build: standard directory layout

Suitable for mature project.

root   - administrative stuff
doc    - documents
src    - sources
tests  - tests
distro - distro specific files
sample - samples

SIDE EFFECT: many changes to rpm spec.

Signed-off-by: Alon Bar-Lev <alon.barlev@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Adriaan de Jong <dejong@fox-it.com>
Signed-off-by: David Sommerseth <davids@redhat.com>

1 files changed, 3237 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/src/openvpn/route.c b/src/openvpn/route.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ca8f1da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/openvpn/route.c
@@ -0,0 +1,3237 @@
+/*
+ *  OpenVPN -- An application to securely tunnel IP networks
+ *             over a single TCP/UDP port, with support for SSL/TLS-based
+ *             session authentication and key exchange,
+ *             packet encryption, packet authentication, and
+ *             packet compression.
+ *
+ *  Copyright (C) 2002-2010 OpenVPN Technologies, Inc. <sales@openvpn.net>
+ *
+ *  This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ *  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2
+ *  as published by the Free Software Foundation.
+ *
+ *  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ *  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ *  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ *  GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ *  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ *  along with this program (see the file COPYING included with this
+ *  distribution); if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
+ *  59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Support routines for adding/deleting network routes.
+ */
+
+#include "syshead.h"
+
+#include "common.h"
+#include "error.h"
+#include "route.h"
+#include "misc.h"
+#include "socket.h"
+#include "manage.h"
+#include "win32.h"
+#include "options.h"
+
+#include "memdbg.h"
+
+static void delete_route (struct route *r, const struct tuntap *tt, unsigned int flags, const struct route_gateway_info *rgi, const struct env_set *es);
+
+static void get_bypass_addresses (struct route_bypass *rb, const unsigned int flags);
+
+#ifdef ENABLE_DEBUG
+
+static void
+print_bypass_addresses (const struct route_bypass *rb)
+{
+  struct gc_arena gc = gc_new ();
+  int i;
+  for (i = 0; i < rb->n_bypass; ++i)
+    {
+      msg (D_ROUTE, "ROUTE: bypass_host_route[%d]=%s",
+	   i,
+	   print_in_addr_t (rb->bypass[i], 0, &gc));
+    }
+  gc_free (&gc);
+}
+
+#endif
+
+static bool
+add_bypass_address (struct route_bypass *rb, const in_addr_t a)
+{
+  int i;
+  for (i = 0; i < rb->n_bypass; ++i)
+    {
+      if (a == rb->bypass[i]) /* avoid duplicates */
+	return true;
+    }
+  if (rb->n_bypass < N_ROUTE_BYPASS)
+    {
+      rb->bypass[rb->n_bypass++] = a;
+      return true;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      return false;
+    }
+}
+
+struct route_option_list *
+new_route_option_list (const int max_routes, struct gc_arena *a)
+{
+  struct route_option_list *ret;
+  ALLOC_VAR_ARRAY_CLEAR_GC (ret, struct route_option_list, struct route_option, max_routes, a);
+  ret->capacity = max_routes;
+  return ret;
+}
+
+struct route_ipv6_option_list *
+new_route_ipv6_option_list (const int max_routes, struct gc_arena *a)
+{
+  struct route_ipv6_option_list *ret;
+  ALLOC_VAR_ARRAY_CLEAR_GC (ret, struct route_ipv6_option_list, struct route_ipv6_option, max_routes, a);
+  ret->capacity = max_routes;
+  return ret;
+}
+
+struct route_option_list *
+clone_route_option_list (const struct route_option_list *src, struct gc_arena *a)
+{
+  const size_t rl_size = array_mult_safe (sizeof(struct route_option), src->capacity, sizeof(struct route_option_list));
+  struct route_option_list *ret = gc_malloc (rl_size, false, a);
+  memcpy (ret, src, rl_size);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+struct route_ipv6_option_list *
+clone_route_ipv6_option_list (const struct route_ipv6_option_list *src, struct gc_arena *a)
+{
+  const size_t rl_size = array_mult_safe (sizeof(struct route_ipv6_option), src->capacity, sizeof(struct route_ipv6_option_list));
+  struct route_ipv6_option_list *ret = gc_malloc (rl_size, false, a);
+  memcpy (ret, src, rl_size);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+void
+copy_route_option_list (struct route_option_list *dest, const struct route_option_list *src)
+{
+  const size_t src_size = array_mult_safe (sizeof(struct route_option), src->capacity, sizeof(struct route_option_list));
+  if (src->capacity > dest->capacity)
+    msg (M_FATAL, PACKAGE_NAME " ROUTE: (copy) number of route options in src (%d) is greater than route list capacity in dest (%d)", src->capacity, dest->capacity);
+  memcpy (dest, src, src_size);
+}
+
+void
+copy_route_ipv6_option_list (struct route_ipv6_option_list *dest,
+			     const struct route_ipv6_option_list *src)
+{
+  const size_t src_size = array_mult_safe (sizeof(struct route_ipv6_option), src->capacity, sizeof(struct route_ipv6_option_list));
+  if (src->capacity > dest->capacity)
+    msg (M_FATAL, PACKAGE_NAME " ROUTE: (copy) number of route options in src (%d) is greater than route list capacity in dest (%d)", src->capacity, dest->capacity);
+  memcpy (dest, src, src_size);
+}
+
+struct route_list *
+new_route_list (const int max_routes, struct gc_arena *a)
+{
+  struct route_list *ret;
+  ALLOC_VAR_ARRAY_CLEAR_GC (ret, struct route_list, struct route, max_routes, a);
+  ret->capacity = max_routes;
+  return ret;
+}
+
+struct route_ipv6_list *
+new_route_ipv6_list (const int max_routes, struct gc_arena *a)
+{
+  struct route_ipv6_list *ret;
+  ALLOC_VAR_ARRAY_CLEAR_GC (ret, struct route_ipv6_list, struct route_ipv6, max_routes, a);
+  ret->capacity = max_routes;
+  return ret;
+}
+
+static const char *
+route_string (const struct route *r, struct gc_arena *gc)
+{
+  struct buffer out = alloc_buf_gc (256, gc);
+  buf_printf (&out, "ROUTE network %s netmask %s gateway %s",
+	      print_in_addr_t (r->network, 0, gc),
+	      print_in_addr_t (r->netmask, 0, gc),
+	      print_in_addr_t (r->gateway, 0, gc)
+	      );
+  if (r->flags & RT_METRIC_DEFINED)
+    buf_printf (&out, " metric %d", r->metric);
+  return BSTR (&out);
+}
+
+static bool
+is_route_parm_defined (const char *parm)
+{
+  if (!parm)
+    return false;
+  if (!strcmp (parm, "default"))
+    return false;
+  return true;
+}
+
+static void
+setenv_route_addr (struct env_set *es, const char *key, const in_addr_t addr, int i)
+{
+  struct gc_arena gc = gc_new ();
+  struct buffer name = alloc_buf_gc (256, &gc);
+  if (i >= 0)
+    buf_printf (&name, "route_%s_%d", key, i);
+  else
+    buf_printf (&name, "route_%s", key);
+  setenv_str (es, BSTR (&name), print_in_addr_t (addr, 0, &gc));
+  gc_free (&gc);
+}
+
+static bool
+get_special_addr (const struct route_list *rl,
+		  const char *string,
+		  in_addr_t *out,
+		  bool *status)
+{
+  if (status)
+    *status = true;
+  if (!strcmp (string, "vpn_gateway"))
+    {
+      if (rl)
+	{
+	  if (rl->spec.flags & RTSA_REMOTE_ENDPOINT)
+	    *out = rl->spec.remote_endpoint;
+	  else
+	    {
+	      msg (M_INFO, PACKAGE_NAME " ROUTE: vpn_gateway undefined");
+	      if (status)
+		*status = false;
+	    }
+	}
+      return true;
+    }
+  else if (!strcmp (string, "net_gateway"))
+    {
+      if (rl)
+	{
+	  if (rl->rgi.flags & RGI_ADDR_DEFINED)
+	    *out = rl->rgi.gateway.addr;
+	  else
+	    {
+	      msg (M_INFO, PACKAGE_NAME " ROUTE: net_gateway undefined -- unable to get default gateway from system");
+	      if (status)
+		*status = false;
+	    }
+	}
+      return true;
+    }
+  else if (!strcmp (string, "remote_host"))
+    {
+      if (rl)
+	{
+	  if (rl->spec.flags & RTSA_REMOTE_HOST)
+	    *out = rl->spec.remote_host;
+	  else
+	    {
+	      msg (M_INFO, PACKAGE_NAME " ROUTE: remote_host undefined");
+	      if (status)
+		*status = false;
+	    }
+	}
+      return true;
+    }
+  return false;
+}
+
+bool
+is_special_addr (const char *addr_str)
+{
+  if (addr_str)
+    return get_special_addr (NULL, addr_str, NULL, NULL);
+  else
+    return false;
+}
+
+static bool
+init_route (struct route *r,
+	    struct resolve_list *network_list,
+	    const struct route_option *ro,
+	    const struct route_list *rl)
+{
+  const in_addr_t default_netmask = ~0;
+  bool status;
+
+  CLEAR (*r);
+  r->option = ro;
+
+  /* network */
+
+  if (!is_route_parm_defined (ro->network))
+    {
+      goto fail;
+    }
+  
+  if (!get_special_addr (rl, ro->network, &r->network, &status))
+    {
+      r->network = getaddr_multi (
+				  GETADDR_RESOLVE
+				  | GETADDR_HOST_ORDER
+				  | GETADDR_WARN_ON_SIGNAL,
+				  ro->network,
+				  0,
+				  &status,
+				  NULL,
+				  network_list);
+    }
+
+  if (!status)
+    goto fail;
+
+  /* netmask */
+
+  if (is_route_parm_defined (ro->netmask))
+    {
+      r->netmask = getaddr (
+			    GETADDR_HOST_ORDER
+			    | GETADDR_WARN_ON_SIGNAL,
+			    ro->netmask,
+			    0,
+			    &status,
+			    NULL);
+      if (!status)
+	goto fail;
+    }
+  else
+    r->netmask = default_netmask;
+
+  /* gateway */
+
+  if (is_route_parm_defined (ro->gateway))
+    {
+      if (!get_special_addr (rl, ro->gateway, &r->gateway, &status))
+	{
+	  r->gateway = getaddr (
+				GETADDR_RESOLVE
+				| GETADDR_HOST_ORDER
+				| GETADDR_WARN_ON_SIGNAL,
+				ro->gateway,
+				0,
+				&status,
+				NULL);
+	}
+      if (!status)
+	goto fail;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      if (rl->spec.flags & RTSA_REMOTE_ENDPOINT)
+	r->gateway = rl->spec.remote_endpoint;
+      else
+	{
+	  msg (M_WARN, PACKAGE_NAME " ROUTE: " PACKAGE_NAME " needs a gateway parameter for a --route option and no default was specified by either --route-gateway or --ifconfig options");
+	  goto fail;
+	}
+    }
+
+  /* metric */
+
+  r->metric = 0;
+  if (is_route_parm_defined (ro->metric))
+    {
+      r->metric = atoi (ro->metric);
+      if (r->metric < 0)
+	{
+	  msg (M_WARN, PACKAGE_NAME " ROUTE: route metric for network %s (%s) must be >= 0",
+	       ro->network,
+	       ro->metric);
+	  goto fail;
+	}
+      r->flags |= RT_METRIC_DEFINED;
+    }
+  else if (rl->spec.flags & RTSA_DEFAULT_METRIC)
+    {
+      r->metric = rl->spec.default_metric;
+      r->flags |= RT_METRIC_DEFINED;
+    }
+
+  r->flags |= RT_DEFINED;
+
+  return true;
+
+ fail:
+  msg (M_WARN, PACKAGE_NAME " ROUTE: failed to parse/resolve route for host/network: %s",
+       ro->network);
+  return false;
+}
+
+static bool
+init_route_ipv6 (struct route_ipv6 *r6,
+	         const struct route_ipv6_option *r6o,
+	         const struct route_ipv6_list *rl6 )
+{
+  r6->option = r6o;
+  r6->defined = false;
+
+  if ( !get_ipv6_addr( r6o->prefix, &r6->network, &r6->netbits, NULL, M_WARN ))
+    goto fail;
+
+  /* gateway */
+  if (is_route_parm_defined (r6o->gateway))
