this tag

@itemx v4_instance_convert
This subsection allows the administrator to configure exceptions to the
default_domain mapping rule.  It contains V4 instances (the tag name)
which should be translated to some specific hostname (the tag value) as
the second component in a Kerberos V5 principal name.

@itemx v4_realm
This relation is used by the krb524 library routines when converting a
V5 principal name to a V4 principal name.  It is used when the V4 realm
name and the V5 realm name are not the same, but still share the same
principal names and passwords.  The tag value is the Kerberos V4 realm
name.

@itemx auth_to_local_names
This subsection allows you to set explicit mappings from principal
names to local user names.  The tag is the mapping name, and the value
is the corresponding local user name.

@itemx auth_to_local
This tag allows you to set a general rule for mapping principal names
to local user names.  It will be used if there is not an explicit
mapping for the principal name that is being translated.  The possible
values are:

@table @b

@item DB:@i{filename}
The principal will be looked up in the database @i{filename}.  Support
for this is not currently compiled in by default.

@item RULE:@i{exp}
The local name will be formulated from @i{exp}.

The format for @i{exp} is
@code{[@i{n}:$@i{d}..@i{string}](@i{regexp})s/@i{pattern}/@i{replacement}/g}.
The integer @i{n} indicates how many components the target principal
should have.  If this matches, then a string will be formed by putting
together the components of the principal in the order indicated by each
integer @i{d}, and the arbitrary string @i{string} (i.e. if the
principal was @value{RANDOMUSER}/admin then [2:$2$1foo] would result in
the string "admin@value{RANDOMUSER}foo".  If this string matches
@i{regexp}, then the @code{s//[g]} substitution command will be run over the
string.  The optional g will cause the substitution to be global over
the string, instead of replacing only the first match in the string.

@item DEFAULT
The principal name will be used as the local user name.  If the
principal has more than one component or is not in the default realm,
this rule is not applicable and the conversion will fail.

@end table

For example:

@smallexample
@group
[realms]
    @value{PRIMARYREALM} = @{
        auth_to_local = @{
            RULE:[2:$1](@value{RANDOMUSER})s/^.*$/guest/
            RULE:[2:$1;$2](^.*;admin$)s/;admin$//
            RULE:[2:$2](^.*;root)s/^.*$/root/
            DEFAULT
            @}
        @}
@end group
@end smallexample

would result in any principal without @code{root} or @code{admin} as
the second component to be translated with the default rule.  A
principal with a second component of @code{admin} will become its first
component.  @code{root} will be used as the local name for any
principal with a second component of @code{root}.  The exception to
these two rules are any principals @value{RANDOMUSER}/*, which will
always get the local name @code{guest}.

@end table

@node domain_realm, logging, realms (krb5.conf), krb5.conf
@subsection [domain_realm]

The [domain_realm] section provides a translation from a domain name or
hostname to a Kerberos realm name.  The tag name can be a host name, or
a domain name, where domain names are indicated by a prefix of a period
(@samp{.}).  The value of the relation is the Kerberos realm name for
that particular host or domain.  Host names and domain names should be
in lower case.

If no translation entry applies, the host's realm is considered to be
the hostname's domain portion converted to upper case.  For example, the
following [domain_realm] section:

@smallexample
@group
[domain_realm]
@ifset MIT
    .mit.edu = ATHENA.MIT.EDU
@end ifset
    @value{PRIMARYDOMAIN} = @value{PRIMARYREALM}
    crash.@value{PRIMARYDOMAIN} = TEST.@value{PRIMARYREALM}
    @value{SECONDDOMAIN} = @value{SECONDREALM}
@end group
@end smallexample

@noindent
maps crash.@value{PRIMARYDOMAIN} into the TEST.@value{PRIMARYREALM}
realm.  All other hosts in the @value{PRIMARYDOMAIN} domain will map by
default to the @value{PRIMARYREALM} realm, and all hosts in the
@value{SECONDDOMAIN} domain will map by default into the
@value{SECONDREALM} realm.  Note the entries for the hosts
@value{PRIMARYDOMAIN} and @value{SECONDDOMAIN}.  Without these entries,
@ifset CYGNUS
these hosts would be mapped into the Kerberos realms @samp{COM} and
@end ifset
@ifclear CYGNUS
these hosts would be mapped into the Kerberos realms @samp{EDU} and
@end ifclear
@samp{ORG}, respectively.

@node logging, capaths, domain_realm, krb5.conf
@subsection [logging]
The [logging] section indicates how a particular entity is to perform
its logging.  The relations in this section assign one or more values to
the entity name.  Currently, the following entities are used:

@table @b

@itemx kdc
These entries specify how the KDC is to perform its logging.

@itemx admin_server
These entries specify how the administrative server
is to perform its logging.

@itemx default
These entries specify how to perform logging in the
absence of explicit specifications otherwise.
@end table

Values are of the following forms:

@table @b
@itemx FILE=<filename>

@itemx FILE:<filename> 
This value causes the entity's logging messages to go to the specified
file.  If the @samp{=} form is used, the file is overwritten.  If the
@samp{:} form is used, the file is appended to.

@itemx STDERR
This value causes the entity's logging messages to go to its standard
error stream.

@itemx CONSOLE
This value causes the entity's logging messages to go to the console, if
the system supports it.

@itemx DEVICE=<devicename>
This causes the entity's logging messages to go to the specified device.

@itemx SYSLOG[:<severity>[:<facility>]]
This causes the entity's logging messages to go to the system log.

The @dfn{severity} argument specifies the default severity of system log
messages.  This may be any of the following severities supported by the
@code{syslog(3)} call, minus the LOG_ prefix:  LOG_EMERG, LOG_ALERT,
LOG_CRIT, LOG_ERR, LOG_WARNING, LOG_NOTICE, LOG_INFO, and LOG_DEBUG.
For example, a value of @samp{CRIT} would specify LOG_CRIT severity.

The facility argument specifies the facility under which the messages
are logged.  This may be any of the following facilities supported by
the syslog(3) call minus the LOG_ prefix:  LOG_KERN, LOG_USER, LOG_MAIL,
LOG_DAEMON, LOG_AUTH, LOG_LPR, LOG_NEWS, LOG_UUCP, LOG_CRON, and
LOG_LOCAL0 through LOG_LOCAL7.

If no severity is specified, the default is ERR.  If no facility is
specified, the default is AUTH.
@end table

In the following example, the logging messages from the KDC will go to
the console and to the system log under the facility LOG_DAEMON with
default severity of LOG_INFO; and the logging messages from the
administrative server will be appended to the file /var/adm/kadmin.log
and sent to the device /dev/tty04.

@smallexample
@group
[logging]
    kdc = CONSOLE
    kdc = SYSLOG:INFO:DAEMON
    admin_server = FILE:/var/adm/kadmin.log
    admin_server = DEVICE=/dev/tty04
@end group
@end smallexample

@node capaths, Sample krb5.conf File, logging, krb5.conf
@subsection [capaths]

In order to perform direct (non-hierarchical) cross-realm
authentication, a database is needed to construct the authentication
paths between the realms.  This section defines that database.

A client will use this section to find the authentication path between
its realm and the realm of the server.  The server will use this section
to verify the authentication path used by the client, by checking the
transited field of the received ticket.

There is a tag for each participating realm, and each tag has subtags
for each of the realms.  The value of the subtags is an intermediate
realm which may participate in the cross-realm authentication.  The
subtags may be repeated if there is more then one intermediate realm.  A
value of "."  means that the two realms share keys directly, and no
intermediate realms should be allowd to participate.

There are n**2 possible entries in this table, but only those entries
which will be needed on the client or the server need to be present.
The client needs a tag for its local realm, with subtags for all the
realms of servers it will need to authenticate with.  A server needs a
tag for each realm of the clients it will serve.

