# Authors: Simo Sorce # # Copyright (C) 2007 Red Hat # see file 'COPYING' for use and warranty information # # This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by # the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or # (at your option) any later version. # # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the # GNU General Public License for more details. # # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License # along with this program. If not, see . # import tempfile import os import pwd import netaddr import re import ldap import installutils import service from ipaserver import ipaldap from ipaserver.install.dsinstance import realm_to_serverid from ipaserver.install.cainstance import IPA_CA_CNAME from ipapython import sysrestore from ipapython import ipautil from ipapython.ipa_log_manager import * from ipapython.dn import DN import ipalib from ipalib import api, errors from ipalib.util import (validate_zonemgr, normalize_zonemgr, get_dns_forward_zone_update_policy, get_dns_reverse_zone_update_policy, normalize_zone, get_reverse_zone_default, zone_is_reverse) NAMED_CONF = '/etc/named.conf' RESOLV_CONF = '/etc/resolv.conf' named_conf_ipa_re = re.compile(r'(?P\s*)arg\s+"(?P\S+)\s(?P[^"]+)";') named_conf_ipa_template = "%(indent)sarg \"%(name)s %(value)s\";\n" def check_inst(unattended): has_bind = True # So far this file is always present in both RHEL5 and Fedora if all the necessary # bind packages are installed (RHEL5 requires also the pkg: caching-nameserver) if not os.path.exists('/etc/named.rfc1912.zones'): print "BIND was not found on this system" print "Please install the 'bind' package and start the installation again" has_bind = False # Also check for the LDAP BIND plug-in if not os.path.exists('/usr/lib/bind/ldap.so') and \ not os.path.exists('/usr/lib64/bind/ldap.so'): print "The BIND LDAP plug-in was not found on this system" print "Please install the 'bind-dyndb-ldap' package and start the installation again" has_bind = False if not has_bind: return False if not unattended and os.path.exists(NAMED_CONF): msg = "Existing BIND configuration detected, overwrite?" return ipautil.user_input(msg, False) return True def create_reverse(): return ipautil.user_input("Do you want to configure the reverse zone?", True) def named_conf_exists(): try: named_fd = open(NAMED_CONF, 'r') except IOError: return False lines = named_fd.readlines() named_fd.close() for line in lines: if line.startswith('dynamic-db "ipa"'): return True return False def named_conf_get_directive(name): """Get a configuration option in bind-dyndb-ldap section of named.conf""" with open(NAMED_CONF, 'r') as f: ipa_section = False for line in f: if line.startswith('dynamic-db "ipa"'): ipa_section = True continue if line.startswith('};'): if ipa_section: break if ipa_section: match = named_conf_ipa_re.match(line) if match and name == match.group('name'): return match.group('value') def named_conf_set_directive(name, value): """ Set configuration option in bind-dyndb-ldap section of named.conf. When the configuration option with given name does not exist, it is added at the end of ipa section in named.conf. If the value is set to None, the configuration option is removed from named.conf. """ new_lines = [] with open(NAMED_CONF, 'r') as f: ipa_section = False matched = False last_indent = "\t" for line in f: if line.startswith('dynamic-db "ipa"'): ipa_section = True if line.startswith('};'): if ipa_section and not matched: # create a new conf new_conf = named_conf_ipa_template \ % dict(indent=last_indent, name=name, value=value) new_lines.append(new_conf) ipa_section = False if ipa_section and not matched: match = named_conf_ipa_re.match(line) if match: last_indent = match.group('indent') if name == match.group('name'): matched = True if value is not None: if not isinstance(value, basestring): value = str(value) new_conf = named_conf_ipa_template \ % dict(indent=last_indent, name=name, value=value) new_lines.append(new_conf) continue new_lines.append(line) # write new configuration with open(NAMED_CONF, 'w') as f: f.write("".join(new_lines)) def dns_container_exists(fqdn, suffix, dm_password=None, ldapi=False, realm=None): """ Test whether the dns container exists. """ def object_exists(dn): # FIXME, this should be a IPAdmin/ldap2 method so it can be shared """ Test whether the given object exists in LDAP. """ assert isinstance(dn, DN) try: conn.search_ext_s(dn, ldap.SCOPE_BASE) except ldap.NO_SUCH_OBJECT: return False else: return True assert isinstance(suffix, DN) try: # At install time we may need to use LDAPI to avoid chicken/egg # issues with SSL certs and truting CAs if ldapi: conn = ipaldap.IPAdmin(host=fqdn, ldapi=True, realm=realm) else: conn = ipaldap.IPAdmin(host=fqdn, port=636, cacert=service.CACERT) if dm_password: conn.do_simple_bind(bindpw=dm_password) else: conn.do_sasl_gssapi_bind() except ldap.SERVER_DOWN: raise RuntimeError('LDAP server on %s is not responding. Is IPA installed?' % fqdn) ret = object_exists(DN(('cn', 'dns'), suffix)) conn.unbind_s() return ret def dns_zone_exists(name): try: zone = api.Command.dnszone_show(unicode(name)) except ipalib.errors.NotFound: return False if len(zone) == 0: return False else: return True def get_reverse_record_name(zone, ip_address): ip = netaddr.IPAddress(ip_address) rev = '.' + normalize_zone(zone) fullrev = '.' + normalize_zone(ip.reverse_dns) if not fullrev.endswith(rev): raise ValueError("IP address does not match reverse zone") return fullrev[1:-len(rev)] def verify_reverse_zone(zone, ip_address): try: get_reverse_record_name(zone, ip_address) except ValueError: print "Invalid reverse zone %s" % zone return False return True def find_reverse_zone(ip_address): ip = netaddr.IPAddress(ip_address) zone = normalize_zone(ip.reverse_dns) while len(zone) > 0: if dns_zone_exists(zone): return zone foo, bar, zone = zone.partition('.') return None def get_reverse_zone(ip_address): return find_reverse_zone(ip_address) or get_reverse_zone_default(ip_address) def read_reverse_zone(default, ip_address): while True: zone = ipautil.user_input("Please specify the reverse zone name", default=default) if not zone: return None if verify_reverse_zone(zone, ip_address): break return normalize_zone(zone) def add_zone(name, zonemgr=None, dns_backup=None, ns_hostname=None, ns_ip_address=None, update_policy=None, force=False): if zone_is_reverse(name): # always normalize reverse zones name = normalize_zone(name) if update_policy is None: if zone_is_reverse(name): update_policy = get_dns_reverse_zone_update_policy(api.env.realm, name) else: update_policy = get_dns_forward_zone_update_policy(api.env.realm) if zonemgr is None: zonemgr = 'hostmaster.%s' % name if ns_hostname is None: # automatically retrieve list of DNS masters dns_masters = api.Object.dnsrecord.get_dns_masters() if not dns_masters: raise installutils.ScriptError( "No IPA server with DNS support found!") ns_main = dns_masters.pop(0) ns_replicas = dns_masters else: ns_main = ns_hostname ns_replicas = [] ns_main = normalize_zone(ns_main) if ns_ip_address is not None: ns_ip_address = unicode(ns_ip_address) try: api.Command.dnszone_add(unicode(name), idnssoamname=unicode(ns_main), idnssoarname=unicode(zonemgr), ip_address=ns_ip_address, idnsallowdynupdate=True, idnsupdatepolicy=unicode(update_policy), idnsallowquery=u'any', idnsallowtransfer=u'none', force=force) except (errors.DuplicateEntry, errors.EmptyModlist): pass nameservers = ns_replicas + [ns_main] for hostname in nameservers: hostname = normalize_zone(hostname) add_ns_rr(name, hostname, dns_backup=None, force=True) def add_rr(zone, name, type, rdata, dns_backup=None, **kwargs): addkw = { '%srecord' % str(type.lower()) : unicode(rdata) } addkw.update(kwargs) try: api.Command.dnsrecord_add(unicode(zone), unicode(name), **addkw) except (errors.DuplicateEntry, errors.EmptyModlist): pass if dns_backup: dns_backup.add(zone, type, name, rdata) def add_fwd_rr(zone, host, ip_address): addr = netaddr.IPAddress(ip_address) if addr.version == 4: add_rr(zone, host, "A", ip_address) elif addr.version == 6: add_rr(zone, host, "AAAA", ip_address) def add_ptr_rr(zone, ip_address, fqdn, dns_backup=None): name = get_reverse_record_name(zone, ip_address) add_rr(zone, name, "PTR", fqdn+".", dns_backup) def add_ns_rr(zone, hostname, dns_backup=None, force=True): if not hostname.endswith('.'): hostname += '.' add_rr(zone, "@", "NS", hostname, dns_backup=dns_backup, force=force) def del_rr(zone, name, type, rdata): delkw = { '%srecord' % str(type.lower()) : unicode(rdata) } try: api.Command.dnsrecord_del(unicode(zone), unicode(name), **delkw) except (errors.NotFound, errors.AttrValueNotFound, errors.EmptyModlist): pass def get_rr(zone, name, type): rectype = '%srecord' % unicode(type.lower()) ret = api.Command.dnsrecord_find(unicode(zone), unicode(name)) if ret['count'] > 0: for r in ret['result']: if rectype in r: return r[rectype] return [] def zonemgr_callback(option, opt_str, value, parser): """ Properly validate and convert --zonemgr Option to IA5String """ # validate the value first try: validate_zonemgr(value) except ValueError, e: parser.error("invalid zonemgr: " + unicode(e)) parser.values.zonemgr = value class DnsBackup(object): def __init__(self, service): self.service = service self.zones = {} def add(self, zone, record_type, host, rdata): """ Backup a DNS record in the file store so it can later be removed. """ if zone not in self.zones: zone_id = len(self.zones) self.zones[zone] = (zone_id, 0) self.service.backup_state("dns_zone_%s" % zone_id, zone) (zone_id, record_id) = self.zones[zone] self.service.backup_state("dns_record_%s_%s" % (zone_id, record_id), "%s %s %s" % (record_type, host, rdata)) self.zones[zone] = (zone_id, record_id + 1) def clear_records(self, have_ldap): """ Remove all records from the file store. If we are connected to ldap, we will also remove them there. """ i = 0 while True: zone = self.service.restore_state("dns_zone_%s" % i) if not zone: return j = 0 while True: dns_record = self.service.restore_state("dns_record_%s_%s" % (i, j)) if not dns_record: break if have_ldap: type, host, rdata = dns_record.split(" ", 2) try: delkw = { '%srecord' % str(type.lower()) : unicode(rdata) } api.Command.dnsrecord_del(unicode(zone), unicode(host), **delkw) except: pass j += 1 i += 1 class BindInstance(service.Service): def __init__(self, fstore=None, dm_password=None): service.Service.__init__(self, "named", service_desc="DNS", dm_password=dm_password, ldapi=False, autobind=service.DISABLED ) self.dns_backup = DnsBackup(self) self.named_user = None self.domain = None self.host = None self.ip_address = None self.realm = None self.forwarders = None self.sub_dict = None self.reverse_zone = None self.dm_password = dm_password if fstore: self.fstore = fstore else: self.fstore = sysrestore.FileStore('/var/lib/ipa/sysrestore') suffix = ipautil.dn_attribute_property('_suffix') def setup(self, fqdn, ip_address, realm_name, domain_name, forwarders, ntp, reverse_zone, named_user="named", zonemgr=None, zone_refresh=0, persistent_search=True, serial_autoincrement=True, ca_configured=None): self.named_user = named_user self.fqdn = fqdn self.ip_address = ip_address self.realm = realm_name self.domain = domain_name self.forwarders = forwarders self.host = fqdn.split(".")[0] self.suffix = ipautil.realm_to_suffix(self.realm) self.ntp = ntp self.reverse_zone = reverse_zone self.zone_refresh = zone_refresh self.persistent_search = persistent_search self.serial_autoincrement = serial_autoincrement self.ca_configured = ca_configured if not zonemgr: self.zonemgr = 'hostmaster.