+    {
+      if ( inet_pton( AF_INET6, r6o->gateway, &r6->gateway ) != 1 )
+        {
+	  msg( M_WARN, PACKAGE_NAME "ROUTE6: cannot parse gateway spec '%s'", r6o->gateway );
+        }
+    }
+  else if (rl6->remote_endpoint_defined)
+    {
+      r6->gateway = rl6->remote_endpoint_ipv6;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      msg (M_WARN, PACKAGE_NAME " ROUTE6: " PACKAGE_NAME " needs a gateway parameter for a --route-ipv6 option and no default was specified by either --route-ipv6-gateway or --ifconfig-ipv6 options");
+      goto fail;
+    }
+
+  /* metric */
+
+  r6->metric_defined = false;
+  r6->metric = 0;
+  if (is_route_parm_defined (r6o->metric))
+    {
+      r6->metric = atoi (r6o->metric);
+      if (r6->metric < 0)
+	{
+	  msg (M_WARN, PACKAGE_NAME " ROUTE: route metric for network %s (%s) must be >= 0",
+	       r6o->prefix,
+	       r6o->metric);
+	  goto fail;
+	}
+      r6->metric_defined = true;
+    }
+  else if (rl6->default_metric_defined)
+    {
+      r6->metric = rl6->default_metric;
+      r6->metric_defined = true;
+    }
+
+  r6->defined = true;
+
+  return true;
+
+ fail:
+  msg (M_WARN, PACKAGE_NAME " ROUTE: failed to parse/resolve route for host/network: %s",
+       r6o->prefix);
+  r6->defined = false;
+  return false;
+}
+
+void
+add_route_to_option_list (struct route_option_list *l,
+			  const char *network,
+			  const char *netmask,
+			  const char *gateway,
+			  const char *metric)
+{
+  struct route_option *ro;
+  if (l->n >= l->capacity)
+    msg (M_FATAL, PACKAGE_NAME " ROUTE: cannot add more than %d routes -- please increase the max-routes option in the client configuration file",
+	 l->capacity);
+  ro = &l->routes[l->n];
+  ro->network = network;
+  ro->netmask = netmask;
+  ro->gateway = gateway;
+  ro->metric = metric;
+  ++l->n;
+}
+
+void
+add_route_ipv6_to_option_list (struct route_ipv6_option_list *l,
+			  const char *prefix,
+			  const char *gateway,
+			  const char *metric)
+{
+  struct route_ipv6_option *ro;
+  if (l->n >= l->capacity)
+    msg (M_FATAL, PACKAGE_NAME " ROUTE: cannot add more than %d IPv6 routes -- please increase the max-routes option in the client configuration file",
+	 l->capacity);
+  ro = &l->routes_ipv6[l->n];
+  ro->prefix = prefix;
+  ro->gateway = gateway;
+  ro->metric = metric;
+  ++l->n;
+}
+
+void
+clear_route_list (struct route_list *rl)
+{
+  const int capacity = rl->capacity;
+  const size_t rl_size = array_mult_safe (sizeof(struct route), capacity, sizeof(struct route_list));
+  memset(rl, 0, rl_size);
+  rl->capacity = capacity;
+}
+
+void
+clear_route_ipv6_list (struct route_ipv6_list *rl6)
+{
+  const int capacity = rl6->capacity;
+  const size_t rl6_size = array_mult_safe (sizeof(struct route_ipv6), capacity, sizeof(struct route_ipv6_list));
+  memset(rl6, 0, rl6_size);
+  rl6->capacity = capacity;
+}
+
+void
+route_list_add_vpn_gateway (struct route_list *rl,
+			    struct env_set *es,
+			    const in_addr_t addr)
+{
+  rl->spec.remote_endpoint = addr;
+  rl->spec.flags |= RTSA_REMOTE_ENDPOINT;
+  setenv_route_addr (es, "vpn_gateway", rl->spec.remote_endpoint, -1);
+}
+
+static void
+add_block_local_item (struct route_list *rl,
+		      const struct route_gateway_address *gateway,
+		      in_addr_t target)
+{
+  const int rgi_needed = (RGI_ADDR_DEFINED|RGI_NETMASK_DEFINED);
+  if ((rl->rgi.flags & rgi_needed) == rgi_needed
+      && rl->rgi.gateway.netmask < 0xFFFFFFFF
+      && (rl->n)+2 <= rl->capacity)
+    {
+      struct route r;
+      unsigned int l2;
+
+      /* split a route into two smaller blocking routes, and direct them to target */
+      CLEAR(r);
+      r.flags = RT_DEFINED;
+      r.gateway = target;
+      r.network = gateway->addr & gateway->netmask;
+      l2 = ((~gateway->netmask)+1)>>1;
+      r.netmask = ~(l2-1);
+      rl->routes[rl->n++] = r;
+      r.network += l2;
+      rl->routes[rl->n++] = r;
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+add_block_local (struct route_list *rl)
+{
+  const int rgi_needed = (RGI_ADDR_DEFINED|RGI_NETMASK_DEFINED);
+  if ((rl->flags & RG_BLOCK_LOCAL)
+      && (rl->rgi.flags & rgi_needed) == rgi_needed
+      && (rl->spec.flags & RTSA_REMOTE_ENDPOINT)
+      && rl->spec.remote_host_local != TLA_LOCAL)
+    {
+      size_t i;
+
+      /* add bypass for gateway addr */
+      add_bypass_address (&rl->spec.bypass, rl->rgi.gateway.addr);
+
+      /* block access to local subnet */
+      add_block_local_item (rl, &rl->rgi.gateway, rl->spec.remote_endpoint);
+
+      /* process additional subnets on gateway interface */
+      for (i = 0; i < rl->rgi.n_addrs; ++i)
+	{
+	  const struct route_gateway_address *gwa = &rl->rgi.addrs[i];
+	  /* omit the add/subnet in &rl->rgi which we processed above */
+	  if (!((rl->rgi.gateway.addr & rl->rgi.gateway.netmask) == (gwa->addr & gwa->netmask)
+		&& rl->rgi.gateway.netmask == gwa->netmask))
+	    add_block_local_item (rl, gwa, rl->spec.remote_endpoint);
+	}
+    }
+}
+
+bool
+init_route_list (struct route_list *rl,
+		 const struct route_option_list *opt,
+		 const char *remote_endpoint,
+		 int default_metric,
+		 in_addr_t remote_host,
+		 struct env_set *es)
+{
+  struct gc_arena gc = gc_new ();
+  bool ret = true;
+
+  clear_route_list (rl);
+
+  rl->flags = opt->flags;
+
+  if (remote_host)
+    {
+      rl->spec.remote_host = remote_host;
+      rl->spec.flags |= RTSA_REMOTE_HOST;
+    }
+
+  if (default_metric)
+    {
+      rl->spec.default_metric = default_metric;
+      rl->spec.flags |= RTSA_DEFAULT_METRIC;
+    }
+
+  get_default_gateway (&rl->rgi);
+  if (rl->rgi.flags & RGI_ADDR_DEFINED)
+    {
+      setenv_route_addr (es, "net_gateway", rl->rgi.gateway.addr, -1);
+#ifdef ENABLE_DEBUG
+      print_default_gateway (D_ROUTE, &rl->rgi);
+#endif
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      dmsg (D_ROUTE, "ROUTE: default_gateway=UNDEF");
+    }
+
+  if (rl->spec.flags & RTSA_REMOTE_HOST)
+    rl->spec.remote_host_local = test_local_addr (remote_host, &rl->rgi);
+
+  if (is_route_parm_defined (remote_endpoint))
+    {
+      bool defined = false;
+      rl->spec.remote_endpoint = getaddr (
+				     GETADDR_RESOLVE
+				     | GETADDR_HOST_ORDER
+				     | GETADDR_WARN_ON_SIGNAL,
+				     remote_endpoint,
+				     0,
+				     &defined,
+				     NULL);
+
+      if (defined)
+	{
+	  setenv_route_addr (es, "vpn_gateway", rl->spec.remote_endpoint, -1);
+	  rl->spec.flags |= RTSA_REMOTE_ENDPOINT;
+	}
+      else
+	{
+	  msg (M_WARN, PACKAGE_NAME " ROUTE: failed to parse/resolve default gateway: %s",
+	       remote_endpoint);
+	  ret = false;
+	}
+    }
+
+  if (rl->flags & RG_ENABLE)
+    {
+      add_block_local (rl);
+      get_bypass_addresses (&rl->spec.bypass, rl->flags);
+#ifdef ENABLE_DEBUG
+      print_bypass_addresses (&rl->spec.bypass);
+#endif
+    }
+
+  /* parse the routes from opt to rl */
+  {
+    int i = 0;
+    int j = rl->n;
+    bool warned = false;
+    for (i = 0; i < opt->n; ++i)
+      {
+	struct resolve_list netlist;
+	struct route r;
+	int k;
+
+        CLEAR(netlist);		/* init_route() will not always init this */
+
+	if (!init_route (&r,
+			 &netlist,
+			 &opt->routes[i],
+			 rl))
+	  ret = false;
+	else
+	  {
+	    if (!netlist.len)
+	      {
+		netlist.data[0] = r.network;
+		netlist.len = 1;
+	      }
+	    for (k = 0; k < netlist.len; ++k)
+	      {
+		if (j < rl->capacity)
+		  {
+		    r.network = netlist.data[k];
+		    rl->routes[j++] = r;
+		  }
+		else
+		  {
+		    if (!warned)
+		      {
+			msg (M_WARN, PACKAGE_NAME " ROUTE: routes dropped because number of expanded routes is greater than route list capacity (%d)", rl->capacity);
+			warned = true;
+		      }
+		  }
+	      }
+	  }
+      }
+    rl->n = j;
+  }
+
+  gc_free (&gc);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+bool
+init_route_ipv6_list (struct route_ipv6_list *rl6,
+		 const struct route_ipv6_option_list *opt6,
+		 const char *remote_endpoint,
+		 int default_metric,
+		 struct env_set *es)
+{
+  struct gc_arena gc = gc_new ();
+  bool ret = true;
+
+  clear_route_ipv6_list (rl6);
+
+  rl6->flags = opt6->flags;
+
+  if (default_metric)
+    {
+      rl6->default_metric = default_metric;
+      rl6->default_metric_defined = true;
+    }
+
+  /* "default_gateway" is stuff for "redirect-gateway", which we don't
+   * do for IPv6 yet -> TODO
+   */
+    {
+      dmsg (D_ROUTE, "ROUTE6: default_gateway=UNDEF");
+    }
+
+  if ( is_route_parm_defined( remote_endpoint ))
+    {
+      if ( inet_pton( AF_INET6, remote_endpoint, 
+			&rl6->remote_endpoint_ipv6) == 1 )
+        {
+	  rl6->remote_endpoint_defined = true;
+        }
+      else
+	{
+	  msg (M_WARN, PACKAGE_NAME " ROUTE: failed to parse/resolve default gateway: %s", remote_endpoint);
+          ret = false;
+	}
+    }
+  else
+    rl6->remote_endpoint_defined = false;
+
+
+  if (!(opt6->n >= 0 && opt6->n <= rl6->capacity))
+    msg (M_FATAL, PACKAGE_NAME " ROUTE6: (init) number of route options (%d) is greater than route list capacity (%d)", opt6->n, rl6->capacity);
+
+  /* parse the routes from opt to rl6 */
+  {
+    int i, j = 0;
+    for (i = 0; i < opt6->n; ++i)
+      {
+	if (!init_route_ipv6 (&rl6->routes_ipv6[j],
+			      &opt6->routes_ipv6[i],
+			      rl6 ))
+	  ret = false;
+	else
+	  ++j;
+      }
+    rl6->n = j;
+  }
+
+  gc_free (&gc);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+static void
+add_route3 (in_addr_t network,
+	    in_addr_t netmask,
+	    in_addr_t gateway,
+	    const struct tuntap *tt,
+	    unsigned int flags,
+	    const struct route_gateway_info *rgi,
+	    const struct env_set *es)
+{
+  struct route r;
+  CLEAR (r);
+  r.flags = RT_DEFINED;
+  r.network = network;
+  r.netmask = netmask;
+  r.gateway = gateway;
+  add_route (&r, tt, flags, rgi, es);
+}
+
+static void
+del_route3 (in_addr_t network,
+	    in_addr_t netmask,
+	    in_addr_t gateway,
+	    const struct tuntap *tt,
+	    unsigned int flags,
+	    const struct route_gateway_info *rgi,
+	    const struct env_set *es)
+{
+  struct route r;
+  CLEAR (r);
+  r.flags = RT_DEFINED|RT_ADDED;
+  r.network = network;
+  r.netmask = netmask;
+  r.gateway = gateway;
+  delete_route (&r, tt, flags, rgi, es);
+}
+
+static void
+add_bypass_routes (struct route_bypass *rb,
+		   in_addr_t gateway,
+		   const struct tuntap *tt,
+		   unsigned int flags,
+		   const struct route_gateway_info *rgi,
+		   const struct env_set *es)
+{
+  int i;
+  for (i = 0; i < rb->n_bypass; ++i)
+    {
+      if (rb->bypass[i])
+	add_route3 (rb->bypass[i],
+		    ~0,
+		    gateway,
+		    tt,
+		    flags | ROUTE_REF_GW,
+		    rgi,
+		    es);
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+del_bypass_routes (struct route_bypass *rb,
+		   in_addr_t gateway,
+		   const struct tuntap *tt,
+		   unsigned int flags,
+		   const struct route_gateway_info *rgi,
+		   const struct env_set *es)