For example, ANL.GOV, PNL.GOV, and NERSC.GOV all wish to use the ES.NET
realm as an intermediate realm.  ANL has a sub realm of TEST.ANL.GOV
which will authenticate with NERSC.GOV but not PNL.GOV.  The [capaths]
section for ANL.GOV systems would look like this:

@smallexample
@group
[capaths]
    ANL.GOV = @{
        TEST.ANL.GOV = .
        PNL.GOV = ES.NET
        NERSC.GOV = ES.NET
        ES.NET = .
    @}
    TEST.ANL.GOV = @{
        ANL.GOV = .
    @}
    PNL.GOV = @{
        ANL.GOV = ES.NET
    @}
    NERSC.GOV = @{
        ANL.GOV = ES.NET
    @}
    ES.NET = @{
        ANL.GOV = .
    @}
@end group
@end smallexample

The [capaths] section of the configuration file used on NERSC.GOV systems
would look like this:

@smallexample
@group
[capaths]
    NERSC.GOV = @{
        ANL.GOV = ES.NET
        TEST.ANL.GOV = ES.NET
        TEST.ANL.GOV = ANL.GOV
        PNL.GOV = ES.NET
        ES.NET = .
    @}
    ANL.GOV = @{
        NERSC.GOV = ES.NET
    @}
    PNL.GOV = @{
        NERSC.GOV = ES.NET
    @}
    ES.NET = @{
        NERSC.GOV = .
    @}
    TEST.ANL.GOV = @{
        NERSC.GOV = ANL.GOV
        NERSC.GOV = ES.NET
    @}
@end group
@end smallexample

In the above examples, the ordering is not important, except when the
same subtag name is used more then once.  The client will use this to
determine the path.  (It is not important to the server, since the
transited field is not sorted.)

This feature is not currently supported by DCE.  DCE security servers
can be used with Kerberized clients and servers, but versions prior to
DCE 1.1 did not fill in the transited field, and should be used with
caution.

@node Sample krb5.conf File,  , capaths, krb5.conf
@subsection Sample krb5.conf File

Here is an example of a generic @code{krb5.conf} file:

@smallexample
@group
[libdefaults]
    default_realm = @value{PRIMARYREALM}
    default_tkt_enctypes = des3-hmac-sha1 des-cbc-crc
    default_tgs_enctypes = des3-hmac-sha1 des-cbc-crc
    dns_lookup_kdc = true
    dns_lookup_realm = false

[realms]
    @value{PRIMARYREALM} = @{
        kdc = @value{KDCSERVER}.@value{PRIMARYDOMAIN}
        kdc = @value{KDCSLAVE1}.@value{PRIMARYDOMAIN}
        kdc = @value{KDCSLAVE2}.@value{PRIMARYDOMAIN}:750
        admin_server = @value{KDCSERVER}.@value{PRIMARYDOMAIN}
        master_kdc = @value{KDCSERVER}.@value{PRIMARYDOMAIN}
        default_domain = @value{PRIMARYDOMAIN}
    @}
    @value{SECONDREALM} = @{
        kdc = @value{KDCSERVER}.@value{SECONDDOMAIN}
        kdc = @value{KDCSLAVE1}.@value{SECONDDOMAIN}
        admin_server = @value{KDCSERVER}.@value{SECONDDOMAIN}
    @}

[domain_realm]
@ifset MIT
    .mit.edu = ATHENA.MIT.EDU
@end ifset
    @value{PRIMARYDOMAIN} = @value{PRIMARYREALM}

[capaths]
    @value{PRIMARYREALM} = @{
    	@value{SECONDREALM} = .
    @}
    @value{SECONDREALM} = @{
    	@value{PRIMARYREALM} = .
    @}

[logging]
    kdc = SYSLOG:INFO
    admin_server = FILE=/var/kadm5.log

@end group
@end smallexample

@iftex
@vfill
@end iftex

@node kdc.conf,  , krb5.conf, Configuration Files
@section kdc.conf

@include kdcconf.texinfo

@menu
* kdcdefaults::                 
* realms (kdc.conf)::           
* Sample kdc.conf File::        
@end menu

@node kdcdefaults, realms (kdc.conf), kdc.conf, kdc.conf
@subsection [kdcdefaults]

The following relation is defined in the [kdcdefaults] section:

@table @b
@itemx kdc_ports
This relation lists the ports on which the Kerberos server should
listen for UDP requests by default.  This list is a comma separated
list of integers.
If this relation is not specified, the compiled-in default is
@value{DefaultKdcPorts}, the first being the assigned Kerberos port
and the second which was used by Kerberos V4.

@itemx kdc_tcp_ports
This relation lists the ports on which the Kerberos server should
listen for TCP connections by default.  This list is a comma separated
list of integers.
If this relation is not specified, the compiled-in default is not to
listen for TCP connections at all.

If you wish to change this (which we do not recommend, because the
current implementation has little protection against denial-of-service
attacks), the standard port number assigned for Kerberos TCP traffic
is port 88.

@itemx v4_mode
This string specifies how the KDC should respond to Kerberos 4
packets.  The possible values are none, disable, full, and nopreauth.
The default value is @value{DefaultV4Mode}.
@comment these values found in krb5/src/kdc/kerberos_v4.c in v4mode_table
@end table

@node realms (kdc.conf), Sample kdc.conf File, kdcdefaults, kdc.conf
@subsection [realms]

Each tag in the [realms] section of the file names a Kerberos realm.
The value of the tag is a subsection where the relations in that
subsection define KDC parameters for that particular realm.

For each realm, the following tags may be specified in the [realms]
subsection:

@table @b
@itemx acl_file
(String.)  Location of the access control list (acl) file that kadmin
uses to determine which principals are allowed which permissions on the
database.  The default is @code{@value{DefaultAclFile}}.

@itemx admin_keytab
(String.)  Location of the keytab file that the legacy administration
daemons @code{kadmind4} and @code{v5passwdd} use to authenticate to
the database.  The default is @code{@value{DefaultAdminKeytab}}.

@itemx database_name
(String.)  Location of the Kerberos database for this realm.  The
default is @* @code{@value{DefaultDatabaseName}}.

@itemx default_principal_expiration
(Absolute time string.)  Specifies the default expiration date of
principals created in this realm.  The default value for this tag is
@value{DefaultDefaultPrincipalExpiration}.

@itemx default_principal_flags 
(Flag string.)  Specifies the default attributes of principals created
in this realm.  The format for this string is a comma-separated list of
flags, with '+' before each flag that should be enabled and '-' before
each flag that should be disabled.   The default is
@value{DefaultDefaultPrincipalFlags}.

There are a number of possible flags:

@table @b
@itemx postdateable
Enabling this flag allows the principal to obtain postdateable tickets.

@itemx forwardable
Enabling this flag allows the principal to obtain forwardable tickets.

@itemx tgt-based
Enabling this flag allows a principal to obtain tickets based on a
ticket-granting-ticket, rather than repeating the authentication
process that was used to obtain the TGT.

@itemx renewable
Enabling this flag allows the principal to obtain renewable tickets.

@itemx proxiable
Enabling this flag allows the principal to obtain proxy tickets.

@itemx dup-skey
Enabling this flag allows the principal to obtain a session key for
another user, permitting user-to-user authentication for this principal.

@itemx allow-tickets
Enabling this flag means that the KDC will issue tickets for this
principal.  Disabling this flag essentially deactivates the principal
within this realm.

@itemx preauth
If this flag is enabled on a client principal, then that principal is
required to preauthenticate to the KDC before receiving any tickets.
On a service principal, enabling this flag means that service tickets
for this principal will only be issued to clients with a TGT that has
the preauthenticated ticket set.

@itemx hwauth
If this flag is enabled, then the principal is required to
preauthenticate using a hardware device before receiving any tickets.

@itemx pwchange
Enabling this flag forces a password change for this principal.

@itemx service
Enabling this flag allows the the KDC to issue service tickets for this
principal.

@itemx pwservice
If this flag is enabled, it marks this principal as a password change
service.  This should only be used in special cases, for example, if a
user's password has expired, then the user has to get tickets for that
principal without going through the normal password authentication in
order to be able to change the password.

@end table

@itemx dict_file
(String.)  Location of the dictionary file containing strings that are
not allowed as passwords.  If none is specified or if there is no
policy assigned to the principal, no dictionary checks of passwords
will be performed.

@itemx kadmind_port
(Port number.)  Specifies the port on which the kadmind daemon is to
listen for this realm.  The assigned port for kadmind is
@value{DefaultKadmindPort}.

@itemx kpasswd_port
(Port number.)  Specifies the port on which the kpasswd daemon is to
listen for this realm.  The default is @value{DefaultKpasswdPort}.

@itemx key_stash_file
(String.)  Specifies the location where the master key has been stored
(via @code{kdb5_util stash}).  The default is
@code{@value{DefaultKeyStashFileStub}@i{REALM}}, where @i{REALM} is the
Kerberos realm.

@itemx kdc_ports
(String.)  Specifies the list of ports that the KDC is to listen to
for UDP requests for this realm.  By default, the value of kdc_ports
as specified in the [kdcdefaults] section is used.

@itemx kdc_tcp_ports
(String.)  Specifies the list of ports that the KDC is to listen to
for TCP requests for this realm.  By default, the value of
kdc_tcp_ports as specified in the [kdcdefaults] section is used.