%s' % self.domain else: self.zonemgr = normalize_zonemgr(zonemgr) self.__setup_sub_dict() @property def host_domain(self): return '.'.join(self.fqdn.split(".")[1:]) @property def host_in_rr(self): # when a host is not in a default domain, it needs to be referred # with FQDN and not in a domain-relative host name if not self.host_in_default_domain(): return normalize_zone(self.fqdn) return self.host def host_in_default_domain(self): return normalize_zone(self.host_domain) == normalize_zone(self.domain) def create_sample_bind_zone(self): bind_txt = ipautil.template_file(ipautil.SHARE_DIR + "bind.zone.db.template", self.sub_dict) [bind_fd, bind_name] = tempfile.mkstemp(".db","sample.zone.") os.write(bind_fd, bind_txt) os.close(bind_fd) print "Sample zone file for bind has been created in "+bind_name def create_instance(self): try: self.stop() except: pass # get a connection to the DS self.ldap_connect() if installutils.record_in_hosts(self.ip_address, self.fqdn) is None: installutils.add_record_to_hosts(self.ip_address, self.fqdn) if not dns_container_exists(self.fqdn, self.suffix, realm=self.realm, ldapi=True, dm_password=self.dm_password): self.step("adding DNS container", self.__setup_dns_container) if dns_zone_exists(self.domain): self.step("adding NS record to the zone", self.__add_self_ns) else: self.step("setting up our zone", self.__setup_zone) if self.reverse_zone is not None: self.step("setting up reverse zone", self.__setup_reverse_zone) self.step("setting up our own record", self.__add_self) self.step("setting up CA CNAME record", self.__add_ipa_ca_cname) self.step("setting up kerberos principal", self.__setup_principal) self.step("setting up named.conf", self.__setup_named_conf) self.step("restarting named", self.__start) self.step("configuring named to start on boot", self.__enable) self.step("changing resolv.conf to point to ourselves", self.__setup_resolv_conf) self.start_creation() def __start(self): try: self.backup_state("running", self.is_running()) self.restart() except: print "named service failed to start" def __enable(self): self.backup_state("enabled", self.is_running()) # We do not let the system start IPA components on its own, # Instead we reply on the IPA init script to start only enabled # components as found in our LDAP configuration tree try: self.ldap_enable('DNS', self.fqdn, self.dm_password, self.suffix) except errors.DuplicateEntry: # service already exists (forced DNS reinstall) # don't crash, just report error root_logger.error("DNS service already exists") def __setup_sub_dict(self): if self.forwarders: fwds = "\n" for forwarder in self.forwarders: fwds += "\t\t%s;\n" % forwarder fwds += "\t" else: fwds = " " if self.ntp: optional_ntp = "\n;ntp server\n" optional_ntp += "_ntp._udp\t\tIN SRV 0 100 123\t%s" % self.host_in_rr else: optional_ntp = "" boolean_var = {} for var in ('persistent_search', 'serial_autoincrement'): boolean_var[var] = "yes" if getattr(self, var, False) else "no" self.sub_dict = dict(FQDN=self.fqdn, IP=self.ip_address, DOMAIN=self.domain, HOST=self.host, REALM=self.realm, SERVER_ID=realm_to_serverid(self.realm), FORWARDERS=fwds, SUFFIX=self.suffix, OPTIONAL_NTP=optional_ntp, ZONEMGR=self.zonemgr, ZONE_REFRESH=self.zone_refresh, IPA_CA_CNAME=IPA_CA_CNAME, PERSISTENT_SEARCH=boolean_var['persistent_search'], SERIAL_AUTOINCREMENT=boolean_var['serial_autoincrement'],) def __setup_dns_container(self): self._ldap_mod("dns.ldif", self.sub_dict) def __setup_zone(self): nameserver_ip_address = self.ip_address if not self.host_in_default_domain(): # add DNS domain for host first root_logger.debug("Host domain (%s) is different from DNS domain (%s)!" \ % (self.host_domain, self.domain)) root_logger.debug("Add DNS zone for host first.") add_zone(self.host_domain, self.zonemgr, dns_backup=self.dns_backup, ns_hostname=api.env.host, ns_ip_address=self.ip_address, force=True) # Nameserver is in self.host_domain, no