+{
+  int i;
+  for (i = 0; i < rb->n_bypass; ++i)
+    {
+      if (rb->bypass[i])
+	del_route3 (rb->bypass[i],
+		    ~0,
+		    gateway,
+		    tt,
+		    flags | ROUTE_REF_GW,
+		    rgi,
+		    es);
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+redirect_default_route_to_vpn (struct route_list *rl, const struct tuntap *tt, unsigned int flags, const struct env_set *es)
+{
+  const char err[] = "NOTE: unable to redirect default gateway --";
+
+  if ( rl && rl->flags & RG_ENABLE )
+    {
+      if (!(rl->spec.flags & RTSA_REMOTE_ENDPOINT))
+	{
+	  msg (M_WARN, "%s VPN gateway parameter (--route-gateway or --ifconfig) is missing", err);
+	}
+      else if (!(rl->rgi.flags & RGI_ADDR_DEFINED))
+	{
+	  msg (M_WARN, "%s Cannot read current default gateway from system", err);
+	}
+      else if (!(rl->spec.flags & RTSA_REMOTE_HOST))
+	{
+	  msg (M_WARN, "%s Cannot obtain current remote host address", err);
+	}
+      else
+	{
+	  bool local = BOOL_CAST(rl->flags & RG_LOCAL);
+	  if (rl->flags & RG_AUTO_LOCAL) {
+	    const int tla = rl->spec.remote_host_local;
+	    if (tla == TLA_NONLOCAL)
+	      {
+		dmsg (D_ROUTE, "ROUTE remote_host is NOT LOCAL");
+		local = false;
+	      }
+	    else if (tla == TLA_LOCAL)
+	      {
+		dmsg (D_ROUTE, "ROUTE remote_host is LOCAL");
+		local = true;
+	      }
+	  }
+	  if (!local)
+	    {
+	      /* route remote host to original default gateway */
+	      /* if remote_host is not ipv4 (ie: ipv6), just skip
+	       * adding this special /32 route */
+	      if (rl->spec.remote_host != IPV4_INVALID_ADDR) {
+		add_route3 (rl->spec.remote_host,
+			    ~0,
+			    rl->rgi.gateway.addr,
+			    tt,
+			    flags | ROUTE_REF_GW,
+			    &rl->rgi,
+			    es);
+		rl->iflags |= RL_DID_LOCAL;
+	      } else {
+		dmsg (D_ROUTE, "ROUTE remote_host protocol differs from tunneled");
+	      }
+	    }
+
+	  /* route DHCP/DNS server traffic through original default gateway */
+	  add_bypass_routes (&rl->spec.bypass, rl->rgi.gateway.addr, tt, flags, &rl->rgi, es);
+
+	  if (rl->flags & RG_REROUTE_GW)
+	    {
+	      if (rl->flags & RG_DEF1)
+		{
+		  /* add new default route (1st component) */
+		  add_route3 (0x00000000,
+			      0x80000000,
+			      rl->spec.remote_endpoint,
+			      tt,
+			      flags,
+			      &rl->rgi,
+			      es);
+
+		  /* add new default route (2nd component) */
+		  add_route3 (0x80000000,
+			      0x80000000,
+			      rl->spec.remote_endpoint,
+			      tt,
+			      flags,
+			      &rl->rgi,
+			      es);
+		}
+	      else
+		{
+		  /* delete default route */
+		  del_route3 (0,
+			      0,
+			      rl->rgi.gateway.addr,
+			      tt,
+			      flags | ROUTE_REF_GW,
+			      &rl->rgi,
+			      es);
+
+		  /* add new default route */
+		  add_route3 (0,
+			      0,
+			      rl->spec.remote_endpoint,
+			      tt,
+			      flags,
+			      &rl->rgi,
+			      es);
+		}
+	    }
+
+	  /* set a flag so we can undo later */
+	  rl->iflags |= RL_DID_REDIRECT_DEFAULT_GATEWAY;
+	}
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+undo_redirect_default_route_to_vpn (struct route_list *rl, const struct tuntap *tt, unsigned int flags, const struct env_set *es)
+{
+  if ( rl && rl->iflags & RL_DID_REDIRECT_DEFAULT_GATEWAY )
+    {
+      /* delete remote host route */
+      if (rl->iflags & RL_DID_LOCAL)
+	{
+	  del_route3 (rl->spec.remote_host,
+		      ~0,
+		      rl->rgi.gateway.addr,
+		      tt,
+		      flags | ROUTE_REF_GW,
+		      &rl->rgi,
+		      es);
+	  rl->iflags &= ~RL_DID_LOCAL;
+	}
+
+      /* delete special DHCP/DNS bypass route */
+      del_bypass_routes (&rl->spec.bypass, rl->rgi.gateway.addr, tt, flags, &rl->rgi, es);
+
+      if (rl->flags & RG_REROUTE_GW)
+	{
+	  if (rl->flags & RG_DEF1)
+	    {
+	      /* delete default route (1st component) */
+	      del_route3 (0x00000000,
+			  0x80000000,
+			  rl->spec.remote_endpoint,
+			  tt,
+			  flags,
+			  &rl->rgi,
+			  es);
+
+	      /* delete default route (2nd component) */
+	      del_route3 (0x80000000,
+			  0x80000000,
+			  rl->spec.remote_endpoint,
+			  tt,
+			  flags,
+			  &rl->rgi,
+			  es);
+	    }
+	  else
+	    {
+	      /* delete default route */
+	      del_route3 (0,
+			  0,
+			  rl->spec.remote_endpoint,
+			  tt,
+			  flags,
+			  &rl->rgi,
+			  es);
+
+	      /* restore original default route */
+	      add_route3 (0,
+			  0,
+			  rl->rgi.gateway.addr,
+			  tt,
+			  flags | ROUTE_REF_GW,
+			  &rl->rgi,
+			  es);
+	    }
+	}
+
+      rl->iflags &= ~RL_DID_REDIRECT_DEFAULT_GATEWAY;
+    }
+}
+
+void
+add_routes (struct route_list *rl, struct route_ipv6_list *rl6, const struct tuntap *tt, unsigned int flags, const struct env_set *es)
+{
+  redirect_default_route_to_vpn (rl, tt, flags, es);
+  if ( rl && !(rl->iflags & RL_ROUTES_ADDED) )
+    {
+      int i;
+
+#ifdef ENABLE_MANAGEMENT
+      if (management && rl->n)
+	{
+	  management_set_state (management,
+				OPENVPN_STATE_ADD_ROUTES,
+				NULL,
+				0,
+				0);
+	}
+#endif
+      
+      for (i = 0; i < rl->n; ++i)
+	{
+	  struct route *r = &rl->routes[i];
+	  check_subnet_conflict (r->network, r->netmask, "route");
+	  if (flags & ROUTE_DELETE_FIRST)
+	    delete_route (r, tt, flags, &rl->rgi, es);
+	  add_route (r, tt, flags, &rl->rgi, es);
+	}
+      rl->iflags |= RL_ROUTES_ADDED;
+    }
+  if (rl6 && !rl6->routes_added)
+    {
+      int i;
+
+      for (i = 0; i < rl6->n; ++i)
+	{
+	  struct route_ipv6 *r = &rl6->routes_ipv6[i];
+	  if (flags & ROUTE_DELETE_FIRST)
+	    delete_route_ipv6 (r, tt, flags, es);
+	  add_route_ipv6 (r, tt, flags, es);
+	}
+      rl6->routes_added = true;
+    }
+}
+
+void
+delete_routes (struct route_list *rl, struct route_ipv6_list *rl6,
+	       const struct tuntap *tt, unsigned int flags, const struct env_set *es)
+{
+  if ( rl && rl->iflags & RL_ROUTES_ADDED )
+    {
+      int i;
+      for (i = rl->n - 1; i >= 0; --i)
+	{
+	  struct route * r = &rl->routes[i];
+	  delete_route (r, tt, flags, &rl->rgi, es);
+	}
+      rl->iflags &= ~RL_ROUTES_ADDED;
+    }
+
+   undo_redirect_default_route_to_vpn (rl, tt, flags, es);
+
+  if ( rl )
+    {
+      clear_route_list (rl);
+    }
+
+  if ( rl6 && rl6->routes_added )
+    {
+      int i;
+      for (i = rl6->n - 1; i >= 0; --i)
+	{
+	  const struct route_ipv6 *r6 = &rl6->routes_ipv6[i];
+	  delete_route_ipv6 (r6, tt, flags, es);
+	}
+      rl6->routes_added = false;
+    }
+
+  if ( rl6 )
+    {
+      clear_route_ipv6_list (rl6);
+    }
+}
+
+#ifdef ENABLE_DEBUG
+
+static const char *
+show_opt (const char *option)
+{
+  if (!option)
+    return "nil";
+  else
+    return option;
+}
+
+static void
+print_route_option (const struct route_option *ro, int level)
+{
+  msg (level, "  route %s/%s/%s/%s",
+       show_opt (ro->network),
+       show_opt (ro->netmask),
+       show_opt (ro->gateway),
+       show_opt (ro->metric));
+}
+
+void
+print_route_options (const struct route_option_list *rol,
+		     int level)
+{
+  int i;
+  if (rol->flags & RG_ENABLE)
+    msg (level, "  [redirect_default_gateway local=%d]",
+	 (rol->flags & RG_LOCAL) != 0);
+  for (i = 0; i < rol->n; ++i)
+    print_route_option (&rol->routes[i], level);
+}
+
+void
+print_default_gateway(const int msglevel, const struct route_gateway_info *rgi)
+{
+  struct gc_arena gc = gc_new ();
+  if (rgi->flags & RGI_ADDR_DEFINED)
+    {
+      struct buffer out = alloc_buf_gc (256, &gc);
+      buf_printf (&out, "ROUTE_GATEWAY");
+      if (rgi->flags & RGI_ON_LINK)
+	buf_printf (&out, " ON_LINK");
+      else
+	buf_printf (&out, " %s", print_in_addr_t (rgi->gateway.addr, 0, &gc));
+      if (rgi->flags & RGI_NETMASK_DEFINED)
+	buf_printf (&out, "/%s", print_in_addr_t (rgi->gateway.netmask, 0, &gc));
+#ifdef WIN32
+      if (rgi->flags & RGI_IFACE_DEFINED)
+	buf_printf (&out, " I=%u", (unsigned int)rgi->adapter_index);
+#else
+      if (rgi->flags & RGI_IFACE_DEFINED)
+	buf_printf (&out, " IFACE=%s", rgi->iface);
+#endif
+      if (rgi->flags & RGI_HWADDR_DEFINED)
+	buf_printf (&out, " HWADDR=%s", format_hex_ex (rgi->hwaddr, 6, 0, 1, ":", &gc));
+      msg (msglevel, "%s", BSTR (&out));
+    }
+  gc_free (&gc);
+}
+
+#endif
+
+static void
+print_route (const struct route *r, int level)
+{
+  struct gc_arena gc = gc_new ();
+  if (r->flags & RT_DEFINED)
+    msg (level, "%s", route_string (r, &gc));
+  gc_free (&gc);
+}
+
+void
+print_routes (const struct route_list *rl, int level)
+{
+  int i;
+  for (i = 0; i < rl->n; ++i)
+    print_route (&rl->routes[i], level);
+}
+
+static void
+setenv_route (struct env_set *es, const struct route *r, int i)
+{
+  struct gc_arena gc = gc_new ();
+  if (r->flags & RT_DEFINED)
+    {
+      setenv_route_addr (es, "network", r->network, i);
+      setenv_route_addr (es, "netmask", r->netmask, i);
+      setenv_route_addr (es, "gateway", r->gateway, i);
+
+      if (r->flags & RT_METRIC_DEFINED)
+	{
+	  struct buffer name = alloc_buf_gc (256, &gc);
+	  buf_printf (&name, "route_metric_%d", i);
+	  setenv_int (es, BSTR (&name), r->metric);
+	}
+    }
+  gc_free (&gc);
+}
+
+void
+setenv_routes (struct env_set *es, const struct route_list *rl)
+{
+  int i;
+  for (i = 0; i < rl->n; ++i)
+    setenv_route (es, &rl->routes[i], i + 1);
+}
+
+static void
+setenv_route_ipv6 (struct env_set *es, const struct route_ipv6 *r6, int i)
+{
+  struct gc_arena gc = gc_new ();
+  if (r6->defined)
+    {
+      struct buffer name1 = alloc_buf_gc( 256, &gc );
+      struct buffer val = alloc_buf_gc( 256, &gc );
+      struct buffer name2 = alloc_buf_gc( 256, &gc );
+
+      buf_printf( &name1, "route_ipv6_network_%d", i );
+      buf_printf( &val, "%s/%d", print_in6_addr( r6->network, 0, &gc ),
+				 r6->netbits );
+      setenv_str( es, BSTR(&name1), BSTR(&val) );
+
+      buf_printf( &name2, "route_ipv6_gateway_%d", i );
+      setenv_str( es, BSTR(&name2), print_in6_addr( r6->gateway, 0, &gc ));
+    }
+  gc_free (&gc);
+}
+void
+setenv_routes_ipv6 (struct env_set *es, const struct route_ipv6_list *rl6)
+{
+  int i;
+  for (i = 0; i < rl6->n; ++i)
+    setenv_route_ipv6 (es, &rl6->routes_ipv6[i], i + 1);
+}
+
+/*
+ * local_route() determines whether the gateway of a provided host
+ * route is on the same interface that owns the default gateway.
+ * It uses the data structure
+ * returned by get_default_gateway() (struct route_gateway_info)
+ * to determine this.  If the route is local, LR_MATCH is returned.
+ * When adding routes into the kernel, if LR_MATCH is defined for
+ * a given route, the route should explicitly reference the default
+ * gateway interface as the route destination.  For example, here
+ * is an example on Linux that uses LR_MATCH:
+ *
+ *   route add -net 10.10.0.1 netmask 255.255.255.255 dev eth0
+ *
+ * This capability is needed by the "default-gateway block-local"
+ * directive, to allow client access to the local subnet to be
+ * blocked but still allow access to the local default gateway.