@itemx master_key_name
(String.)  Specifies the name of the principal associated with the
master key.  The default is @value{DefaultMasterKeyName}.

@itemx master_key_type
(Key type string.)  Specifies the master key's key type.  The default
value for this is @value{DefaultMasterKeyType}.  For a list of all
possible values, see @ref{Supported Encryption Types}.

@itemx max_life
(Delta time string.)  Specifes the maximum time period for which a
ticket may be valid in this realm.  The default value is
@value{DefaultMaxLife}.

@itemx max_renewable_life
(Delta time string.)  Specifies the maximum time period during which a
valid ticket may be renewed in this realm.  The default value is
@value{DefaultMaxRenewableLife}.

@itemx supported_enctypes
List of key:salt strings.  Specifies the default key/salt combinations of
principals for this realm.  Any principals created through @code{kadmin}
will have keys of these types.  The default value for this tag is
@value{DefaultSupportedEnctypes}. For lists of possible values, see
@ref{Supported Encryption Types} and @ref{Salts}.

@itemx reject_bad_transit
A boolean value (@code{true}, @code{false}).  If set to @code{true}, the
KDC will check the list of transited realms for cross-realm tickets
against the transit path computed from the realm names and the
@code{capaths} section of its @code{krb5.conf} file; if the path in the
ticket to be issued contains any realms not in the computed path, the
ticket will not be issued, and an error will be returned to the client
instead.  If this value is set to @code{false}, such tickets will be
issued anyways, and it will be left up to the application server to
validate the realm transit path.

If the @code{disable-transited-check} flag is set in the incoming
request, this check is not performed at all.  Having the
@code{reject_bad_transit} option will cause such ticket requests to be
rejected always.

This transit path checking and config file option currently apply only
to TGS requests.

Earlier versions of the MIT release (before 1.2.3) had bugs in the
application server support such that the server-side checks may not be
performed correctly.  We recommend turning this option on, unless you
know that all application servers in this realm have been updated to
fixed versions of the software, and for whatever reason, you don't want
the KDC to do the validation.

This is a per-realm option so that multiple-realm KDCs may control it
separately for each realm, in case (for example) one realm has had the
software on its application servers updated but another has not.

This option defaults to @code{true}.

@end table

@node Sample kdc.conf File,  , realms (kdc.conf), kdc.conf
@subsection Sample kdc.conf File

Here's an example of a @code{kdc.conf} file:

@smallexample
@group
[kdcdefaults]
    kdc_ports = 88

[realms]
    @value{PRIMARYREALM} = @{
        kadmind_port = 749
        max_life = 12h 0m 0s
        max_renewable_life = 7d 0h 0m 0s
        master_key_type = des3-hmac-sha1
        supported_enctypes = des3-hmac-sha1:normal des-cbc-crc:normal des-cbc-crc:v4
    @}

[logging]
    kdc = FILE:@value{ROOTDIR}/var/krb5kdc/kdc.log
    admin_server = FILE:@value{ROOTDIR}/var/krb5kdc/kadmin.log

@end group
@end smallexample

@node Using DNS, Administrating the Kerberos Database, Configuration Files, Top
@chapter Using DNS

@menu
* Mapping Hostnames onto Kerberos Realms::  
* Hostnames for KDCs::          
@end menu

@node Mapping Hostnames onto Kerberos Realms, Hostnames for KDCs, Using DNS, Using DNS
@section Mapping Hostnames onto Kerberos Realms

@include dnstxt.texinfo

@node Hostnames for KDCs,  , Mapping Hostnames onto Kerberos Realms, Using DNS
@section Hostnames for KDCs

@include dnssrv.texinfo

@node Administrating the Kerberos Database, Application Servers, Using DNS, Top
@chapter Administrating the Kerberos Database

Your Kerberos database contains all of your realm's Kerberos principals,
their passwords, and other administrative information about each
principal.  For the most part, you will use the @code{kdb5_util} program
to manipulate the Kerberos database as a whole, and the @code{kadmin}
program to make changes to the entries in the database.  (One notable
exception is that users will use the @code{kpasswd} program to change
their own passwords.)  The @code{kadmin} program has its own
command-line interface, to which you type the database administrating
commands.

@code{Kdb5_util} provides a means to create, delete, load, or dump a
Kerberos database.  It also includes a command to stash a copy of the
master database key in a file on a KDC, so that the KDC can authenticate
itself to the @code{kadmind} and @code{krb5kdc} daemons at boot time.

@code{Kadmin} provides for the maintenance of Kerberos principals, KADM5
policies, and service key tables (keytabs).  It exists as both a
Kerberos client, @code{kadmin}, using Kerberos authentication and an
RPC, to operate securely from anywhere on the network, and as a local
client, @code{kadmin.local}, intended to run directly on the KDC without
Kerberos authentication.  Other than the fact that the remote client
uses Kerberos to authenticate the person using it, the functionalities
of the two versions are identical.  The local version is necessary to
enable you to set up enough of the database to be able to use the remote
version.  It replaces the now obsolete @code{kdb5_edit} (except for
database dump and load, which are provided by @code{kdb5_util}).

The remote version authenticates to the KADM5 server using the service
principal @code{kadmin/admin}.  If the credentials cache contains a
ticket for the @code{kadmin/admin} principal, and the @samp{-c ccache}
option is specified, that ticket is used to authenticate to KADM5.
Otherwise, the @samp{-p} and @samp{-k} options are used to specify the
client Kerberos principal name used to authenticate.  Once kadmin has
determined the principal name, it requests a @code{kadmin/admin}
Kerberos service ticket from the KDC, and uses that service ticket to
authenticate to KADM5.

@menu
* Kadmin Options::              
* Date Format::                 
* Principals::                  
* Policies::                    
* Global Operations on the Kerberos Database::  
* Cross-realm Authentication::  
@end menu

@node Kadmin Options, Date Format, Administrating the Kerberos Database, Administrating the Kerberos Database
@section Kadmin Options

You can invoke @code{kadmin} or @code{kadmin.local} with any of the
following options:

@table @b
@item @b{-r} @i{REALM}
Use @i{REALM} as the default Kerberos realm for the database.

@item @b{-p} @i{principal}
Use the Kerberos principal @i{principal} to authenticate to Kerberos.
If this option is not given, @code{kadmin} will append @code{admin} to
either the primary principal name, the environment variable USER, or to
the username obtained from @code{getpwuid}, in order of preference.

@item @b{-q} @i{query}
Pass @i{query} directly to @code{kadmin}.  This is useful for writing
scripts that pass specific queries to @code{kadmin}.

@noindent
You can invoke @code{kadmin} with any of the following options:

@item @b{-k} [@b{-t} @i{keytab}]
Use the keytab @i{keytab} to decrypt the KDC response instead of
prompting for a password on the TTY.  In this case, the principal will
be @samp{host/@i{hostname}}.  If @b{-t} is not used to specify a keytab,
then the default keytab will be used.

@item @b{-c} @i{credentials cache}
Use @i{credentials_cache} as the credentials cache.  The credentials
cache should contain a service ticket for the @code{kadmin/admin}
service, which can be acquired with the @code{kinit} program.  If this
option is not specified, @code{kadmin} requests a new service ticket
from the KDC, and stores it in its own temporary ccache.

@item @b{-w} @i{password}
Use @i{password} as the password instead of prompting for one on the
TTY.  Note:  placing the password for a Kerberos principal with
administration access into a shell script can be dangerous if
unauthorized users gain read access to the script.

@item @b{-s} @i{admin_server[:port]}
Specifies the admin server that kadmin should contact.

@noindent
You can invoke @code{kadmin.local} with an of the follwing options:

@item @b{-d_ @i{dbname}}
Specifies the name of the Kerberos database.

@item @b{-e} @i{"enctypes ..."}
Sets the list of cryptosystem and salt types to be used for any new
keys created.  See @ref{Supported Encryption Types} and @ref{Salts} for
available types.

@item @b{-m}
Do not authenticate using a keytab.  This option will cause kadmin to
prompt for the master database password.

@end table

@node Date Format, Principals, Kadmin Options, Administrating the Kerberos Database
@section Date Format

Many of the @code{kadmin} commands take a duration or time as an
argument.  The date can appear in a wide variety of formats, such as:

@smallexample
@group
"15 minutes"
"7 days"
"1 month"
"2 hours"
"400000 seconds"
"next year"
"this Monday"
"next Monday"
yesterday
tomorrow
now
"second Monday"
fortnight
"3/31/1992 10:00:07 PST"
"January 23, 2007 10:05pm"
"22:00 GMT"
@end group
@end smallexample

Note that if the date specification contains spaces, you must enclose it
in double quotes.  Note also that you cannot use a number without a
unit.  (I.e., ``"60 seconds"'' is correct, but ``60'' is incorrect.)
All keywords are case-insensitive.  The following is a list of all of
the allowable keywords.