forward record added to self.domain nameserver_ip_address = None # Always use force=True as named is not set up yet add_zone(self.domain, self.zonemgr, dns_backup=self.dns_backup, ns_hostname=api.env.host, ns_ip_address=nameserver_ip_address, force=True) def __add_self_ns(self): add_ns_rr(self.domain, api.env.host, self.dns_backup, force=True) def __add_ipa_ca_cname(self): if self.ca_configured is False: root_logger.debug("CA is not configured, skip this step") return elif self.ca_configured is None: # we do not know if CA is configured for this host and we can # add the CA CNAME record. So we need to find out root_logger.debug("Check if CA is enabled for this host") base_dn = DN(('cn', api.env.host), ('cn', 'masters'), ('cn', 'ipa'), ('cn', 'etc'), api.env.basedn) ldap_filter = '(&(objectClass=ipaConfigObject)(cn=CA))' try: api.Backend.ldap2.find_entries(filter=ldap_filter, base_dn=base_dn) except ipalib.errors.NotFound: # CA is not configured root_logger.debug("CA is not configured") return else: root_logger.debug("CA is configured for this host, continue") add_rr(self.domain, IPA_CA_CNAME, "CNAME", self.host_in_rr) def __add_self(self): zone = self.domain resource_records = ( ("_ldap._tcp", "SRV", "0 100 389 %s" % self.host_in_rr), ("_kerberos", "TXT", self.realm), ("_kerberos._tcp", "SRV", "0 100 88 %s" % self.host_in_rr), ("_kerberos._udp", "SRV", "0 100 88 %s" % self.host_in_rr), ("_kerberos-master._tcp", "SRV", "0 100 88 %s" % self.host_in_rr), ("_kerberos-master._udp", "SRV", "0 100 88 %s" % self.host_in_rr), ("_kpasswd._tcp", "SRV", "0 100 464 %s" % self.host_in_rr), ("_kpasswd._udp", "SRV", "0 100 464 %s" % self.host_in_rr), ) for (host, type, rdata) in resource_records: if type == "SRV": add_rr(zone, host, type, rdata, self.dns_backup) else: add_rr(zone, host, type, rdata) if self.ntp: add_rr(zone, "_ntp._udp", "SRV", "0 100 123 %s" % self.host_in_rr) # Add forward and reverse records to self add_fwd_rr(self.host_domain, self.host, self.ip_address) if self.reverse_zone is not None and dns_zone_exists(self.reverse_zone): add_ptr_rr(self.reverse_zone, self.ip_address, self.fqdn) def __setup_reverse_zone(self): # Always use force=True as named is not set up yet add_zone(self.reverse_zone, self.zonemgr, ns_hostname=api.env.host, dns_backup=self.dns_backup, force=True) def __setup_principal(self): dns_principal = "DNS/" + self.fqdn + "@" + self.realm installutils.kadmin_addprinc(dns_principal) # Store the keytab on disk self.fstore.backup_file("/etc/named.keytab") installutils.create_keytab("/etc/named.keytab", dns_principal) p = self.move_service(dns_principal) if p is None: # the service has already been moved, perhaps we're doing a DNS reinstall dns_principal = DN(('krbprincipalname', dns_principal), ('cn', 'services'), ('cn', 'accounts'), self.suffix) else: dns_principal = p # Make sure access is strictly reserved to the named user pent = pwd.getpwnam(self.named_user) os.chown("/etc/named.keytab", pent.pw_uid, pent.pw_gid) os.chmod("/etc/named.keytab", 0400) # modify the principal so that it is marked as an ipa service so that # it can host the memberof attribute, then also add it to the # dnsserver role group, this way the DNS is allowed to perform # DNS Updates dns_group = DN(('cn', 'DNS Servers'), ('cn', 'privileges'), ('cn', 'pbac'), self.suffix) mod = [(ldap.MOD_ADD, 'member', dns_principal)] try: self.admin_conn.modify_s(dns_group, mod) except ldap.TYPE_OR_VALUE_EXISTS: pass except Exception, e: root_logger.critical("Could not modify principal's %s entry: %s" \ % (dns_principal, str(e))) raise # bind-dyndb-ldap persistent search feature requires both size and time # limit-free connection mod = [(ldap.MOD_REPLACE, 'nsTimeLimit', '-1'), (ldap.MOD_REPLACE, 'nsSizeLimit', '-1'), (ldap.MOD_REPLACE, 'nsIdleTimeout', '-1'), (ldap.MOD_REPLACE, 'nsLookThroughLimit', '-1')] try: self.admin_conn.modify_s(dns_principal, mod) except Exception, e: root_logger.critical("Could not set principal's %s LDAP limits: %s" \ % (dns_principal, str(e))) raise def __setup_named_conf(self): self.fstore.backup_file(NAMED_CONF) named_txt = ipautil.template_file(ipautil.SHARE_DIR + "bind.named.conf.template", self.sub_dict) named_fd = open(NAMED_CONF, 'w') named_fd.seek(0) named_fd.truncate(0) named_fd.write(named_txt) named_fd.close() def __setup_resolv_conf(self): self.fstore.backup_file(RESOLV_CONF) resolv_txt = "search "+self.domain+"\nnameserver "+self.ip_address+"\n" resolv_fd = open(RESOLV_CONF, 'w') resolv_fd.seek(0) resolv_fd.truncate(0) resolv_fd.write(resolv_txt) resolv_fd.close() def add_master_dns_records(self, fqdn, ip_address, realm_name, domain_name, reverse_zone, ntp=False, ca_configured=None): self.fqdn = fqdn self.ip_address = ip_address self.realm = realm_name self.domain = domain_name self.host = fqdn.split(".")[0] self.suffix = ipautil.realm_to_suffix(self.realm) self.ntp = ntp self.reverse_zone = reverse_zone self.ca_configured = ca_configured self.__add_self() self.__add_ipa_ca_cname() def add_ipa_ca_cname(self, fqdn, domain_name, ca_configured=True): self.host = fqdn.split(".")[0] self.fqdn = fqdn self.domain = domain_name self.ca_configured = ca_configured self.__add_ipa_ca_cname() def remove_master_dns_records(self, fqdn, realm_name, domain_name): host = fqdn.split(".")[0] self.host = host self.fqdn = fqdn self.domain = domain_name suffix = ipautil.realm_to_suffix(realm_name) zone = domain_name resource_records = ( ("_ldap._tcp", "SRV", "0 100 389 %s" % self.host_in_rr), ("_kerberos._tcp", "SRV", "0 100 88 %s" % self.host_in_rr), ("_kerberos._udp", "SRV", "0 100 88 %s" % self.host_in_rr), ("_kerberos-master._tcp", "SRV", "0 100 88 %s" % self.host_in_rr), ("_kerberos-master._udp", "SRV", "0 100 88 %s" % self.host_in_rr), ("_kpasswd._tcp", "SRV", "0 100 464 %s" % self.host_in_rr), ("_kpasswd._udp", "SRV", "0 100 464 %s" % self.host_in_rr), ("_ntp._udp", "SRV", "0 100 123 %s" % self.host_in_rr), (IPA_CA_CNAME, "CNAME", self.host_in_rr), ("@", "NS", fqdn+"."), ) for (record, type, rdata) in resource_records: del_rr(zone, record, type, rdata) areclist = [("A", x) for x in get_rr(zone, host, "A")] + [("AAAA", x) for x in get_rr(zone, host, "AAAA")] for (type, rdata) in areclist: del_rr(zone, host, type, rdata) rzone = find_reverse_zone(rdata) if rzone is not None: record = get_reverse_record_name(rzone, rdata) del_rr(rzone, record, "PTR", fqdn+".") # remove also master NS record from the reverse zone del_rr(rzone, "@", "NS", fqdn+".") def check_global_configuration(self): """ Check global DNS configuration in LDAP server and inform user when it set and thus overrides his configured options in named.conf. """ result = api.Command.dnsconfig_show() global_conf_set = any(param in result['result'] for \ param in api.Object['dnsconfig'].params) if not global_conf_set: print "Global DNS configuration in LDAP server is empty" print "You can use 'dnsconfig-mod' command to set global DNS options that" print "would override settings in local named.conf files" return print "Global DNS configuration in LDAP server is not empty" print "The following configuration options override local settings in named.conf:" print "" textui = ipalib.cli.textui() api.Command.dnsconfig_show.output_for_cli(textui, result, None, reverse=False) def uninstall(self): if self.is_configured(): self.print_msg("Unconfiguring %s" % self.service_name) running = self.restore_state("running") enabled = self.restore_state("enabled") self.dns_backup.clear_records(api.Backend.ldap2.isconnected()) if not running is None: self.stop() for f in [NAMED_CONF, RESOLV_CONF]: try: self.fstore.restore_file(f) except ValueError, error: root_logger.debug(error) pass if not enabled is None and not enabled: self.disable() if not running is None and running: self.start()