+ */
+
+/* local_route() return values */
+#define LR_NOMATCH 0 /* route is not local */
+#define LR_MATCH   1 /* route is local */
+#define LR_ERROR   2 /* caller should abort adding route */
+
+static int
+local_route (in_addr_t network,
+	     in_addr_t netmask,
+	     in_addr_t gateway,
+	     const struct route_gateway_info *rgi)
+{
+  /* set LR_MATCH on local host routes */
+  const int rgi_needed = (RGI_ADDR_DEFINED|RGI_NETMASK_DEFINED|RGI_IFACE_DEFINED);
+  if (rgi
+      && (rgi->flags & rgi_needed) == rgi_needed
+      && gateway == rgi->gateway.addr
+      && netmask == 0xFFFFFFFF)
+    {
+      if (((network ^  rgi->gateway.addr) & rgi->gateway.netmask) == 0)
+	return LR_MATCH;
+      else
+	{
+	  /* examine additional subnets on gateway interface */
+	  size_t i;
+	  for (i = 0; i < rgi->n_addrs; ++i)
+	    {
+	      const struct route_gateway_address *gwa = &rgi->addrs[i];
+	      if (((network ^ gwa->addr) & gwa->netmask) == 0)
+		return LR_MATCH;
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+    return LR_NOMATCH;
+}
+
+/* Return true if the "on-link" form of the route should be used.  This is when the gateway for a
+   a route is specified as an interface rather than an address. */
+static inline bool
+is_on_link (const int is_local_route, const unsigned int flags, const struct route_gateway_info *rgi)
+{
+  return rgi && (is_local_route == LR_MATCH || ((flags & ROUTE_REF_GW) && (rgi->flags & RGI_ON_LINK)));
+}
+
+void
+add_route (struct route *r,
+	   const struct tuntap *tt,
+	   unsigned int flags,
+	   const struct route_gateway_info *rgi, /* may be NULL */
+	   const struct env_set *es)
+{
+  struct gc_arena gc;
+  struct argv argv;
+  const char *network;
+  const char *netmask;
+  const char *gateway;
+  bool status = false;
+  int is_local_route;
+
+  if (!(r->flags & RT_DEFINED))
+    return;
+
+  gc_init (&gc);
+  argv_init (&argv);
+
+  network = print_in_addr_t (r->network, 0, &gc);
+  netmask = print_in_addr_t (r->netmask, 0, &gc);
+  gateway = print_in_addr_t (r->gateway, 0, &gc);
+
+  is_local_route = local_route(r->network, r->netmask, r->gateway, rgi);
+  if (is_local_route == LR_ERROR)
+    goto done;
+
+#if defined(TARGET_LINUX)
+#ifdef ENABLE_IPROUTE
+  /* FIXME -- add on-link support for ENABLE_IPROUTE */
+  argv_printf (&argv, "%s route add %s/%d via %s",
+  	      iproute_path,
+	      network,
+	      count_netmask_bits(netmask),
+	      gateway);
+  if (r->flags & RT_METRIC_DEFINED)
+    argv_printf_cat (&argv, "metric %d", r->metric);
+
+#else
+  argv_printf (&argv, "%s add -net %s netmask %s",
+	       ROUTE_PATH,
+	       network,
+	       netmask);
+  if (r->flags & RT_METRIC_DEFINED)
+    argv_printf_cat (&argv, "metric %d", r->metric);
+  if (is_on_link (is_local_route, flags, rgi))
+    argv_printf_cat (&argv, "dev %s", rgi->iface);
+  else
+    argv_printf_cat (&argv, "gw %s", gateway);
+
+#endif  /*ENABLE_IPROUTE*/
+  argv_msg (D_ROUTE, &argv);
+  status = openvpn_execve_check (&argv, es, 0, "ERROR: Linux route add command failed");
+
+#elif defined (WIN32)
+  {
+    DWORD ai = ~0;
+    argv_printf (&argv, "%s%sc ADD %s MASK %s %s",
+		 get_win_sys_path(),
+		 WIN_ROUTE_PATH_SUFFIX,
+		 network,
+		 netmask,
+		 gateway);
+    if (r->flags & RT_METRIC_DEFINED)
+      argv_printf_cat (&argv, "METRIC %d", r->metric);
+    if (is_on_link (is_local_route, flags, rgi))
+      {
+	ai = rgi->adapter_index;
+	argv_printf_cat (&argv, "IF %u", (unsigned int)ai);
+      }
+
+    argv_msg (D_ROUTE, &argv);
+
+    if ((flags & ROUTE_METHOD_MASK) == ROUTE_METHOD_IPAPI)
+      {
+	status = add_route_ipapi (r, tt, ai);
+	msg (D_ROUTE, "Route addition via IPAPI %s", status ? "succeeded" : "failed");
+      }
+    else if ((flags & ROUTE_METHOD_MASK) == ROUTE_METHOD_EXE)
+      {
+	netcmd_semaphore_lock ();
+	status = openvpn_execve_check (&argv, es, 0, "ERROR: Windows route add command failed");
+	netcmd_semaphore_release ();
+      }
+    else if ((flags & ROUTE_METHOD_MASK) == ROUTE_METHOD_ADAPTIVE)
+      {
+	status = add_route_ipapi (r, tt, ai);
+	msg (D_ROUTE, "Route addition via IPAPI %s [adaptive]", status ? "succeeded" : "failed");
+	if (!status)
+	  {
+	    msg (D_ROUTE, "Route addition fallback to route.exe");
+	    netcmd_semaphore_lock ();
+	    status = openvpn_execve_check (&argv, es, 0, "ERROR: Windows route add command failed [adaptive]");
+	    netcmd_semaphore_release ();
+	  }
+      }
+    else
+      {
+	ASSERT (0);
+      }
+  }
+
+#elif defined (TARGET_SOLARIS)
+
+  /* example: route add 192.0.2.32 -netmask 255.255.255.224 somegateway */
+
+  argv_printf (&argv, "%s add",
+		ROUTE_PATH);
+
+#if 0
+  if (r->flags & RT_METRIC_DEFINED)
+    argv_printf_cat (&argv, "-rtt %d", r->metric);
+#endif
+
+  argv_printf_cat (&argv, "%s -netmask %s %s",
+	      network,
+	      netmask,
+	      gateway);
+
+  /* FIXME -- add on-link support for Solaris */
+
+  argv_msg (D_ROUTE, &argv);
+  status = openvpn_execve_check (&argv, es, 0, "ERROR: Solaris route add command failed");
+
+#elif defined(TARGET_FREEBSD)
+
+  argv_printf (&argv, "%s add",
+		ROUTE_PATH);
+
+#if 0
+  if (r->flags & RT_METRIC_DEFINED)
+    argv_printf_cat (&argv, "-rtt %d", r->metric);
+#endif
+
+  argv_printf_cat (&argv, "-net %s %s %s",
+	      network,
+	      gateway,
+	      netmask);
+
+  /* FIXME -- add on-link support for FreeBSD */
+
+  argv_msg (D_ROUTE, &argv);
+  status = openvpn_execve_check (&argv, es, 0, "ERROR: FreeBSD route add command failed");
+
+#elif defined(TARGET_DRAGONFLY)
+
+  argv_printf (&argv, "%s add",
+		ROUTE_PATH);
+
+#if 0
+  if (r->flags & RT_METRIC_DEFINED)
+    argv_printf_cat (&argv, "-rtt %d", r->metric);
+#endif
+
+  argv_printf_cat (&argv, "-net %s %s %s",
+	      network,
+	      gateway,
+	      netmask);
+
+  /* FIXME -- add on-link support for Dragonfly */
+
+  argv_msg (D_ROUTE, &argv);
+  status = openvpn_execve_check (&argv, es, 0, "ERROR: DragonFly route add command failed");
+
+#elif defined(TARGET_DARWIN)
+
+  argv_printf (&argv, "%s add",
+		ROUTE_PATH);
+
+#if 0
+  if (r->flags & RT_METRIC_DEFINED)
+    argv_printf_cat (&argv, "-rtt %d", r->metric);
+#endif
+
+  if (is_on_link (is_local_route, flags, rgi))
+    {
+      /* Mac OS X route syntax for ON_LINK:
+	 route add -cloning -net 10.10.0.1 -netmask 255.255.255.255 -interface en0 */
+      argv_printf_cat (&argv, "-cloning -net %s -netmask %s -interface %s",
+		       network,
+		       netmask,
+		       rgi->iface);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      argv_printf_cat (&argv, "-net %s %s %s",
+		       network,
+		       gateway,
+		       netmask);
+    }
+
+  argv_msg (D_ROUTE, &argv);
+  status = openvpn_execve_check (&argv, es, 0, "ERROR: OS X route add command failed");
+
+#elif defined(TARGET_OPENBSD) || defined(TARGET_NETBSD)
+
+  argv_printf (&argv, "%s add",
+		ROUTE_PATH);
+
+#if 0
+  if (r->flags & RT_METRIC_DEFINED)
+    argv_printf_cat (&argv, "-rtt %d", r->metric);
+#endif
+
+  argv_printf_cat (&argv, "-net %s %s -netmask %s",
+	      network,
+	      gateway,
+	      netmask);
+
+  /* FIXME -- add on-link support for OpenBSD/NetBSD */
+
+  argv_msg (D_ROUTE, &argv);
+  status = openvpn_execve_check (&argv, es, 0, "ERROR: OpenBSD/NetBSD route add command failed");
+
+#else
+  msg (M_FATAL, "Sorry, but I don't know how to do 'route' commands on this operating system.  Try putting your routes in a --route-up script");
+#endif
+
+ done:
+  if (status)
+    r->flags |= RT_ADDED;
+  else
+    r->flags &= ~RT_ADDED;
+  argv_reset (&argv);
+  gc_free (&gc);
+}
+
+
+static const char * 
+print_in6_addr_netbits_only( struct in6_addr network_copy, int netbits, 
+                             struct gc_arena * gc)
+{
+  /* clear host bit parts of route 
+   * (needed if routes are specified improperly, or if we need to 
+   * explicitely setup/clear the "connected" network routes on some OSes)
+   */
+  int byte = 15;
+  int bits_to_clear = 128 - netbits;
+
+  while( byte >= 0 && bits_to_clear > 0 )
+    {
+      if ( bits_to_clear >= 8 )
+	{ network_copy.s6_addr[byte--] = 0; bits_to_clear -= 8; }
+      else
+	{ network_copy.s6_addr[byte--] &= (~0 << bits_to_clear); bits_to_clear = 0; }
+    }
+
+  return print_in6_addr( network_copy, 0, gc);
+}
+
+void
+add_route_ipv6 (struct route_ipv6 *r6, const struct tuntap *tt, unsigned int flags, const struct env_set *es)
+{
+  struct gc_arena gc;
+  struct argv argv;
+
+  const char *network;
+  const char *gateway;
+  bool status = false;
+  const char *device = tt->actual_name;
+
+  if (!r6->defined)
+    return;
+
+  gc_init (&gc);
+  argv_init (&argv);
+
+  network = print_in6_addr_netbits_only( r6->network, r6->netbits, &gc);
+  gateway = print_in6_addr( r6->gateway, 0, &gc);
+
+  if ( !tt->ipv6 )
+    {
+      msg( M_INFO, "add_route_ipv6(): not adding %s/%d, no IPv6 on if %s",
+		    network, r6->netbits, device );
+      return;
+    }
+
+  msg( M_INFO, "add_route_ipv6(%s/%d -> %s metric %d) dev %s",
+		network, r6->netbits, gateway, r6->metric, device );
+
+  /*
+   * Filter out routes which are essentially no-ops
+   * (not currently done for IPv6)
+   */
+
+#if defined(TARGET_LINUX)
+#ifdef ENABLE_IPROUTE
+  argv_printf (&argv, "%s -6 route add %s/%d dev %s",
+  	      iproute_path,
+	      network,
+	      r6->netbits,
+	      device);
+  if (r6->metric_defined)
+    argv_printf_cat (&argv, " metric %d", r6->metric);
+
+#else
+  argv_printf (&argv, "%s -A inet6 add %s/%d dev %s",
+		ROUTE_PATH,
+	      network,
+	      r6->netbits,
+	      device);
+  if (r6->metric_defined)
+    argv_printf_cat (&argv, " metric %d", r6->metric);
+#endif  /*ENABLE_IPROUTE*/
+  argv_msg (D_ROUTE, &argv);
+  status = openvpn_execve_check (&argv, es, 0, "ERROR: Linux route -6/-A inet6 add command failed");
+
+#elif defined (WIN32)
+
+  /* netsh interface ipv6 add route 2001:db8::/32 MyTunDevice */
+  argv_printf (&argv, "%s%sc interface ipv6 add route %s/%d %s",
+	       get_win_sys_path(),
+	       NETSH_PATH_SUFFIX,
+	       network,
+	       r6->netbits,
+	       device);
+
+  /* next-hop depends on TUN or TAP mode:
+   * - in TAP mode, we use the "real" next-hop
+   * - in TUN mode we use a special-case link-local address that the tapdrvr
+   *   knows about and will answer ND (neighbor discovery) packets for
+   */
+  if ( tt->type == DEV_TYPE_TUN )
+	argv_printf_cat( &argv, " %s", "fe80::8" );
+  else
+	argv_printf_cat( &argv, " %s", gateway );
+
+#if 0
+  if (r->metric_defined)
+    argv_printf_cat (&argv, " METRIC %d", r->metric);
+#endif
+
+  /* in some versions of Windows, routes are persistent across reboots by
+   * default, unless "store=active" is set (pointed out by Tony Lim, thanks)
+   */
+  argv_printf_cat( &argv, " store=active" );
+
+  argv_msg (D_ROUTE, &argv);
+
+  netcmd_semaphore_lock ();
+  status = openvpn_execve_check (&argv, es, 0, "ERROR: Windows route add ipv6 command failed");
+  netcmd_semaphore_release ();
+
+#elif defined (TARGET_SOLARIS)
+
+  /* example: route add -inet6 2001:db8::/32 somegateway 0 */
+
+  /* for some weird reason, this does not work for me unless I set
+   * "metric 0" - otherwise, the routes will be nicely installed, but
+   * packets will just disappear somewhere.  So we use "0" now...