@table @b
@item Months
january, jan, february, feb, march, mar, april, apr, may, june, jun,
july, jul, august, aug, september, sep, sept, october, oct, november,
nov, december, dec

@item Days
sunday, sun, monday, mon, tuesday, tues, tue, wednesday, wednes, wed,
thursday, thurs, thur, thu, friday, fri, saturday, sat

@item Units
year, month, fortnight, week, day, hour, minute, min, second, sec

@item Relative 
tomorrow, yesterday, today, now, last, this, next, first, second,
third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, eleventh,
twelfth, ago

@item Time Zones
@code{kadmin} recognizes abbreviations for most of the world's time
zones.  A complete listing appears in @ref{kadmin Time Zones}.

@item 12-hour Time Delimiters
am, pm
@end table

@node Principals, Policies, Date Format, Administrating the Kerberos Database
@section Principals

Each entry in the Kerberos database contains a Kerberos principal
(@pxref{Definitions}) and the attributes and policies associated with
that principal.

@menu
* Retrieving Information About a Principal::  
* Privileges::                  
* Adding or Modifying Principals::  
* Deleting Principals::         
* Changing Passwords::          
@end menu

@node Retrieving Information About a Principal, Privileges, Principals, Principals
@subsection Retrieving Information About a Principal

@menu
* Attributes::                  
* Retrieving a List of Principals::  
@end menu

@node Attributes, Retrieving a List of Principals, Retrieving Information About a Principal, Retrieving Information About a Principal
@subsubsection Attributes

To retrieve a listing of the attributes and/or policies associated with
a principal, use the @code{kadmin} @code{get_principal} command, which
requires the ``inquire'' administrative privilege.  The syntax is:

@smallexample
@b{get_principal} @i{principal}
@end smallexample

@noindent 
The @code{get_principal} command has the alias @code{getprinc}.

For example, suppose you wanted to view the attributes of the
principal @* @code{@value{RANDOMUSER1}/root@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}}.
  You would type:

@smallexample
@group
@b{shell%} kadmin
@b{kadmin:} getprinc @value{RANDOMUSER1}/root
@b{Principal: @value{RANDOMUSER1}/root@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}
Expiration date: [never]
Last password change: Mon Jan 31 02:06:40 EDT 2002
Password Expiration date: [none]
Maximum ticket life: 0 days 10:00:00
Maximum renewable life: 7 days 00:00:00
Last modified: Wed Jul 24 14:46:25 EDT 2002 (@value{ADMINUSER}/admin@@@value{PRIMARYREALM})
Last successful authentication: Mon Jul 29 18:20:17 EDT 2002
Last failed authentication: Mon Jul 29 18:18:54 EDT 2002
Failed password attempts: 3
Number of keys: 2
Key: vno 2, Triple DES cbc mode with HMAC/sha1, no salt
Key: vno 2, DES cbc mode with CRC-32, no salt
Attributes: DISALLOW_FORWARDABLE, DISALLOW_PROXIABLE
Policy: [none]
kadmin:}
@end group
@end smallexample

The @code{get_principal} command has a @code{-terse} option, which lists
the fields as a quoted, tab-separated string.  For example:

@smallexample
@group
@b{kadmin:} getprinc -terse @value{RANDOMUSER1}/root
@b{@value{RANDOMUSER1}/root@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}	0	1027458564
0	36000	 (@value{ADMINUSER}/admin@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}
1027536385	18	2	0	[none]	604800	1027980137
1027980054	3	2	1	2	16	0	1
2	1	0
kadmin:}
@end group
@end smallexample

@node Retrieving a List of Principals,  , Attributes, Retrieving Information About a Principal
@subsubsection Retrieving a List of Principals

To generate a listing of principals, use the @code{kadmin}
@code{list_principals} command, which requires the ``list'' privilege.
The syntax is:

@smallexample
@b{list_principals} [@i{expression}]
@end smallexample

@noindent where @i{expression} is a shell-style glob expression that
can contain the characters @samp{*}, @samp{?}, @samp{[}, and @samp{]}.
All policy names matching the expression are displayed.  The
@code{list_principals} command has the aliases @code{listprincs},
@code{get_principals}, and @code{getprincs}.  For example:

@smallexample
@group
@b{kadmin:} listprincs test*
@b{test3@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}
test2@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}
test1@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}
testuser@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}
kadmin:}
@end group
@end smallexample

@noindent 
If no expression is provided, all principals are printed.

@node Privileges, Adding or Modifying Principals, Retrieving Information About a Principal, Principals
@subsection Privileges

Administrative privileges for the Kerberos database are stored in the
file @code{kadm5.acl}.  

@include kadm5acl.texinfo

@node Adding or Modifying Principals, Deleting Principals, Privileges, Principals
@subsection Adding or Modifying Principals

To add a principal to the database, use the kadmin @code{add_principal}
command, which requires the ``add'' administrative privilege.  This
function creates the new principal, prompting twice for a password, and,
if neither the -policy nor -clearpolicy options are specified and the
policy ``default'' exists, assigns it that policy.  The syntax is:

@smallexample
@b{kadmin:} add_principal [@i{options}] @i{principal}
@end smallexample

To modify attributes of a principal, use the kadmin
@code{modify_principal} command, which requires the ``modify''
administrative privilege.  The syntax is:

@smallexample
@b{kadmin:} modify_principal [@i{options}] @i{principal}
@end smallexample

@noindent
@code{add_principal} has the aliases @code{addprinc} and
@code{ank}@footnote{@code{ank} was the short form of the equivalent
command using the deprecated @code{kadmin5} database administrative tool.
It has been kept}.  @code{modify_principal} has the alias @code{modprinc}.

The @code{add_principal} and @code{modify_principal} commands take the
following switches:

@table @b
@item -expire @i{date}
Sets the expiration date of the principal to @i{date}.

@item -pwexpire @i{date}
Sets the expiration date of the password to @i{date}.

@item -maxlife @i{maxlife}
Sets the maximum ticket life of the principal to @i{maxlife}.

@item -maxrenewlife @i{maxrenewlife}
Sets the maximum renewable life of tickets for the principal to
@i{maxrenewlife}.

@item -kvno @i{number}
Explicity sets the key version number to @i{number}.  @value{COMPANY}
does not recommend doing this unless there is a specific reason.

@item -policy @i{policy}
Sets the policy used by this principal.  (@xref{Policies}.)  With
@code{modify_principal}, the current policy assigned to the principal is
set or changed.  With @code{add_principal}, if this option is not
supplied, the -clearpolicy is not specified, and the policy ``default''
exists, that policy is assigned.  If a principal is created with no
policy, @code{kadmin} will print a warning message.

@item -clearpolicy
For @code{modify_principal}, removes the current policy from a
principal.  For @code{add_principal}, suppresses the automatic
assignment of the policy ``default''.

@item @{-|+@}allow_postdated
The ``-allow_postdated'' option prohibits this principal from obtaining
postdated tickets.  ``+allow_postdated'' clears this flag.  In effect,
``-allow_postdated'' sets the KRB5_KDB_DISALLOW_POSTDATED flag on the
principal in the database.

@item @{-|+@}allow_forwardable
The ``-allow_forwardable'' option prohibits this principal from
obtaining forwardable tickets.  ``+allow_forwardable'' clears this flag.
In effect, ``-allow_forwardable'' sets the KRB5_KDB_DISALLOW_FORWARDABLE
flag on the principal in the database.

@item @{-|+@}allow_renewable
The ``-allow_renewable'' option prohibits this principal from obtaining
renewable tickets.  ``+allow_renewable'' clears this flag.  In effect,
``-allow_renewable'' sets the KRB5_KDB_DISALLOW_RENEWABLE flag on the
principal in the database.

@item @{-|+@}allow_proxiable
The ``-allow_proxiable'' option prohibits this principal from obtaining
proxiable tickets.  ``+allow_proxiable'' clears this flag.  In effect,
``-allow_proxiable'' sets the @* KRB5_KDB_DISALLOW_PROXIABLE flag. on
the principal in the database.

@item @{-|+@}allow_dup_skey
The ``-allow_dup_skey'' option disables user-to-user authentication for
this principal by prohibiting this principal from obtaining a session
key for another user.  ``+allow_dup_skey'' clears this flag.  In effect,
``-allow_dup_skey'' sets the @* KRB5_KDB_DISALLOW_DUP_SKEY flag on the
principal in the database.

