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-.\" (c) 1993 by Thomas Koenig (ig25@rz.uni-karlsruhe.de)
-.\"
-.\" Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
-.\" manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
-.\" preserved on all copies.
-.\"
-.\" Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
-.\" manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the
-.\" entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
-.\" permission notice identical to this one
-.\"
-.\" Since the Linux kernel and libraries are constantly changing, this
-.\" manual page may be incorrect or out-of-date. The author(s) assume no
-.\" responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from
-.\" the use of the information contained herein. The author(s) may not
-.\" have taken the same level of care in the production of this manual,
-.\" which is licensed free of charge, as they might when working
-.\" professionally.
-.\"
-.\" Formatted or processed versions of this manual, if unaccompanied by
-.\" the source, must acknowledge the copyright and authors of this work.
-.\" License.
-.\" Modified Sat Jul 24 19:27:50 1993 by Rik Faith (faith@cs.unc.edu)
-.\" Modified Mon Aug 30 22:02:34 1995 by Jim Van Zandt <jrv@vanzandt.mv.com>
-.\" longindex is a pointer, has_arg can take 3 values, using consistent
-.\" names for optstring and longindex, "\n" in formats fixed. Documenting
-.\" opterr and getopt_long_only. Clarified explanations (borrowing heavily
-.\" from the source code).
-.TH GETOPT 3 "Aug 30, 1995" "GNU" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
-.SH NAME
-getopt \- Parse command line options
-.SH SYNOPSIS
-.nf
-.B #include <unistd.h>
-.sp
-.BI "int getopt(int " argc ", char * const " argv[] ","
-.BI " const char *" optstring ");"
-.sp
-.BI "extern char *" optarg ;
-.BI "extern int " optind ", " opterr ", " optopt ;
-.sp
-.B #include <getopt.h>
-.sp
-.BI "int getopt_long(int " argc ", char * const " argv[] ",
-.BI " const char *" optstring ,
-.BI " const struct option *" longopts ", int *" longindex ");"
-.sp
-.BI "int getopt_long_only(int " argc ", char * const " argv[] ",
-.BI " const char *" optstring ,
-.BI " const struct option *" longopts ", int *" longindex ");"
-.fi
-.SH DESCRIPTION
-The
-.B getopt()
-function parses the command line arguments. Its arguments
-.I argc
-and
-.I argv
-are the argument count and array as passed to the
-.B main()
-function on program invocation.
-An element of \fIargv\fP that starts with `-' (and is not exactly "-" or "--")
-is an option element. The characters of this element
-(aside from the initial `-') are option characters. If \fBgetopt()\fP
-is called repeatedly, it returns successively each of the option characters
-from each of the option elements.
-.PP
-If \fBgetopt()\fP finds another option character, it returns that
-character, updating the external variable \fIoptind\fP and a static
-variable \fInextchar\fP so that the next call to \fBgetopt()\fP can
-resume the scan with the following option character or
-\fIargv\fP-element.
-.PP
-If there are no more option characters, \fBgetopt()\fP returns
-\fBEOF\fP. Then \fIoptind\fP is the index in \fIargv\fP of the first
-\fIargv\fP-element that is not an option.
-.PP
-.I optstring
-is a string containing the legitimate option characters. If such a
-character is followed by a colon, the option requires an argument, so
-\fBgetopt\fP places a pointer to the following text in the same
-\fIargv\fP-element, or the text of the following \fIargv\fP-element, in
-.IR optarg .
-Two colons mean an option takes
-an optional arg; if there is text in the current \fIargv\fP-element,
-it is returned in \fIoptarg\fP, otherwise \fIoptarg\fP is set to zero.
-.PP
-By default, \fBgetargs()\fP permutes the contents of \fIargv\fP as it
-scans, so that eventually all the non-options are at the end. Two
-other modes are also implemented. If the first character of
-\fIoptstring\fP is `+' or the environment variable POSIXLY_CORRECT is
-set, then option processing stops as soon as a non-option argument is
-encountered. If the first character of \fIoptstring\fP is `-', then
-each non-option \fIargv\fP-element is handled as if it were the argument of
-an option with character code 1. (This is used by programs that were
-written to expect options and other \fIargv\fP-elements in any order
-and that care about the ordering of the two.)
-The special argument `--' forces an end of option-scanning regardless
-of the scanning mode.
-.PP
-If \fBgetopt()\fP does not recognize an option character, it prints an
-error message to stderr, stores the character in \fIoptopt\fP, and
-returns `?'. The calling program may prevent the error message by
-setting \fIopterr\fP to 0.
-.PP
-The
-.B getopt_long()
-function works like
-.B getopt()
-except that it also accepts long options, started out by two dashes.
-Long option names may be abbreviated if the abbreviation is
-unique or is an exact match for some defined option. A long option
-may take a parameter, of the form
-.B --arg=param
-or
-.BR "--arg param" .