+   */
+
+  argv_printf (&argv, "%s add -inet6 %s/%d %s 0",
+		ROUTE_PATH,
+		network,
+		r6->netbits,
+		gateway );
+
+  argv_msg (D_ROUTE, &argv);
+  status = openvpn_execve_check (&argv, es, 0, "ERROR: Solaris route add -inet6 command failed");
+
+#elif defined(TARGET_FREEBSD) || defined(TARGET_DRAGONFLY)
+
+  argv_printf (&argv, "%s add -inet6 %s/%d -iface %s",
+		ROUTE_PATH,
+	        network,
+	        r6->netbits,
+	        device );
+
+  argv_msg (D_ROUTE, &argv);
+  status = openvpn_execve_check (&argv, es, 0, "ERROR: *BSD route add -inet6 command failed");
+
+#elif defined(TARGET_DARWIN) 
+
+  argv_printf (&argv, "%s add -inet6 %s -prefixlen %d -iface %s",
+		ROUTE_PATH,
+	        network, r6->netbits, device );
+
+  argv_msg (D_ROUTE, &argv);
+  status = openvpn_execve_check (&argv, es, 0, "ERROR: MacOS X route add -inet6 command failed");
+
+#elif defined(TARGET_OPENBSD)
+
+  argv_printf (&argv, "%s add -inet6 %s -prefixlen %d %s",
+		ROUTE_PATH,
+	        network, r6->netbits, gateway );
+
+  argv_msg (D_ROUTE, &argv);
+  status = openvpn_execve_check (&argv, es, 0, "ERROR: OpenBSD route add -inet6 command failed");
+
+#elif defined(TARGET_NETBSD)
+
+  argv_printf (&argv, "%s add -inet6 %s/%d %s",
+		ROUTE_PATH,
+	        network, r6->netbits, gateway );
+
+  argv_msg (D_ROUTE, &argv);
+  status = openvpn_execve_check (&argv, es, 0, "ERROR: NetBSD route add -inet6 command failed");
+
+#else
+  msg (M_FATAL, "Sorry, but I don't know how to do 'route ipv6' commands on this operating system.  Try putting your routes in a --route-up script");
+#endif
+
+  r6->defined = status;
+  argv_reset (&argv);
+  gc_free (&gc);
+}
+
+static void
+delete_route (struct route *r,
+	      const struct tuntap *tt,
+	      unsigned int flags,
+	      const struct route_gateway_info *rgi,
+	      const struct env_set *es)
+{
+  struct gc_arena gc;
+  struct argv argv;
+  const char *network;
+  const char *netmask;
+  const char *gateway;
+  int is_local_route;
+
+  if ((r->flags & (RT_DEFINED|RT_ADDED)) != (RT_DEFINED|RT_ADDED))
+    return;
+
+  gc_init (&gc);
+  argv_init (&argv);
+
+  network = print_in_addr_t (r->network, 0, &gc);
+  netmask = print_in_addr_t (r->netmask, 0, &gc);
+  gateway = print_in_addr_t (r->gateway, 0, &gc);
+
+  is_local_route = local_route(r->network, r->netmask, r->gateway, rgi);
+  if (is_local_route == LR_ERROR)
+    goto done;
+
+#if defined(TARGET_LINUX)
+#ifdef ENABLE_IPROUTE
+  argv_printf (&argv, "%s route del %s/%d",
+  	      iproute_path,
+	      network,
+	      count_netmask_bits(netmask));
+#else
+  argv_printf (&argv, "%s del -net %s netmask %s",
+	       ROUTE_PATH,
+	       network,
+	       netmask);
+#endif /*ENABLE_IPROUTE*/
+  if (r->flags & RT_METRIC_DEFINED)
+    argv_printf_cat (&argv, "metric %d", r->metric);
+  argv_msg (D_ROUTE, &argv);
+  openvpn_execve_check (&argv, es, 0, "ERROR: Linux route delete command failed");
+
+#elif defined (WIN32)
+  
+  argv_printf (&argv, "%s%sc DELETE %s MASK %s %s",
+	       get_win_sys_path(),
+	       WIN_ROUTE_PATH_SUFFIX,
+	       network,
+	       netmask,
+	       gateway);
+
+  argv_msg (D_ROUTE, &argv);
+
+  if ((flags & ROUTE_METHOD_MASK) == ROUTE_METHOD_IPAPI)
+    {
+      const bool status = del_route_ipapi (r, tt);
+      msg (D_ROUTE, "Route deletion via IPAPI %s", status ? "succeeded" : "failed");
+    }
+  else if ((flags & ROUTE_METHOD_MASK) == ROUTE_METHOD_EXE)
+    {
+      netcmd_semaphore_lock ();
+      openvpn_execve_check (&argv, es, 0, "ERROR: Windows route delete command failed");
+      netcmd_semaphore_release ();
+    }
+  else if ((flags & ROUTE_METHOD_MASK) == ROUTE_METHOD_ADAPTIVE)
+    {
+      const bool status = del_route_ipapi (r, tt);
+      msg (D_ROUTE, "Route deletion via IPAPI %s [adaptive]", status ? "succeeded" : "failed");
+      if (!status)
+	{
+	  msg (D_ROUTE, "Route deletion fallback to route.exe");
+	  netcmd_semaphore_lock ();
+	  openvpn_execve_check (&argv, es, 0, "ERROR: Windows route delete command failed [adaptive]");
+	  netcmd_semaphore_release ();
+	}
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      ASSERT (0);
+    }
+
+#elif defined (TARGET_SOLARIS)
+
+  argv_printf (&argv, "%s delete %s -netmask %s %s",
+		ROUTE_PATH,
+	      network,
+	      netmask,
+	      gateway);
+
+  argv_msg (D_ROUTE, &argv);
+  openvpn_execve_check (&argv, es, 0, "ERROR: Solaris route delete command failed");
+
+#elif defined(TARGET_FREEBSD)
+
+  argv_printf (&argv, "%s delete -net %s %s %s",
+		ROUTE_PATH,
+	      network,
+	      gateway,
+	      netmask);
+
+  argv_msg (D_ROUTE, &argv);
+  openvpn_execve_check (&argv, es, 0, "ERROR: FreeBSD route delete command failed");
+
+#elif defined(TARGET_DRAGONFLY)
+
+  argv_printf (&argv, "%s delete -net %s %s %s",
+		ROUTE_PATH,
+	      network,
+	      gateway,
+	      netmask);
+
+  argv_msg (D_ROUTE, &argv);
+  openvpn_execve_check (&argv, es, 0, "ERROR: DragonFly route delete command failed");
+
+#elif defined(TARGET_DARWIN)
+
+  if (is_on_link (is_local_route, flags, rgi))
+    {
+      argv_printf (&argv, "%s delete -cloning -net %s -netmask %s -interface %s",
+		   ROUTE_PATH,
+		   network,
+		   netmask,
+		   rgi->iface);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      argv_printf (&argv, "%s delete -net %s %s %s",
+		   ROUTE_PATH,
+		   network,
+		   gateway,
+		   netmask);
+    }
+
+  argv_msg (D_ROUTE, &argv);
+  openvpn_execve_check (&argv, es, 0, "ERROR: OS X route delete command failed");
+
+#elif defined(TARGET_OPENBSD) || defined(TARGET_NETBSD)
+
+  argv_printf (&argv, "%s delete -net %s %s -netmask %s",
+		ROUTE_PATH,
+	      network,
+	      gateway,
+	      netmask);
+
+  argv_msg (D_ROUTE, &argv);
+  openvpn_execve_check (&argv, es, 0, "ERROR: OpenBSD/NetBSD route delete command failed");
+
+#else
+  msg (M_FATAL, "Sorry, but I don't know how to do 'route' commands on this operating system.  Try putting your routes in a --route-up script");
+#endif
+
+ done:
+  r->flags &= ~RT_ADDED;
+  argv_reset (&argv);
+  gc_free (&gc);
+}
+
+void
+delete_route_ipv6 (const struct route_ipv6 *r6, const struct tuntap *tt, unsigned int flags, const struct env_set *es)
+{
+  struct gc_arena gc;
+  struct argv argv;
+  const char *network;
+  const char *gateway;
+  const char *device = tt->actual_name;
+
+  if (!r6->defined)
+    return;
+
+  gc_init (&gc);
+  argv_init (&argv);
+
+  network = print_in6_addr_netbits_only( r6->network, r6->netbits, &gc);
+  gateway = print_in6_addr( r6->gateway, 0, &gc);
+
+  if ( !tt->ipv6 )
+    {
+      msg( M_INFO, "delete_route_ipv6(): not deleting %s/%d, no IPv6 on if %s",
+		    network, r6->netbits, device );
+      return;
+    }
+
+  msg( M_INFO, "delete_route_ipv6(%s/%d)", network, r6->netbits );
+
+#if defined(TARGET_LINUX)
+#ifdef ENABLE_IPROUTE
+  argv_printf (&argv, "%s -6 route del %s/%d dev %s",
+  	      iproute_path,
+	      network,
+	      r6->netbits,
+	      device);
+#else
+  argv_printf (&argv, "%s -A inet6 del %s/%d dev %s",
+		ROUTE_PATH,
+	      network,
+	      r6->netbits,
+	      device);
+#endif  /*ENABLE_IPROUTE*/
+  argv_msg (D_ROUTE, &argv);
+  openvpn_execve_check (&argv, es, 0, "ERROR: Linux route -6/-A inet6 del command failed");
+
+#elif defined (WIN32)
+
+  /* netsh interface ipv6 delete route 2001:db8::/32 MyTunDevice */
+  argv_printf (&argv, "%s%sc interface ipv6 delete route %s/%d %s",
+	       get_win_sys_path(),
+	       NETSH_PATH_SUFFIX,
+	       network,
+	       r6->netbits,
+	       device);
+
+  /* next-hop depends on TUN or TAP mode:
+   * - in TAP mode, we use the "real" next-hop
+   * - in TUN mode we use a special-case link-local address that the tapdrvr
+   *   knows about and will answer ND (neighbor discovery) packets for
+   * (and "route deletion without specifying next-hop" does not work...)
+   */
+  if ( tt->type == DEV_TYPE_TUN )
+	argv_printf_cat( &argv, " %s", "fe80::8" );
+  else
+	argv_printf_cat( &argv, " %s", gateway );
+
+#if 0
+  if (r->metric_defined)
+    argv_printf_cat (&argv, "METRIC %d", r->metric);
+#endif
+
+  argv_msg (D_ROUTE, &argv);
+
+  netcmd_semaphore_lock ();
+  openvpn_execve_check (&argv, es, 0, "ERROR: Windows route add ipv6 command failed");
+  netcmd_semaphore_release ();
+
+#elif defined (TARGET_SOLARIS)
+
+  /* example: route delete -inet6 2001:db8::/32 somegateway */
+  /* GERT-TODO: this is untested, but should work */
+
+  argv_printf (&argv, "%s delete -inet6 %s/%d %s",
+		ROUTE_PATH,
+		network,
+		r6->netbits,
+		gateway );
+
+  argv_msg (D_ROUTE, &argv);
+  openvpn_execve_check (&argv, es, 0, "ERROR: Solaris route delete -inet6 command failed");
+
+#elif defined(TARGET_FREEBSD) || defined(TARGET_DRAGONFLY)
+
+  argv_printf (&argv, "%s delete -inet6 %s/%d -iface %s",
+		ROUTE_PATH,
+	        network,
+	        r6->netbits,
+	        device );
+
+  argv_msg (D_ROUTE, &argv);
+  openvpn_execve_check (&argv, es, 0, "ERROR: *BSD route delete -inet6 command failed");
+
+#elif defined(TARGET_DARWIN) 
+
+  argv_printf (&argv, "%s delete -inet6 %s -prefixlen %d -iface %s",
+		ROUTE_PATH, 
+		network, r6->netbits, device );
+
+  argv_msg (D_ROUTE, &argv);
+  openvpn_execve_check (&argv, es, 0, "ERROR: *BSD route delete -inet6 command failed");
+
+#elif defined(TARGET_OPENBSD)
+
+  argv_printf (&argv, "%s delete -inet6 %s -prefixlen %d %s",
+		ROUTE_PATH,
+	        network, r6->netbits, gateway );
+
+  argv_msg (D_ROUTE, &argv);
+  openvpn_execve_check (&argv, es, 0, "ERROR: OpenBSD route delete -inet6 command failed");
+
+#elif defined(TARGET_NETBSD)
+
+  argv_printf (&argv, "%s delete -inet6 %s/%d %s",
+		ROUTE_PATH,
+	        network, r6->netbits, gateway );
+
+  argv_msg (D_ROUTE, &argv);
+  openvpn_execve_check (&argv, es, 0, "ERROR: NetBSD route delete -inet6 command failed");
+
+#else
+  msg (M_FATAL, "Sorry, but I don't know how to do 'route ipv6' commands on this operating system.  Try putting your routes in a --route-down script");
+#endif
+
+  argv_reset (&argv);
+  gc_free (&gc);
+}
+
+/*
+ * The --redirect-gateway option requires OS-specific code below
+ * to get the current default gateway.
+ */
+
+#if defined(WIN32)
+
+static const MIB_IPFORWARDTABLE *
+get_windows_routing_table (struct gc_arena *gc)
+{
+  ULONG size = 0;
+  PMIB_IPFORWARDTABLE rt = NULL;
+  DWORD status;
+
+  status = GetIpForwardTable (NULL, &size, TRUE);
+  if (status == ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_BUFFER)
+    {
+      rt = (PMIB_IPFORWARDTABLE) gc_malloc (size, false, gc);
+      status = GetIpForwardTable (rt, &size, TRUE);
+      if (status != NO_ERROR)
+	{
+	  msg (D_ROUTE, "NOTE: GetIpForwardTable returned error: %s (code=%u)",
+	       strerror_win32 (status, gc),
+	       (unsigned int)status);
+	  rt = NULL;
+	}
+    }
+  return rt;
+}
+
+static int
+test_route (const IP_ADAPTER_INFO *adapters,
+	    const in_addr_t gateway,
+	    DWORD *index)
+{
+  int count = 0;
+  DWORD i = adapter_index_of_ip (adapters, gateway, &count, NULL);
+  if (index)
+    *index = i;
+  return count;
+}
+
+static void
+test_route_helper (bool *ret,
+		   int *count,
+		   int *good,
+		   int *ambig,
+		   const IP_ADAPTER_INFO *adapters,
+		   const in_addr_t gateway)
+{
+  int c;
+
+  ++*count;
+  c = test_route (adapters, gateway, NULL);
+  if (c == 0)
+    *ret = false;
+  else
+    ++*good;
+  if (c > 1)
+    ++*ambig;
+}
+
+/*
+ * If we tried to add routes now, would we succeed?