@item @{-|+@}requires_preauth
The ``+requires_preauth'' option requires this principal to
preauthenticate before being allowed to kinit.  -requires_preauth clears
this flag.  In effect, +requires_preauth sets the
KRB5_KDB_REQUIRES_PRE_AUTH flag on the principal in the database.

@item @{-|+@}requires_hwauth
The ``+requires_hwauth'' flag requires the principal to preauthenticate
using a hardware device before being allowed to kinit.
``-requires_hwauth'' clears this flag.  In effect, ``+requires_hwauth''
sets the KRB5_KDB_REQUIRES_HW_AUTH flag on the principal in the
database.

@item @{-|+@}allow_svr
The ``-allow_svr'' flag prohibits the issuance of service tickets for
this principal.  ``+allow_svr'' clears this flag.  In effect,
``-allow_svr'' sets the @* KRB5_KDB_DISALLOW_SVR flag on the principal
in the database.

@item @{-|+@}allow_tgs_req
The ``-allow_tgs_req'' option specifies that a Ticket-Granting Service
(TGS) request for a service ticket for this principal is not permitted.
You will probably never need to use this option.  ``+allow_tgs_req''
clears this flag.  The default is ``+allow_tgs_req''.  In effect,
``-allow_tgs_req'' sets the KRB5_KDB_DISALLOW_TGT_BASED flag on the
principal in the database.

@item @{-|+@}allow_tix
The ``-allow_tix'' option forbids the issuance of any tickets for this
principal.  ``+allow_tix'' clears this flag.  The default is
``+allow_tix''.  In effect, ``-allow_tix'' sets the @*
KRB5_KDB_DISALLOW_ALL_TIX flag on the principal in the database.

@item @{-|+@}needchange
The ``+needchange'' option sets a flag in attributes field to force a
password change; ``-needchange'' clears it.  The default is
``-needchange''.  In effect, ``+needchange'' sets the
KRB5_KDB_REQUIRES_PWCHANGE flag on the principal in the database.

@item @{-|+@}password_changing_service
The ``+password_changing_service'' option sets a flag in the attributes
field marking this principal as a password change service. (Again, you
will probably never need to use this option.)
``-password_changing_service'' clears the flag.  The default is
``-password_changing_service''.  In effect, the
``+password_changing_service'' option sets the KRB5_KDB_PWCHANGE_SERVICE
flag on the principal in the database.

@item -randkey
Sets the key for the principal to a random value (@code{add_principal}
only).  @value{COMPANY} recommends using this option for host keys.

@item -pw @i{password}
Sets the key of the principal to the specified string and does not
prompt for a password (@code{add_principal} only).  @value{COMPANY} does
not recommend using this option.

@item -e @i{enc:salt...}
Uses the specified list of enctype-salttype pairs for setting the key
of the principal.  The quotes are necessary if there are multiple
enctype-salttype pairs.  This will not function against kadmin daemons
earlier than krb5-1.2.  See @ref{Supported Encryption Types} and
@ref{Salts} for available types.
@end table

If you want to just use the default values, all you need to do is:

@smallexample
@group
@b{kadmin:} addprinc @value{RANDOMUSER1}
@b{WARNING: no policy specified for "@value{RANDOMUSER1}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}";
defaulting to no policy.}
@iftex
@b{Enter password for principal @value{RANDOMUSER1}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}:}  @i{@doubleleftarrow{} Type the password.}
@b{Re-enter password for principal @value{RANDOMUSER1}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}:}  @i{@doubleleftarrow{} Type it again.}
@end iftex
@ifinfo
@b{Enter password for principal @value{RANDOMUSER1}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}:}  @i{<= Type the password.}
@b{Re-enter password for principal @value{RANDOMUSER1}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}:}  @i{<=Type it again.}
@end ifinfo
@ifhtml
@b{Enter password for principal @value{RANDOMUSER1}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}:}  @i{<= Type the password.}
@b{Re-enter password for principal @value{RANDOMUSER1}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}:}  @i{<=Type it again.}
@end ifhtml
@b{Principal "@value{RANDOMUSER1}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}" created.
kadmin:}
@end group
@end smallexample

If, on the other hand, you want to set up an account that expires on
January 1, 2000, that uses a policy called ``stduser'', with a temporary
password (which you want the user to change immediately), you would type
the following.  (Note:  each line beginning with @result{} is a
continuation of the previous line.)

@smallexample
@group

@b{kadmin:} addprinc @value{RANDOMUSER2} -expire "1/1/2000 12:01am EST" -policy stduser 
@result{}  +needchange 
@iftex
@b{Enter password for principal @value{RANDOMUSER2}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}:}  @i{@doubleleftarrow{} Type the password.}
@b{Re-enter password for principal
@value{RANDOMUSER2}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}:}  @i{@doubleleftarrow{} Type it again.}
@end iftex
@ifinfo
@b{Enter password for principal @value{RANDOMUSER2}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}:}  @i{<= Type the password.}
@b{Re-enter password for principal
@value{RANDOMUSER2}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}:}  @i{<= Type it again.}
@end ifinfo
@ifhtml
@b{Enter password for principal @value{RANDOMUSER2}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}:}  @i{<= Type the password.}
@b{Re-enter password for principal
@value{RANDOMUSER2}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}:}  @i{<= Type it again.}
@end ifhtml
@b{Principal "@value{RANDOMUSER2}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}" created.
kadmin:}

@end group
@end smallexample

If you will need cross-realm authentication, you need to add principals
for the other realm's TGT to each realm.  For example, if you need to
do cross-realm authentication between the realms @value{PRIMARYREALM}
and @value{SECONDREALM}, you would need to add the principals @*
@samp{krbtgt/@value{SECONDREALM}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}} and
@samp{krbtgt/@value{PRIMARYREALM}@@@value{SECONDREALM}} to both
databases.  You need to be sure the passwords and the key version
numbers (kvno) are the same in both databases.  This may require
explicitly setting the kvno with the @samp{-kvno} option.  See
@ref{Cross-realm Authentication} for more details.

@node Deleting Principals, Changing Passwords, Adding or Modifying Principals, Principals
@subsection Deleting Principals

To delete a principal, use the kadmin @code{delete_principal} command,
which requires the ``delete'' administrative privilege.  The syntax is:

@smallexample
@b{delete_principal} [@b{-force}] @i{principal}
@end smallexample

@noindent @code{delete_principal} has the alias @code{delprinc}.  The
@code{-force} option causes @code{delete_principal} not to ask if you're
sure.  For example:

@smallexample
@group
@b{kadmin:} delprinc @value{RANDOMUSER1}
@b{Are you sure you want to delete the principal
"@value{RANDOMUSER1}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}"? (yes/no):} yes
@b{Principal "@value{RANDOMUSER1}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}" deleted.
Make sure that you have removed this principal from
all ACLs before reusing.
kadmin:}
@end group
@end smallexample

@node Changing Passwords,  , Deleting Principals, Principals
@subsection Changing Passwords

To change a principal's password use the kadmin @code{change_password}
command, which requires the ``modify'' administrative privilege (unless
the principal is changing his/her own password).  The syntax is:

@smallexample
@b{change_password} [@i{options}] @i{principal}
@end smallexample

@noindent The @code{change_password} option has the alias @code{cpw}.
@code{change_password} takes the following options:

@table @b
@item -randkey
Sets the key of the principal to a random value.

@item @b{-pw} @i{password}
Sets the password to the string @i{password}.  @value{COMPANY} does not
recommend using this option.

@item @b{-e} @i{"enc:salt..."}
Uses the specified list of enctype-salttype pairs for setting the key
of the principal.  The quotes are necessary if there are multiple
enctype-salttype pairs.  This will not function against kadmin daemons
earlier than krb5-1.2.  See @ref{Supported Encryption Types} and
@ref{Salts} for possible values.

@item @b{-keepold}
Keeps the previous kvno's keys around.  There is no easy way to delete
the old keys, and this flag is usually not necessary except perhaps for
TGS keys.  Don't use this flag unless you know what you're doing.