-.PP
-.I longopts
-is a pointer to the first element of an array of
-.B struct option
-declared in
-.B <getopt.h>
-as
-.nf
-.sp
-.in 10
-struct option {
-.in 14
-const char *name;
-int has_arg;
-int *flag;
-int val;
-.in 10
-};
-.fi
-.PP
-The meanings of the different fields are:
-.TP
-.I name
-is the name of the long option.
-.TP
-.I has_arg
-is:
-\fBno_argument\fP (or 0) if the option does not take an argument,
-\fBrequired_argument\fP (or 1) if the option requires an argument, or
-\fBoptional_argument\fP (or 2) if the option takes an optional argument.
-.TP
-.I flag
-specifies how results are returned for a long option. If \fIflag\fP
-is \fBNULL\fP, then \fBgetopt_long()\fP returns \fIval\fP. (For
-example, the calling program may set \fIval\fP to the equivalent short
-option character.) Otherwise, \fBgetopt_long()\fP returns 0, and
-\fIflag\fP points to a variable which is set to \fIval\fP if the
-option is found, but left unchanged if the option is not found.
-.TP
-\fIval\fP
-is the value to return, or to load into the variable pointed
-to by \fIflag\fP.
-.PP
-The last element of the array has to be filled with zeroes.
-.PP
-If \fIlongindex\fP is not \fBNULL\fP, it
-points to a variable which is set to the index of the long option relative to
-.IR longopts .
-.PP
-\fBgetopt_long_only()\fP is like \fBgetopt_long()\fP, but `-' as well
-as `--' can indicate a long option. If an option that starts with `-'
-(not `--') doesn't match a long option, but does match a short option,
-it is parsed as a short option instead.
-.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The
-.B getopt()
-function returns the option character if the option was found
-successfully, `:' if there was a missing parameter for one of the
-options, `?' for an unknown option character, or \fBEOF\fP
-for the end of the option list.
-.PP
-\fBgetopt_long()\fP and \fBgetopt_long_only()\fP also return the option
-character when a short option is recognized. For a long option, they
-return \fIval\fP if \fIflag\fP is \fBNULL\fP, and 0 otherwise. Error
-and EOF returns are the same as for \fBgetopt()\fP, plus `?' for an
-ambiguous match or an extraneous parameter.
-.SH "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES"
-.TP
-.SM
-.B POSIXLY_CORRECT
-If this is set, then option processing stops as soon as a non-option
-argument is encountered.
-.SH "EXAMPLE"
-The following example program, from the source code, illustrates the
-use of
-.BR getopt_long()
-with most of its features.
-.nf
-.sp
-#include <stdio.h>
-
-int
-main (argc, argv)
- int argc;
- char **argv;
-{
- int c;
- int digit_optind = 0;
-
- while (1)
- {
- int this_option_optind = optind ? optind : 1;
- int option_index = 0;
- static struct option long_options[] =
- {
- {"add", 1, 0, 0},
- {"append", 0, 0, 0},
- {"delete", 1, 0, 0},
- {"verbose", 0, 0, 0},
- {"create", 1, 0, 'c'},
- {"file", 1, 0, 0},
- {0, 0, 0, 0}
- };
-
- c = getopt_long (argc, argv, "abc:d:012",
- long_options, &option_index);
- if (c == -1)
- break;
-
- switch (c)
- {
- case 0:
- printf ("option %s", long_options[option_index].name);
- if (optarg)
- printf (" with arg %s", optarg);
- printf ("\\n");
- break;
-
- case '0':
- case '1':
- case '2':
- if (digit_optind != 0 && digit_optind != this_option_optind)
- printf ("digits occur in two different argv-elements.\\n");
- digit_optind = this_option_optind;
- printf ("option %c\\n", c);
- break;
-
- case 'a':
- printf ("option a\\n");
- break;
-
- case 'b':
- printf ("option b\\n");
- break;
-
- case 'c':
- printf ("option c with value `%s'\\n", optarg);
- break;
-
- case 'd':
- printf ("option d with value `%s'\\n", optarg);
- break;
-
- case '?':
- break;
-
- default:
- printf ("?? getopt returned character code 0%o ??\\n", c);
- }
- }
-
- if (optind < argc)
- {
- printf ("non-option ARGV-elements: ");
- while (optind < argc)
- printf ("%s ", argv[optind++]);
- printf ("\\n");
- }
-
- exit (0);
-}
-.fi
-.SH "BUGS"
-This manpage is confusing.
-.SH "CONFORMING TO"
-.TP
-\fBgetopt()\fP:
-POSIX.1, provided the environment variable POSIXLY_CORRECT is set.
-Otherwise, the elements of \fIargv\fP aren't really const, because we
-permute them. We pretend they're const in the prototype to be
-compatible with other systems.
-