+ */
+bool
+test_routes (const struct route_list *rl, const struct tuntap *tt)
+{
+  struct gc_arena gc = gc_new ();
+  const IP_ADAPTER_INFO *adapters = get_adapter_info_list (&gc);
+  bool ret = false;
+  int count = 0;
+  int good = 0;
+  int ambig = 0;
+  bool adapter_up = false;
+
+  if (is_adapter_up (tt, adapters))
+    {
+      ret = true;
+      adapter_up = true;
+
+      if (rl)
+	{
+	  int i;
+	  for (i = 0; i < rl->n; ++i)
+	    test_route_helper (&ret, &count, &good, &ambig, adapters, rl->routes[i].gateway);
+
+	  if ((rl->flags & RG_ENABLE) && (rl->spec.flags & RTSA_REMOTE_ENDPOINT))
+	    test_route_helper (&ret, &count, &good, &ambig, adapters, rl->spec.remote_endpoint);
+	}
+    }
+
+  msg (D_ROUTE, "TEST ROUTES: %d/%d succeeded len=%d ret=%d a=%d u/d=%s",
+       good,
+       count,
+       rl ? rl->n : -1,
+       (int)ret,
+       ambig,
+       adapter_up ? "up" : "down");
+
+  gc_free (&gc);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+static const MIB_IPFORWARDROW *
+get_default_gateway_row (const MIB_IPFORWARDTABLE *routes)
+{
+  struct gc_arena gc = gc_new ();
+  DWORD lowest_metric = ~0;
+  const MIB_IPFORWARDROW *ret = NULL;
+  int i;
+  int best = -1;
+
+  if (routes)
+    {
+      for (i = 0; i < routes->dwNumEntries; ++i)
+	{
+	  const MIB_IPFORWARDROW *row = &routes->table[i];
+	  const in_addr_t net = ntohl (row->dwForwardDest);
+	  const in_addr_t mask = ntohl (row->dwForwardMask);
+	  const DWORD index = row->dwForwardIfIndex;
+	  const DWORD metric = row->dwForwardMetric1;
+
+	  dmsg (D_ROUTE_DEBUG, "GDGR: route[%d] %s/%s i=%d m=%d",
+		i,
+		print_in_addr_t ((in_addr_t) net, 0, &gc),
+		print_in_addr_t ((in_addr_t) mask, 0, &gc),
+		(int)index,
+		(int)metric);
+
+	  if (!net && !mask && metric < lowest_metric)
+	    {
+	      ret = row;
+	      lowest_metric = metric;
+	      best = i;
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+
+  dmsg (D_ROUTE_DEBUG, "GDGR: best=%d lm=%u", best, (unsigned int)lowest_metric);
+
+  gc_free (&gc);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+void
+get_default_gateway (struct route_gateway_info *rgi)
+{
+  struct gc_arena gc = gc_new ();
+
+  const IP_ADAPTER_INFO *adapters = get_adapter_info_list (&gc);
+  const MIB_IPFORWARDTABLE *routes = get_windows_routing_table (&gc);
+  const MIB_IPFORWARDROW *row = get_default_gateway_row (routes);
+  DWORD a_index;
+  const IP_ADAPTER_INFO *ai;
+
+  CLEAR(*rgi);
+
+  if (row)
+    {
+      rgi->gateway.addr = ntohl (row->dwForwardNextHop);
+      if (rgi->gateway.addr)
+	{
+	  rgi->flags |= RGI_ADDR_DEFINED;
+	  a_index = adapter_index_of_ip (adapters, rgi->gateway.addr, NULL, &rgi->gateway.netmask);
+	  if (a_index != ~0)
+	    {
+	      rgi->adapter_index = a_index;
+	      rgi->flags |= (RGI_IFACE_DEFINED|RGI_NETMASK_DEFINED);
+	      ai = get_adapter (adapters, a_index);
+	      if (ai)
+		{
+		  memcpy (rgi->hwaddr, ai->Address, 6);
+		  rgi->flags |= RGI_HWADDR_DEFINED;
+		}
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+
+  gc_free (&gc);
+}
+
+static DWORD
+windows_route_find_if_index (const struct route *r, const struct tuntap *tt)
+{
+  struct gc_arena gc = gc_new ();
+  DWORD ret = ~0;
+  int count = 0;
+  const IP_ADAPTER_INFO *adapters = get_adapter_info_list (&gc);
+  const IP_ADAPTER_INFO *tun_adapter = get_tun_adapter (tt, adapters);
+  bool on_tun = false;
+
+  /* first test on tun interface */
+  if (is_ip_in_adapter_subnet (tun_adapter, r->gateway, NULL))
+    {
+      ret = tun_adapter->Index;
+      count = 1;
+      on_tun = true;
+    }
+  else /* test on other interfaces */
+    {
+      count = test_route (adapters, r->gateway, &ret);
+    }
+
+  if (count == 0)
+    {
+      msg (M_WARN, "Warning: route gateway is not reachable on any active network adapters: %s",
+	   print_in_addr_t (r->gateway, 0, &gc));
+      ret = ~0;
+    }
+  else if (count > 1)
+    {
+      msg (M_WARN, "Warning: route gateway is ambiguous: %s (%d matches)",
+	   print_in_addr_t (r->gateway, 0, &gc),
+	   count);
+      ret = ~0;
+    }
+
+  dmsg (D_ROUTE_DEBUG, "DEBUG: route find if: on_tun=%d count=%d index=%d",
+       on_tun,
+       count,
+       (int)ret);
+
+  gc_free (&gc);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+bool
+add_route_ipapi (const struct route *r, const struct tuntap *tt, DWORD adapter_index)
+{
+  struct gc_arena gc = gc_new ();
+  bool ret = false;
+  DWORD status;
+  const DWORD if_index = (adapter_index == ~0) ? windows_route_find_if_index (r, tt) : adapter_index;
+
+  if (if_index != ~0)
+    {
+      MIB_IPFORWARDROW fr;
+      CLEAR (fr);
+      fr.dwForwardDest = htonl (r->network);
+      fr.dwForwardMask = htonl (r->netmask);
+      fr.dwForwardPolicy = 0;
+      fr.dwForwardNextHop = htonl (r->gateway);
+      fr.dwForwardIfIndex = if_index;
+      fr.dwForwardType = 4;  /* the next hop is not the final dest */
+      fr.dwForwardProto = 3; /* PROTO_IP_NETMGMT */
+      fr.dwForwardAge = 0;
+      fr.dwForwardNextHopAS = 0;
+      fr.dwForwardMetric1 = (r->flags & RT_METRIC_DEFINED) ? r->metric : 1;
+      fr.dwForwardMetric2 = ~0;
+      fr.dwForwardMetric3 = ~0;
+      fr.dwForwardMetric4 = ~0;
+      fr.dwForwardMetric5 = ~0;
+
+      if ((r->network & r->netmask) != r->network)
+	msg (M_WARN, "Warning: address %s is not a network address in relation to netmask %s",
+	     print_in_addr_t (r->network, 0, &gc),
+	     print_in_addr_t (r->netmask, 0, &gc));
+
+      status = CreateIpForwardEntry (&fr);
+
+      if (status == NO_ERROR)
+	ret = true;
+      else
+	{
+	  /* failed, try increasing the metric to work around Vista issue */
+	  const unsigned int forward_metric_limit = 2048; /* iteratively retry higher metrics up to this limit */
+
+	  for ( ; fr.dwForwardMetric1 <= forward_metric_limit; ++fr.dwForwardMetric1)
+	    {
+	      /* try a different forward type=3 ("the next hop is the final dest") in addition to 4.
+		 --redirect-gateway over RRAS seems to need this. */
+	      for (fr.dwForwardType = 4; fr.dwForwardType >= 3; --fr.dwForwardType)
+		{
+		  status = CreateIpForwardEntry (&fr);
+		  if (status == NO_ERROR)
+		    {
+		      msg (D_ROUTE, "ROUTE: CreateIpForwardEntry succeeded with dwForwardMetric1=%u and dwForwardType=%u",
+			   (unsigned int)fr.dwForwardMetric1,
+			   (unsigned int)fr.dwForwardType);
+		      ret = true;
+		      goto doublebreak;
+		    }
+		  else if (status != ERROR_BAD_ARGUMENTS)
+		    goto doublebreak;
+		}
+	    }
+
+	doublebreak:
+	  if (status != NO_ERROR)
+	    msg (M_WARN, "ROUTE: route addition failed using CreateIpForwardEntry: %s [status=%u if_index=%u]",
+		 strerror_win32 (status, &gc),
+		 (unsigned int)status,
+		 (unsigned int)if_index);
+	}
+    }
+
+  gc_free (&gc);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+bool
+del_route_ipapi (const struct route *r, const struct tuntap *tt)
+{
+  struct gc_arena gc = gc_new ();
+  bool ret = false;
+  DWORD status;
+  const DWORD if_index = windows_route_find_if_index (r, tt);
+
+  if (if_index != ~0)
+    {
+      MIB_IPFORWARDROW fr;
+      CLEAR (fr);
+
+      fr.dwForwardDest = htonl (r->network);
+      fr.dwForwardMask = htonl (r->netmask);
+      fr.dwForwardPolicy = 0;
+      fr.dwForwardNextHop = htonl (r->gateway);
+      fr.dwForwardIfIndex = if_index;
+
+      status = DeleteIpForwardEntry (&fr);
+
+      if (status == NO_ERROR)
+	ret = true;
+      else
+	msg (M_WARN, "ROUTE: route deletion failed using DeleteIpForwardEntry: %s",
+	     strerror_win32 (status, &gc));
+    }
+
+  gc_free (&gc);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+static const char *
+format_route_entry (const MIB_IPFORWARDROW *r, struct gc_arena *gc)
+{
+  struct buffer out = alloc_buf_gc (256, gc);
+  buf_printf (&out, "%s %s %s p=%d i=%d t=%d pr=%d a=%d h=%d m=%d/%d/%d/%d/%d", 
+	      print_in_addr_t (r->dwForwardDest, IA_NET_ORDER, gc),
+	      print_in_addr_t (r->dwForwardMask, IA_NET_ORDER, gc),
+	      print_in_addr_t (r->dwForwardNextHop, IA_NET_ORDER, gc),
+	      (int)r->dwForwardPolicy,
+	      (int)r->dwForwardIfIndex,
+	      (int)r->dwForwardType,
+	      (int)r->dwForwardProto,
+	      (int)r->dwForwardAge,
+	      (int)r->dwForwardNextHopAS,
+	      (int)r->dwForwardMetric1,
+	      (int)r->dwForwardMetric2,
+	      (int)r->dwForwardMetric3,
+	      (int)r->dwForwardMetric4,
+	      (int)r->dwForwardMetric5);
+  return BSTR (&out);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Show current routing table
+ */
+void
+show_routes (int msglev)
+{
+  struct gc_arena gc = gc_new ();
+  int i;
+
+  const MIB_IPFORWARDTABLE *rt = get_windows_routing_table (&gc);
+
+  msg (msglev, "SYSTEM ROUTING TABLE");
+  if (rt)
+    {
+      for (i = 0; i < rt->dwNumEntries; ++i)
+	{
+	  msg (msglev, "%s", format_route_entry (&rt->table[i], &gc));
+	}
+    }
+  gc_free (&gc);
+}
+
+#elif defined(TARGET_LINUX)
+
+void
+get_default_gateway (struct route_gateway_info *rgi)
+{
+  struct gc_arena gc = gc_new ();
+  int sd = -1;
+  char best_name[16];
+  best_name[0] = 0;
+
+  CLEAR(*rgi);
+
+  /* get default gateway IP addr */
+  {
+    FILE *fp = fopen ("/proc/net/route", "r");
+    if (fp)
+      {
+	char line[256];
+	int count = 0;
+	unsigned int lowest_metric = ~0;
+	in_addr_t best_gw = 0;
+	bool found = false;
+	while (fgets (line, sizeof (line), fp) != NULL)
+	  {
+	    if (count)
+	      {
+		unsigned int net_x = 0;
+		unsigned int mask_x = 0;
+		unsigned int gw_x = 0;
+		unsigned int metric = 0;
+		unsigned int flags = 0;
+		char name[16];
+		name[0] = 0;
+		const int np = sscanf (line, "%15s\t%x\t%x\t%x\t%*s\t%*s\t%d\t%x",
+				       name,
+				       &net_x,
+				       &gw_x,
+				       &flags,
+				       &metric,
+				       &mask_x);
+		if (np == 6 && (flags & IFF_UP))
+		  {
+		    const in_addr_t net = ntohl (net_x);
+		    const in_addr_t mask = ntohl (mask_x);
+		    const in_addr_t gw = ntohl (gw_x);
+
+		    if (!net && !mask && metric < lowest_metric)
+		      {
+			found = true;
+			best_gw = gw;
+			strcpy (best_name, name);
+			lowest_metric = metric;
+		      }
+		  }
+	      }
+	    ++count;
+	  }
+	fclose (fp);
+
+	if (found)
+	  {
+	    rgi->gateway.addr = best_gw;
+	    rgi->flags |= RGI_ADDR_DEFINED;
+	    if (!rgi->gateway.addr && best_name[0])
+	      rgi->flags |= RGI_ON_LINK;
+	  }
+      }
+  }
+
+  /* scan adapter list */
+  if (rgi->flags & RGI_ADDR_DEFINED)
+    {
+      struct ifreq *ifr, *ifend;
+      in_addr_t addr, netmask;
+      struct ifreq ifreq;
+      struct ifconf ifc;
+      struct ifreq ifs[20]; /* Maximum number of interfaces to scan */
+
+      if ((sd = socket (AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0)) < 0)
+	{
+	  msg (M_WARN, "GDG: socket() failed");
+	  goto done;
+	}
+      ifc.ifc_len = sizeof (ifs);
+      ifc.ifc_req = ifs;
+      if (ioctl (sd, SIOCGIFCONF, &ifc) < 0)
+	{
+	  msg (M_WARN, "GDG: ioctl(SIOCGIFCONF) failed");
+	  goto done;
+	}
+
+      /* scan through interface list */
+      ifend = ifs + (ifc.ifc_len / sizeof (struct ifreq));
+      for (ifr = ifc.ifc_req; ifr < ifend; ifr++)
+	{
+	  if (ifr->ifr_addr.sa_family == AF_INET)
+	    {
+	      /* get interface addr */
+	      addr = ntohl(((struct sockaddr_in *) &ifr->ifr_addr)->sin_addr.s_addr);
+
+	      /* get interface name */
+	      strncpynt (ifreq.ifr_name, ifr->ifr_name, sizeof (ifreq.ifr_name));
+
+	      /* check that the interface is up */
+	      if (ioctl (sd, SIOCGIFFLAGS, &ifreq) < 0)
+		continue;
+	      if (!(ifreq.ifr_flags & IFF_UP))
+		continue;
+
+	      if (rgi->flags & RGI_ON_LINK)
+		{
+		  /* check that interface name of current interface
+		     matches interface name of best default route */
+		  if (strcmp(ifreq.ifr_name, best_name))
+		    continue;
+#if 0
+		  /* if point-to-point link, use remote addr as route gateway */
+		  if ((ifreq.ifr_flags & IFF_POINTOPOINT) && ioctl (sd, SIOCGIFDSTADDR, &ifreq) >= 0)
+		    {
+		      rgi->gateway.addr = ntohl(((struct sockaddr_in *) &ifreq.ifr_addr)->sin_addr.s_addr);
+		      if (rgi->gateway.addr)
+			rgi->flags &= ~RGI_ON_LINK;
+		    }
+#endif
+		}
+	      else
+		{
+		  /* get interface netmask */
+		  if (ioctl (sd, SIOCGIFNETMASK, &ifreq) < 0)
+		    continue;
+		  netmask = ntohl(((struct sockaddr_in *) &ifreq.ifr_addr)->sin_addr.s_addr);
+
+		  /* check that interface matches default route */
+		  if (((rgi->gateway.addr ^ addr) & netmask) != 0)
+		    continue;
+
+		  /* save netmask */
+		  rgi->gateway.netmask = netmask;
+		  rgi->flags |= RGI_NETMASK_DEFINED;
+		}
+
+	      /* save iface name */
+	      strncpynt (rgi->iface, ifreq.ifr_name, sizeof(rgi->iface));
+	      rgi->flags |= RGI_IFACE_DEFINED;
+
+	      /* now get the hardware address. */
+	      memset (&ifreq.ifr_hwaddr, 0, sizeof (struct sockaddr));
+	      if (ioctl (sd, SIOCGIFHWADDR, &ifreq) < 0)
+		{
+		  msg (M_WARN, "GDG: SIOCGIFHWADDR(%s) failed", ifreq.ifr_name);
+		  goto done;
+		}
+	      memcpy (rgi->hwaddr, &ifreq.ifr_hwaddr.sa_data, 6);
+	      rgi->flags |= RGI_HWADDR_DEFINED;
+
+	      break;
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+
+ done:
+  if (sd >= 0)
+    close (sd);
+  gc_free (&gc);
+}
+
+#elif defined(TARGET_FREEBSD)||defined(TARGET_DRAGONFLY)
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <netinet/in.h>
+
+/* all of this is taken from <net/route.h> in FreeBSD */
+#define RTA_DST     0x1
+#define RTA_GATEWAY 0x2
+#define RTA_NETMASK 0x4
+
+#define RTM_GET     0x4
+#define RTM_VERSION 5
+
+#define RTF_UP      0x1
+#define RTF_GATEWAY 0x2
+
+/*
+ * These numbers are used by reliable protocols for determining
+ * retransmission behavior and are included in the routing structure.