@end table

For example:

@smallexample
@group
@b{kadmin:} cpw @value{RANDOMUSER2}
@iftex
@b{Enter password for principal @value{RANDOMUSER2}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}:}  @i{@doubleleftarrow{} Type the new password.}
@b{Re-enter password for principal @value{RANDOMUSER2}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}:}  @i{@doubleleftarrow{} Type it again.}
@end iftex
@ifinfo
@b{Enter password for principal @value{RANDOMUSER2}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}:}  @i{<= Type the new password.}
@b{Re-enter password for principal @value{RANDOMUSER2}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}:}  @i{<= Type it again.}
@end ifinfo
@ifhtml
@b{Enter password for principal @value{RANDOMUSER2}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}:}  @i{<= Type the new password.}
@b{Re-enter password for principal @value{RANDOMUSER2}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}:}  @i{<= Type it again.}
@end ifhtml
@b{Password for @value{RANDOMUSER2}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM} changed.
kadmin:}
@end group
@end smallexample

Note that @code{change_password} will not let you change the password to
one that is in the principal's password history.

@node Policies, Global Operations on the Kerberos Database, Principals, Administrating the Kerberos Database
@section Policies

A policy is a set of rules governing passwords.  Policies can dictate
minimum and maximum password lifetimes, minimum number of characters and
character classes a password must contain, and the number of old
passwords kept in the database.

@menu
* Retrieving Policies::         
* Retrieving the List of Policies::  
* Adding or Modifying Policies::  
* Deleting Policies::           
@end menu

@node Retrieving Policies, Retrieving the List of Policies, Policies, Policies
@subsection Retrieving Policies

To retrieve a policy, use the kadmin @code{get_policy} command, which
requires the ``inquire'' administrative privilege.  The syntax is:

@smallexample
@b{get_policy} [@b{-terse}] @i{policy}
@end smallexample

The @code{get_policy} command has the alias @code{getpol}.  For example:

@smallexample
@group
@b{kadmin:} get_policy admin
@b{Policy: admin
Maximum password life: 180 days 00:00:00
Minimum password life: 00:00:00
Minimum password length: 6
Minimum number of password character classes: 2
Number of old keys kept: 5
Reference count: 17
kadmin:}
@end group
@end smallexample

@noindent The @dfn{reference count} is the number of principals using
that policy.

The @code{get_policy} command has a @code{-terse} option, which lists
each field as a quoted, tab-separated string.  For example:

@smallexample
@group
@b{kadmin:} get_policy -terse admin
@b{admin   15552000        0       6       2       5       17
kadmin:}
@end group
@end smallexample

@node Retrieving the List of Policies, Adding or Modifying Policies, Retrieving Policies, Policies
@subsection Retrieving the List of Policies

You can retrieve the list of policies with the kadmin
@code{list_policies} command, which requires the ``list'' privilege.  The
syntax is:

@smallexample
@b{list_policies} [@i{expression}]
@end smallexample

@noindent where @i{expression} is a shell-style glob expression that can
contain the characters *, ?, and [].  All policy names matching the
expression are displayed.  The @code{list_policies} command has the aliases
@code{listpols}, @code{get_policies}, and @code{getpols}.  For example:

@smallexample
@group
@b{kadmin:}  listpols
@b{test-pol
dict-only
once-a-min
test-pol-nopw}

@b{kadmin:}  listpols t*
@b{test-pol
test-pol-nopw
kadmin:}
@end group
@end smallexample

@node Adding or Modifying Policies, Deleting Policies, Retrieving the List of Policies, Policies
@subsection Adding or Modifying Policies

To add a new policy, use the kadmin @code{add_policy} command, which
requires the ``add'' administrative privilege.  The syntax is:

@smallexample
@b{add_policy} [@i{options}] @i{policy_name}
@end smallexample

To modify attributes of a principal, use the kadmin @code{modify_policy}
command, which requires the ``modify'' administrative privilege.  The
syntax is:

@smallexample
@b{modify_policy} [@i{options}] @i{policy_name}
@end smallexample

@noindent @code{add_policy} has the alias @code{addpol}.
@code{modify_poilcy} has the alias @code{modpol}.

The @code{add_policy} and @code{modify_policy} commands take the
following switches:

@table @b
@item -maxlife @i{time}
Sets the maximum lifetime of a password to @i{time}.

@item -minlife @i{time}
Sets the minimum lifetime of a password to @i{time}.

@item -minlength @i{length}
Sets the minimum length of a password to @i{length} characters.

@item -minclasses @i{number}
Requires at least @i{number} of character classes in a password.

@item -history @i{number}
Sets the number of past keys kept for a principal to @i{number}.
@end table

@c **** An example here would be nice.  ****

@node Deleting Policies,  , Adding or Modifying Policies, Policies
@subsection Deleting Policies

To delete a policy, use the @code{kadmin} @code{delete_policy} command,
which requires the ``delete'' administrative privilege.  The syntax is:

@smallexample
@b{delete_policy [-force]} @i{policy_name}
@end smallexample

@noindent The @code{delete_policy} command has the alias @code{delpol}.
It prompts for confirmation before deletion.
For example:

@smallexample
@group
@b{kadmin:} delete_policy guests
@b{Are you sure you want to delete the policy "guests"?
(yes/no):} yes
@b{kadmin:}
@end group
@end smallexample

Note that you must cancel the policy from all principals before deleting
it.  The @code{delete_policy} command will fail if it is in use by any
principals.

@node Global Operations on the Kerberos Database, Cross-realm Authentication, Policies, Administrating the Kerberos Database
@section Global Operations on the Kerberos Database

@menu
* Dumping a Kerberos Database to a File::  
* Restoring a Kerberos Database from a Dump File::  
* Creating a Stash File::       
* Creating and Destroying a Kerberos Database::  
@end menu

The @code{kdb5_util} command is the primary tool for administrating the
Kerberos database.  The syntax is:

@smallexample
@b{kdb5_util} @i{command} [@i{kdb5_util_options}] [@i{command_options}]
@end smallexample

The @code{kdb5_util} command takes the following options, which override
the defaults specified in the configuration files:

@table @b
@itemx -r @i{realm}
specifies the the Kerberos realm of the database.

@itemx -d @i{database_name}
specifies the name under which the principal database is stored.  

@itemx -k @i{master_key_type}
specifies the key type of the master key in the database.

@itemx -M @i{master_key_name}
specifies the principal name of the master key in the database.

@itemx -m
indicates that the master database password should be read from the TTY
rather than fetched from a file on disk.

@itemx -sf @i{stash_file}
specifies the stash file of the master database password

@itemx -P @i{password}
specifies the master database password.  @value{COMPANY} does not
recommend using this option.

@end table

@node Dumping a Kerberos Database to a File, Restoring a Kerberos Database from a Dump File, Global Operations on the Kerberos Database, Global Operations on the Kerberos Database
@subsection Dumping a Kerberos Database to a File

To dump a Kerberos database into a file, use the @code{kdb5_util}
@code{dump} command on one of the KDCs.  The syntax is:

@smallexample
@b{kdb5_util dump} [@b{-old}] [@b{-b6}] [@b{-b7}] [@b{-ov}] 
[@b{-verbose}] [-mkey_convert] [-new_mkey_file] [@i{filename} 
[@i{principals...}]]
@end smallexample

The @code{kdb5_util dump} command takes the following options:

@table @b
@itemx -old
causes the dump to be in the Kerberos 5 Beta 5 and earlier dump format
(``kdb5_edit load_dump version 2.0'').
@itemx -b6
causes the dump to be in the Kerberos 5 Beta 6 format (``kdb5_edit
load_dump version 3.0'').
@itemx -b7
causes the dump to be in the Kerberos 5 Beta 7 format (``kdbt_edit
load_dump version 4'').
@itemx -ov
causes the dump to be in ovsec_adm_export format.  Currently, the only
way to preserve per-principal policy information is to use this in
conjunction with a normal dump.
@itemx -verbose
causes the name of each principal and policy to be printed as it is
dumped.
@itemx -mkey_convert
prompts for a new master password, and then dumps the database with
all keys reencrypted in this new master key
@itemx -new_mkey_file
reads a new key from the default keytab and then dumps the database
with all keys reencrypted in this new master key
@end table

For example:

@smallexample
@group
@b{shell%} kdb5_util dump dumpfile
@b{shell%}
@end group
@end smallexample

@smallexample
@group
@b{shell%} kbd5_util dump -verbose dumpfile
@b{kadmin/admin@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}
krbtgt/@value{PRIMARYREALM}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}
kadmin/history@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}
K/M@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}
kadmin/changepw@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}
shell%}
@end group
@end smallexample

@noindent
If you specify which principals to dump, you must use the full
principal, as in the following example.  (The line beginning with
@result{} is a continuation of the previous line.):

@smallexample
@group
@b{shell%} kdb5_util dump -verbose dumpfile K/M@@@value{PRIMARYREALM} 
@result{} kadmin/admin@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}
@b{kadmin/admin@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}
K/M@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}
shell%}
@end group
@end smallexample

@noindent
Otherwise, the principals will not match those in the database and will
not be dumped:

@smallexample
@group
@b{shell%} kdb5_util dump -verbose dumpfile K/M kadmin/admin
@b{shell%}
@end group
@end smallexample

@noindent
If you do not specify a dump file, @code{kdb5_util} will dump the
database to the standard output.

There is currently a bug where the default dump format omits the
per-principal policy information.  In order to dump all the data
contained in the Kerberos database, you must perform a normal dump (with
no option flags) and an additional dump using the ``-ov'' flag to a
different file.

@node Restoring a Kerberos Database from a Dump File, Creating a Stash File, Dumping a Kerberos Database to a File, Global Operations on the Kerberos Database
@subsection Restoring a Kerberos Database from a Dump File

To restore a Kerberos database dump from a file, use the
@code{kdb5_util} @code{load} command on one of the KDCs.  The syntax
is:

@smallexample
@b{kdb5_util load} [@b{-old}] [@b{-b6}] [@b{-b7}] [@b{-ov}] [@b{-verbose}]
[@b{-update}] [@b{-hash}] @i{dumpfilename} @i{dbname} [@i{admin_dbname}]
@end smallexample

The @code{kdb5_util load} command takes the following options:

@table @b
@itemx -old
requires the dump to be in the Kerberos 5 Beta 5 and earlier dump format
(``kdb5_edit load_dump version 2.0'').
@itemx -b6
requires the dump to be in the Kerberos 5 Beta 6 format (``kdb5_edit
load_dump version 3.0'').
@itemx -b7
requires the dump to be in the Kerberos 5 Beta 7 format (``kdb5_edit
load_dump version 4'').
@itemx -ov
requires the dump to be in ovsec_adm_export format.
@itemx -verbose
causes the name of each principal and policy to be printed as it is
loaded.
@itemx -update
causes records from the dump file to be updated in or added to the
existing database.  This is useful in conjunction with an
ovsec_adm_export format dump if you want to preserve per-principal
policy information, since the current default format does not contain
this data.
@itemx -hash
causes the database to be stored as a hash rather than a binary tree.
@end table

For example:

@smallexample
@group
@b{shell%} kdb5_util load dumpfile principal
@b{shell%}
@end group
@end smallexample

@smallexample
@group
@b{shell%} kdb5_util load -update dumpfile principal
@b{shell%}
@end group
@end smallexample

@noindent
If the database file exists, and the @b{-update} flag was not given,
@code{kdb5_util} will overwrite the existing database.

@node Creating a Stash File, Creating and Destroying a Kerberos Database, Restoring a Kerberos Database from a Dump File, Global Operations on the Kerberos Database
@subsection Creating a Stash File

A stash file allows a KDC to authenticate itself to the database
utilities, such as @code{kadmin}, @code{kadmind}, @code{krb5kdc}, and
@code{kdb5_util}.

To create a stash file, use the @code{kdb5_util} @code{stash} command.
The syntax is:

@smallexample
@b{kdb5_util stash} [@b{-f} @i{keyfile}]
@end smallexample

For example:

@smallexample
@group
@b{shell%} kdb5_util stash
@b{kdb5_util: Cannot find/read stored master key while reading master key
kdb5_util: Warning: proceeding without master key}
@iftex
@b{Enter KDC database master key:}  @i{@doubleleftarrow{} Type the KDC database master password.}
@end iftex
@ifinfo
@b{Enter KDC database master key:}  @i{<= Type the KDC database master password.}
@end ifinfo
@ifhtml
@b{Enter KDC database master key:}  @i{<= Type the KDC database master password.}
@end ifhtml
@b{shell%}
@end group
@end smallexample

@noindent
If you do not specify a stash file, @code{kdb5_util} will stash the key
in the file specified in your @code{kdc.conf} file.

@node Creating and Destroying a Kerberos Database,  , Creating a Stash File, Global Operations on the Kerberos Database
@subsection Creating and Destroying a Kerberos Database

If you need to create a new Kerberos database, use the @code{kdb5_util}
@code{create} command.  The syntax is:

@smallexample
@b{kdb5_util create} [@b{-s}]
@end smallexample

If you specify the @samp{-s} option, @code{kdb5_util} will stash a copy
of the master key in a stash file.  (@xref{Creating a Stash File}.)  For
example:

@smallexample
@group
@b{shell%} @value{ROOTDIR}/sbin/kdb5_util -r @value{PRIMARYREALM} create -s
@b{kdb5_util: No such file or directory while setting active database to
@result{} '@value{ROOTDIR}/var/krb5kdc/principal'
Initializing database '@value{ROOTDIR}/var/krb5kdc/principal' for
@result{} realm '@value{PRIMARYREALM}',
master key name 'K/M@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}'
You will be prompted for the database Master Password.
It is important that you NOT FORGET this password.}
@iftex
@b{Enter KDC database master key:}  @i{@doubleleftarrow{} Type the master password.}
@b{Re-enter KDC database master key to verify:}  @i{@doubleleftarrow{} Type it again.}
@end iftex
@ifinfo
@b{Enter KDC database master key:}  @i{<= Type the master password.}
@b{Re-enter KDC database master key to verify:}  @i{<= Type it again.}
@end ifinfo
@ifhtml
@b{Enter KDC database master key:}  @i{<= Type the master password.}
@b{Re-enter KDC database master key to verify:}  @i{<= Type it again.}
@end ifhtml
@b{shell%}
@end group
@end smallexample

If you need to destroy the current Kerberos database, use the
@code{kdb5_util} @code{destroy} command.  The syntax is:

@smallexample
@b{kdb5_util destroy} [@b{-f}]
@end smallexample

The @code{destroy} command destroys the database, first overwriting the
disk sectors and then unlinking the files.  If you specify the
@samp{-f} option, @code{kdb5_util} will not prompt you for a
confirmation before destroying the database.

@smallexample
@group
@b{shell%} @value{ROOTDIR}/sbin/kdb5_util -r @value{PRIMARYREALM} destroy
@iftex
@b{kdb5_util: Deleting KDC database stored in @value{DefaultDatabaseName}, are you sure 
(type yes to confirm)?} @i{@doubleleftarrow{}yes}
@end iftex
@ifinfo
@b{kdb5_util: Deleting KDC database stored in @value{DefaultDatabaseName}, are you sure 
(type yes to confirm)?} @i{<== yes}
@end ifinfo
@ifhtml
@b{kdb5_util: Deleting KDC database stored in @value{DefaultDatabaseName}, are you sure
(type yes to confirm)?} @i{<== yes}
@end ifhtml
@b{OK, deleting database '@value{DefaultDatabaseName}'...}

@b{shell%}
@end group
@end smallexample

@ignore
@c @node The KDC Logs,  , Creating and Destroying a Kerberos Database, Administrating the Kerberos Database
@c @section The KDC Logs

This will have to wait until the next release.  *sigh*
@end ignore

@node Cross-realm Authentication,  , Global Operations on the Kerberos Database, Administrating the Kerberos Database
@section Cross-realm Authentication

In order for a KDC in one realm to authenticate Kerberos users in a
different realm, it must share a key with the KDC in the other realm.
In both databases, there must be krbtgt service principals for realms.
These principals should all have the same passwords, key version
numbers, and encryption types.  For example, if the administrators of
@value{PRIMARYREALM} and @value{SECONDREALM} wanted to authenticate
across the realms, they would run the following commands on the KDCs in
@i{both} realms:

@smallexample
@group
@b{shell%:} kadmin.local -e "des3-hmac-sha1:normal des-cbc-crc:v4"
@b{kadmin:} add_princ -requires_preauth krbtgt/@value{PRIMARYREALM}@@@value{SECONDREALM}
@b{Enter password for principal krbtgt/@value{PRIMARYREALM}@@@value{SECONDREALM}:} 
@b{Re-enter password for principal krbtgt/@value{PRIMARYREALM}@@@value{SECONDREALM}:}
@b{kadmin:} add_princ -requires_preauth krbtgt/@value{SECONDREALM}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}
@b{Enter password for principal krbtgt/@value{SECONDREALM}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}:}
@b{Enter password for principal krbtgt/@value{SECONDREALM}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}:}
@b{kadmin:}
@end group
@end smallexample

Even if most principals in a realm are generally created with the
requires_preauth flag enabled, this flag is not desirable on
cross-realm authentication keys because doing so makes it impossible to
disable preauthentication on a service-by-service basis.  Disabling it
as in the example above is recommended.