+ */
+struct rt_metrics {
+        u_long  rmx_locks;      /* Kernel must leave these values alone */
+        u_long  rmx_mtu;        /* MTU for this path */
+        u_long  rmx_hopcount;   /* max hops expected */
+        u_long  rmx_expire;     /* lifetime for route, e.g. redirect */
+        u_long  rmx_recvpipe;   /* inbound delay-bandwidth product */
+        u_long  rmx_sendpipe;   /* outbound delay-bandwidth product */
+        u_long  rmx_ssthresh;   /* outbound gateway buffer limit */
+        u_long  rmx_rtt;        /* estimated round trip time */
+        u_long  rmx_rttvar;     /* estimated rtt variance */
+        u_long  rmx_pksent;     /* packets sent using this route */
+        u_long  rmx_filler[4];  /* will be used for T/TCP later */
+};
+
+/*
+ * Structures for routing messages.
+ */
+struct rt_msghdr {
+        u_short rtm_msglen;     /* to skip over non-understood messages */
+        u_char  rtm_version;    /* future binary compatibility */
+        u_char  rtm_type;       /* message type */
+        u_short rtm_index;      /* index for associated ifp */
+        int     rtm_flags;      /* flags, incl. kern & message, e.g. DONE */
+        int     rtm_addrs;      /* bitmask identifying sockaddrs in msg */
+        pid_t   rtm_pid;        /* identify sender */
+        int     rtm_seq;        /* for sender to identify action */
+        int     rtm_errno;      /* why failed */
+        int     rtm_use;        /* from rtentry */
+        u_long  rtm_inits;      /* which metrics we are initializing */
+        struct  rt_metrics rtm_rmx; /* metrics themselves */
+};
+
+struct {
+  struct rt_msghdr m_rtm;
+  char       m_space[512];
+} m_rtmsg;
+
+#define ROUNDUP(a) \
+        ((a) > 0 ? (1 + (((a) - 1) | (sizeof(long) - 1))) : sizeof(long))
+
+/*
+ * FIXME -- add support for netmask, hwaddr, and iface
+ */
+void
+get_default_gateway (struct route_gateway_info *rgi)
+{
+  struct gc_arena gc = gc_new ();
+  int s, seq, l, pid, rtm_addrs, i;
+  struct sockaddr so_dst, so_mask;
+  char *cp = m_rtmsg.m_space; 
+  struct sockaddr *gate = NULL, *sa;
+  struct  rt_msghdr *rtm_aux;
+
+#define NEXTADDR(w, u) \
+        if (rtm_addrs & (w)) {\
+            l = ROUNDUP(u.sa_len); memmove(cp, &(u), l); cp += l;\
+        }
+
+#define ADVANCE(x, n) (x += ROUNDUP((n)->sa_len))
+
+#define rtm m_rtmsg.m_rtm
+
+  CLEAR(*rgi);
+
+  pid = getpid();
+  seq = 0;
+  rtm_addrs = RTA_DST | RTA_NETMASK;
+
+  bzero(&so_dst, sizeof(so_dst));
+  bzero(&so_mask, sizeof(so_mask));
+  bzero(&rtm, sizeof(struct rt_msghdr));
+
+  rtm.rtm_type = RTM_GET;
+  rtm.rtm_flags = RTF_UP | RTF_GATEWAY;
+  rtm.rtm_version = RTM_VERSION;
+  rtm.rtm_seq = ++seq;
+  rtm.rtm_addrs = rtm_addrs; 
+
+  so_dst.sa_family = AF_INET;
+  so_dst.sa_len = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);
+  so_mask.sa_family = AF_INET;
+  so_mask.sa_len = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);
+
+  NEXTADDR(RTA_DST, so_dst);
+  NEXTADDR(RTA_NETMASK, so_mask);
+
+  rtm.rtm_msglen = l = cp - (char *)&m_rtmsg;
+
+  s = socket(PF_ROUTE, SOCK_RAW, 0);
+
+  if (write(s, (char *)&m_rtmsg, l) < 0)
+    {
+      warn("writing to routing socket");
+      gc_free (&gc);
+      close(s);
+      return;
+    }
+
+  do {
+    l = read(s, (char *)&m_rtmsg, sizeof(m_rtmsg));
+  } while (l > 0 && (rtm.rtm_seq != seq || rtm.rtm_pid != pid));
+                        
+  close(s);
+
+  rtm_aux = &rtm;
+
+  cp = ((char *)(rtm_aux + 1));
+  if (rtm_aux->rtm_addrs) {
+    for (i = 1; i; i <<= 1)
+      if (i & rtm_aux->rtm_addrs) {
+	sa = (struct sockaddr *)cp;
+	if (i == RTA_GATEWAY )
+	  gate = sa;
+	ADVANCE(cp, sa);
+      }
+  }
+  else
+    {
+      gc_free (&gc);
+      return;
+    }
+
+
+  if (gate != NULL )
+    {
+      rgi->gateway.addr = ntohl(((struct sockaddr_in *)gate)->sin_addr.s_addr);
+      rgi->flags |= RGI_ADDR_DEFINED;
+
+      gc_free (&gc);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      gc_free (&gc);
+    }
+}
+
+#elif defined(TARGET_DARWIN)
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <netinet/in.h>
+#include <net/route.h>
+#include <net/if_dl.h>
+
+struct rtmsg {
+  struct rt_msghdr m_rtm;
+  char       m_space[512];
+};
+
+#define ROUNDUP(a) \
+        ((a) > 0 ? (1 + (((a) - 1) | (sizeof(uint32_t) - 1))) : sizeof(uint32_t))
+
+#define NEXTADDR(w, u) \
+        if (rtm_addrs & (w)) {\
+            l = ROUNDUP(u.sa_len); memmove(cp, &(u), l); cp += l;\
+        }
+
+#define ADVANCE(x, n) (x += ROUNDUP((n)->sa_len))
+
+#define max(a,b) ((a) > (b) ? (a) : (b))
+
+void
+get_default_gateway (struct route_gateway_info *rgi)
+{
+  struct gc_arena gc = gc_new ();
+  struct rtmsg m_rtmsg;
+  int sockfd = -1;
+  int seq, l, pid, rtm_addrs, i;
+  struct sockaddr so_dst, so_mask;
+  char *cp = m_rtmsg.m_space; 
+  struct sockaddr *gate = NULL, *ifp = NULL, *sa;
+  struct  rt_msghdr *rtm_aux;
+
+# define rtm m_rtmsg.m_rtm
+
+  CLEAR(*rgi);
+
+  /* setup data to send to routing socket */
+  pid = getpid();
+  seq = 0;
+  rtm_addrs = RTA_DST | RTA_NETMASK | RTA_IFP;
+
+  bzero(&m_rtmsg, sizeof(m_rtmsg));
+  bzero(&so_dst, sizeof(so_dst));
+  bzero(&so_mask, sizeof(so_mask));
+  bzero(&rtm, sizeof(struct rt_msghdr));
+
+  rtm.rtm_type = RTM_GET;
+  rtm.rtm_flags = RTF_UP | RTF_GATEWAY;
+  rtm.rtm_version = RTM_VERSION;
+  rtm.rtm_seq = ++seq;
+  rtm.rtm_addrs = rtm_addrs; 
+
+  so_dst.sa_family = AF_INET;
+  so_dst.sa_len = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);
+  so_mask.sa_family = AF_INET;
+  so_mask.sa_len = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);
+
+  NEXTADDR(RTA_DST, so_dst);
+  NEXTADDR(RTA_NETMASK, so_mask);
+
+  rtm.rtm_msglen = l = cp - (char *)&m_rtmsg;
+
+  /* transact with routing socket */
+  sockfd = socket(PF_ROUTE, SOCK_RAW, 0);
+  if (sockfd < 0)
+    {
+      msg (M_WARN, "GDG: socket #1 failed");
+      goto done;
+    }
+  if (write(sockfd, (char *)&m_rtmsg, l) < 0)
+    {
+      msg (M_WARN, "GDG: problem writing to routing socket");
+      goto done;
+    }
+  do {
+    l = read(sockfd, (char *)&m_rtmsg, sizeof(m_rtmsg));
+  } while (l > 0 && (rtm.rtm_seq != seq || rtm.rtm_pid != pid));
+  close(sockfd);
+  sockfd = -1;
+
+  /* extract return data from routing socket */
+  rtm_aux = &rtm;
+  cp = ((char *)(rtm_aux + 1));
+  if (rtm_aux->rtm_addrs)
+    {
+      for (i = 1; i; i <<= 1)
+	{
+	  if (i & rtm_aux->rtm_addrs)
+	    {
+	      sa = (struct sockaddr *)cp;
+	      if (i == RTA_GATEWAY )
+		gate = sa;
+	      else if (i == RTA_IFP)
+		ifp = sa;
+	      ADVANCE(cp, sa);
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+  else
+    goto done;
+
+  /* get gateway addr and interface name */
+  if (gate != NULL )
+    {
+      /* get default gateway addr */
+      rgi->gateway.addr = ntohl(((struct sockaddr_in *)gate)->sin_addr.s_addr);
+      if (rgi->gateway.addr)
+	  rgi->flags |= RGI_ADDR_DEFINED;
+
+      if (ifp)
+	{
+	  /* get interface name */
+	  const struct sockaddr_dl *adl = (struct sockaddr_dl *) ifp;
+	  int len = adl->sdl_nlen;
+	  if (adl->sdl_nlen && adl->sdl_nlen < sizeof(rgi->iface))
+	    {
+	      memcpy (rgi->iface, adl->sdl_data, adl->sdl_nlen);
+	      rgi->iface[adl->sdl_nlen] = '\0';
+	      rgi->flags |= RGI_IFACE_DEFINED;
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+
+  /* get netmask of interface that owns default gateway */
+  if (rgi->flags & RGI_IFACE_DEFINED) {
+    struct ifreq ifr;
+
+    sockfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
+    if (sockfd < 0)
+      {
+	msg (M_WARN, "GDG: socket #2 failed");
+	goto done;
+      }
+
+    CLEAR(ifr);
+    ifr.ifr_addr.sa_family = AF_INET;
+    strncpynt(ifr.ifr_name, rgi->iface, IFNAMSIZ);
+
+    if (ioctl(sockfd, SIOCGIFNETMASK, (char *)&ifr) < 0)
+      {
+	msg (M_WARN, "GDG: ioctl #1 failed");
+	goto done;
+      }
+    close(sockfd);
+    sockfd = -1;
+
+    rgi->gateway.netmask = ntohl(((struct sockaddr_in *)&ifr.ifr_addr)->sin_addr.s_addr);
+    rgi->flags |= RGI_NETMASK_DEFINED;
+  }
+
+  /* try to read MAC addr associated with interface that owns default gateway */
+  if (rgi->flags & RGI_IFACE_DEFINED)
+    {
+      struct ifconf ifc;
+      struct ifreq *ifr;
+      const int bufsize = 4096;
+      char *buffer;
+
+      buffer = (char *) gc_malloc (bufsize, true, &gc);
+      sockfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
+      if (sockfd < 0)
+	{
+	  msg (M_WARN, "GDG: socket #3 failed");
+	  goto done;
+	}
+
+      ifc.ifc_len = bufsize;
+      ifc.ifc_buf = buffer;
+
+      if (ioctl(sockfd, SIOCGIFCONF, (char *)&ifc) < 0)
+	{
+	  msg (M_WARN, "GDG: ioctl #2 failed");
+	  goto done;
+	}
+      close(sockfd);
+      sockfd = -1;
+
+      for (cp = buffer; cp <= buffer + ifc.ifc_len - sizeof(struct ifreq); )
+	{
+	  ifr = (struct ifreq *)cp;
+	  const size_t len = sizeof(ifr->ifr_name) + max(sizeof(ifr->ifr_addr), ifr->ifr_addr.sa_len);
+	  if (!ifr->ifr_addr.sa_family)
+	    break;
+	  if (!strncmp(ifr->ifr_name, rgi->iface, IFNAMSIZ))
+	    {
+	      if (ifr->ifr_addr.sa_family == AF_LINK)
+		{
+		  struct sockaddr_dl *sdl = (struct sockaddr_dl *)&ifr->ifr_addr;
+		  memcpy(rgi->hwaddr, LLADDR(sdl), 6);
+		  rgi->flags |= RGI_HWADDR_DEFINED;
+		}
+	    }
+	  cp += len;
+	}
+    }
+
+ done:
+  if (sockfd >= 0)
+    close(sockfd);
+  gc_free (&gc);
+}
+
+#undef max
+
+#elif defined(TARGET_OPENBSD) || defined(TARGET_NETBSD)
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <netinet/in.h>
+
+/* all of this is taken from <net/route.h> in OpenBSD 3.6 */
+#define RTA_DST		0x1	/* destination sockaddr present */
+#define RTA_GATEWAY	0x2	/* gateway sockaddr present */
+#define RTA_NETMASK	0x4	/* netmask sockaddr present */
+
+#define RTM_GET		0x4	/* Report Metrics */
+
+#define RTM_VERSION	3	/* Up the ante and ignore older versions */
+
+#define	RTF_UP		0x1		/* route usable */
+#define	RTF_GATEWAY	0x2		/* destination is a gateway */
+
+/*
+ * Huge version for userland compatibility.
+ */
+struct rt_metrics {
+	u_long	rmx_locks;	/* Kernel must leave these values alone */
+	u_long	rmx_mtu;	/* MTU for this path */
+	u_long	rmx_hopcount;	/* max hops expected */
+	u_long	rmx_expire;	/* lifetime for route, e.g. redirect */
+	u_long	rmx_recvpipe;	/* inbound delay-bandwidth product */
+	u_long	rmx_sendpipe;	/* outbound delay-bandwidth product */
+	u_long	rmx_ssthresh;	/* outbound gateway buffer limit */
+	u_long	rmx_rtt;	/* estimated round trip time */
+	u_long	rmx_rttvar;	/* estimated rtt variance */
+	u_long	rmx_pksent;	/* packets sent using this route */
+};
+
+/*
+ * Structures for routing messages.
+ */
+struct rt_msghdr {
+	u_short	rtm_msglen;	/* to skip over non-understood messages */
+	u_char	rtm_version;	/* future binary compatibility */
+	u_char	rtm_type;	/* message type */
+	u_short	rtm_index;	/* index for associated ifp */
+	int	rtm_flags;	/* flags, incl. kern & message, e.g. DONE */
+	int	rtm_addrs;	/* bitmask identifying sockaddrs in msg */
+	pid_t	rtm_pid;	/* identify sender */
+	int	rtm_seq;	/* for sender to identify action */
+	int	rtm_errno;	/* why failed */
+	int	rtm_use;	/* from rtentry */
+	u_long	rtm_inits;	/* which metrics we are initializing */
+	struct	rt_metrics rtm_rmx; /* metrics themselves */
+};
+
+struct {
+  struct rt_msghdr m_rtm;
+  char       m_space[512];
+} m_rtmsg;
+
+#define ROUNDUP(a) \
+        ((a) > 0 ? (1 + (((a) - 1) | (sizeof(long) - 1))) : sizeof(long))
+
+/*
+ * FIXME -- add support for netmask, hwaddr, and iface
+ */
+void
+get_default_gateway (struct route_gateway_info *rgi)
+{
+  struct gc_arena gc = gc_new ();
+  int s, seq, l, rtm_addrs, i;
+  pid_t pid;
+  struct sockaddr so_dst, so_mask;
+  char *cp = m_rtmsg.m_space; 
+  struct sockaddr *gate = NULL, *sa;
+  struct  rt_msghdr *rtm_aux;
+
+#define NEXTADDR(w, u) \
+        if (rtm_addrs & (w)) {\
+            l = ROUNDUP(u.sa_len); memmove(cp, &(u), l); cp += l;\
+        }
+
+#define ADVANCE(x, n) (x += ROUNDUP((n)->sa_len))
+
+#define rtm m_rtmsg.m_rtm
+
+  CLEAR(*rgi);
+
+  pid = getpid();
+  seq = 0;
+  rtm_addrs = RTA_DST | RTA_NETMASK;
+
+  bzero(&so_dst, sizeof(so_dst));
+  bzero(&so_mask, sizeof(so_mask));
+  bzero(&rtm, sizeof(struct rt_msghdr));
+
+  rtm.rtm_type = RTM_GET;
+  rtm.rtm_flags = RTF_UP | RTF_GATEWAY;
+  rtm.rtm_version = RTM_VERSION;
+  rtm.rtm_seq = ++seq;
+  rtm.rtm_addrs = rtm_addrs; 
+
+  so_dst.sa_family = AF_INET;
+  so_dst.sa_len = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);
+  so_mask.sa_family = AF_INET;
+  so_mask.sa_len = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);
+
+  NEXTADDR(RTA_DST, so_dst);
+  NEXTADDR(RTA_NETMASK, so_mask);
+
+  rtm.rtm_msglen = l = cp - (char *)&m_rtmsg;
+
+  s = socket(PF_ROUTE, SOCK_RAW, 0);
+
+  if (write(s, (char *)&m_rtmsg, l) < 0)
+    {
+      warn("writing to routing socket");
+      gc_free (&gc);
+      close(s);
+      return;
+    }
+
+  do {
+    l = read(s, (char *)&m_rtmsg, sizeof(m_rtmsg));
+  } while (l > 0 && (rtm.rtm_seq != seq || rtm.rtm_pid != pid));
+                        
+  close(s);
+
+  rtm_aux = &rtm;
+
+  cp = ((char *)(rtm_aux + 1));
+  if (rtm_aux->rtm_addrs) {
+    for (i = 1; i; i <<= 1)
+      if (i & rtm_aux->rtm_addrs) {
+	sa = (struct sockaddr *)cp;
+	if (i == RTA_GATEWAY )
+	  gate = sa;
+	ADVANCE(cp, sa);
+      }
+  }
+  else
+    {
+      gc_free (&gc);
+      return;
+    }
+
+
+  if (gate != NULL )
+    {
+      rgi->gateway.addr = ntohl(((struct sockaddr_in *)gate)->sin_addr.s_addr);
+      rgi->flags |= RGI_ADDR_DEFINED;
+
+      gc_free (&gc);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      gc_free (&gc);
+    }
+}
+
+#else
+
+/*
+ * This is a platform-specific method that returns data about
+ * the current default gateway.  Return data is placed into
+ * a struct route_gateway_info object provided by caller.  The
+ * implementation should CLEAR the structure before adding
+ * data to it.
+ *
+ * Data returned includes:
+ * 1. default gateway address (rgi->gateway.addr)
+ * 2. netmask of interface that owns default gateway
+ *    (rgi->gateway.netmask)
+ * 3. hardware address (i.e. MAC address) of interface that owns
+ *    default gateway (rgi->hwaddr)
+ * 4. interface name (or adapter index on Windows) that owns default
+ *    gateway (rgi->iface or rgi->adapter_index)
+ * 5. an array of additional address/netmask pairs defined by
+ *    interface that owns default gateway (rgi->addrs with length
+ *    given in rgi->n_addrs)
+ *
+ * The flags RGI_x_DEFINED may be used to indicate which of the data
+ * members were successfully returned (set in rgi->flags).  All of
+ * the data members are optional, however certain OpenVPN functionality
+ * may be disabled by missing items.
+ */
+void
+get_default_gateway (struct route_gateway_info *rgi)
+{
+  CLEAR(*rgi);
+}
+
+#endif
+
+bool
+netmask_to_netbits (const in_addr_t network, const in_addr_t netmask, int *netbits)
+{
+  int i;
+  const int addrlen = sizeof (in_addr_t) * 8;
+
+  if ((network & netmask) == network)
+    {
+      for (i = 0; i <= addrlen; ++i)
+	{
+	  in_addr_t mask = netbits_to_netmask (i);
+	  if (mask == netmask)
+	    {
+	      if (i == addrlen)
+		*netbits = -1;
+	      else
+		*netbits = i;
+	      return true;
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+  return false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_bypass_addresses() is used by the redirect-gateway bypass-x
+ * functions to build a route bypass to selected DHCP/DNS servers,
+ * so that outgoing packets to these servers don't end up in the tunnel.
+ */
+
+#if defined(WIN32)
+
+static void
+add_host_route_if_nonlocal (struct route_bypass *rb, const in_addr_t addr)
+{
+  if (test_local_addr(addr, NULL) == TLA_NONLOCAL && addr != 0 && addr != ~0)
+    add_bypass_address (rb, addr);
+}
+
+static void
+add_host_route_array (struct route_bypass *rb, const IP_ADDR_STRING *iplist)
+{
+  while (iplist)
+    {
+      bool succeed = false;
+      const in_addr_t ip = getaddr (GETADDR_HOST_ORDER, iplist->IpAddress.String, 0, &succeed, NULL);
+      if (succeed)
+	{
+	  add_host_route_if_nonlocal (rb, ip);
+	}
+      iplist = iplist->Next;
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+get_bypass_addresses (struct route_bypass *rb, const unsigned int flags)
+{
+  struct gc_arena gc = gc_new ();
+  /*bool ret_bool = false;*/
+
+  /* get full routing table */
+  const MIB_IPFORWARDTABLE *routes = get_windows_routing_table (&gc);
+
+  /* get the route which represents the default gateway */
+  const MIB_IPFORWARDROW *row = get_default_gateway_row (routes);
+
+  if (row)
+    {
+      /* get the adapter which the default gateway is associated with */
+      const IP_ADAPTER_INFO *dgi = get_adapter_info (row->dwForwardIfIndex, &gc);
+
+      /* get extra adapter info, such as DNS addresses */
+      const IP_PER_ADAPTER_INFO *pai = get_per_adapter_info (row->dwForwardIfIndex, &gc);
+
+      /* Bypass DHCP server address */
+      if ((flags & RG_BYPASS_DHCP) && dgi && dgi->DhcpEnabled)
+	add_host_route_array (rb, &dgi->DhcpServer);
+
+      /* Bypass DNS server addresses */
+      if ((flags & RG_BYPASS_DNS) && pai)
+	add_host_route_array (rb, &pai->DnsServerList);
+    }
+
+  gc_free (&gc);
+}
+
+#else
+
+static void
+get_bypass_addresses (struct route_bypass *rb, const unsigned int flags)  /* PLATFORM-SPECIFIC */
+{
+}
+
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * Test if addr is reachable via a local interface (return ILA_LOCAL),
+ * or if it needs to be routed via the default gateway (return
+ * ILA_NONLOCAL).  If the target platform doesn't implement this
+ * function, return ILA_NOT_IMPLEMENTED.
+ *
+ * Used by redirect-gateway autolocal feature
+ */
+
+#if defined(WIN32)
+
+int
+test_local_addr (const in_addr_t addr, const struct route_gateway_info *rgi)
+{
+  struct gc_arena gc = gc_new ();
+  const in_addr_t nonlocal_netmask = 0x80000000L; /* routes with netmask <= to this are considered non-local */
+  bool ret = TLA_NONLOCAL;
+
+  /* get full routing table */
+  const MIB_IPFORWARDTABLE *rt = get_windows_routing_table (&gc);
+  if (rt)
+    {
+      int i;
+      for (i = 0; i < rt->dwNumEntries; ++i)
+	{
+	  const MIB_IPFORWARDROW *row = &rt->table[i];
+	  const in_addr_t net = ntohl (row->dwForwardDest);
+	  const in_addr_t mask = ntohl (row->dwForwardMask);
+	  if (mask > nonlocal_netmask && (addr & mask) == net)
+	    {
+	      ret = TLA_LOCAL;
+	      break;
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+
+  gc_free (&gc);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+#else
+
+int
+test_local_addr (const in_addr_t addr, const struct route_gateway_info *rgi) /* PLATFORM-SPECIFIC */
+{
+  if (rgi)
+    {
+      if (local_route (addr, 0xFFFFFFFF, rgi->gateway.addr, rgi))
+	return TLA_LOCAL;
+      else
+	return TLA_NONLOCAL;
+    }
+  return TLA_NOT_IMPLEMENTED;
+}
+
+#endif