It is also very important that these principals have good passwords.
@value{COMPANY} recommends that TGT principal passwords be at least 26
characters of random ASCII text.

@node Application Servers, Backups of Secure Hosts, Administrating the Kerberos Database, Top
@chapter Application Servers

If you need to install the @value{PRODUCT} programs on an application
server, please refer to the @value{PRODUCT} Installation Guide.  Once
you have installed the software, you need to add that host to the
Kerberos database (@pxref{Adding or Modifying Principals}), and generate
a @dfn{keytab} for that host, that contains the host's key.  You also
need to make sure the host's clock is within your maximum clock skew of
the KDCs.

@menu
* Keytabs::                     
* Clock Skew::                  
* Getting DNS Information Correct::  
* Configuring Your Firewall to Work With Kerberos V5::  
@end menu

@node Keytabs, Clock Skew, Application Servers, Application Servers
@section Keytabs

A @dfn{keytab} is a host's copy of its own keylist, which is analogous
to a user's password.  An application server that needs to authenticate
itself to the KDC has to have a keytab that contains its own principal
and key.  Just as it is important for users to protect their passwords,
it is equally important for hosts to protect their keytabs.  You should
always store keytab files on local disk, and make them readable only by
root, and you should never send a keytab file over a network in the
clear.  Ideally, you should run the @code{kadmin} command to extract a
keytab on the host on which the keytab is to reside.

@menu
* Adding Principals to Keytabs::  
* Removing Principals from Keytabs::  
@end menu

@node Adding Principals to Keytabs, Removing Principals from Keytabs, Keytabs, Keytabs
@subsection Adding Principals to Keytabs

To generate a keytab, or to add a principal to an existing keytab, use
the @code{ktadd} command from @code{kadmin}, which requires the
``inquire'' administrative privilege.  (If you use the @b{-glob}
@i{princ_exp} option, it also requires the ``list'' administrative
privilege.)  The syntax is:

@smallexample
@b{ktadd} [@b{-k[eytab]} @i{keytab}] [@b{-q}] [@b{-e}
@i{key:salt_list}] [@i{principal} | @b{-glob} @i{princ_exp}]
[@i{@dots{}}]
@end smallexample

The @code{ktadd} command takes the following switches:

@table @b
@item -k[eytab] @i{keytab}
use @i{keytab} as the keytab file.  Otherwise, @code{ktadd} will use the
default keytab file (@code{@value{DefaultDefaultKeytabName}}).

@item @b{-e} @i{"enc:salt..."} 
Uses the specified list of enctype-salttype pairs for setting the key
of the principal.  The quotes are necessary if there are multiple
enctype-salttype pairs.  This will not function against kadmin daemons
earlier than krb5-1.2.  See @ref{Supported Encryption Types} and
@ref{Salts} for all possible values.

@item -q
run in quiet mode.  This causes @code{ktadd} to display less verbose
information.

@item @i{principal} | -glob @i{principal expression}
add @i{principal}, or all principals matching @i{principal expression}
to the keytab.  The rules for @i{principal expression} are the same as
for the kadmin @code{list_principals} (@pxref{Retrieving a List of
Principals}) command.
@end table

Here is a sample session, using configuration files that enable only
@samp{des-cbc-crc} encryption. (The line beginning with @result{} is a
continuation of the previous line.)

@smallexample
@group
@b{kadmin:} ktadd host/@value{RANDOMHOST1}.@value{PRIMARYDOMAIN}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}
@b{kadmin: Entry for principal host/@value{RANDOMHOST1}.@value{PRIMARYDOMAIN}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM} with
     kvno 2, encryption type DES-CBC-CRC added to keytab
     WRFILE:/etc/krb5.keytab.
kadmin:}
@end group
@end smallexample

@smallexample
@group
@b{kadmin:} ktadd -k @value{ROOTDIR}/var/krb5kdc/kadmind.keytab
@result{} kadmin/admin kadmin/changepw
@b{kadmin: Entry for principal kadmin/admin@@@value{PRIMARYREALM} with
     kvno 3, encryption type DES-CBC-CRC added to keytab
     WRFILE:@value{ROOTDIR}/var/krb5kdc/kadmind.keytab.
kadmin:}
@end group
@end smallexample

@node Removing Principals from Keytabs,  , Adding Principals to Keytabs, Keytabs
@subsection Removing Principals from Keytabs

To remove a principal from an existing keytab, use the kadmin
@code{ktremove} command.  The syntax is:

@smallexample
@b{ktremove} [@b{-k[eytab]} @i{keytab}] [@b{-q}] @i{principal} [@i{kvno} | @b{all} | @b{old}]
@end smallexample

The @code{ktremove} command takes the following switches:

@table @b
@item -k[eytab] @i{keytab}
use @i{keytab} as the keytab file.  Otherwise, @code{ktremove} will use
the default keytab file (@code{/etc/krb5.keytab}).

@item -q
run in quiet mode.  This causes @code{ktremove} to display less verbose
information.

@item @i{principal}
the principal to remove from the keytab.  (Required.)

@item @i{kvno}
remove all entries for the specified principal whose Key Version Numbers
match @i{kvno}.

@item all
remove all entries for the specified principal

@item old
remove all entries for the specified principal except those with the
highest kvno.
@end table

For example:

@smallexample
@group
@b{kadmin:} ktremove -k @value{ROOTDIR}/var/krb5kdc/kadmind.keytab kadmin/admin
@b{kadmin: Entry for principal kadmin/admin with kvno 3 removed
     from keytab WRFILE:@value{ROOTDIR}/var/krb5kdc/kadmind.keytab.
kadmin:}
@end group
@end smallexample

@node Clock Skew, Getting DNS Information Correct, Keytabs, Application Servers
@section Clock Skew

In order to prevent intruders from resetting their system clocks in
order to continue to use expired tickets, @value{PRODUCT} is set up to
reject ticket requests from any host whose clock is not within the
specified maximum clock skew of the KDC (as specified in the
@code{kdc.conf} file).  Similarly, hosts are configured to reject
responses from any KDC whose clock is not within the specified maximum
clock skew of the host (as specified in the @code{krb5.conf} file).  The
default value for maximum clock skew is @value{DefaultClockskew}.

@value{COMPANY} suggests that you add a line to client machines'
@code{/etc/rc} files to synchronize the machine's clock to your KDC at
boot time.  On UNIX hosts, assuming you had a kdc called
@code{@value{KDCSERVER}} in your realm, this would be:

@smallexample
gettime -s @value{KDCSERVER}
@end smallexample

If the host is not likely to be rebooted frequently, you may also want
to set up a cron job that adjusts the time on a regular basis.

@node Getting DNS Information Correct, Configuring Your Firewall to Work With Kerberos V5, Clock Skew, Application Servers
@section Getting DNS Information Correct

Several aspects of Kerberos rely on name service.  In order for Kerberos
to provide its high level of security, it is less forgiving of name
service problems than some other parts of your network.  It is important
that your Domain Name System (DNS) entries and your hosts have the
correct information.

Each host's canonical name must be the fully-qualified host name
(including the domain), and each host's IP address must reverse-resolve
to the canonical name.

Other than the @code{localhost} entry, make all entries in each
machine's @code{/etc/hosts} file in the following form:

@smallexample
IP address      fully-qualified hostname        aliases
@end smallexample

Here is a sample @code{/etc/hosts} file:

@smallexample
@group
# this is a comment
127.0.0.1       localhost localhost@@@value{PRIMARYDOMAIN}
@value{RANDOMHOST1IP}       @value{RANDOMHOST1}.@value{PRIMARYDOMAIN} trillium wake-robin
@end group
@end smallexample

Additionally, on Solaris machines, you need to be sure the ``hosts''
entry in the file @* @code{/etc/nsswitch.conf} includes the source
``dns'' as well as ``file''.

Finally, each host's keytab file must include a host/key pair for the
host's canonical name.  You can list the keys in a keytab file by
issuing the command @code{klist -k}.  For example:

@smallexample
@group
viola# klist -k
Keytab name: /etc/krb5.keytab
KVNO Principal
---- ------------------------------------------------------------
   1 host/@value{RANDOMHOST1}.@value{PRIMARYDOMAIN}@@@value{PRIMARYREALM}
@end group
@end smallexample

If you telnet to the host with a fresh credentials cache (ticket file),
and then @code{klist}, the host's service principal should be
@i{host/fully-qualified-hostname@@REALM_NAME}.

@node Configuring Your Firewall to Work With Kerberos V5,  , Getting DNS Information Correct, Application Servers
@section Configuring Your Firewall to Work With @value{PRODUCT}